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(title of infobox in Chinese and Manchu languages) Chinese Imperial Air Force (English) 中華帝國空軍 (Hanzi) Chung-hua Ti-kuo K'ung-chün (Wade-Giles, the most widely used Chinese romanization system in this timeline)

(Below is the name in Manchu script, it only renders sideways here) ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ‍ᡳ ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ (Manchu) Dulimbai gurun-i Abkai Cooha (Manchu romanization)

Emblem of the Chinese Imperial Air Force:

Symbol consisting of the roundel with a blue-green-white-red dragon flying around the central red sun, vertical red and yellow banners with the name of the air force in white Hanzi and Manchu script, two outspread white bird wings, and the red imperial crown of the Great Qing Emperor

Founded: 10 August 1910; 113 years ago (as Army Flying Corps) 25 December 1929; 93 years ago (as current service)

Country: China Type: Air force

Role: Aerial warfare Airborne forces Air defense

Size: 300,000 active personnel (2023) 4,000+ aircraft (2023) Part of: Chinese Imperial Military Headquarters: Peking (this spelling remained popular in the English-speaking world) Motto(s) 盡忠報國 English: "boundless loyalty to the country" (the text of Yue Fei's famous tattoo) Colors: Blue, yellow, red (a medium cerulean blue, a slightly warm yellow, and a bright cherry red)

March: Quick: Dragon Aviators' March Slow: Five Thousand Years Anniversaries: Air Force Day (14 August) Aviation Day (10 August)

List of Engagements: Late Kuang-hsü Crisis

(Second Canton Revolt)

(Wu-ch'ang Rebellion)

(Hatchet Gang Rebellion) Sino-German War First World War Russian Civil War

(West Siberian Intervention) Warlord Era

(Imperial Protection War)

(Yün-Kwei War)

(Southern Expedition)

(Sinkiang Campaign) Outer Mongolia Insurgency Second Sino-Japanese War Second World War Chinese Civil War

(Tai-wan Strait Crisis) Korean War

(Yalu-Tumen Intervention) Sino-Indian War

(Battle of Bhutan) Tibet Uprising (1959)

(Operation Wind Shadow) Third Indochina War

(Operation Phoenix Eye) Spratly Islands Conflict Indonesia-Malaya War

(Operation Celestial Spear) Uzbekistan War

(Operation Black Tortoise)

Website: (Official website link)

Commanders: Commander-in-Chief: Jui-wen Emperor (era name 睿文, means "Forward-thinking culture") Director of the IDC: Li Kuo-t'ai Minister of War: Marshal Fan Sung-yün Chief of the Air Staff: Marshal Wei Chao-lin

Insignia: Roundel: Concentric circles of blue, yellow, and red, with a thin ring of blue on the outside, a large area of yellow inside it, and a small red circle at the center Fin flash: high visibility, Blue-Yellow-Red tricolor, low visibility yellow and red alone. Ensign: Black Ensign with Qing imperial flag in the canton. In the black field are depictions in white of the Little Dipper and the North Star, arranged in an arc from the middle fly to the lower hoist. The black field represents the night sky and commemorates the air force's famous night raids during World War II.

Aircraft flown: Bomber: Hsi-an JH-7, H-6 Electronic warfare: Russo-Balt RB-154, Shan-hsi Y-8, Shan-hsi Y-9, J-16D Fighter: Chʻêng-tu J-7, Mukden J-8, Chʻêng-tu J-10, Mukden J-11, Mukden J-16, Chʻêng-tu J-20, Samara Sa-27, Sa-30MKK, Sa-35S Helicopter: Harbin Z-8, Harbin Z-9 Attack helicopter: Harbin Z-19, CAIC Z-10 Utility helicopter: Harbin Z-20 Interceptor: Mukden J-8 Trainer: K'un-lun L-15, K'un-lun JL-8, JL-9 Transport: Hsi-an Y-20, Shan-hsi Y-9, Shan-hsi Y-8, Hsi-an Y-7, Zhukovsky Zh-76 Tanker: H-6U, Zh-78

Chinese name in various transcriptions used in this world: Traditional Chinese 中華帝國空軍 (used on the mainland) Simplified Chinese 中华帝国空军 (used on Tai-wan) Literal meaning: Chinese Imperial Air Force Bopomofo: ㄓㄨㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄉㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄛˇ ㄎㄨㄥㄐㄩㄣ Wade–Giles: Chung-hua Ti-kuo K'ung-chün Cantonese Jyutping: Zung-waa dai-gwok Hong-gwan

(Below is the separate box for further reading on the Qing military that accompanies the main infobox in most such articles)

Armed Forces of the Great Ch'ing Empire Octagonal symbol known as "the Eight Corners" containing the colors of all the Eight Banners arranged to resemble the character 卐 (Wan, important to state-sponsored Vajrayana religion)

Executive departments:

Imperial Defence Council

Ministry of War

Staff:

Director of the IDC

General Staff of the Military

Works Department of the IDC

Censorate of the IDC

Services:

Chinese Imperial Military

Army

Navy

Air Force

Strategic Support

Independent troops:

Military Police Force

T'uan-lien Militia

Pao-chia Guards

Eight Banners

Special operations force:

Special Operations Department

Special Police Unit of the MPF

Snow Leopard Commando Unit

Mountain Eagle Commando Unit

Other troops:

CIM Joint Logistics Support Force

Military districts:

Eastern Theater Command

Southern Theater Command

Western Theater Command

Northern Theater Command

Central Theater Command

History of the Chinese military

Military history of China

Military ranks of China

Ranks of the Imperial Army

Ranks of the Imperial Navy

Ranks of the Imperial Air Force

(Main body of the article below here)

The Chinese Imperial Air Force (CIAF; Chinese: 中華帝國空軍; Wade–Giles: Chung-hua Ti-kuo K'ung-chün), also referred to as the Chinese Air Force (中華空軍) or the Imperial Air Force (帝國空軍), is the principal aerial service of the Great Ch'ing Empire, a part of the Chinese Imperial Military along with the Imperial Navy and the Imperial Army. The CIAF was officially established on 25 December 1929 and it is composed of five branches: aviation, ground-based air defense, radar, Airborne Corps and other support elements.

The development of the CIAF began with the creation of the Pei-yang Army Flying Corps in 1910, which flew French biplanes in reconaissance and bombing operations against rebels. With the splintering of the Pei-yang Army in 1916, elements of the Flying Corps entered the service of the various warlords vying for control of the government. During the First World War, ten bombers were shipped to Shang-hai for the Peking Government's use in dislodging the German Navy from Kiautschou Bay. The Flying Corps would participate in the Southern Expedition using primarily the Avro Avenger fighter aircraft and the Avro Aldershot heavy bomber provided by the United Kingdom, and in 1929, with the warlords brought together or defeated, the Air Staff was created as a separate branch of the military. The UK also assisted with the expansion of the Chinese aerospace industry during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Changes in the organization of the CIAF followed by modernization programs in the 1980s and increased technology development in the 21st century resulted in the J-20 stealth multirole fighter, the first of its kind for China.

The Air Force's mission is to secure the objectives of the Imperial Defence Council which are to "provide necessary security and defense of the Empire and to support the Government's international obligations". The highest-ranking military officer in the Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who exercises supervision over Air Force units, while the IDC assigns Air Force components to unified combatant commands. Some units are also ceremonially affiliated with the Eight Banners, but since 1931 have been functionally integrated into the civilian command structure. The Helicopter Command contains most of the rotary-wing aircraft of the CIAF. Most of the air force is based in Mainland China, but some units do serve on foreign operations (principally over Manipur and Bukhara) or at long-established foreign bases (Havana, Ream, Djibouti, and Gorno-Badakhshan). Although the CIAF is the principal Chinese air power arm, the Imperial Navy's Fleet Air Corps and the Army Air Corps also operate armed aircraft.

Contents: 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Warlord Era and Yüan Ch'en 1.3 First United Front 1.4 Second Sino-Japanese War 1.5 Chinese Civil War 1.6 Korean War to the Sino-Russian Split 1.7 1970s to 1980s 1.8 P'ing-hsiang era (平祥, Peaceful and Auspicious) 1.9 Jui-wen era 2 Personnel 2.1 Ranks and insignia 2.2 Commanders 3 Structure 3.1 Senior leadership 3.2 Headquarters 3.3 Commands 3.3.1 Transport command 3.3.2 Long-range command 3.3.3 Expeditionary command 3.3.4 Training and research 3.4 Order of battle 3.5 Airbases 3.6 Aerobatic display team 4 Aircraft 4.1 Combat air 4.2 Intelligence 4.3 Maritime patrol 4.4 Helicopters 4.5 Training aircraft 4.6 Advanced jet training 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links

History: (Further information: link to page "Aviation in China")

Origins:

Today's Chinese Imperial Air Force (CIAF) traces its roots back to August 10, 1910 when the government authorized the creation of the Army Flying Corps in an effort to improve intelligence and gain the upper hand on insurrections. On the same day, construction began on Peking Nan-yüan Airport as part of a program to modernize national infrastructure. Initiated in the wake of the Boxer Protocol in 1901, the Keng-tzu New Policies were ordered by the Empress Dowager Tz'ŭ-hsi to reform government bureaucracy along with the military, and by the start of the Hsuan-t'ung reign a group of preparatory departments had been organized for experimentation with new technology and administrative systems. In 1903 an imperial edict expanded the Wu-wei Corps to 36 divisions, creating the Pei-yang Army, in 1905 the Imperial Examinations were abolished, and in 1907 a new law code and judicial system were rolled out. That same year, the tax code was reformed and the rail system was nationalized, which greatly helped the empire's finances but caused significant unrest as well.

With the death of Jung-lu in 1903, General of the Right Division Yüan Shih-k'ai became commander of the Pei-yang Army. His role in the 1898 coup d'état against the Kuang-hsü Emperor made him many enemies, and when the empress dowager and the emperor died within a day of each other in 1909, he was forced to resign by Prince Ch'ün and return to his home village ostensibly for health reasons. In spite of this, Yüan remained in communication with his associates in the army. In the wake of the February 1910 Keng-hsü Army Uprising, he authorized the Pei-yang Army to found a flight school at Nan-yüan to train a group of eight pilots to fly reconnaisance using Cauldron Type D biplanes purchased from France, improving the army's ability to respond. In early 1911, the Aviation Research Institute was founded.[6]

Warlord Era and Yüan Ch'en:

(Photo labeled "Nan-yüan Air Force Academy drillmasters in front of Avro aircraft") (Photo labeled "Voisin V in Shang-hai")

In 1911, a major popular uprising began in Canton while another army mutiny occurred at Wu-ch'ang. In a panic, Empress Dowager Lung-yü convinced Yüan to come out of retirement and lead the war effort in exchange for the position of Prime Minister and the final adoption of the Hsuan-t'ung Constitution. The rebellion was crushed by the end of 1912, and the T'ung-meng-hui (TMH) revolutionary society was forced to flee to Japan once again with numerous dead. With the south pacified, Yüan feared he would no longer be of use to the Ch'ing court. In spite of the bureaucrats' protests, he brought his army into the capital in order to protect himself and his allies from execution, essentially holding the court hostage. For five years, he and his majority Han chinese cabinet ruled the country.

Reasoning that China desired a new Han-ruled dynasty, Yüan revised the constitution to make himself a dictator before announcing plans to seize the throne as the Hung-hsien Emperor of Great Ch'en, allowing his army to plunder Manchu estates as northern Chinese cities descended into racial violence. The Ch'ing court fled to Gan-su, where support for Han rule was lower, under the protection of Ma An-liang and Shaan-hsi governor Ch'ien Neng-hsün. With the divided country now in civil war, many of Yüan's closest supporters abandoned him, and the solidarity of his Beiyang clique of military protégés dissolved. The Hung-hsien Emperor was opposed by not only the Ch'ing and the minorities, but far more importantly by his subordinate military commanders, who believed that his usurpation would allow him to rule without depending on the support of the military.

A coalition of governors and officers led by An-hui governor Liang Tun-yen launched the Imperial Protection War against him, officially in the name of the Hsuan-t'ung Emperor, while the Air Corps rebelled as well and dropped bombs on the Forbidden City. Yüan's health continued to decline, and his death in 1916 paved the way for the return of K'ang Yu-wei and other anti-Yüan reformist exiles. The Prince Ch'ing Cabinet retook control of the capital, denouncing Yüan and purging his allies, while government authority was greatly damaged. Provinces broke away and the TMH returned in 1917 to start a Han-nationalist insurgency in Hunan.

The fall of Yüan Shih-k'ai created a power vacuum and fractured the army. Fearing for their lives, many of the southern Pei-yang generals revolted and took control of the provinces as military governors. Minister of War Wang Shih-chen, nominally in charge of the Pei-yang Army, abolished it and reorganized the loyalist forces into the Chinese Imperial Military. Expanding the airbases at Nan-yüan and Ta hsiao-ch'ang, Marshal Wang was able to acquire more machines from Britain and France when the new army attacked the German Leased Territory of Kiautschou Bay in 1917 and China was drawn into the First World War.

As part of the allied Operation Asher, ten Voisin V pusher bombers were produced in France and shipped to Shang-hai. In spite of having defeated the 1914 allied attack, by this time the garrison was low on supplies and the Chinese aircraft proved devastating to German morale during the Second Siege of Tsing-tao. An avid aviation enthusiast, the Hsuan-tung Emperor himself also took great interest in the development of the Air Corps, and when he assumed direct rule in 1924 he personally invested large amounts of his constitutional subsidy into it.

First United Front:

During the late 1920s, the Ch'ing Imperial Government formed the first united front with the liberal T'ung-meng Hui (TMH) party against competing warlords in a bid to reunite a fractionalized China, combining the liberal Wu-han Government with the Imperial Assembly. In this period, various airplanes were purchased and deployed by warlords in their struggle for power until nominal Chinese reunification in 1929 following the Southern Expedition which saw the use of Avro Aldershot heavy bombers to inflict serious damage on the infrastructure of several provinces in support of the government offensives. That year, the CIAF was designated as an independent branch of the armed forces. The eighteen graduate pilots of the military flight school included nine republican and nine monarchist pilots who were sent to the Russian Federation for two years of advanced flight training under the tutelage of the more experienced Russian Air Force. Two of the imperial graduates, Kuo Tzu-han and Sung Chien-yü, continued to serve in the Russian Air Force for five years until, in September 1928, they returned to Ti-hua as instructors.

At the same time, Tsai-chen the fifth Prince Ch'ing established the Bureau of Aeronautics in 1920. Subsequently, the organization continued to develop, and successively established an aircraft factory, an aviation command, and a new aviation school in Hsi-an. In May 1927, the Aviation Department of the Ministry of War was changed to the Aviation Committee of the Defense Council of the Imperial Government. By 1929, the government's aviation force was officially independent from the Army General Command and became an independent service.

Second Sino-Japanese War:

(Photo labelled "Self-developed Chinese transport aircraft during the Battle of Ch'ang-sha")

Following the abolition of many of their social privileges in the Hsin-wei Reform Act, many Banner families experienced poverty and violence. In response to perceived neglect, they became disaffected with the Hsuan-t'ung Emperor. Some sided with the northeastern Pei-yang Army generals of the Fêng-tʻien Clique, while some sought support from Imperial Japan.

A minor dispute known as the Wan-pao-shan incident between Han and Korean farmers occurred on July 1, 1931. The issue was highly sensationalized in the Imperial Japanese and Korean press, and used for considerable propaganda effect to increase anti-Chinese sentiment in the Empire of Japan. Believing that a conflict in Manchuria would be in the best interests of Japan, Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki devised a plan to provoke Japan into invading Manchuria by setting up a false flag incident for the pretext of invasion. The Independent Garrison Unit of the 29th Infantry Regiment (which guarded the South Manchuria Railway) placed explosives near the tracks, but far enough away to do no real damage.

On the morning of September 19, two artillery pieces installed at the Mukden officers' club opened fire on the Chinese garrison nearby, in response to the alleged Chinese attack on the railway. Chang Hsueh-liang's small air force was destroyed, and his soldiers fled their destroyed Pei-ta-ying barracks, as five hundred Japanese troops attacked the Chinese garrison of around seven thousand. The Chinese troops were no match for the experienced Japanese troops. By the evening, the fighting was over, and the Japanese had occupied Mukden at the cost of five hundred Chinese lives and only two Japanese lives, thus starting the greater invasion of Manchuria. By 1932, most of the region was under Japanese control and the Empire of Manchukuo was created, while a young member of the Hitara clan was enthroned in Ch'ang-ch'un as the K'ang-te Emperor.

The CIAF immediately dispatched combat aircraft to the Hung-ch'iao Aerodrome during the January 28th Incident of 1932, and aerial skirmishes occurred for the first time between China and the Imperial Japanese. In February 1932, US Reserve Lt. Robert McCawley Short, who was transporting armed Chinese aircraft, shot down an IJN aircraft on February 19, 1932, and downed another on February 22 before he was killed (he was posthumously raised to the rank of colonel in the CIAF). During the early days of China's war of resistance against the Japanese invasion, the Imperial Air Force participated in several battles, including attacking Imperial Japanese Navy warships along the Yangtze River and supporting the Battle of Shang-hai. By this time, the Imperial Air Force's main fighter models were the Curtiss Hawk II and Hawk III fighters. On August 14, 1937, Japanese Imperial Navy bombers bombed Hang-chou Chien-ch'iao Airport, but was defeated by the CIAF; therefore, August 14 was designated as Air Force Day by the Imperial Government. In May 1938, the CIAF dispatched two B-10 bombers to Japan to drop leaflets.

By the middle of the war, intelligence units of the Imperial Japanese Navy cracked the radio codes of the Chinese army, putting the Air Force under attack. In the middle and late stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the addition of Chennault and other foreign pilots, as well as the support provided by the United States after joining the Allies, restructured the combat power of the CIAF and participated in the Hsin-chu Air Attack, and air raids on Japan. After the end of World War II, in June 1946, the Aviation Committee of the Military Committee of the Imperial Government was changed to the General Command of the Air Force.

Chinese Civil War:

In January 1941, as intensifying clashes between imperial and TMH forces ended the second united front against invading Japanese forces, the government's Imperial Defense Council (IDC) established the Air Force Engineering School with Kuo as commandant and Sung as head instructor. In May 1944, just over a year before the Japanese surrender to Allied forces, the IDC established an Aviation Section in Hsi-an with Kuo as its director and Sung as deputy director. Two years later in May 1946 and after the withdrawal of Japanese troops, the IDC established the Northeast Old Aviation School in Kirin. By 1949 the Aviation Section of the IDC had 560 trained personnel (125 pilots and 435 ground support specialists), purchased 435 aircraft from the Russian Federation, acquired 115 republican aircraft, and operated seven military flight schools.

During the Second Civil War between the T'ung-meng Hui and the Imperial Government from 1946 to 1949, the Air Corps of the Republic of China participated in combat support and air strikes against the CIAF on the mainland and around the Tai-wan Strait. In October of the same year, the ACROC assisted in stopping the advance of the Chinese Imperial Army at the Battle of Ku-ning-t'ou in Quemoy, and in April 1949, the Air Corps retreated to the former Japanese colony of Tai-wan along with other government departments of the ROC. In October 1952, Marshal Chou Ên-lai and the battle-hardened army of the Chinese Communist Party broke with the T'ung-meng Hui and launched a successful revolution with the help of Indigenous Taiwanese, abolishing the National Assembly of the TMH and founding the People's Republic of China; the world's second socialist state after India. The ACROC sided with the revolution and became the PRCAAF. As relations soured between the left liberal governments of NATO and the right authoritarian governments of the Eurasian Pact, the United States intervened on behalf of the PRC and preserved the island's self-government. There have been at least 11 air battles in the area since 1952.

The real opportunity to obtain a large number of aircraft came from the Northeast Alliance Aviation School established in 1946 after the end of the Anti-Japanese War. At this time, the Imperial Government seized Japanese-made aircraft, trained pilots, and received a large number of American-made aircraft from the surrendered ROC Air Force in southeast China and Nanking during the civil war. On March 17, 1949, personnel were transferred from the Northeast Aviation School to establish the "Imperial Defence Council Aviation Bureau" in Peking. The director Ch'ang Ch'ien-k'un (the executive vice president of the Northeast Aviation School), under the Combat Education Department, Aeronautical Engineering Department, Civil Aviation Department, Information Section and Supply Section, staffed 64 people. In May 1949, the Navigation Management Office, the Secretariat, and the Imperial Office were added, and the number was expanded to 172 people. The major military regions have since successively established aviation divisions.

(end of finished part of article)

Notes:

While they are strange bedfellows, the strategic importance of Tai-wan Island was sufficient for the US to accept the existence of the PRC; the start of a similar reconciliation as began in the 1970s during Detente.

In this timeline, the White Movement won the Russian Civil War. Specifically, the Provisional All-Russian Government or "Ufa Directory" of Alexander Kolchak defeated the Bolsheviks in 1919, retaking Moscow and Petrograd partially with the help of a Qing expeditionary force which aided the Basmachi rebels in Central Asia and helped hold sections of the Trans-Siberian Railway alongside the Czechoslovak Legion. Kolchak was assassinated by a monarchist in 1920, which began a second phase of the civil war. The conflict ended in 1922 when the Ufa Directory combined with the Samara Government to form a federal republic of Russia dominated mostly by Kadets and Right SRs.

Primary Stage Socialism is still very young in this world and revolutionary parties have only been successful in the Global South. During the alternate Cold War, the western bloc was primarily fighting the Eurasian Pact of the Greater White Movement and gave military assistance to any allies it could find from the PRC to India to Iraq. Only after the main phase of the Cold War ended did the US and NATO begin to turn against these countries.

#China #alternate history #Qing #Cixi #Guangxu #Sun Yat Sen #Wade Giles #Manchu #Xuantong #East Asia #russian civil war #bolshevism #Zhou Enlai #Yuan Shikai #Xinhai #Taiwan #history #aviation

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angrywolfbouquetlove · 3 years

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chinesetong-china · 4 years

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Learn Chinese in Chinese stories｜Chinese legends｜Shennong tested hundred...

Learn Chinese in Chinese stories｜Chinese legends｜Shennong tested hundreds of herbs in person

You may not know Chinese medicine, but you must have heard of artemisinin for malaria. Chinese herbal medicine has a history of several thousand years , there are currently more than 12000 kinds of herbs in China .The mastery of the medicinal properties of most herbs depends on the author's trial in person .《Shennong Herbal Medicine》is the earliest theory of Chinese herbal medicine,it is written by a person called Shennong who tested hundreds herbs in person .

你可能不知道中药，但一定听说过治疗疟疾的青蒿素。中草药有几千年历史，在中国目前有12000多种中草药.对大多数中草药的药性的掌握都是靠作者亲身试药。《神农本草》是最早的中药理论，相传是一个叫神农的人亲身尝试百种草药后写出来的。

CONTENT

Yuan gu shi hou ,zai nan fang li shan fu jin sheng huo zhe yi ge jiao yan zu de bu luo

远古时候，在南方历山附近生活着一个叫炎族的部落

In ancient times, there was a tribe called Yan lived near the southern Lishan mountains

Yan zu de ren men kao da lie wei sheng

炎族的人们靠打猎为生

People of the Yan tribe live by hunting

Da bu dao lie wu jiu e du zi ,sheng bing le ye wu yao ke yi

打不到猎物就饿肚子,生病了也无药可医

People suffered from hungry if didn’t got prey ,and no medicine if got sick

You yi tian li shan de shi dong li dan sheng le yi ge tou shang zhang zhe jiao de ying er

有一天历山的石洞里诞生了一个头上长着角的婴儿

One day a baby with horns on its head was born in a cave of Lishan Mountain

Ying er chu sheng de shi hou ,shi dong si zhou mao chu jiu yan quan shui

婴儿出生的时候，石洞四周冒出九眼泉��

When the baby was born, there were nine springs spilled out of the cave

Hou lai zhe ge hai zi cheng le yan zu de shou ling bei zun wei yan di

后来这个孩子成了炎族的首领被尊为炎帝

Later the child became the leader of the Yan clan and was called Emperor Yan

Yi tian yi zhi hong se de da niao xian lai yi chuan zhong zi fang dao yan di shou li

一天一只红色的大鸟衔来一串种子放到炎帝手里

One day a big red bird put a string of seeds into the hands of Emperor Yan

Yan di jiang zhong zi zhong dao tu li ,bu duo jiu zhang chu yi pian he miao

炎帝将种子种到土里, 不多久长出一片禾苗

Yan planted the seeds into the soil and soon some rice shoots grew

He miao cheng shu hou yan di jiang ta zhu shu le qing ren men pin chang

禾苗成熟后炎帝将它煮熟了请人们品尝

When the rice shoot matured, Yan cooked it and asked people to taste

Ren men fa xian ta ji hao chi you neng tian bao du zi

人们发现它既好吃又能填饱肚子

People found it is delicious and can feed the stomach

Yu shi yan di jiang zhong zi fen song gei ren men bing jiao hui ren men geng zhong

于是炎帝将种子分送给人们并教会人们耕种

So Yan distributed the seeds and taught people to farm

Cong ci ren men you le liang shi chi ,zun cheng yan di wei shen nong

从此人们有了粮食吃，尊称炎帝为神农

Since then, people have grains to eat and honored Yan as Shennong

Dang shi ren men sheng bing le wu yao ke yi

当时人们生病了无药可医

At that time there was no medicine when people got sick

Shen nong jue ding dao shen shan ye lin qu cai ji yao cai

神农决定到深山野林去采集药材中草药

Shennong decided to collect medicinal materials from the wide mountains

Yi tian shen nong fa xian yi zhong lv se de ye zi

一天神农发现一种绿色的叶子

One day Shennong found some green leaves

Ta jiao le jiao fa xian zhe zhong ye zi neng qing chu ti nei du su

他嚼了嚼发现这种叶子能清除体内的毒素

He chewed and found that the leaves could clear the toxins from body

Shen nong gei zhe zhong ye zi qu ming wei cha

神农给这种叶子取名为茶

Shennong named the leaf ‘cha’ -- tea

Mei dang shen nong chang yao zhong du hou ta dou yong cha lai jie du

每当神农尝药中毒后他都用茶来解毒

When Shennong was poisoned for medicine trial ,he used the tea to detoxify

Tong guo qin zi shi chi ,shen nong fa xian le hen duo ke yi zhi bing de yao cai

通过亲自试吃，神农发现了很多可以治病的药材

Through the trial by himself, Shennong found many herbs that can treat illness

Yi tian shen nong fa xian yi zhong huang se de xiao cao

一天神农发现一种黄色小草

One day Shennong found a yellow grass

Ta zhai xia ye zi fang jin zui li

他摘下叶子放进嘴里

He took the leaves and put them in his mouth

Shui zhi zhe shi you ju du de duan chang cao

谁知这是有剧毒的断肠草

That was the highly toxic gelsemium elegan

Shen nong teng tong nan ren hun dao zai di

神农疼痛难忍昏倒在地

Shen Nong felt terrible pain and fell to the ground

Dang ren men zhao dao ta de shi hou ,shen nong yi jing si qu le

当人们找到他的时候，神农已经死去了

When people found him, Shennong was dead

Shen nong shou li jin wo zhe ta dui ge zhong zhi wu yao xing de ji lu ‘shen nong ben cao’神农手里紧握着他对各种植物药性的记录<神农本草>

Shennong held the book <Shennong Herbal Medicine >which recorded the medicinal properties of plants

Wei le ji nian shen nong ,ren men jiang ta chang bai cao de di fang cheng wei shen nong jia

为了纪念神农，人们将神农尝百草的地方称为神农架

In memory of Shennong, the place where Shennong tested herbs was called Shennongjia

Shen nong ye bei zun wei nong ye zhi shen he yao wang shen

神农也被尊为农业之神和药王神

Shennong was honored as the god of agriculture and medicine.

KEYPOINTS

Nóng

农

nóng yè

农业 agriculture; farming

Nóng mín

农民 peasant ,farmer

Zhōng guó de nóng mín yī bān zhǐ xiǎo nóng huò diàn nóng ,tā men kào zì jǐ hěn shǎo de tǔ dì huò gěi bié rén gēng zhòng tǔ dì móu shēng

中国的农民一般指小农或佃农，他们靠自己很少的土地或给别人耕种土地谋生。

In China ,’nong min 农民’generally refer to small-peasant or tenants , who earn a living on their own little land or farming for others

Jǐ qiān nián lái ,zhōng guó dà duō shù rén kǒu dōu shì nóng mín .zhí dào jìn jǐ shí nián suí zhe gōng yè huà hé dà liàng nóng mín jìn chéng ,zhè zhǒng rén kǒu jié gòu cái fā shēng gǎi biàn

几千年来，中国大多数人口都是农民。直到近几十年随着工业化和大量农民进城，这种人口结构才发生改变。

For thousands of years, most people in China are peasants. Until recent decades this demographic structure changed with industrialization and large numbers of peasants entering cities

Zài zhè zhǒng shēng chǎn fāng shì shàng chǎn shēng de nóng gēng wén míng kě yǐ zuò wéi lǐ jiě zhōng guó de yí gè shì jiǎo

在这种生产方式上产生的农耕文明可以作为理解中国的一个视角

The Agricultural civilization produced in this mode of production can be used as a perspective to understand China

Zhǒng zhòng

种

Zhǒng zi

种子 seed;

Gēng Zhòng

耕种 plough and sow; work on the farm;

Liáng shí

粮食 staple food; principal food

Dào gǔ

稻谷 rice (mainly in south)

Xiǎo mài

小麦 wheat (mainly in north)

Wǔ gǔ

五谷 the five cereals: rice, millet, millet, wheat, beans

Wǔ gǔ fēng dēng

五谷丰登 an abundant harvest of all crops

Yào

药 medicine; drug; chemicals

cǎo yào

草药 medicinal herb

Zhōng guó shì cǎo yào de fā yuán dì ,mù qián zhōng guó dà yvē yǒu yī wàn èr qiān zhǒng cǎo yào

中国是草药的发源地,目前中国大约有12000种草药。

China is the birthplace of medicinal herbs. At present, there are about 12000 kinds of herbs in China.

Zhōng yào yóu cǎo yào ,dòng wù yào ,kuàng wù yào gòu chéng,cǎo yào zhàn le dà duō shù

中药由草药，动物药，矿物药构成，草药占了大多数。

Traditional Chinese medicine is made up of herbs, animal medicine and mineral medicine, and herbal medicine accounts for the majority.

Chá

茶 tea plant; tea;

Chá yè

茶叶 tea; tea-leaves

Gēn jù fā jiào chéng dù bù tóng ,chá yè fēn wéi hóng chá ,huáng chá ,bái chá ,lǜ chá děng根据发酵程度不同，茶叶分为红茶,黄茶, 白茶,绿茶等

According to the degree of fermentation, tea is divided into black tea, yellow tea,white tea, green tea, etc.

.......

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miguelmarias · 5 years

Text

World Poll 2019

Great recent movies (made since 2014) seen for the first time in 2019

Mademoiselle de Joncquières (Emmanuel Mouret, 2018)

Dau Huduni Methai (Song of the Horned Owl, Manju Borah, 2015)

El Crack cero (José Luis Garci, 2019)

Jiang hu er nv (Ash is Purest White, Jia Zhang-ke, 2018)

Carré 35 (Plot 35, Éric Caravaca, 2017)

Sic transit Gloria Mundi (Gloria Mundi, Robert Guédiguian, 2019)

If Beale Street Could Talk (Barry Jenkins, 2018)

Ad Astra (James Gray, 2019)

Le Chant du loup (The Wolf’s Call, Antonin Braudy, 2019)

Shooting the Mafia (Kim Longinotto, 2019)

Village Rockstars (Rima Das, 2017)

Tantas Almas (Valley of Souls, Nicolás Rincón Gille, 2019)

Un peuple et son roi (Pierre Schoeller, 2018)

Aamis (Ravening, Bhaskar Hazarika, 2018/9)

Fishbone (Adán Aliaga, 2018)

O que arde (Fire Will Come, Oliver Laxe, 2019)

La Fin de la nuit (Lucas Belvaux, 2015)

Ramen Teh (Ramen Shop, Eric Khoo, 2018)

Light of My Life (Casey Affleck, 2019)

Great movies (made before 2014) seen for the first time in 2019

’49-’17 (Ruth Ann Baldwin, 1917)

Ba shan ye yu (Evening Rain / Night Rain of Mount Ba, Wu Yigong and Wu Yonggang, 1980)

The Spirit of the Flag (Allan Dwan, 1913)

Versailles (Pierre Schoeller, 2008)

Ùn pienghjite mica (Les Anonymes, Pierre Schoeller, 2012/3)

Foxfire (Joseph Pevney, 1954/5)

Johnny Come Lately (William K. Howard, 1943)

I girovaghi (Hugo Fregonese, 1956)

Nunal sa Tubig (Speck in the Water, Ishmael Bernal, 1976)

Ikaw ay Kin (You Are Mine, Ishmael Bernal, 1978)

Pervyí eshielon (The First Convoy, Mikhail Kalatozov, 1955/6)

The Sea Wolf (Alfred Santell, 1930)

Surrender (William K. Howard, 1931)

The Restless Years (Helmut Käutner, 1958)

Darling, How Could You! (Mitchell Leisen, 1951)

Ko:Yad (A Silent Way, Manju Borah, 2012)

The Flame (John H. Auer, 1947)

Ernst Thälmann-Sohn seiner Klasse (Kurt Maetzig, 1954)

Ernst Thälmann-Führer seiner Klasse (Kurt Maetzig, 1955)

Bólshaia Sémia (A Big Family, Iosif Kheífits, 1954)

Circuit Carole (Emmanuelle Cuau, 1995)

Harvey (Henry Koster, 1950)

As It Is in Life (D.W. Griffith, 1910)

Abroad with Two Yanks (Allan Dwan, 1944)

Behind Office Doors (Melville W. Brown, 1931)

Lovin’ The Ladies (Melville W. Brown, 1930)

La Tarea o cómo la pornografía salvó del tedio y mejoró la economía de la familia Partida (Homework, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, 1990/1)

A Modern Hero (G.W. Pabst, 1934)

Surrender (William K. Howard, 1931)

Jubilee Trail (Joseph Inman Kane, 1954)

Matinée (Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, 1976/7)

Linda (Mrs. Wallace Reid = Dorothy Davenport, 1928/9)

Die missbrauchten Lebesbriefe (Leopold Lindtberg, 1940)

Very good movies (made since 2014) seen for the first time in 2019

Photograph (Ritesh Batra, 2019)

The Mule (Clint Eastwood, 2018)

The Man Who Killed Hitler and Then The Bigfoot (Robert D. Krzykowski, 2018)

Frères ennemis (Close Enemies, David Oelhoffen, 2018)

L’Homme fidèle (A Faithful Man, Louis Garrel, 2018)

Pris de court (Not on My Watch, Emmanuelle Cuau, 2016)

Dolor y Gloria (Pain and Glory, Pedro Almodóvar, 2019)

Frost (Šerkšnas, Sharunas Bartas, 2017)

Vitalina Varela (Pedro Costa, 2019)

Da xiang xi di er zuo (An Elephant Sitting Still, Hu Bo, 2018)

Di qiu zui hou de ye wan (Long Day’s Journey Into Night, Bi Gan, 2018)

La Tenerezza (Tenderness, Gianni Amelio, 2017)

Fourteen (Dan Sallitt, 2019)

Bulbul Can Sing (Rima Das, 2018)

A Rainy Day in New York (Woody Allen, 2019)

Legado en los huesos (Fernando González Molina, 2019)

Ma vie dans l’Allemagne d’Hitler (My Life in Hitler’s Germany, Jérôme Prieur, 2018)

La Vie balagan de Marceline Loridan-Ivens (Yves Jeuland, 2018)

Gangbyeon Hotel (Hotel by the River, Hong Sang-soo, 2018)

The Wind (Emma Tammi, 2018)

Kothanodi (The River of Fables, Bhaskar Hazarika, 2015)

Dar Jostojoy-e Farideh (Finding Farideh, Azadeh Moussavi & Kourosh Ataee, 2018)

Sir (Rohena Gera, 2018)

El Proyeccionista (The Projectionist, José María Cabral, 2019)

Intemperie (Benito Zambrano, 2019)

Madre (Mother, Rodrigo Sorogoyen, 2017, short)

Three Identical Strangers (Tim Wardle, 2018)

Madre (Rodrigo Sorogoyen, 2019)

Very good movies (made before 2014) seen for the first time in 2019

A Life for a Kiss (Allan Dwan, 1912)

Futari de aruita iku haru aki (The Days We Spent Together, Kinoshita Keisukē, 1962)

The Necklace (D.W. Griffith, 1909)

Das Schiff der verlorenen Menschen (Ship of Lost Men, Maurice Tourneur, 1929)

The Broken Locket (D.W. Griffith, 1909)

Primrose Hill (Mikhaël Hers, 2007)

The Rejected Woman (Albert Parker, 1924)

El último malón (Alcides Greca, 1917)

Bullets for O’Hara (William K. Howard, 1941)

Le Récit de Rebecca (Paul Vecchiali, 1964)

La noche avanza (Night Falls, Roberto Gavaldón, 1952)

Over-Exposed (Lewis B. Seiler, 1956)

I rollerna tre (Christina Olofson, 1996)

Il Viale della Speranza (Dino Risi, 1953)

Because of You (Joseph Pevney, 1952)

1870/…Correva l’anno di grazia 1870 (Alfredo Giannetti, 1972)

Demi-tarif (Isild Le Besco, 2003)

L’Exercice de l’État (The Minister, Pierre Schoeller, 2011)

Cheng nan jiu shi (My Memories of Old Beijing / Old Stories of the Southern Part of the City, Wu Yigong, 1983)

Strangler of the Swamp (Frank Wisbar, 1945/6)

Sword in the Desert (George Sherman, 1949)

There’s Always Tomorrow (Too Late For Love;Edward Sloman, 1934)

East Side, West Side (Allan Dwan, 1927)

Le Départ (Damien de Pierpont, 1998)

Face aux fantômes (Jean-Louis Comolli, 2009)

The Eagle and the Hawk (Mitchell Leisen, credited to Stuart Walker, 1933)

Whirlpool (Roy William Neill, 1934)

The Animal Kingdom (Edgard H. Griffith; uc. George Cukor, 1932)

Le Passager (The Passenger, Éric Caravaca, 2005)

Razumov (Sous les yeux d’Occident) (Marc Allégret, 1936)

Banjo On My Knee (John Cromwell, 1936)

One Night of Love (Victor Schertzinger, 1934)

Enchantment (Robert G. Vignola, 1921)

Charell (Mikhaël Hers, 2006)

Men With Wings (William A. Wellman, 1938)

Delitto per amore (L’edera) (Augusto Genina, 1950)

Les Amants de Minuit/Les Amours de Minuit (Augusto Genina, 1930/1)

Human Cargo (Allan Dwan, 1936)

Up the Ladder (Edward Sloman, 1925)

Luxury Liner (Richard B. Whorf, 1948)

Surrender! (Edward Sloman, 1927)

The Judge (Elmer Clifton, 1948/9)

Turbión (Antonio Momplet, 1938)

Der Ruf (Josef von Báky, 1949)

Faubourg Montmartre (Raymond Bernard, 1931)

Träumerei (Harald Braun, 1944)

The Red Lantern (Albert Capellani, 1919)

El Paseíllo (Ana Mariscal, 1968)

La quiniela (Ana Mariscal, 1960)

Great movies growing up or just rediscovered in 2019

Letter of Introduction (John M. Stahl, 1938)

Only Yesterday (John M. Stahl, 1933)

Our Wife (John M. Stahl, 1941)

Wohin und zurück (Axel Corti, 1982-6)

Giorno per giorno, disperatamente (Alfredo Gianetti, 1961)

Die wunderbare Lüge der Nina Petrowna (Hanns Schwarz, 1929)

Alyonka (Boris Barnet, 1961)

Craig’s Wife (Dorothy Arzner, 1936)

Imitation of Life/Fannie Hurst’s “Imitation of Life” (John M. Stahl, 1934)

Captains Courageous (Victor Fleming, 1937)

Test Pilot (Victor Fleming, 1938)

The Eternal Sea (John H. Auer, 1955)

Hello, Sister! (Anonymous: Erich von Stroheim, Alfred L. Werker, Raoul Walsh, Alan Crosland, 1933)

La noche de enfrente (Night Across the Street, Raúl Ruiz, 2012)

Journey into Light (Stuart R. Heisler, 1951)

Feel My Pulse (Gregory LaCava, 1928)

La signora senza camelie (The Lady Without Camelias, Michelangelo Antonioni, 1953)

Nosotros que fuimos tan felices (Antonio Drove, 1976)

Very good movies improved

Liana (Boris Barnet, 1955)

L’Avventura (Michelangelo Antonioni, 1960)

Du haut en bas (High and Low, G.W. Pabst, 1933)

Amok (Antonio Momplet, 1944)

The Man Who Never Was (Ronald Neame, 1956)

Open Range (Kevin Costner, 2003)

Con la vida hicieron fuego (Ana Mariscal, 1959)

Timberjack (Joe Kane, 1954/5)

En la Palma de tu Mano (Roberto Gavaldón, 1951)

Gravity (Alfonso Cuarón, 2013)

Expreso de Andalucía (Francisco Rovira-Beleta, 1956)

El Camino (Ana Mariscal, 1963)

La viuda del capitán Estrada (José Luis Cuerda, 1991)

Vestida de azul (Antonio Giménez-Rico, 1983)

Segundo López aventurero urbano (Ana Mariscal, 1953)

Hell’s Outpost (Joe Kane, 1954)

Fuente: http://sensesofcinema.com/2020/world-poll/world-poll-2019-part-5/#4

#listas #senses of cinema

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kdram-chjh · 2 years

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Cdrama: Fox Spirit Matchmaker: Red-Moon Pact (2024)

狐妖小紅娘：楊幂與龔俊對視一眼萬年這幕，成全片經典，太心動！

Watch this video on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOqNtHnJ4Y0

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writinggeisha · 6 years

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Ah Cy…lovely

Ah Kum…good as gold

Ah Lam…peace

Ai…love, affection

Alix…dignified

An…peace

Annchi…angelic peace

Bai…crystal clear

Bao…treasure

Baozhai…precious hairpin

Bi…green jade

Bik…jade

Bingqing…clear as ice

Biyu…jasper; semi-precious stone

Bo…precious

Caihong…a rainbow in the sky

Chan juan…the moon; graceful; ladylike

Chang…free; uninhibited

Changchang…flourishing

Changying…flourishing and lustrous

Chao-xing…morning star

Chen the…morning

Chenguang…morning light

Chow…summertime

Chu Hua…chrysanthemum

Chun…springtime

Chunhua…spring flower

Chuntao…spring peach

Chyou…sweet autumn

Cuifen…emerald fragrance

Da Chun…long spring

Da-Xia…long summer

Dai-tai…leading a boy in hopes

Daiyu…black jade

Dandan…cinnabar red

Diu…one who is down to earth and is a practical person

Dongmei…winter plum

Ehuang…beautiful; august

Eu-fùnh…playful phoenix

Eu-meh…especially beautiful

Fan…mortal

Fang…fragrant; sweet-smelling

Far…flower

Fenfang…fragrant

Feng…maple

Fung…bird

Genji…who is most valuable as gold

Gho…responsible and inspirational

Guan-yin…goddess of mercy

Guang…glory

Hee…lotus

Heng…constant; steady; persistent

Hien…persevering

Holea…holy

Honf…sign of good luck

Hop…agreeable; consistent

Howin…a loyal swallow

Hu…tiger

Hua…flower

Hualing…flourishing herb

Huan…happiness

Hui ying…bright; intelligent

Huian…obliging and quiet

Huian…kind peace

Huifang…kind and fragrant

Huifen…wise and fragrant

Huilang…wise jade tinkling

Huiliang…kind and good

Huiqing…kind and affectionate

Huizhong…wise and loyal

Hwei-ru…wise and intelligent

Jia…beautiful

Jia li…good and beautiful

Jiahui…nice person

Jiao…dainty or lovely

Jiayi…household fitting

Jiaying…household flourishing

Jie…cleanliness

Jilpa…a teacher of life

Jin…gold

Jing…crystal; sparkling

Jing…small bird

Jingfei…still fragrance

Jinghua…situation splendid

Jinghua…leek flowers

Ju…chrysanthemum

Juan…graciousness

Jun…truth

Kuai hua…mallow blossom

Kwong…broad

Lai…future

Lan…orchid

Lanfen…orchid fragrance

Lanying…indigo lustrousness

Lanying…blue glitter or blue quartz

Lee…plum

Li…upright

Lì húa…beautiful pear blossom

Li mei…beautiful plum blossom

Li ming…beautiful and bright

Li na…beautiful and graceful

Li qin…beautiful stringed musical instrument

Li rong…beautiful lotus

Li wei…beautiful rose

Lian…the graceful willow

Lien… lotus

Liena…a woman as beautiful as a lotus flower

Lifen…beautiful fragrance

Lihua…beautiful and flourishing

Lijuan…beautiful and graceful

Liling…beautiful jade tinkle

Liling…white jasmine tinkling

LiMei…beautiful plum flower

LiMing … who is pretty and bright

Lin…beautiful jade

Ling…compassion and understanding

Linqin…beautiful zither

Liqiu…beautiful autumn

Liu…flowing

Lixue…pretty and pure as snow

Loi…thunder

Luan…upswing

Luli…dewy jasmine

Mayleen…beautiful

Méh-è…beautiful posture

Méh-fùnh…pretty or beautiful phoenix

Mei…beautiful plum

Mei Lien…beautiful lotus

Mei Xiang…beautiful fragrance

Mei Xing…beautiful star

Mei Zhen…beautiful pearl

Mei-yin…very beautiful or beauty.

Meifen plum…fragrance

Meifeng…beautiful wind

Meihui…beautiful wisdom

Meili…beautiful

Meilin…plum tree

Meiling…beautiful and delicate

Meirong…beautiful countenance

Meixiang…plum fragrance

Meixiu…beautiful grace

Meiying…beautiful flower

Meizhen…beautiful pearl

Mey…gorgeous or pretty or stunning.

Ming Yue…bright moon

Ming-huá…tomorrow’s flower

Mingmei…bright and beautiful girl

Mingxia…bright glow through the clouds at dawn

Mingxia…clear halo

Mingyu…bright jade

Mingzhu…bright pearl

Mu lan…magnolia blossom

Mu tan…tree peony blossom

Na…elegant or smooth

Ngo-Kwang…beautiful; august

Ning…tranquility

Ninghong…tranquil red

Niu…a girl

Nuan…wholehearted

Nuo…graceful

Nuwa…mother goddess

Nuying…female flower

O-Huang…august

Pangfua…clouds in the shape of flower

Peijing…admiring luxuriance

Peizhi…respectful

Peizhi…admiring iris

Ping…duckweed

Qi…fine jade

Qiang…rose

Qiànrú…nice smile

Qiao…skillful

Qiaohui…skillful and wise

Qiaolian…skillful always

Qing…dark blue

Qing…yuan clear spring

Qingge…clear pavilion

Qingling…lucky years

Qingyuan…a clear spring or deep water

Qingzhao…clear illumination/understanding

Qinyang…sunshine of my heart

Qiuyue…autumn moon

Renxiang…benevolent fragrance

Rong…martial

Rong…beautiful; elegant

Rong…honor, glory

Rou…gentle, mild

Rùfen…nice fragrance

Ruiling…auspicious jade tinkling

Ruolan…like an orchid

Ruomei…like a plum

Shan…virtuous

Shaoqing…young blue

Sheu-fùh…elegant phoenix

Shihong…the world is red

Shu…fair

Shu fang…kind; gentle and sweet

Shuang…frank; open-hearted

Shuchun…fair; pure

Shui…one who is like a water

Shun…smooth

Song…pine tree

Suyin…plain and unadorned sound

Syà…summertime

Sying…star

Tao…peach; symbol of long life

Tè…special

Teegan…good-looking

Ting…slim and graceful

Tu…jade element in earth cycle

Tung-Mei…winter plums

Ushi…the ox

Wan…gentle; gracious; beautiful; lovely

Wei…valuable; precious

Weici…preserving love

Wen…refinement

Wenling…tinkling sound of refined jade

Wenquian…refined matter

Xia…rosy clouds

Xia…glow of the sunrise or sunset

Xia…the summer lotus; pure and elegant

Xiang…fragrant

Xiao chen…early morning; dawn

Xiao hong … rainbow

Xiaodan…little dawn

Xiaofan…little and ordinary

Xiaohui…little wisdom

Xiaohui…morning sunlight

Xiaojian…healthy

Xiaojing…morning luxuriance

Xiaoli…morning jasmine

Xiaolian…little lotus

Xiaoling…morning tinkle

Xiaoqing…little blue

Xiaosheng…little birth

Xiaotong…morning redness

Xiaozhi…little iris

Xifeng…western phoenix

Xin qian…happy and beautiful

Xingjuan…arising grace

Xiu…fine; beautiful

Xiu Mei…beautiful plum

Xiulan…beautiful orchid

Xiurang…elegant countenance

Xiurong…beautiful glory

Xiuying…beautiful flower

Xue…snow

Xueman…snowy grace

Ya…graceful

Yan…swallow bird; gorgeous

Yáng…sun

Yanmei…Beijing plum

Yanmei…flattering and seductive

Yanyu…Beijing jade

Yenay…she who loves

Yet Kwai…beautiful as a rose

Yi jie…happy and pure

Yi min…happy and smart

Yi ze…happy and shiny like a pearl

Yín…silver

Ying…clever or eagle

Yingtai…flower terrace

Yow…feminine

Yu…jade or rain

Yu-jun…from Chongching

Yuan…original

Yuanjun…Yuan River ruler

Yubi…jade emerald

Yue…moon

Yue wan…happy and gentle

Yue ying…happy and smart; kind

Yue you…happy and friendly

Yuèhai…beautiful moon

Yuèqín…moon-shaped lute

Yuke…jade

Yun…cloud

Yunru…charming seeming

Yusheng…jade birth

Yüying…jade flower

Zhaohui…clear wisdom

Zhenzhen…precious

Zhilan…iris orchid

Zhu… bamboo

Zi…graceful; beautiful

Zongying…taking heroes/flowers as a model

#chinese names #names #tools #links #lists #word lists

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the-archlich · 6 years

Text

He Qi’s SGZ

Below is Sun Bofu’s translation of He Qi’s SGZ from the now deceased Empire Divided site. I have made no alterations or corrections.

He Qi styled Gongmiao was a man from Shanyin in Kuaiji. {1} When he was young he served as a minor government official and defended Yan Zhang. There was a county official, Si Cong, who’s actions were villainous. [He] Qi desired to control his acitons. Zhu Bo admonished saying, “Cong comes from a large tribe and the Shanyue are very close to here. Today we could harness him but tomorrow morning the bandits would come.” [He] Qi heard this and was very angry. He quickly beheaded [Si] Cong. [Si] Cong’s clan and family united and raised several thousand troops to attack the district. [He] Qi led the magistrates people to the gates then suddenly attacked. He greatly routed them and took Zhenshan and more. Later people on the Fuchun river rose up in rebellion. [He Qi] moved to defend Mo Zheng. He punished the evil and supported the good. Within a month he had pacified the rebellion.

1. Yuyu Jin: The “He” clan was originall the “Qing” clan. [He] Qi’s uncle, [He] Chun was a Confucian scholar and had rank. During the reign of the Han Emperor Andi he served as a Palace Attendent and the Grand Adminstrator of Jiang Xia. When he left office he avoided Andi and changed his surname to He. [He] Qi’s father assisted him.

In the 1st year of Jian An [196], Sun Ce approached his district and nominated [He] Qi as Filial Pious and Incorrupt. At this time Wang Lang fled to Dongye and Shang Sheng rose troops to serve him in Houguan. [Sun] Ce had the Chief of Yongning, Han Yan, become the commandant of the south and prepare troops to punish [Shang] Sheng. [Han] Yan was defeated by [Shang] Sheng. [He] Qi replaced [Han] Yan and received the commandant affairs. [Shang] Sheng feared [He] Qi’s power and position and sent an envoy to beg for an alliance. [He] Qi agreed and [Shang] Sheng came out to receive his seal. The bandit commanders Zhang Ya and Zhan Qiang did not surrender with [Shang] Sheng. They rebelled together and killed [Shang] Sheng. [Zhang] Ya called himself the Supreme General and [Zhan] Qiang called himself the Grand Administrator of Kuaiji. The rebel soldiers were too few so [He] Qi used his army to stop them. [Zhang] Ya gave some power to his son-in-law He Qiong to cause trouble. [He] Qi then sent a messenger to gain the help of the Shanyue people. The Shanyue agreed to help. [He] Qi then advanced to punish them. In one battle he greatly defeated [Zhang] Ya. [Zhan] Qiang’s faction was very frightened and led their whole force to surrender.

With Houguan already pacified, Jian An, Han Xing, and Nan Ping feel into disorder in the 8th year [203]. [He] Qi led his soldiers to Jian An to set up his headquarters. The families of the region gathered 5,000 soldiers and came to recieve [He] Qi. At this time 5 bandits, Hong Ming, Hong Jin, Yuan Yu, Wu Mian, and Hua Dang, led 10,000 households to station in Han Xing. Wu Wu’s 6,000 households departed to station in Daitan. Zuo Lin’s 6,000 households departed to relocate in Gaizhu. Together they came out to Yuhan. The new drew great concern. The army was sent on a punitive expedition to Han Xing and Yuhan. [He] Qi believed that the bandit’s soldiers were very few. He penetrated them but did not continue. He sent a decree to the Songyang Chief, Ding Fan, to prepare to attack Yuhan. [Ding] Fan came together with [He] Qi and granted him the adjacent cities. When he saw the army he was shamed and was no longer willing.. [He] Qi then beheaded [Ding] Fan. Thereupon the army trembled with fear and there were no more problems. He then divided the troops to stop and prepare. He advanced to punish [Hong] Ming and greatly routed him. He approached and beheaded [Hong] Ming. [Wu] Mian, [Hua] Dang, [Hong] Jin, and [Yuan] Yu all came to surrender. He moved to attack Gaizhu as well as Daitan and their generals came to surrender. All in all he captured and beheaded 6,000 men. He returned and set up a new district and all in all gained 10,000 soldiers. He paid his respects and was granted the rank of Colonel Who Pacifies the East. In the 10th year [205] he punished the bandits at ShangRao and created a new district.

In the 13th year [208], he was promoted to become Central General of the Household Who Dominates Martially. He went to punish the Yi and Xi people of Danyang. When the four counties, Wu Qiang, Xie Xiang, Dong Yang, and Feng Pu surrendered, He Qi reorganized them into a new district. Later, a Xi bandit commander, Jin Qi, stationed on Anle Mountain with 10,000 families. Mao Gan led 10,000 families to station on Wuliao mountain. The Yi commanders Chen Pu and Zu Shan took 20,000 families to station on linli mountain. Linli mountain had 4 flat sides and was several tens of Zhang {T1} high. There was one narrow and dangerous path to the top but it’s appearance what that of a knife. If they tried to come up the bandits would drop rocks. [He Qi] thus couldn’t attack them. [He] Qi went around the mountain and observed a weak spot. He recruited a band of light soldiers to serve to scale the mountain using arrows and ropes. They came to a part of the mountain that was not defended. They used the halberd to climb the mountain and circumnavigate the path. Those who went up first lowered cloth lines to those beneth. Thus several hundred men got to the top. The soldiers spread out all around the bandits then [He] Qi had them beat the drums. The bandits heard the drums in the night from all sides and they knew that the other army was already at the top. They became very frightened and fell into confusion. They didn’t know where to serve and tried to guard the path. [He Qi advanced] and greatly routed [Chen] Pu. All his men surrendered and 7,000 were beheaded. {1} [He] Qi returned to govern the newly conquered lands of Liyang, Xiuyang, Bingyi, Xi and others. [Sun] Quan then divided the land into a new Xindu prefecture and made He Qi the Grand Administrator. He set up his headquarters in Shixin and was promoted to become Lieutenant General.

1. Baopu Zi: Originally Wu dispatched General He to punish the Mountain Bandits, the official army used swords and daggers but could not prevail. Later they shot arrows out in the right direction but could not gain an advantage. General He thought about this then said,“????????,??????,?????,????,??????????????,?????????”???????,???????????,?????????????,??????????????,???????,??????”

T1 – A Zhang is roughly 3.3 meters, however the actual length varied over the course of history.

In the 16th year [211], there was an uprising under Lang Zhi in the eastern protion of Wujun numbering several thousand. [He] Qi came out to punish him and greatly routed [Lang] Zhi. {1}[He Qi] won great merit and [Sun] Quan rewarded him. {2}He gave him a great carriage and an excellent steed.

1. Wu Lu: Jin [region] was changed to serve as Linan.

2. Wu Shu: [Sun] Quan told [He] Qi, “Now is the time to conquer all the land under heaven. The capitol is in the center of China. We send tribute such as ????,?????”??:“???????,????,?????,???????,????,?????,??????????,????,????,?????”

In the 18th year [213], the people of Pengcai, Liyu, and Wanghai in the eastern portion of Yuzhang rose up in rebellion and created chaos with over 10,000 people. [He] Qi punished and pacified the them, beheading their leader. All the others surrendered. He Qi always picked the strongest and best fit soldiers to help defend his regions. He was promoted to be General Who Exerts Himself Martially.

In the 20th year [215], he followed [Sun] Quan to attack He Fei. At one point the enemy came out of the castle to do battle. Xu Sheng lost his position but [He] Qi used his soldiers to ward off the attack, thus he compensated for [Xu] Sheng’s failure. {1}

1. Jiang Biao Zhuan: [Sun] QUan again attacked He Fei. Zhang Liao launched an ambush north of the ferry. It was extremely dangerous. He Qi had 3,000 troops on the southern bank to greet [Sun] QUan. Sun Quan gave a feast aboard one of his warships. He Qi got down from his mat and wept and said, "Your honour is a ruler of men. You should always be heavily guarded. In today's affair, when you almost came to misfortune, your servants were fearful as if Heaven and Earth were falling. We beg you to take this as warning for a lifetime." Sun Quan came forward and wiped his tears for him, saying, "I am grateful and ashamed. Caution is now engraved on my heart, not just written on a girdle."

In the 21st year [216], a Poyang leader You Tu received a seal from Duke Cao and then used his people to rise in rebellion. The people of Lingyang, Shian, and Jingxian all followed him. [He] Qi and Lu Xun punish and defeat [You] Tu and behead several thousand. The rest all greatly fear them and the three Danyang counties surrender. From this they gained 8,000 soldiers. [He Qi] pays respect and is appointed the General Who Tranquilizes the East and conferred as the Marquis of Fengshan yin. He was also given command of the Yangtze defences in Lu Jiang.In the beginning of Huang Chu Wei sent Cao Xiu on a campaign against Wu. [He] Qi was far away and arrived late. His presence warded off Cao Xiu. Earlier the generals assembled at Dongkou had lost many men due to a strong gale. They falsely accused [He] Qi of not assisting as his forces had not crossed the river and stayed on one side just to keep his force intact. Various generals then depended on his force.

[He] Qi by nature was extravagant and elegant and had particularly good soldiers. His soldiers’s armor and weapons was of the highest quality. His ships had elaborate inlays and carvings. He eventually became the General of the Rear and gained the Staff of Authority of the Governership of Xuzhou.

Initially Jin Zong served as a Xiakou General. He used his force to rebel to Wei. In Wei he served as the Grand Administrator of Qichun. He would raid AnLe. [Sun] Quan got very angry and sent soldiers to stop this. After 6 months, he sent [He] Qi to lead Mi Fang and Xianyu Dan to attack Qichun. He thereupon captured [Jin] Zong. After 4 years he died. His son [He] Da and his younger brother [He] Jing inherited his rank. {1}

1. Kuaji Dianlue: [He] Jing served as the Colonel Who Exterminates Bandits. He had strict plicies but he was also kind. The soldiers loved him. He died young. His son [He] Zhi reached the position of General of the Fierce Tigers. His other son [He] Shao also gained rank.

#he qi

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