#superdense coding

[tundraglitch]

Free Courses on IBM Quantum Learning

IBM has launched a series of free course for learning the basics of quantum computing and how to use the IBM Quantum services (here the link).

At the moment I’m writing there are four courses:

Basics of quantum information

First unit in the series, the course explains the basis of quantum computing at a detailed mathematical level, it requires knowing a bit of linear algebra, but also fascinating subjects like: quantum teleportation (no, sadly it’s not like Star Trek) and superdense coding.

Fundamentals of quantum algorithms

This second unit explores the advantages of quantum computers over classical computers

Variational algorithm design

This course teaches how to write variational algorithms and how to use Qiskit, the IBM API for quantum computing.

Practical introduction to quantum-safe cryptography Quantum computers can do what a classical computer can’t: use brute force and be quick, so they can break common cryptography. This course teaches how to use encryption that cannot be break so easily.

[frenzyarts]

Just learned about superdense coding and that shit is SO COOL. Two for the price of one… quantum style 😎

[halofcrged]

Prioritized and advanced in parallel to the SPARTAN-II Program, the Mjolnir Powered Assault Armor is currently the most advanced piece of tactical military hardware in human hands. Each suit alone costs as much as a small starship. The brainchild of Dr. Catherine E. Halsey, Mjolnir is Halsey's attempt to create a powered exoskeleton capable of taking full advantage of the physical capabilities of a SPARTAN-II. The battlesuit is constructed in overlapping layers. It is a sealed system, capable of extravehicular and submersible activity or operations in toxic atmosphere. It is hardened against EMP and radiation, and has filters that are completely effective at removing toxins and bacteria from the local atmosphere.

The armor's outer shell is composed of a multilayer alloy of remarkable strength and has been augmented with a refractive coating capable of dispersing a limited amount of Covenant energy weapon strikes. The suit contains a gel-filled layer underneath a thick black armored bodysuit. The gel layer regulates temperature and can re-actively change its density. The inner skinsuit is made of a moisture-absorbing synthetic material linked to an environment control computer and the occupant's UNSC-issue neural interface.

Each human being has a molecular fiber network called the nervous system within their brain. An upgrade to the standard Neural Interface is issued to all high-ranking officers; another modified version of the neural lace is issued to all SPARTAN-IIs in the UNSC. This network translates electrochemical signals to digital code and routes them through an interface connection at the rear of the skull. Through this interface, the user's thoughts command the armor's movement and weapons; and input from the on-board sensors comes directly to the user's mind. The kinesis between machine and mind is so fast that it is almost impossible to chart reaction time.

Between the external armor and the internal padding is the most devastating weapon the suit carries: a layer of reactive metal liquid crystal. Woven by molecular tools into a superdense optical computer memory, this revolutionary crystalline layer forms a network, capable of supporting the kinds of artificial intelligence usually reserved for starships, as a type of piggyback system. An A.I.'s personality and processing matrix can be carried by the armor and delivered to the suit via on-board storage in a crystal data chip no larger than a personal credit card. Such technology did not exist when work began on the Mark I prototypes. At the same time it is amorphous, yet amplifies force, doubling lifting capability and improving reaction time by a factor of five.[2] Unfortunately the system is so reactive that normal human beings cannot use the suit without injuring themselves.[3] Only humans who have carbide ceramic ossification, a skeletal augmentation, such as a SPARTAN-II, can safely wear the suit.

The suit also possesses other features that enhance its wearer's abilities. It has numerous clips, belts, and magnetic holsters for the attachment of additional weapons and ammunition; an advanced Heads-Up-Display(HUD) linked to sensors in the gloves detects the type of weapon and devices held, and to project shield strength, ammunition count, a targeting reticle, waypoints, a radio uplink for communication, health monitoring and other helpful data.

In its final phase the Mjolnir battlesuit weighs half a ton, or 1000 lbs when in use, and is a fully neural-linked system. With an on-board AI using the human mind for parallel processing, the SPARTAN-II/Mjolnir combination is designed to be the most devastating intelligence tool ever created.

PULLED DIRECTLY FROM THIS article on the halo alpha wiki.

[finxwrites]

on ao3

Bart put his hands on his hips and glared at the door. It hadn’t opened for his access codes, his fingerprints, or the key card he’d had to run all the way back home to get. It hadn’t even opened for the DNA test, which was extra rude because the DNA test involved getting stabbed in the finger. If he was going to let a building stab him, the least it could do in return was let him in.

Bart stuck his tongue out at the door. It was unmoved by this gesture.

Bart zipped back a few feet and considered the smooth façade. Tim had done a thorough security test a while back, and he’d press-ganged Bart and Kon into being his super-powered guinea pigs for nearly a week. He’d improved a lot of the security features since, but there were some things you couldn’t do without the kind of major construction work that would cause so many new security breaches that it wasn’t worth the hassle. 

Like remake the wall entirely.

The first thirty feet or so of the building were made of a superdense titanium alloy that even the Flash couldn’t vibrate himself through, but superdense titanium alloys were expensive. After that it was just regular steel and concrete. Well, steel and concrete that had been enchanted to prevent any kind of intrusion, but hey, enchantments wore out after a few years, right? 

Bart wasn’t much of a climber – if he needed to get somewhere high, he just yelled for Kon or ran to fetch Cassie. But Kon was off-planet on some kind of bonding thing with Superman, and Cassie was studying for an exam and had threatened to make a Bart-shaped hole in the atmosphere if he bothered her again before Thursday, and anyway it was only thirty feet. He could go further than that before gravity caught up with him.

Ha, Tim was gonna be so mad that Bart could beat his security system.

Bart grinned. He zipped back a ways further to give himself a running start. Then he launched himself at Titans Tower at top speed.

The rush of wind against his face, the burn in his legs, the unyielding concrete pushing against his feet, the solid blue wall coming at him hard and fast until it was all he could see, until it loomed over his whole field of vision, until it was just—

close—

enough—

Bart hit the wall at a dead sprint and kept right on going, up higher, higher, higher, the dark tower under his feet and the dark sky above him and the wind, ever-present, his first and oldest friend.

He felt himself slow, gravity getting its claws into him at last. He didn’t fight it—he just flung himself sideways toward the wall. His feet kicked out away into empty space, equal and opposite reaction, but that was fine, that was chill, that was groovy, because Bart just had to reach for the wall and concentrate—

His hand went through the concrete up to the shoulder. Bart cheered, even as he scissored madly in midair to push himself further into the wall. He went through it like it was water, which was no good, that was too general, he needed to be precise, he had to be able to catch himself, he had to focus. 

He was suspended in midair, at the perfect apex of his arc, where momentum and gravity fought each other to a standstill. He had milliseconds to work with. In no time at all he’d be falling so fast that he’d have to phase himself all the way down into the earth, slowly growing denser as he did until he could finally stop without going splat, and then find a way to climb back up out of the ground before he suffocated. 

But Bart was a Flash. Milliseconds were more than enough.

Focus, focus, focus—There! Resistance against his fingers. Like pushing through a stiff gel. Bart splayed his hand back open and pulled himself together just a bit more, just enough.

Gravity finally won the battle. Bart started to fall.

His hand closed on a steel girder inside the concrete.

Bart whooped in triumph. He used the momentum of the fall to swing himself up onto the steel girder, and then launched himself forward as soon as he’d touched down. He made himself less dense again the instant he pushed off, so that he wouldn’t brain himself on any more steel between here and the inside of the building. He’d learned that lesson, thank you very much.

He met resistance just before he burst out of the concrete into the emergency stairwell—like someone had pasted cellophane to the wall, a clear clinging film with no give to it, and it warped and screeched as Bart tore through it. He turned solid out of sheer surprise, and only years of training let him tuck and roll as he hit the opposite wall instead of just slamming into it. He landed on his feet and then almost fell down the stairs, unbalanced.

Everything tingled.

Bart stared at his hands, which looked perfectly normal but felt like ants were doing a conga line all over them, and then at the plain concrete wall he’d just come through. It was just a wall.

In Titans Tower.

“Zounds.” Apparently that enchantment hadn’t worn off yet after all.

part 2

[rachelingly]

Learning (Day 2 and 3)

Mathematics

On March 31st, I was really energetic about mathematics and ended up doing two sessions! In the first session, I improved my second-grade math from 79% to 86%. My third-grade math increased from 80% to 86%. I finally bit the bullet and just watched the videos on sinusoidal functions and it helped so much! My trigonometry improved from 49% to 61%.

During my second session; I increased my second-grade math from 87% to 97% and my third-grade from 86% to 95%.

On April 2nd, I finished second-grade math (97% to 100%)! I increased third-grade math from 95% to 98%. And I increased my trigonometry level from 61% to 63%. However, I found this work session to be much harder than on Wednesday. I found I was sluggish, so I did a little bit in all 3 levels and then called it quits.

Russian

On March 31st, I spent most of the afternoon sending voice messages to a guy named Dimitri on HelloTalk. I found this was a lot easier for me than it typically is. We talked about family and where we lived. I also have another partner, Timofey, who has been trying to correct my pronounciation. Bless him.

On April 2nd, I wrote a short paragraph about my week in Russian. I would like to get to a point where I can talk about more than my day but....you know lol. I then transcribed it in French.

Quantum Computing

On March 31st, I read some and learned more about information theory, superdense coding, and CSS codes. 

“To design good quantum algorithms one must “turn off” one’s classical intuition for at least part of the design process, using truly quantum effects to achieve the desired algorithic end.”

April 2nd: N/A

[azizsiad]

A DIGITAL INNOVATION BLOG POST

Introduction

The world is continuously evolving so does digital technologies, researchers and scientists are coming up with new innovations that are capable enough to change and support business applications and operations. This blog sheds lights of quantum computing and how it is going to improve business operation. Quantum computing is expected to become the next generation of high performance computers.

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is one of the most innovative emerging technologies that the world is going to witness. This technology is going to overcome each and every limitation of transistors based computers. The processors of computers are made of several million transistors and this technology is going to replace transistors by qubitz. The computers based on transistors are relied on binary bits encoding which is 0 and 1. As per the view of Linke et al. (2017), qubitz have different operation properties when compared to transistors and the state of qubitz is superposition. This innovation uses the properties of quantum physics and qubitz could comprise up to two bits of binary data which is eventually called superdense coding.

Quantum computing is completely based on the quantum theory; Niels Bohr came up with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory. The theory comprised two interpretations and the quantum computing uses the second interpretation of quantum theory. The second interpretation is superposition and qubitz could be stated as electrons in the magnetic field. The interpretation focuses on the spinning behaviour of electrons and observes how the electron changes their spinning state.

Quantum computing can deliver high performance at lower energy cost when compared to the transistor based supercomputers. At the present time, quantum computing is a concept but it is going to be available for the world very soon. As per the view of Dumitrescu et al. (2018), quantum computing involves algorithm which could be used in the production machines. The business operation is going to completely changed after the release of quantum computing. Tech giants like Intel, Google and IBM are developing their own quantum computers for gaining competitive advantage

Why is quantum computing essential for business organisations?

Cryptography

Quantum computing composes advanced cryptography which makes data sharing more secure. The transistor based computer does not have strong encryption and the data could be easily decrypted by using different tools. According to Steeb and Hardy (2018), quantum computing makes the decryption too trivial and leads to stronger protection. The companies are going to break the traditional encryption at a much faster rate.

Data Analytics

Quantum computers are capable are solving problems and numerical at a large scale. As per the view of Brandl et al. (2016), quantum computing is going to enhance the topological analysis which is the study of geometric shapes. Data management is going to be enhanced through quantum computing. The business organisations are going to acquire, store, protect and process data more adequately. The real estate companies could use quantum computing for architectural and designing purpose.

Pattern Matching and Forecasting

Quantum computing finds pattern in data at a much faster rate and stores the previous data in the memory for predicting future patterns. As stated by Chen et al. (2016), the business organisation could easily predict their sales, growth and revenue by using quantum computing. The business organisation could also understand the possible outcome of external and internal changes through quantum computing. Volkswagen is currently working on quantum computing to inform people about the traffic in advance.

Supply Chain

Quantum computers could be integrated with any other technologies and machinery so the production department is going to witness a great improvement after the release of quantum computers. Machine learning and artificial intelligence is being currently used in the supply chain and these technologies could be integrated with quantum computers.

What are the impacts of quantum computing?

Quantum computing has become a great deal for researchers and tech giants as the companies wants to invest in quantum computing to utilise its benefits. Quantum computing is going to create a great impact on the IT Companies as well as venture capitals. As suggested by Childs (2017), quantum computing is going to become the future as it provides a much better performance and lower energy consumption. The industries and business organizations have understood the importance and benefits of quantum computing. Companies are investing huge amount of money on their research and development programs so they could utilise the quantum computing benefits.

Rationale

Quantum computing has absorbed enormous resources and has promised too much to offer, quantum computing has not been to deliver a great deal until now in practical terms. Numerous experiments and researches have been going on for a long time over quantum computing but quantum computers have not been used in any industries till now. The rationale of investing in quantum computing is impeccable as the innovation has not displayed any practical integration or benefits. Theoretically, quantum computers work much faster than traditional transistor based computers and quantum computers are capable enough to solve impossible problems.

The business organisations need to think before investing in quantum computing as it is a scientific phenomenon. The problems of engineering are formidable and quantum computing is based on entanglement and superposition. As stated by Bäuml and Azuma (2017), quantum computing is going to come with numerous opportunities and benefits not only for the business sector but for the entire world. The main question is about the implemententaitoon and the official release of quantum computing. The components and other costing of quantum computer is very high so how small business organisations are going to obtain quantum computers. Quantum computer is going to be worth the money, time and hard work invested in it and how long the world needs to wait for witnessing the practical use of a quantum computer.

Conclusion

Quantum computer is going to be the future and it is considered one of the most innovative and complex technology that is going to be released soon. Quantum computing holds the capability of completely changing the business operation as the quantum computing comes with lots of opportunities and benefits. The industries and business organisations are spending huge amount of money on the quantum computing research.

Reference List

Bäuml, S. and Azuma, K., (2017). Fundamental limitation on quantum broadcast networks. Quantum Science and Technology, 2(2), p.024004.

Brandl, M.F., Van Mourik, M.W., Postler, L., Nolf, A., Lakhmanskiy, K., Paiva, R.R., Möller, S., Daniilidis, N., Häffner, H., Kaushal, V. and Ruster, T., (2016). Cryogenic setup for trapped ion quantum computing. Review of Scientific Instruments, 87(11), pp.113-203.

Chen, L., Chen, L., Jordan, S., Liu, Y.K., Moody, D., Peralta, R., Perlner, R. and Smith-Tone, D., (2016). Report on post-quantum cryptography. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 4(2). pp. 236-451.

Childs, A.M., (2017). Quantum computing: Quantum advantage deferred. Nature Physics, 13(12), p.1148.

Dumitrescu, E.F., McCaskey, A.J., Hagen, G., Jansen, G.R., Morris, T.D., Papenbrock, T., Pooser, R.C., Dean, D.J. and Lougovski, P., (2018). Cloud quantum computing of an atomic nucleus. Physical review letters, 120(21), p.210-501.

Linke, N.M., Maslov, D., Roetteler, M., Debnath, S., Figgatt, C., Landsman, K.A., Wright, K. and Monroe, C., (2017). Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(13), pp.3305-3310.

Steeb, W.H. and Hardy, Y., (2018). Problems and solutions in quantum computing and quantum information. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2(1). pp. 65-78.

[topofreddit]

Synopsis: Superdense Coding over Optical Fiber

Original post | Reddit thread

[arxt1]

Precision of mass and radius determination for neutron star using the ATHENA mission. (arXiv:1912.01608v1 [astro-ph.HE])

In this paper we show that X-ray spectral observations of the ATHENA mission, which is planned to launch in 2031, can constrain the equation of state of superdense matter. We use our well-constrained continuum fitting method for mass and radius determination of the neutron star. Model spectra of the emission from a neutron star were calculated using the atmosphere code ATM24. In the next step, those models were fitted to a simulated spectra of the neutron star calculated for ATHENA's WFI detector, using the satellite calibration files. To simulate the spectra we assumed three different values of effective temperatures, surface gravities and gravitational redshifts. There cases are related to the three different neutron star masses and radii. This analysis allows us to demonstrate the precision of our method and demonstrate the need for a fast detector onboard of ATHENA. A large grid of theoretical spectra was calculated with various parameters and a hydrogen-helium-iron composition of solar proportion. These spectra were fitted to the simulated spectrum to estimate the precision of mass and radius determination. In each case, we obtained very precise mass and radius values with errors in the range 3--10% for mass and in the range 2--8% for radius within the 1-sigma confidence error. We show here that with the ATHENA WFI detector, such a determination could be used to constrain the equation of state of superdense neutron star matter.

from astro-ph.HE updates on arXiv.org https://ift.tt/2qkDvNq

[quantum-c0mputer]

Quantum Computing: The Next Big Thing

Whereas a quantum computer works on qubit, which can be any in a state of 0,1 or 0 and 1 both (superimposed state), so a qubit could store up to two bits using superdense coding. Thus, a qubit carries twice as much information as compared to a bit and a quantum computer is capable of processing ... source https://hightechnologyevolution.blogspot.com/2018/04/quantum-computing-next-big-thing.html

[mthrynn]

Using a technique called superdense coding, researchers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory have set a new record for data density transmission – 1.67 bits per qubit, or quantum bit – over a fiber optic cable. Noteworthy, they used relatively non-exotic components suggesting the technique may be moving closer, albeit slowly, towards practical use.

Brian Williams, ORNL

A report on the work (Superdense coding over optical fiber links with complete Bell-state measurements) by ORNL researchers Brian Williams, Ronald Sadlier and Travis Humble was published yesterday in Physical Review Letters. The research was selected as an “Editor’s Suggestion,” a distinction reserved for approximately one in six PRL papers.

Quantum behavior offers many tantalizing prospects for computing and communications. Whereas classical computers transmit information in the form of bits (usually a 1 or 0), qubits can employ two states simultaneously (superposition) and represent more information than a traditional bit. The physics of this quantum communication task employed by Williams and his team is similar to that used by quantum computers, which use qubits to arrive at solutions to extremely complex problems faster than their bit-laden counterparts.

(Left) The original four-color 100 × 136 pixel 3.4 kB image. (Right) The image received using superdense coding. The calculated fidelity was 87%.

A brief article on the work is posted on the ORNL web site and a synopsis is on the APS Physics website. As a demonstration of the technique’s effectiveness, the team transmitted the ORNL logo, an oak leaf, between two end points in the laboratory.

A significant part of the challenge in superdense coding such as that used by the ORNL team is the need to perform a complete Bell-state measurement (BSM) on the photon pair; it’s not possible using only linear optics and a single degree of shared entanglement. Non-linear optics can be used for successful BSM but have proven inefficient and complicated to implement.

In the paper, the researcher write, “Our novel interferometric design allows ‘off-the-shelf’ single-photon detectors to enable the complete Bell-state discrimination instead of the number-resolving detectors required by previous experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of superdense coding over an optical fiber and a step towards the practical realization of superdense coding. Alongside our demonstration of a hybrid quantum-classical transfer protocol, these results represent a step toward the future integration of quantum communication with fiber-based networks.” See figure from the paper below.

Quantum communication and computing are indeed fascinating but also puzzling for most of us. It’s best to read the original paper. That said, here’s an excerpt from the APS synopsis (by Michael Schirber) describing the ORNL work:

“Suppose Alice wants to send a two-bit message to Bob. She could send two photons with the message encoded in their polarizations. Or, using superdense coding, she could send one polarized photon qubit whose polarization state encodes both bits. The latter option requires that the two parties initially share a pair of photons with entangled polarization. Alice performs one of four operations on her photon and then sends it to Bob, who combines it with his photon to measure which operation Alice performed.

“If Bob simply measures polarization, then he won’t recover the full message. One solution is to entangle the photons in some additional degree of freedom, such as orbital angular momentum. But so far, these hyperentangled states have been unable to survive transmission through optical fibers. Williams and his colleagues have devised a superdense coding system that is fiber compliant. In this case, Alice and Bob’s photons pass through an interferometer whose arms incorporate time delays that entangle the arrival times of the photons at the detectors. Using polarization and arrival-time measurements, Bob can recover Alice’s message at a density of 1.67 bits per qubit. This is not yet the maximum density of 2, but it sets a new record for a system using single photons and linear optics.”

There are still many challenges. For example, the ORNL logo (see figure) was only transmitted with ~87 percent fidelity. “[E]rrors in the received image result from drift in the interferometer during transmission, phase miscalibration, and imperfect state generation.”

Link to paper: http://ift.tt/2jx9SUq

Link to ORNL article: http://ift.tt/2jVY7mU

Link to APS Physics synopsis: http://ift.tt/2khHRxy

The post Quantum: ORNL Sets Data Density Transmission Record appeared first on HPCwire.

via Government – HPCwire

[fernandonaranjo67]

Researchers break data transfer efficiency record

See on Scoop.it - Informática Educativa y TIC Researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have set a new record in the transfer of information via superdense coding, a process by which the properties of particles like photons, protons an

[ruggerorespigo]

Researchers break data transfer efficiency record

Researchers have set a new record in the transfer of information via superdense coding, a process by which the properties of particles like photons, protons and electrons are used to store as much information as possible. Latest Science News -- ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/02/170201150632.htm

[kangaske]

Researchers break data transfer efficiency record

Researchers at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory have set a new record in the transfer of information via superdense coding, a process by which the properties of particles like photons, protons and electrons are used to store as much information as possible. http://dlvr.it/NGJLkp

[venitisblr-blog]

SUPERDENSE CODING OVER OPTICAL FIBER

SUPERDENSE CODING OVER OPTICAL FIBER

Sending quantum bits can potentially be twice as efficient as sending classical bits. But realizing this so-called superdense coding has been a major challenge. Brian Williams and colleagues from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, have sent quantum bits over a small fiber link, achieving a new record in bit density. Their technique utilizes the hyperentanglement of photon pairs—a combined…