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letterboard-fantasy · 13 days

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Essence Project ♡ The Azidoazide Laboratory

There's an infinite amount of worlds and universes out there, ones we can't reach with our own knowledge. There's an infinite amount of things to learn, places to discover, creatures to explore... but you? YOU are finite.

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Murder Mystery Case Two // The Azidoazide Laboratory Incident

???? ⊹₊⋆ S-Tier // Arsenic

[ (REDACTED) UNTIL REVEAL // pre-chosen slot ]

I have to thank you for being so... gullible, friend. Thank you for finishing the work we started.

A unknown variable in the investigation.

KILLER ⊹₊⋆ S-Tier // Ammonia

[ (REDACTED) UNTIL REVEAL // randomized slot ]

I've found something. A symbol, a paper, a wish granted to me from beyond the veil to free us from our own prison. Won't you help me?

The killer's true identity, and the puppet behind the Azidoazide murders.

PROTAGONIST ⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Sodium Hypobromite

[ Sadie Addison // Beshparmak ( no blog. YOUUUU. /j ) ]

The Azidoazide laboratory is the most famous and influential lab in all of mankind's recent history... anyone who is worth a damn in the science community wants to make to these labs! And... we got a field trip for free!!

The protagonist of the story, and a college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Sulfuric Acid

[ Taylor Misgoff // Alice ( @/citrinitxs ) ]

It's interesting... this laboratory is famous for many things... researching cures for cancer, cures for illness, research into black holes... I wonder what other secrets they're hiding.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory, playing "detective" during the case.

⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Hydroxide

[ Elias Azalea // Jiaoqiu ( no blog. you. /j) ]

I always wondered if there was more to my purpose than meets the eye. I've always wanted to help people, to save people, yet I can't help but feel like... I've failed you all.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Mercury

[ Miles Mirari // Chiaki ( @/snow-capped-graphics ) ]

They say that you're either born with the capability to change the world or you'll never be able to... it's a sad mindset. I think anyone can change the world despite their standing, as long as they just try, right?

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Materia Lab

[ Hannah Windwaker // Alice De-Ross ( @musedevoted ) ]

The flow crystal diamond is rather unstable... those kids... it's reacting to something on them. Another crystal diamond? No... that can't be... right?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Acetate

[ Clyde Rivers // Alexander ( @ask-the-chief-heads ) ]

Everything in earth works like a linear process. We wake up, eat, commit our daily necessities, and then we fall asleep, and the cycle begins anew, until death worms its way into the process and brings it to an abrupt end. So, why do we keep moving forward?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory, with a notably bleak outlook on life.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Nitrous Oxide

[ Melody Phonics // Lollita Wednesday ]

The lab is quite lively today... the next generation of scientists is a bright bunch... now let's see... where'd the strange man's documents go..?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory.

INITIAL VICTIM ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Lead (IV) Oxide

[ Dennis Wylder // Nestor Morgan ( no blog. YOU. ) ]

Sadie's pretty excited about this trip... we both desired to be the world's greatest scientists, however... we became pawns in a scheme far beyond our own knowledge...

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory, best friend of Sadie, and the first victim of the killer.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Chromate

[ Dynasty Die // Fitzroy Adams ( @pressure-ask-fitzroy )]

What an exciting school trip! I've always been curious about what goes on in Azidoazide's walls... this is so exciting!!! I wonder what things we'll learn today...?

A college professor on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Potassium Iodide

[ Cocolia Maddison // Octo ( no blog ) ]

These kids are my responsibility, and it is up to me to make sure they learn and grow as people... so how... how did things end up like this?

A college professor on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Acetic Acid

[ Amy Winters // Elaine ( @idv-thespians ) ]

I'm only here because of my parent's wishes... admittedly, this place sounded kind of cool from just the public knowledge... I just wonder if there's something else better suited for me without disappointing my parents wishes...

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Sodium Chloride

[ Keith Winestein // Quinn Stewart ( @idv-thespians ) ]

This lab is no place for children... I have no clue what the director was thinking, approving a college school trip here. I mean, there's things going on here that absolutely cannot be seen by outsiders. Things are bound to go wrong.

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory, who really thinks the college students shouldn't be here.

⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Sodium Bicarbonate

[ Grace Stonefield // Beth Anastazja ( @ask-idv-baker ) ]

Science is like baking. Equal parts of a and b to create product c! But... what happens when you add parts of d and f into the mixture? I've always wondered about that.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

Essence Project ♡ Rules and Additional Information

This essence is the follow-up location to the Emerald Masquerade essence! This one takes place inside of a famous in-universe laboratory, however.

Similar to its sister essence, there will be mentions and discussions of death and murder, and its main s tier (Ammonia) will be chosen via the spin of a wheel! In addition, deaths will be chosen through the wheel, however, two characters will be excluded from being selected as the killer. Who those two characters are? You'll have to find out.

Due to the age range of the essence, every character here will be over 18, and most of them are canonically over 21. Therefore, if possible, I'd like all muses to be at least 18 years old, or, an adult.

To ensure everyone gets a chance to participate, everyone is limited to two muses. To reserve a slot, you can contact me either in my inbox or on Muns Discord. Also, if you want to use an OC or muse who does not have a blog (for OCs, a reference of some kind is preferred), do not worry! I'll still take them, and when the essence is finished and the skins come out, I will simply DM or tag your main. To reiterate, I do not respond to discord DMs for these things unless absolutely necessary, and non-blog muses are allowed.

Happy murder mystery-ing? /j

#mun calamity ♡#letterboard of dreams ♡ essence projects

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westerncarbonchemicals · 1 month

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Role of Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment

Water is a precious resource obtained from natural sources like rivers, streams, or wells. It can contain contaminants or pollutants that can be harmful for usage or consumption. While solid particles can be removed through filtration, soluble substances need special treatment. Ion exchange resins play a crucial selectively removing solutes from water. They are used to reduce dissolved impurities by selectively exchanging ions based on charges. This article shed light on the role of ion exchange resins in water treatment, emphasizing their importance in different industries.

What are Ion Exchange Resins?

Ion exchange resins are highly porous materials that selectively remove or exchange ions in water or other solutions. The primary role of ion exchange in water treatment is ion exchange. These are tiny beads that have charged particles known as ions. This helps remove hardness and contaminants like chromate, nitrate, and arsenic in water. Western Carbon & Chemicals is a leading ion exchange resin manufacturer in India, offering a comprehensive range of ion exchange resins for different water treatment processes. Our product is tested and approved by the power sector, fertilizers, textiles, and other industries for their need of high-quality water needs. Choose our range of high-quality ion exchange resins for your specific applications.

Role of Ion Exchange Resin in Water Treatment Process

Water Softening

Water softness involves reducing water hardness by removing magnesium and calcium ions. These components create scales in appliances and pipes. Hard water is passed through a bed of cationic ion exchange resin beads that grab calcium and magnesium ions and release sodium ions in exchange. This helps to produce softer water that reduces the chances of scale build-up.

Demineralization

This process removes specific ions like magnesium, chloride, calcium, and sulfate from water. Ion exchange resins are used in industries that need high-quality treated water. This process is a combination of anionic and cationic resins. The ion exchange resin suppliers can customize resin tailored to remove specific ions for water consisting of needed minerals.

Deionization

Deionization, a critical process in water treatment, involves the removal of all ions from water to produce the high-purity water that is indispensable in laboratories, electronics manufacturing, and various industrial processes. The use of cationic resins, followed by anionic resins, effectively removes ions from water, ensuring the high-purity water that is a necessity in these settings. This underscores the critical role of ion exchange resins in ensuring the quality and reliability of industrial processes.

In all these water treatment processes, ion exchange resins selectively remove specific ions to get the desired water quality. The versatility and effectiveness of ion exchange resins make them essential in water treatment processes in different industrial settings. Western Carbon & Chemicals is one of the most trusted ion exchange resin manufacturers in uae for water treatment. Whether you need ion exchange resins for high-purity water or water for industrial processes, we tailor our product to your application. Get in touch with us to discuss your water treatment requirements.

Also visit:- Choose the Right Garnet Abrasive for Your Waterjet Cutting

#ion exchange resin manufacturer in India #ion exchange resin suppliers #ion exchange resin manufacturers in India

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ultralowoxygen · 1 year

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Foxglove Test 1 by oblende Via Flickr: A foxglove shot on color projection film. Developed in Caffenol CM. ECP-2 projection film has a surprising ortho chromatic like response. I imagine that this is because as a print medium that it is expecting an orange mask. Then combined with the extremely heavy tungsten balance it causes more ortho like properties in what is a panchromatic film. I had also come to understand that this film will fix in a developer that contains a high amount of sulfite-which is practically all of them. To counteract this I used the Caffenol CM variation film developer formula, but used an infusion of rosemary as my polyphenol of choice. It's a more active polyphenol compared to many so I was able to keep development times to 13 minuets. Recipe as follows: 300 mL rosemary infusion from 9g rosemary Add water to make 800 mL 56 g sodium carbonate 16 g ascorbic acid Water to make 1 L I suggest using a Kurig or similar brewing system for making the infusion. It's much more convenient than several uses of a tea ball. The color projection film more readily takes up stain compared to normal black and white films. Buy me a coffee.

#flowers #plant #plants #film #ecp2 #bw #caffenol #canoneosa2 #geranium #poppy #foxglove #flickr

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jeremy-ken-anderson · 1 year

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Technically Varied

But not technically varied.

One of the biggest critiques leveled at No Man's Sky back when it came out was that all the "infinite variety" stuff was meaningless. If you never played it, and never watched a let's-play, here's the gist:

When you scan a planet, it's got some amount of plant life, animal life, and inorganic matter on it. These get rolled for. The shape of each also gets rolled for - for instance some planets have worms, or hopping eyeball-pile mushroom entities, or ungulant quadrapeds. Some of the rock formations are craggy, others almost vine-like arches. The plant life varies from towering mushrooms to short glowing ferns to evergreens that look like plain-ol' pine or fir.

Mechanically, how does this tie back in?

This is where the player's investment in the variety kind of breaks down. Because realistically what happens is you have these things get rolled for but the player wants resources to repair or craft ships, base parts, rovers, mining stations, and so on.

I appreciate the nudge toward using analysis: When you analyze a mineral it sometimes unlocks an extra material. So if you never learned what it was you'd be throwing the non-ferrite part of the rock away as useless but if you've analyzed it you're getting ferrite dust AND some sodium. This is especially important on hostile planets where you're using sodium constantly just to maintain your suit's climate control in 160-degree (or -160 degree) weather. Sometimes one of these secret materials will be on the second tier. (First tier has five materials: oxygen, dihydrogen, carbon, ferrite dust, and sodium - each of which is a basic fuel; ferrite for your terrain manipulator, sodium for climate control, carbon for your mining laser itself, oxygen for life support in your suit, and dihydrogen for your ship's takeoff rocket) Chromatic Ore is made from a couple different minerals (such as copper) you have to mine specially with a separate attachment for your multitool. I've found minerals that have Chromatic Ore built into them. Others have Pure Ferrite, which you'd normally have to refine from the ferrite dust.

The trouble is it's difficult if not impossible to generate real moments of interest that feel fair. If you introduce challenge in a sandbox you don't know how much trouble the player had naturally fallen into prior to your scripted challenging event. You might be kicking them while they're down. Or you might be sending a team of angry worm-boys against a minmaxer who's crafted a submachine gun. That's the nature of the beast.

Oddly, the rolled-on-an-encounter-table nature of the creatures of No Man's Sky feels more visible than, say, the random behaviors of Sims. Or even the mildly-randomized tilesets of Diablo 3 or Path of Exile. I think what's happening there is that the bounded randomness lets the developer tie the random result back into a known vibe and have it relate thematically to something recognizable. PoE's tileset doesn't go on forever to the west, eventually hitting a wall or ocean point. The Sim will pick its behavior based on its current needs and personality (which is just an extra set of "needs" as far as it understands things) and this limited pool will result in something coherent.

No Man's Sky's planets are more coherent than I think some people give them credit for, but not enough of that ties back into what the player thinks of all of it. It's not like you hit certain planets that are reliable sources of materials for stuff you'd normally have to buy at space stations, like Wiring Looms. I'm pretty sure those just can't be crafted, so you'd have to find them at random or buy them. There's a sense that the materials of an acrid planet or a volcanic planet are consistent with what you'd expect, and the animal and plant life has a look that feels plausible for such a thing. But it's still just, plants are mined for oxygen and carbon, rocks for the other three, animals are best left alone unless you're a jerk and/or need poop or necrotic material. That's it.

I think some kind of system of analysis injection would have been a wiser route for this kind of thing. That is, you start off with the ability to analyze your basic five to increase yield. Then your analysis device improves and you start finding better stuff in them. Then it improves again and you have a different use for them. Maybe they start dropping traces of rare material like platinum or tritium. You'd have reason to go back to earlier planets and reexamine your "known" resources to see whether those banana plants were actually a good source of potassium or something.

Programming-wise this would actually work in reverse of how it would feel; The "analyzer" would be rolling a new result for what the bonus material is and adding it to the existing material results for mining that plant or mineral.

I also think there was some aspect of the animals that they just weren't able to get into motion; some x-factor that would have tied their behavior back in and made it worth following one of these funky little dudes around for a minute and seeing what their life cycle looked like. Hell, even if they just left the equivalent of Plorts from Slime Rancher and you could use that shit as a resource because you'd been paying attention to the animal behaviors, that'd be a step up from what we have.

All in all it's very much the "what you use it for is all the same" that makes every planet feel the same.

#no man's sky #review #game design

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cleanjalwater · 2 years

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UTC Alkaline Water Purifier

UTC is a type of water purification that uses force gulps to remove depilates from water. Chromatic is typically formed by a combination of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, both of which are strong bases. This type of water purification is often used in commercial and industrial recording because it is very effective in removing a wide range of bindings, including counterfeits, attachments. The brand new Cleanjal UTC Alkaline RO Plus UV Water Purifier is about to change the way we knew water to light a fire. As claimed by the company, it is indeed an awesome research that not only disinfects your water, keeping it safe from pollutants and germs but also removes hazardous elements to make the water safe for use Purification is older than the process itself. futuristic design. It comes with smart alerts. Advanced Search Cleanjal UTC Alkaline Water Purifier ensures the safety of your water. It is built with a plasto steel tank with a focus on product and process cleanliness. RO with triple purification, provides complete protection through disinfectant film and flooring. Re-Balancer reconstitutes water so that it becomes biologically active to improve pH, hydration, responsiveness and mineral absorption. Introduced with i-protective purification monitoring. The flow rate is up to 15 liters per hour. The storage tank capacity is 8 litres. There are 8 stages of purification. All round facility Cleanjal UTC Alkaline RO Plus UV Water Purifier comes with membrane performance insert which helps in improving the performance and prolongs the life of RO membrane by preventing membrane scanning. Disinfectant filter Disinfects particles such as batteries, viruses, protozoa; Disinfected water is unfit for safe drinking. There is a chrome finished faucet which is a 360 degree surfer. A class and futuristic products have been created with Plasto steel tanks with focus on product hygiene and process.

#UTC Alkaline Water Purifier

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sumus-blog · 2 years

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How to Clean Foggy Headlights

When it involves driving at midnight, or in conditions of restricted visibility, one amongst the foremost vital safety precautions a driver will take is guaranteeing that his or her headlights ar in best operating order. however did you recognize that these precautions extend any than simply ensuring that your light bulbs aren’t burned out? actually, your lights’ effectuality may be hampered by fogging of the headlight lenses. Let’s take a better consider what causes foggy lights and the way to scrub your headlight lenses if it’s necessary.

WHAT ARE FOGGY HEADLIGHTS?

If you notice that the sunshine emanating from your headlights may be a heap less clear than it once was, likelihood is your vehicle is laid low with foggy headlights. typically drivers additionally|also will|will} notice that their headlights aren't solely plenty less bright however also that the sunshine contains a chromatic, dingy tinge to that. this can be additionally caused by light source fogging.

WHAT PRODUCTS TO USE WHEN CLEANING HEADLIGHTS

Most motor vehicle offer stores stock a minimum of a product or 2 that area unit designed specifically for improvement light lenses once they’ve become opaque up from ultraviolet exposure. rummage around for product marked as “headlight restoration kit” or “headlight lens restoration.” victimisation these product could be a simple thanks to clean your vehicle’s foggy headlights.

When in an exceeding pinch, those that got to clean foggy headlights like a shot have a couple of different choices that may conjointly get the task done. dentifrice and sodium hydrogen carbonate may be effective cleansers for improving headlights. each product area unit is abrasive enough to require off the fog while not scratching or damaging the headlights. sprucing compounds like Rain-X may also be effective enough to remedy the ultraviolet injury. In general, it’s value having an improvement kit in your garage or home!

HOW TO CLEAN FOGGY HEADLIGHTS

You don’t want loads of provides for improvement the headlights on your vehicle. Here ar a number of things you’ll most likely need to own on hand:

Cleansing kit, bicarbonate, or dentifrice

Old rags or towels

Latex gloves for sensitive skin

Water for remotion

A soft-bristled brush

Mild formulation

Let’s take a glance at the steps needed to scrub foggy headlights.

1. CLEAN THE SURFACE OF DEBRIS

Before you start, you’ll wish to form sure you’re operating with a clean surface. Spritz your headlights with a gentle formulation and gently take away any dirt, particulate, dead bugs, and sludge that will have accumulated on the surface.

2. TOWEL DRY

After cleansing, wipe down the surface with a dry towel or rag till it’s moisture-free

3. APPLY HEADLIGHT RESTORER

Distribute a good quantity of preparation - this is often the merchandise from your headlamp restoration kit, toothpaste, or bicarbonate of soda - fairly thickly over your headlamp lenses. If you’re exploitation bicarbonate of soda, you’ll need to own mixed it with atiny low quantity of water initial to create a thick paste. Leave your preparation on the lens for some minutes to permit it to dry simply a touch.

4. REMOVE CLEANSER WITH BRUSH

Using circular motions, work your approach round the surface of the light gently together with your brush. Remember, the cleansing agent you’re exploitation is abrasive, therefore watch out to not gouge into the plastic surface. you must see the chromatic color or fogginess disappearing from the lens as you're employed your approach around it.

5. CLEAN OFF EXCESS CLEANSER

Using your clean rag or towel, buff away any residual cleansing agent from your lens. Spritz any stubborn, dried on bits with clean water and so polish till dry together with your towel.

It’s as easy as that. Once you’ve cleaned up your foggy headlights, you must forthwith notice exaggerated visibility and brighter, whiter headlights!

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biogenericpublishers · 4 years

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A Case-Study of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Public Water Supply in the University of Port Harcourt by Johnson Ajinwo OR in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Abstract

Water –borne diseases is on the rise currently in the third world countries as a result of lack of routine water analysis checks to ensure that the desired quality of drinking water is upheld. In the light of the above, this research aimed at determining the physico-chemical properties and mineral content of seventeen water samples from the students’ residential areas and environs of the Main Campus of the University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria was carried out. The results showed that most of the physico-chemical quality indices of the water samples were within acceptable limits, except the nitrate levels of samples 13 and 14. The pH of all the samples were found to be acidic, with sample 12 having the lowest pH of 4.44. The hardness levels of the samples were determined to be very soft affirming the relationship between acidic pH and soft water. This increase in the corrosivity and plumbosolvency of the samples may result in long-term risk of metal poisoning from plumbing materials. However, the metal analysis showed only slight sodium and calcium contamination which may pose no health risk.

Introduction

About 829,000 people die annually from diarrhoea caused by poor sanitation, hand hygiene and drinking contaminated water. A number of diseases which include cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, polio, typhoid and hepatitis A are transmitted through contaminated water and poor hygiene. Deaths from contaminated water are preventable and efforts aimed at tackling this ugly menace be put in place. The 2010 UN General Assembly emphasised that access to water and sanitation are basic human rights requirements. But water which is the number one liquid for life has come under intense pressure, owing to climate change, population explosion, urbanization and scarcity of water in many places. According to WHO, about 50% of the world’s population would be living in water-stressed areas in 2025 [1].

Water quality can be compromised by the presence of unwanted chemicals, micro-organisms and even radiological hazards. The problem of provision of good quality water for human consumption in Nigeria has been a major challenge that has received little or no attention. The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, (NAFDAC) is the body charged with the responsibility of ensuring the provision of good quality drinking water through the registration and quality assurance of commercially available drinking water [2]. However, majority of the Nigerian populace, in particular students shun commercially available water possibly due to the cost implication and still resort to water sources that lack quality assurance.

The vital role water plays include its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances, and has gained the status of being tagged the ‘universal solvent’. In the human body, two-thirds of the body is made up of water; which is the basic component of cells, tissues and the circulatory system. Due to the solvation character of water, cells are able to access nutrients in the body to produce energy, undergo metabolism and excrete waste in the body. Similarly, for drugs taken to elicit their desired activities, the drug substances must first be dissolved, prior to absorption into systemic circulation. It is well-known that acute dehydration may lead to death, which underscores the role of water as a life-sustaining fluid of great value and importance.

The University of Port Harcourt is sited in Choba community, Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers state, Nigeria. The state is one of the South-south states that constitute the oil-rich Niger-Delta Area, which has been the subject of oil exploration for more than 50 years. During this time, there have been oil spillages in the environment resulting in air, soil and water pollutions. This is evidenced in the recent United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report on the effects of oil spillages in Ogoniland in Rivers state. In this report water samples were obtained from boreholes drilled specifically for the research. The findings from the research revealed high levels of hydrocarbon, some organic and inorganic substances, some of which were carcinogenic [3]. The results further showed that in many locations, petroleum hydrocarbons had migrated to the groundwater. Furthermore, the host community of the University has also played host to an American oil exploration company for over two decades. To this end, it is expected that both soil and water in and around the community will be contaminated, especially with hydrocarbons and heavy metals.

This research aims to determine the physico-chemical parameters and the mineral content of the water sourced from deep water table within the students’ residential area and environs of the main campus of the University of Port Harcourt and to ascertain if the contamination is within safe limits. The standards by which this research would judge water quality is that prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Nigerian Industrial Standard developed by the Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON).

Materials and Methods

1.1. Materials

1.1.1. Water Samples

Drinking water samples were collected from students’ residential areas and environs at the University of Port Harcourt Main Campus (Unipark, Abuja); the samples were collected from seventeen locations, which were described in (Table 1). The samples were collected using 2 L glass bottles fitted with an inner cork and an outer screw cap. The bottles were initially washed with detergent, rinsed thoroughly with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water. Prior to sample collection, the bottle was rinsed three times with the sample to be collected before collection. The samples were stored at room temperature. All titrations carried out in the physico-chemical analysis were done in triplicate for each sample and the average titre calculated.

1.2. Methods

1.2.1. pH Determination

Apparatus: pH Meter.

The pH meter was calibrated with standardized solutions of pH 4.0 and 9.1 respectively. The pH was read after inserting the electrode of the pH meter into the sample and allowing the reading to stabilize.

1.2.2. Total Alkalinity

1.2.3. Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.001105 M HC1, phenolphthalein indicator, and methyl orange indicator.25 ml of the sample was pipetted into a conical flask and 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added. There was no colour change (indicating the absence of carbonate and hydroxyl alkalinity). 2 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to the sample and titrated with the acid to a yellow endpoint.

1.2.4. Calculation:

Total Alkalinity (mg CaCO_3/L) =(M x V x 50000)/V_ (sample ) Bicarbonate Alkalinity (mg CaCO_3/L)=(M x V x 30500)/V_(sample )

Where M= molarity of HCI, V= titre value, and Vsample= Volume of Sample

1.2.5. Dissolved Co2 Content

Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.01 M NaOH, phenolphthalein indicator.

25 ml of the sample was pipetted into a conical flask and 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was added. Titration was done against the base. Endpoint was determined by colour change from colourless to pink.

Calculation

Dissoved CO_2 (mg/L)=(V x N x E x 1000)/V_(sample )

Where V=titre value , N=normality of the base (0.0128), E=equivalent

Weight of co2(22),Vsample=Volume of Sample

1.2.6. Chloride Determination (Precipitation Titration)

Principle:

The principle behind this titration is the precipitation of C1 as AgCl by AgNO3 before AgCrO4 (red) is formed at the endpoint

Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.014N AgNO3 and K2CrO4 indicator

25 ml of sample was pipetted into a conical flask, 2 drops of the indicator was added and this was titrated against AgNO3 solution until there was a colour change form yellow to brick red.

Calculation:

Chloride (mg/L) =(V x N x E x 1000)/V_(sample )

Where V= titre value, N= normality of AgNO3 (0.014), E= equivalent

Weight of chloride ion (35.5),Vsample=Volume of sample used

1.2.7. Silica Determination (Molybdosilicate Method)

Principle

The Molybdosilicate Method is based on the principle that at a pH of about 1.2, ammonium molybdate ((NH4)6M07024.4H20) reacts with any silica and phosphate present in a sample to form hetero-polyacids. Oxalic acid is then added no neutralize any molybdophosphoric acid present. This reaction produces a yellow colour whose intensity is proportional to the silica that reacted with the molybdate. Standard colour solutions of silica are also prepared and the colour intensity can be visually compared or its absorbance can be measured.

Apparatus: Conical flasks, beakers, pipettes, ammonium molybdate reagent: (NH4)6MO7O24.4H2O), 1:1 HCI, oxalic acid (H2C204.2H20)

Ammonium molybdate: prepared by dissolving 10g of (NH4)6M07024.4H20) in distilled water.

Oxalic acid: prepared by dissolving 7.5 g of H2C204.2H20 in 100 ml of distilled water.

Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) Solution: prepared by dissolving 315 mg of K2CrO4 in distilled water and made up to 500 ml.

Borax Solution: prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of borate decahydrate Na2B407.10H20 in distilled water and made up to 250 ml.

The standard colour solution of concentrations 0.00 — 1.00 (mg Si/L) was prepared by mixing volumes of distilled water, potassium chromate and borax in the proportion given in (Table 2).

The absorbance of the standard was measured using a UV spectrophotometer at 390 nm. 50 ml of sample was pipetted into a beaker and 2 ml of ammonium molybdate and 1 ml of 1:1 HC1 were added to the beaker. The resulting solution was thoroughly mixed and allowed to stand for 7 minutes. 2 ml of oxalic acid was then added and after 2 minutes, the absorbance of the solution was measured at 390 nm.

Calculation:

The silica content of each sample was determined by means of simple proportion, using the formula:

(Absorbance of standard)/(concentration of silica in standard )=(Absorbance of sample)/(concentration of silica in sample )

1.2.8. Total Hardness Determination (Edta Titrimetric Method)

Principle

Ethylene Diaminetetraacetic Acid, (EDTA) and its sodium salt forms chelated soluble complex when added to a solution of certain metal cations. The addition of a small amount of a dye such as Eriochrome Black T to an aqueous solution containing calcium and magnesium ions at pH of about 10, results in a wine red coloured solution. If EDTA is added as a titrant, any magnesium or calcium will be complexed and the solution will turn from wine red to blue.

Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.01 M EDTA, Ammonia buffer, Eriochrome Black T indicator. 50 ml of sample was pipetted into the conical flask and 5 drops of indicator was added. 20 ml of Ammonia buffer was added and the resulting mixture was titrated with 0.01 M EDTA solution. The endpoint was determined by a colour change from wine red to blue.

Calculation

Total Hardness (mgCaCO_3/L)=(V x M x E x 2.5 x 1000)/V_sample

Where V=titre value,M=concentration of EDTA,2.5= (molecular mass of Ca〖CO〗_3)/(atomic mass of Ca^(2+) )

E=equivalent weight of Ca^(2+) (40),and V_ sample=Volume of sample

1.2.9. Sulphate Determination (Turbidimetric Method)

Principle:

Sulphate ion is precipitated in a hydrochloric acid medium with barium chloride (BaCI2) to form barium sulphate (BaSO4) crystals of uniform size. The absorbance of the BaSO4 suspension is measured using a UV spectrophotometer and the sulphate ion concentration is determined from the calibration curved developed

Apparatus: UV spectrophotometer, conical flasks, pipettes, beakers, spatula, sulphate conditioning reagent, sulphate stock solution.

Preparation Of Conditioning Reagent: the conditioning reagent was prepared by mixing 45 g of NaCI, 18 ml of conc. HCI, 60 ml of 20 % isopropyl alcohol, 30 ml of glycerol and 180 ml of distilled water in a beaker and stirred thoroughly with a glass rod until the solution was clear. Preparation of Sulphate Stock Solution: this was prepared by dissolving 147.9 mg of anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) in 1000 ml of distilled water. Preparation of Sulphate Standard Solution: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml respectively of the stock solution was pipetted into five 100 ml volumetric flasks and made up to the 100 ml mark with distilled water to produce 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ppm of the sulphate stock solution. These were then transferred into appropriately labelled stopper reagent bottles.

Formation Of Baso4 Turbidity: 5 ml of the conditioning reagent was added to the each of the 100 ml standard solution as well as to 100 ml of each sample. This was stirred for one minute. During stirring, a spatula full of BaCl2 crystals was added. The absorbance or each standard as well as each sample was measured using the UV spectrophotometer at 420 nm. The agitated samples were allowed to stand the in UV spectrophotometer for 4 minutes before recording the reading.

Calculation

The absorbance of the five standard solutions were plotted against their concentrations to obtain a calibration curve. The equation of the resulting curve (Equation 1) was used to calculate the sulphate ion content for each sample.

y = 0.0054x + 0 ----------(equation 1)

(R2 = 0.971)

Where y = sulphate ion content (mg/L), 0.0054 = slope, 0 = intercept, R2 = extent of linearity

1.2.10. Nitrate Determination (Brucine Colorimetric Method)

Apparatus/Reagents: UV Spectrophotometer, volumetric flasks, pipettes, beakers, brucine sulphanilic acid (brucine), conc. H2S04, 30 % NaC1, conc. HNO3, stock nitrate solution.

Preparation of Nitric Acid Stock Solution: 8.5 ml of conc. HNO3 was dissolved in distilled water and diluted to 500 ml in a 1000 ml measuring cylinder.

Preparation of Nitrate Standard Solution: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 ml respectively of the stock solution was pipetted into five 100 ml measuring cylinders and made up to the 100 ml mark with distilled water to produce 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ppm of the nitrate stock solution. These were then transferred into appropriately labelled conical flasks.

5 ml of the 1 ppm standard solution was pipetted into a volumetric flask. I ml of 30 % NaCI and 10 ml of conc. H2S04 was added gently to the 1 ppm solution, followed by the addition of 0.1 g of brucine. Upon mixing, a deep red colour which turned yellow was produced. The absorbance of the resulting solution was measured using a UV spectrophotometer at 410 nm. The above procedure was repeated using 5 ml each of the remaining as well as for each sample.

Calculation:

The absorbance of each of five standard solutions was plotted against their concentration to obtain a calibration curve. The equation of the resulting curve (Equation 2) was used to calculate the content for each sample.

y = 0.0038x + 0 ----------------- (Equation 2)

(R2=0.9747)

Where y = nitrate content (mg/L), 0.0038 = slope, 0 = intercept, R2 = extent of linearity

1.2.11. Determination of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Lead,Chromium, Cadmium And Sodium Content by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy

The levels of the above mentioned heavy metals and non-heavy metals were determined using the atomic adsorption spectrometer of the following model: Bulk Scientific 205 AAA Model 210 VGP (with air-acetylene flame on absorbance mode and with injection volume of 7 ml/min). Calcium was determined at a wavelength of 423 nm, sodium at 589 nm, iron at 248, zinc at 214 nm, chromium 357nm, cadmium at 228 nm and lead at 283 nm.

Standard metal solutions for each metal were prepared and calibration curves for each metal were obtained from a linear plot of the absorbance of the standard against their concentrations in mg/L. This was used to determine the concentration of each metal in each sample by extrapolation from the calibration curves. The instrument was first calibrated to zero by aspirating a blank solution in the nebulizer. The samples were then aspirated in the nebulizer at 7 ml/min and the absorbance of each sample recorded.

Where M= molarity of HCI, V= titre value, and Vsample= Volume of Sample

1.2.5. Dissolved Co2 Content

Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.01 M NaOH, phenolphthalein indicator.

Calculation

Where V=titre value , N=normality of the base (0.0128), E=equivalent

Weight of co2(22),Vsample=Volume of Sample

1.2.6. Chloride Determination (Precipitation Titration)

Principle:

The principle behind this titration is the precipitation of C1 as AgCl by AgNO3 before AgCrO4 (red) is formed at the endpoint

Apparatus/Reagents: Burette, pipette, conical flasks, 0.014N AgNO3 and K2CrO4 indicator

25 ml of sample was pipetted into a conical flask, 2 drops of the indicator was added and this was titrated against AgNO3 solution until there was a colour change form yellow to brick red.

Calculation:

Where V= titre value, N= normality of AgNO3 (0.014), E= equivalent

Weight of chloride ion (35.5),Vsample=Volume of sample used

1.2.7. Silica Determination (Molybdosilicate Method)

Principle

Apparatus: Conical flasks, beakers, pipettes, ammonium molybdate reagent: (NH4)6MO7O24.4H2O), 1:1 HCI, oxalic acid (H2C204.2H20)

Ammonium molybdate: prepared by dissolving 10g of (NH4)6M07024.4H20) in distilled water.

Oxalic acid: prepared by dissolving 7.5 g of H2C204.2H20 in 100 ml of distilled water.

Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) Solution: prepared by dissolving 315 mg of K2CrO4 in distilled water and made up to 500 ml.

Borax Solution: prepared by dissolving 2.5 g of borate decahydrate Na2B407.10H20 in distilled water and made up to 250 ml.

The standard colour solution of concentrations 0.00 — 1.00 (mg Si/L) was prepared by mixing volumes of distilled water, potassium chromate and borax in the proportion given in (Table 2).

1.2.8. Total Hardness Determination (Edta Titrimetric Method)

Principle

1.2.9. Sulphate Determination (Turbidimetric Method)

Principle:

Apparatus: UV spectrophotometer, conical flasks, pipettes, beakers, spatula, sulphate conditioning reagent, sulphate stock solution.

Calculation

y = 0.0054x + 0 ----------(equation 1)

(R2 = 0.971)

Where y = sulphate ion content (mg/L), 0.0054 = slope, 0 = intercept, R2 = extent of linearity

1.2.10. Nitrate Determination (Brucine Colorimetric Method)

Apparatus/Reagents: UV Spectrophotometer, volumetric flasks, pipettes, beakers, brucine sulphanilic acid (brucine), conc. H2S04, 30 % NaC1, conc. HNO3, stock nitrate solution.

Preparation of Nitric Acid Stock Solution: 8.5 ml of conc. HNO3 was dissolved in distilled water and diluted to 500 ml in a 1000 ml measuring cylinder.

Calculation:

y = 0.0038x + 0 ----------------- (Equation 2)

(R2=0.9747)

Where y = nitrate content (mg/L), 0.0038 = slope, 0 = intercept, R2 = extent of linearity

1.2.11. Determination of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Lead,Chromium, Cadmium And Sodium Content by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy

Results and Discussions

The results of the Physico-chemical characteristics of the sampled water sources are presented in (Table 3) below. From the results, the samples can be classified as generally soft. The highest hardness value from the result was 14.67 ± 0.00. According to the Twort Hardness classification, this falls in the soft water category [4]. This is directly related to the calcium levels of the samples. Calcium accounts for about two-thirds of water hardness. The recommended upper limit of calcium in drinking water is 50 mg/L. The calcium values were all less than 6.0 mg/L and this reflected in the low hardness values obtained.

The pH values of all samples were not within the acceptable limit of pH for safe drinking-water. The pH values of all the samples were generally acidic with a range of 4.44 to 6.06. Samples 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 17 all had values below 5.0, with sample 12 having the lowest value of 4.44. The acidic nature of most samples can be attributed to the low hardness (soft water) of the samples. Soft water is known to be acidic and this increases the ‘plumbosolvency’ of such water.

Dissolved CO2 is one of the components of carbonate equilibrium in water. The highest value of CO2 was 12.02 ± 1.50 mg/L. Dissolved CO2 is significant in that high values of it (usually above 10 mg/L for surface waters) indicates a significant biological oxidation of the organic matter in water. Dissolved CO2 also has a direct relationship with pH and alkalinity. From the results, the dissolved CO2 level is low for all samples, indicating little biological oxidation of organic matter. At pH values between 4.6 and 8.3, bicarbonate alkalinity is in equilibrium with dissolved CO2. The generally low values of dissolved CO2 corresponds therefore to the generally low (bicarbonate) alkalinity.

Chloride in water does not have a negative health impact. Its impact is aesthetic in nature, with high concentrations exceeding 250 mg/L producing a salty taste (when the associated cation is sodium). The chloride levels of all samples were quite low, the highest value being 66.28 ± 1.33 mg/L.

The silica and sulphate concentrations were very low. The limits are 1-30 mg/L and 250 mg/L, respectively [5]. The silica content was almost insignificant (all less than 0.1 mg/L). The sulphate content was also very low; the highest being 2.96 mg/L for sample 14, and in some cases not determinable (samples. 11 and 15). Nitrate is naturally present in soil, water and food due to the nitrogen cycle. The activities of man also add to increase the nitrate levels in the environment. To this end, WHO and NIS set a limit of 50 mg/L, while EPA stipulates a stricter standard of not more than 10 mg/L (nitrate as nitrogen). The range of nitrate concentration for the samples was 11.32 — 58.68 mg/L by WHO and NIS [6].

Standard samples 13 and 14 have excess of nitrate (58.68 and 52.11 mg/L respectively). The nitrate concentration of sample 12 is just at the threshold (50 mg/L). Nitrate levels can become dangerously increased with the increased use of nitrogen based fertilizers and manure, coupled with the fact that nitrate is extremely soluble. The environment around the boreholes are such that support thriving of bacteria which play a significant role in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen easily leaches into groundwater from runoff [7]. Since the sample area is inhabited by mainly adults, the most lethal health effect of nitrate poisoning is not expected to be seen (infants are much more sensitive than adults to methaemoglobinaemia caused by nitrate, and essentially most deaths due to nitrate poisoning have been in infants). However, long term exposure to nitrates can, apart from causing methaemoglobinaemia and anaemia, cause diuresis, starchy deposits and haemorrhaging of the spleen. Nitrites in the stomach can react with food proteins to form nitrosoamines; these compounds can also be produced when meat containing nitrites or nitrates is cooked, particularly using high heat. While these compounds are carcinogenic in test animals, evidence is inconclusive regarding their potential to cause cancer (such as stomach cancer) in humans. The Levels of some selected heavy and non-heavy metals in the water samples were determined and the results shown in (Table 4).

The AAS determination of heavy and non-heavy metals showed that the samples were free from these metals except for sodium and calcium. The range of values for sodium was 0.40 — 16.30 mg/L, well below the guideline value set at 50 mg/L for sodium [8]. Sample 17 was the only sample with a trace of zinc (0.13 mg/L) and this was well below the limit of 3 mg/L set by NIS [9] and 5 mg/L set by EPA [10] The increased corrosivity of these samples therefore has an increased associated risk of dissolving metals and non metals including lead, iron, zinc, nickel, brass, copper and cement/concrete [8]. If the water distribution system was laid with pipes containing any of these metals, then the risk of increased levels of these, especially lead would be high. However, this seems not to be the case because the lead levels obtained from AAS analysis of all the samples were all either zero or very low.

Conclusion And Recommendation

The physico-chemical analyses performed on the samples, demonstrated that the physico-chemical quality of the water samples were mostly within the specified limits as stated by WHO and EPA. The health implications of the physico-chemical quality were considered to be of importance on the longterm basis, since these contaminants at the levels at which they occurred in the water samples can accumulate over time. The pH of the samples was found to be acidic. It can be concluded that the same acidic aquifer serves the entire sample area. The pH of water must be controlled through increasing alkalinity and calcium levels since acidic water tends to be corrosive and can dissolve metal fittings and cement into water, leading to contamination. Also, the nature of construction materials that have been used and that will be used in the future should be reviewed to ensure that it can withstand the acidity of the water. It was not in the scope of this research to determine the size of the underground water aquifer, but it is recommended therefore that the size of the underground aquifer be determined in other to ascertain the extent to which the recommendations for remediation proposed herein would be implemented. The nitrate levels of 2 samples were also found to exceed the acceptable limit (50 mg/L as nitrate ion), while one sample had 50 mg/L as its value. It is recommended that biological denitrification for surface water and ion exchange for ground water is employed in order to reduce the nitrate levels.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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itsreshmathings · 4 years

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Chromium Oxide Market Global Size Overview, COVID19 Impact, Growth Drivers, Industry Share and Forecast to 2027

The global chromium oxide market size is set to touch USD 703.3 million by 2026, exhibiting a 4.6% CAGR during the forecast period. Rising steel production will be the key factor driving the global Chromium Oxide Market growth during the forecast period. Steel production is one of the core economic activities for any country and steel is extensively used in a variety of industries such as automotive and construction. The global Chromium Oxide Market value stood at USD 492.4 million in 2018.

Besides this, the report also provides an in-depth evaluation and analysis of the different dynamics and aspects that will influence the development of the market during the forecast period.

Economic development across the globe has further raised the demand for steel, leading to a constant rise in its production. According to the World Steel Association (WSA), the steel industry accounts for close to USD 2.9 trillion in terms of value addition. The WSA has further reported that compared to 2017, in 2018, steel production rose by 4.6%, with Asia recording the highest growth. Chromium oxide is a crucial compound in the production of steel and increasing activities in the steel industry will likely raise the global chromium oxide market demand in the forecast period.

Chromium is a hard metal that occurs in steel-gray color. It is used in alloys to increase corrosion resistance and strength of the material. Chromium oxide is an important oxygen compound of chromium, prepared when sodium dichromate is calcified in the presence of Sulphur or carbon. The compound is green in color in its powder form.

Chromium Oxide Market Players like:

LANXESS,

ELEMENTIS,

Luoyang Zhengjie, and

Hebei Chromate Chemical

ELEMENTIS

MidUral Group

Vishnu Chemicals Ltd.

Venator

Sichuan Yinhe Chemicals

Hebei Chromate Chemical Co. Ltd.

NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD.

Other Players

Browse Complete Report details with Table of Content and Figures: https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/industry-reports/chromium-oxide-market-101579

Accelerating Urbanization to Propel the Market

According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, by 2050, 68% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas. They estimate that urban areas could see an influx of close to 2.5 billion people by 2050, with 90% of this addition happening in Asia and Africa. Moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) projects that between 2020 and 2025, the global urban population will increase at a rate of 1.63% per year and between 2025 and 2030, the increase will be of 1.44% annually. Rapid rise in urbanization is increasing and intensifying construction activities in residential and commercial spaces. This has given a boost to steel production, which, in turn, has the raised the demand for chromium oxide. This compound of chromium plays a vital role in manufacturing stainless steel as the chromium coating on the steel reacts with the oxygen outside and prevents corrosion of the alloy. In construction, stainless steel provides strength and support to the structure and ensures its long life. Therefore, expansion of the construction industry will favor the expansion of the global Chromium Oxide Market size till 2026. Asia-Pacific to Occupy a Leading Position in the Market

Among regions, Asia-Pacific is expected to hold the dominant portion of the global Chromium Oxide Market share. This is mainly on account of growing metal production, developing construction industry, and rising demand for automobiles in India and China. Increasing demand for chromium oxide in plastics and ceramics will be the key factor driving the Chromium Oxide Market in Europe. Wide application of chromium oxide in paints and coatings in the US is likely to spur the market growth in North America. In Africa and the Middle East, the market will primarily be driven by growing demand for chromium oxide in pigment production.

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babyboyinbloom-blog · 6 years

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Screen printing first appeared in a recognizable form in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD).[1][2] It was then adapted by other Asian countries like Japan, and was furthered by creating newer methods. Screen printing was largely introduced to Western Europe from Asia sometime in the late 18th century, but did not gain large acceptance or use in Europe until silk mesh was more available for trade from the east and a profitable outlet for the medium discovered. Early in the 1910s, several printers experimenting with photo-reactive chemicals used the well-known actinic light–activated cross linking or hardening traits of potassium, sodium or ammonium chromate and dichromate chemicals with glues and gelatin compounds. Roy Beck, Charles Peter and Edward Owens studied and experimented with chromic acid salt sensitized emulsions for photo-reactive stencils. This trio of developers would prove to revolutionize the commercial screen printing industry by introducing photo-imaged stencils to the industry, though the acceptance of this method would take many years. Commercial screen printing now uses sensitizers far safer and less toxic than bichromates. Currently there are large selections of pre-sensitized and "user mixed" sensitized emulsion chemicals for creating photo-reactive stencils. A group of artists who later formed the National Serigraph Society, including WPA artists Max Arthur Cohn and Anthony Velonis, coined the word Serigraphy in the 1930s to differentiate the artistic application of screen printing from the industrial use of the process."Serigraphy" is a compound word formed from Latin "sēricum" (silk) and Greek "graphein" (to write or draw).[3] The Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center says "Screenprinting is arguably the most versatile of all printing processes. Since rudimentary screenprinting materials are so affordable and readily available, it has been used frequently in underground settings and subcultures, and the non-professional look of such DIY culture screenprints have become a significant cultural aesthetic seen on movie posters, record album covers, flyers, shirts, commercial fonts in advertising, in artwork and elsewhere

screen print tees

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bayoucitylumberus · 2 years

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5 SCENARIOS WHERE PRESSURE TREATED LUMBER IS BENEFICIAL

Regular hardwood lumber houston is an economical structure material that works perfectly in safeguarded regions, similar to inside the walls and floors of a house, however it doesn't hold up well in regions that are clammy or inclined to bug pervasions. It will ultimately spoil, rotting gradually until it is presently not basically sound.

The tension treating process was created to battle wood's regular shortcomings. Wood is set into a fixed tension chamber, and one of a few sorts of substance additives are infused profound into the grain of the wood, utilizing exchanging strain and vacuum cycles. These synthetics shield the wood from decay, water harm, contagious rot and pervasions of wood exhausting bugs, like termites or craftsman subterranean insects. A few details likewise add imperviousness to fire.

The synthetic substances most generally used to safeguard wood today incorporate basic copper quaternary (ACQ), copper azole (CA), micronized copper quaternary (MCQ), and sodium borate (SBX). Beforehand, chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was likewise broadly utilized, however it has now been limited to just a modest bunch of extraordinary applications, including docks, utility poles and wharfs, because of wellbeing concerns.

Contrasted with normal wood, pressure treated blunder is substantially more strong in uncovered conditions, however it is additionally more costly. It tends to be utilized in almost any outside project, including decks, walls, posts, docks, wharfs or swing sets, and it is similarly as simple to work with as normal wood.

The following are a couple of normal situations where tension treated stumble is suggested, rather than regular wood:

#1 Foundation Sill Plates

In a standard stick-outlined house, ledge plates are laid on top of the establishment or around the border of a substantial section, and rushed to the substantial. On an establishment, edge joists and floor joists are added to the ledge plate to make the primary floor, and on a section, the ledge plate shapes the lower part of the wall. Frequently, when the ledge plate is darted set up, the establishment has not relieved yet contains elevated degrees of dampness, and regardless of whether it is dry, the ledge plate is still in a place that makes it inclined to dampness and bug pervasion. Assuming it were made of regular wood, it would rapidly decay away, compromising the walls, floors and the whole construction of the house.

Today, ledge plates are produced using pressure treated blunder, which is less porous to dampness, parasitic development and bug pervasion. It likewise safeguards the remainder of the construction from harm by giving a hindrance between the dampness retentive concrete and the normal wood in the customary outlining, in addition to it is sufficiently able to help the heaviness of the design without being harmed itself.

#2 Wood With Constant Weather and Sun Exposure

Wood that is over the ground, yet not safeguarded from downpour, snow, or the unsafe bright radiation of the sun can rapidly decay, break or split. For projects like decks, fencing, swing sets, railings, outdoor tables and seats that are continually outside, pressure treated stumble is the ideal material. It requires almost no upkeep, just intermittent resealing, and it will oppose harm from precipitation, bugs and the sun. For deck posts or wall posts that are in touch with the ground, somewhat higher centralizations of synthetic additive are required.

#3 Ground-Contact Posts and Poles

For the majority projects like decks, light posts, walls, and dock and shaft establishments, posts or shafts should be crashed into the ground and keep in touch with the damp earth. Shafts and posts made of normal wood would rapidly decay, or become swarmed with parasites or wood-exhausting bugs, in the long run making the post or shaft sever at ground level. By utilizing somewhat higher convergences of wood additives, pressure treated timber can be utilized in circumstances where it is continually in touch with the ground. The synthetic substances safeguard it from rotting as quick as regular wood, prompting a significantly longer life expectancy.

#4 Docks and Piers

In circumstances where the underlying parts are continually submerged in water, for example, promenades, moors, docks, ocean walls or other marine designs, normal wood isn't reasonable in any way, with the exception of a couple of normally water-safe species. Generally speaking, pressure treated amble is awesome, generally prudent decision for building such designs. With the right compound details it can endure consistent salt water splash, freshwater drenching or saltwater inundation. Frequently, chromated copper arsenate is as yet utilized, because of its higher protection from dampness than more current definitions. Once introduced, pressure treated timber can keep going for a long time lowered in water, and not at all like steel it isn't powerless against consumption or electrochemical responses, and it can keep going as lengthy or longer than normally dampness safe wood species.

#5 Bulkheads and Retention Walls

Regular wood is moderately powerless and weak, and it is powerless against the components, making it unacceptable for use in numerous bulkheads or maintenance walls that are intended to keep soil away from a waterway or from going down a slant. Because of the treatment cycle, pressure treated amble is a lot more grounded than regular wood, and it is impervious to the components. This makes it ideal for use in bulkhead or maintenance wall frameworks, where there are a lot of strain behind the wall. Pressure treated posts are crashed into the ground along the length of the wall, and utilized alone or in mix with sheathing to make the last obstruction. These designs assist with forestalling disintegration and keep the region before the boundary protected from falling garbage.

Working with Pressure Treated Lumber Safely

Since pressure treated blunder contains a few unforgiving synthetics, it is ideal to play it safe while working with it. Use gloves to deal with the wood, and clean up after you are finished. While cutting or penetrating tension treated blunder, do it outside, in a very much ventilated region, and wear a residue cover and security glasses to keep yourself safeguarded.

These are only a couple of the circumstances where strain treated blunder proves to be useful. It is a lot more grounded than regular wood pole for sale where dampness, parasite or bug openness is predominant, and it is substantially more reasonable that elective metal or composite materials. It is very adaptable and can be utilized to construct many activities.

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