wntrstudies-blog

[wntrstudies-blog]

Graded Readers

For the people who want to start reading Japanese but are still at a low level. These are all free ebooks:

KCよむよむ A1 -B2

読み物いっぱい 3 levels

Smith College written by students

Tadoku graded readers (ebooks). you can also download the audio of Tadoku’s print graded readers if you want to practice listening

Jimdo 日本語読本 5 levels

[wntrstudies-blog]

Language learning and langblr tips from me

What to learn first when learning a new language

How to stay motivated when learning languages

How to learn a language with a different script

How to learn kanji

Vocabulary list topics

How to make vocabulary lists

How to expand your vocabulary

How to learn vocabulary and verb endings

How to improve your listening skills

How to practice speaking your target language

How to go from intermediate to advanced in your target language

How to learn two (or more) languages at once

How to learn all the languages you want

How to avoid mixing up languages

How to study languages with depression

How to practice speaking when you have social anxiety

How to study with a language exchange partner and what to talk about with them

How to study with Duolingo

How to make a language notebook

How to divide your language notebook/what to write in your language notebook

How to use bullet journal in language learning

How to find native speakers to practice with

How to know what level you are in your languages

How to start a langblr

[wntrstudies-blog]

Painting - French vocabulary list

Verbes - verbs

peindre - to paint

dessiner - to draw

croquer / esquisser / crayonner - to sketch

colorier - to colour

Noms communs - common nouns

artiste (m/f) - artist

💬 Gustave Courbet est un artiste du XIXe siècle.

peintre (m/f) - painter

💬 Berthe Morisot est une peintre du XIXe siècle.

peinture (f) / tableau (m) - painting

💬 Cette peinture est exposée au Musée d’Orsay.

croquis (m) / esquisse (f) - sketch

💬 Leonard de Vinci est célèbre pour ses croquis d’anatomie.

détail (m) - detail

💬 J’aime les détails de cette peinture.

modèle (m) - model

💬 Victorine Meurent est le modèle du Déjeuner sur l’herbe de Monet.

paysage (m) - landscape

💬 Monet peignait de très beaux paysages.

nature morte (f) - still life (literal translation would be “dead nature”)

💬 Les Tournesols est une nature morte de Van Gogh.

fresque (f) - fresco

💬 Cet artiste a peint de nombreuses fresques.

chevalet (m) - easel

💬 Nous pouvons voir Courbet travaillant à son chevalet.

pinceau (m) - brush

💬 Il existe beaucoup de sortes de pinceaux.

palette (f) - palette

💬 Le peintre mélange ses couleurs sur sa palette.

toile (f) - canva

💬 C’est une huile sur toile.

peinture à l’huile (f) - oil paint

💬 La peintre utilise de la peinture à l’huile pour son tableau.

peinture acrylique (f) - acrylic paint

💬 Je préfère la peinture acrylique. / Je préfère l’acrylique.

aquarelle (f) - watercolour

💬 L’aquarelle est difficile à maîtriser au début.

gouache (f) - gouache (paint)

💬 Les enfants peignent avec de la gouache.

papier (m) - paper

💬 Je dessine mon croquis sur le papier.

crayon gris / crayon de papier / crayon à papier (m) - pencil

💬 Il dessine avec un crayon de papier.

fusain (m) - charcoal

💬 Les peintres esquissent au fusain sur la toile destinée à recevoir la peinture.

sanguine (f) - sanguine / red chalk

💬 La sanguine est souvent utilisée pour les croquis de modèles vivants.

pastel (m) - pastel

💬 Les enfants utilisent souvent des pastels pour dessiner.

clair-obscur (m) -  chiaroscuro

💬 Rembrandt est célèbre pour sa maîtrise du clair-obscur.

dégradé (m) - gradation / shading

💬 Ces dégradés de couleurs sont magnifiques.

ombre (f) - shadow

💬 La technique du clair-obscur implique une maîtrise des jeux d’ombres et de lumières.

perspective (f) - perspective

💬 Les techniques de perspective permettent de donner l’illusion de la profondeur à un dessin.

(art: L’Atelier du peintre, Gustave Courbet, 1855)

[wntrstudies-blog]

Do you have any links to books/pdfs for Russian? Not like literature but more learning Russian.

I have so many books and links. I hope the following are more than enough.

The New Penguin Russian Course (my rec for beginners)

60 Lessons in Russian

10,000 Russian Words by Frequency

A Basic Modern Russian Grammar

A Comprehensive Russian Grammar

A Living Russian Grammar

A Reference Grammar of Russian

Assimil Russian (with audio)

Big Silver Book of Russian Verbs

Colloquial Russian (with audio)

Colloquial Russian II + Audio

DLI Basic Russian

DLI Intermediate Russian

DLI Intermediate-Advanced

DLI Russian Binder I

DLI Russian Binder II

DLI Russian Phase I

DLI Russian Phase II

DLI Russian Phase III

DLI Advanced Russian

Essential Russian Grammar

FSI Russian Fast Course

How to Pronounce Russian Correctly

Hugo’s Russian in 3 Months (with audio)

Intermediate Russian: Grammar and Workbook

Just Listen n’ Learn Russian (with audio)

Linguaphone Russian (with audio)

Living Language Russian: Beginner-Intermediate

Michel Thomas Russian (with audio)

Oxford Russian Verbs & Grammar

Peace Corps Russian Language Lessons

Peace Corps Russian Language Competencies

Peace Corps Workbook

Pimsleur Russian (with audio)

Routledge Modern Russian Grammar

Russian - A Self-Teaching Guide

Russian For Dummies

Russian SEELRC Complete Grammar

Russian in Exercises 

Russian Verbs of Motion: An Intro

Russian Verbs of Motion

Schaum’s Outline of Russian Grammar

Teach Yourself Russian 1996

Teach Yourself Russian 2003

If you want to know which ones I like, here is a link to it.

[wntrstudies-blog]

Japanese Landscape Vocabulary

地勢（ちせい）- landscape

景色（けしき）- scene, scenery, landscape

風景（ふうけい）- scenery, scene (also of a crime), view, landscape

環境（かんきょう）- environment

環境保護（かんきょうほご）- environmental protection

地帯（ちたい）- zone

地域（ちいき）- region, area

平野（へいや）- plain; open field

草地（くさち）- meadow

草原（そうげん）- grassland

湿地（しっち）- swamp

森林（しんりん）- forest

林地（りんち）- wood, woodland

雨林（うりん）- rainforest

林道（りんどう）- a path through a forest

丘陵（きゅうりょう）- hill

谷間（たにま）- valley

台地（だいち）- plateau

渓谷（けいこく）- gorge

崖（がけ）- cliff

川岸（かわぎし）- river bank

急流（きゅうりゅう）- rapids

渓流（けいりゅう）- stream

河口（かこう）- estuary

湖（みずうみ）- lake

滝（たき）- waterfall

珊瑚礁（さんごしょう）- coral reef

間欠泉（かんけつせん）- geyser

氷河（ひょうが）- glacier

斜面（しゃめん）- slope

[wntrstudies-blog]

Japanese Teabag Vocabulary!

標準 [ひょうじゅん] = standard

充分 [じゅうぶん] = enough

注意 [ちゅうい] = being careful

香りひろがるお茶 [かおりひろがるおちゃ] = aromatic tea

注ぐ [そそぐ] = to pour

熱湯 [ねっとう] = boiling water

袋 [ふくろ] = tea bag (counter)

取り出す [とりだす] = to take out

お好みの濃さ（さ-form of 濃い）[おこのみのこさ] = desired strength

上下 [うえした] = up and down

緑茶 [りょくちゃ] = green tea

約４０秒後 [やく４０びょうあと] = after about 40 seconds

動かす [うごかす] = to move, stir

おいしい = delicious

飲む [のむ] = to drink

方 [かた] = how

開ける [あける] = to open

[wntrstudies-blog]

Some sentence patterns that use the negative form ず

~ずじまい regrettably have not completed action ~ 見たい映画だったのに、忙しくてとうとう見ずじまいだった。 朝から忙しくて、今日はお昼ご飯を食べずじまいだった。 ~ずにいる being in the state of not having done ~ （=ないでいる） 図書館の本を返さずにいたら、図書館から電話がかかってきた。 友人に相談できずにいます。 ~ずに済ませる to “finish”/”complete” without doing ~ この授業にはたくさんの本が必要らしいが、できるだけ買わずに済ませたい。 この冬は洋服を買わずに済ませます。

~ずに済む to end without ~ happening 電車では間に合いそうになかったので、タクシーに乗ったら、何とか遅れずに済んだ。 これをやっとけば別れずに済んだのに ．．． ~ずにはいられない can’t help but do ~ 寂しくて、誰かに電話せずにはいられない。 言わずにはいられなかった。 ~ずにはおかない ~ is bound to occur この映画は、見る者に感動を与えずにはおかない作品です。 身内の一人が殺されたら、恨みを晴らさずにはおかない。

[wntrstudies-blog]

some of you have never watched the same show in 8 different languages and… i’m sorry but it shows.

[wntrstudies-blog]

I just want to state that Lucas Lallemant owns my heart and soul and I will protect him with my life.

Thank you for coming to my Ted Talk.

[wntrstudies-blog]

when your professor clearly did everything they could to not have an 8 AM either

[wntrstudies-blog]

Some Norwegian questions

How it is said in my dialect (Moldenser) is in [ ] if it’s different from Bokmål. 

Hæ? What? / Huh? / I didn’t hear. Could you repeat?

Serr?/Særr? (slang) / Virkelig?  Really? / For real? / Seriously? 

Hva? / Hva da?* [Ka? Ka da?] What? 

Hva er det? [Ka e d?] What is it?

Hva er det (der)? [Ka e d (der)?] What is that?

Hva er … på norsk? [Ka e … på norsk?] What is … in Norwegian?

Hva slags … er det (der)? [Ka slags … e d (der)?] What kind of … is that?

Hva er grunnen til at …? [Ka e grunn’n t at …] What is the reason to …?

Hva skal jeg/du gjøre (etterpå/nå/da)? [Ka ska i/du gjør (etterpå/no/da)?] What am/are I/you going to do (afterwards/now/then)?

Hva heter du? [Ka heite du?] What is your name?

Hva mener du? [Ka meine du?] What do you mean?

Hva feiler det deg? [Ka feile d d?] What is wrong with you?

Hvem? / Hvem da?* [Kem? / Kem da?] Who?

Hvem er du? [Kem e du?] Who are you?

Hvem var det? [Kem va d?] Who was that? / (with pressure on “det”) Who was that?

Hvem gjorde det? [Kem gjor d?] Who did it? / (with pressure on “det”) Who did that?

Hvem blir med? [Kem blir me?] Who’s coming/joining?

Hvem sa det? [Kem sa d?] Who said it?

Hvem sin er det? [(it) Kem sin e d? (that) Kem sin e ta?] Whose is it? (with pressure on “det”) Whose is that?

Hvorfor? Hvorfor da?* [Koffor? Koffor da?] Why?

Hvorfor gjorde du det? [Koffor gjor du d?] Why did you do it? / (with pressure on “det”) Why did you do that?

Hvorfor er det sånn? [Koffor e d sånn?] Why is it so? / Why is it like that?

Hvorfor er det sånn at …? [Koffor e d sånn at …?] Why is it that …?

Hvorfor sa du det ikke tidligere? [Koffor sa du d ikkje tidliere?] Why didn’t you say it earlier?

Hvorfor er himmelen blå? [Koffor e himmern blå?] Why is the sky blue?

Hvor? [Kor?] Where?

Hvor er jeg? [Kor e i?] Where am I?

Hvor er du? [Kor e du?] Where are you?

Hvor kommer du fra? [Kor kjem du fra?] Where are you from? / Where do you come from?

Hvor bor du? [Kor bor du?] Where do you live?

Hvor er nærmeste …? [Kor e nærmeste …?] Where is the nearest/closest …?

Hvor har jeg lagt nøklene mine? [Kor he i lagt nøklan mine?] Where have I put my keys?

Hvor har … blitt av? [Kor he … blitt ta?] Where is …? / Where has … gone?

Hvor** gammel er du? [Kor gammel e du?] How** old are you?

Hvor** høy er du? [Kor høy/høg e du?] How** tall are you?

Hvor** vanskelig er det å lære seg …? [Kor vanskelig e d å lære se …?] How** hard/difficult is it to learn …? 

Hvor lenge er det igjen? [Kor lenge e d igjen?] How much time is left?

Hvordan? Hvordan da?* [Koss’n/kordan? / Koss’n da/kordan da?] How?

Hvordan gjorde du det? [Koss’n/kordan gjor du d?] How did you do it? / (with pressure on “det”) How did you do that?

Hvordan skal jeg gjøre det? [Koss’n/kordan ska i gjør d?] How am I going to do it?

Hvordan gjør man det? [Koss’n/kordan gjør man d?] How do/does you/one do it?

Hvordan skal jeg si/skrive det? [Koss’n/kordan ska i si/skrive d?] How am I going to say/write it?

Hvilken? [Ka slags/Hvilken?] Which? 

Hvilke? (plural of “hvilken”) Which?

Hvilket? (neuter of “hvilken”) [Ka slags?/Hvilket?] Which?

Hvilken butikk? Which shop?

Hvilken/hvilket/hvilke liker du best? Which do you like the best?

Når? Når da?* When?

Når skjer det? [Når skjer d?] When is it happening?

Når skjedde det? [Når skjedde d?] When did it happen?

Når kommer du (til/på …)? [Når kjem du (t/på …)?] When are you coming/arriving (to/at …)?

Når spiste/drakk/sov du sist? [Når åt/drakk/sov du sist?] When did you last eat/drink/sleep?

Når er det ferdig? [Når e d ferdig?] When is it done/finished?

Når møttes dere? [Når møttes dokker?] When did you meet?

*this can be tricky to translate to English in certain situations, where you in English wouldn’t use the English equivalent of “da” (then, though). It also has a softer nuance in a way when “da” is used, but not always. It depends on how you say it. I think I might make a separate post for this to explain it further and give examples.

**where you’d say “how big” or “how small” or something like this in English where you use “how”, you have to use “hvor” in Norwegian which directly translates as “where”, but in these cases is “how”.

I hope you enjoyed and found this post helpful! I really want to make audio for this, both Bokmål and Moldenser (my dialect), so that you can hear how it’s pronounced, and the differences between Bokmål and my dialect. If you found and mistakes or typos, please let me know so I can correct them!

[wntrstudies-blog]

Beautiful Chinese words

光 guāng - light, ray

阳光 yángguāng - sunshine

光明 guāngmíng - radiance

晨光 chénguāng - early morning light

彩霞 cǎixiá - rosy clouds at sunrise or sunset

櫻花 (樱花) yīnghuā - cherry blossom

星座 xīngzuò - constellation

露水 lùshuǐ - dew; fig. ephemeral

暮靄 (暮霭) mù'ǎi - evening mist

花蕾 huālěi - flower bud

白日夢 (白日梦) báirìmèng - daydream

雪花 xuěhuā - snowflake

蜂蜜 fēngmì - honey

雨傘 (雨伞) yǔsǎn -umbrella

星星 xīngxing - star

棉花糖 miánhuatáng - cotton candy

花火 huāhuǒ - firework

香味 xiāngwèi - fragrance

落花 luòhuā - fallen petals

紛飛 (纷飞) fēnfēi - to flutter around (of snowflakes, flower petals)

[wntrstudies-blog]

Korean to Japanese learning ressources

Since I started studying Japanese, I realised that I was leaving aside Korean.  So I thought I had to study both languages simultaneously. I’m intermediate level in Korean, so I decided to use Korean websites to learn Japanese! I’m sharing with you the few ressources I’m using right now (it has been like three days since I’m using them, so the list is still ongoing..)

bbooka naver blog

sundriesoftime

japanteacher

Marugoto starter workbook pdf (beginner voc in Japanese/Korean)

Videos on ymbooks channel

Feel free to comment if you know any other Korean to Japanese ressources!

[wntrstudies-blog]

Masterpost of Norwegian Masterposts

Because I’ve reblogged so many resources and masterposts that it got overwhelming, so I had to compile them all into one giant masterpost. This is basically my entire Norwegian tag. 

Masterposts (contains mixed resources)

The Ultimate Norwegian Resources List by languagesandme (contains courses, culture & life, tv shows, music, news, comics & other reading materials)

Norwegian Resources by languageoclock (contains websites, dictionaries, blogs, news, youtube channels, and music)

Norwegian masterpost by jeg-savner-norge (contains courses, exercises, dictionaries, placement tests, books, games & quizzes, audio, movies, news, etc.)

Masterpost of Hoarded Language Resources by le-juletre (contains courses, listening, pronunciation, grammar, dialect comparisons, music, text, tv, radio and nynorsk)

Jeg lærer norsk! by treasuredthings (contains courses, exercises, dictionaries, grammar, vocab, books, games & quizzes, audio, videos, etc.)

Scandinavian Language Masterpost by useless-scandinaviafacts (contains websites, TV shows, news, movies, and music from Denmark, Sweden and Norway, and includes a comparison video)

North Germanic Language Resources by travellingual (contains various resources on Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic and Faroese)

Learn Nordic Languages Websites/Sources by factsnfun (contains various resources on Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, and Icelandic)

Norsk materials (Kompetanse Norge) by giuliaslangblr

Norwegian resources from this blog by henvin

Vocab Lists & Sentence Lists

Norwegian False Friends by language-princess Norwegian Adverbs by language-princess 85 Norwegian Irregular Verbs by language-princess 150 Advanced Norwegian Verbs by language-princess Norwegian pick-up lines by language-princess Useful phrases and words XIII by jeg-savner-norge Congratulations and good wishes by jeg-savner-norge Groceries by jeg-savner-norge Weather in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Directions by whatlanguageisthis 10 Norwegian Idioms Part 1 by whatlanguageisthis 10 Norwegian Idioms Part 2 by whatlanguageisthis 10 Norwegian Idioms Part 3 by whatlanguageisthis Gymnastics vocabulary in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Sami vocabulary in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Christmas in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Love and romance in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Body language in Norwegian by whatlanguageisthis Weather terms by snakknorsk Face vocabulary by snakknorsk Things in a Kitchen by coffeewithabook Professions and Occupations by coffeewithabook Entertainment and Hobbies by coffeewithabook Norwegian Autumn Vocabulary by spraakhexe Norwegian Autumn Vocabulary by vokabular Psychology Vocabulary (w/ German) by vokabular Verdensrommet by vokabular Greetings by imlearninglanguages Norwegian chat acronyms by languageoclock Norwegian Frozen Vocabulary by norwegian-wool Norwegian Christmas Vocab by bilingualmalfoy Frukt by polarynat Følelser på norsk by jeglaerenorsk Compliments in Norwegian that isn’t about… by jeglaerenorsk Secret by jeglaerenorsk Sminke by jeglarenorsk Slang by jeglaerenorsk Krydder by letslearnnorwegian Common swears by letslearnnorwegian Litteratur by letslearnnorwegian Kjæleord - Endearments by letslearnnorwegian Blomster by letslearnnorwegian Skole by letslearnnorwegian Musikk by letslearnnorwegian Anatomi by letslearnnorwegian 10 Norwegian Words That Are…Kinda Odd by letslearnnorwegian Around the house in Norwegian by offisiellenorskblogg Cat vocabulary in Norwegian by offiesiellenorskblogg Seafood vocabulary by offisiellenorskblogg Norwegian abbreviations by offisiellenorskblogg People who Make Movies by offisiellenorskblogg Norwegian health vocabulary by studyinorsk Passive voice verbs by rogntre Feelings vocab by rogntre The signs in Norwegian by entliczekpentilczek 10 Untranstalable Norwegian Terms by theprivatelifeofsherlockholmes Reasons for Learning Norwegian by norwegianclass101com Norwegian culture funfacts for SKAM lovers by darktwistedlady Norwegian LGBTQ+ Vocabulary by positivityforbaddays Birthday Vocabulary in Norwegian by polyglotpearl Cute Norwegian Food Vocab by language-hoe Some Norwegian Summer Vocabulary by language-hoe Some Norwegian Rainy Day Vocabulary! by language-hoe Valentinsdagen by ravenlangblr Canada by useless-scandinaviafacts Art vocabulary by deseamber Sea vocabulary by deseamber Penpal Vocab by languagecollector Real Estate Vocabulary by languagecollector 100 Most Common Verbs Norwegian by studyingboookworm Autumn vocabulary by studyingboookworm 100+ Norwegian Verbs in all Tenses by studyingboookworm how to swear in norwegian like a pro by skamda SKAM Words Translation by mannentilminkardemomme Harry Potter Vocabulary by norwegianandchill Some useful words when writing a Norwegian essay by henvin Norwegian Vocab: På Kontoret by ihoeforlangs Classical Music and Instruments in Norwegian by momos-languagejourney Bunch of upper-intermediate/advanced Norwegian vocabulary by languagesfreak Psykolog: – Gå glipp av mer! by norwegianlearner Norsk Vocab - Hardware by vocablrs Norsk Vocab - Radio by vocablrs Norsk Vocab - Garden by vocablrs

Grammar Lessons

å ville by letslearnnorwegian Ordering food by letslearnnorwegian Possessives and “ikke” by letslearnnorwegian Possessives (pronouns) by letslearnnorwegian “skal” “skulle” “brude” “brø” “må” “får” by letslearnnorwegian Basic sentence structures by letslearnnorwegian jeg synes, jeg tror, jeg tenker by letslearnnorwegian hvis and om by letslearnnorwegian Subordinate clauses by letslearnnorwegian Liksom by letslearnnorwegian ‘når’ and ‘da’ by letslearnnorwegian “masse “mye” “mange” by letslearnnorwegian “Tykk/tjukk L” by letslearnnorwegian Plural form of neuter nouns by letslearnnorwegian #SKAMSPEAK 1: Ass by stormboxx #SKAMSPEAK 2: Halla! (and other greetings) by stormboxx Difference between “lite” and “små” by almostbilingual Norwegian word order by whatlanguageisthis Why a verb ends in “s” by whatlanguageisthis utenfor, innenfor, bortenfor, nedenfor by whatlanguageisthis Lang og lenge by toramor When to Use: ANNERLEDES & FORSKJELLIG by languages-arent-real Dirty Norwegian: swears, insults and other bad words explained by marilingo annet/anna/annen/andre, gjerne, enig by henvin Gerunds by henvin “meg” or “meg selv” by henvin Polar-themed word list in Norwegian by henvin på byen - til byen; know the difference by ask-the-norwegian Inneklemt dag by language-dragon

Music, Podcasts, and Audio

Norwegian music masterpost by language-flower Norwegian music by language-princess Norwegian Christmas songs (w/ Swedish) by fiveyen Norwegian Podcasts by infusicals Ordentlig radio by offisiellenorskblogg Norsk Musikk! by kainorsk

TV shows, Movies and Videos

Norwegian TV Shows by language-flower

E-books and Reading Resources

Norwegian ebooks and stories by jeg-savner-norge Norwegian books by lovelybluepanda I et annet lys by offisiellenorskblogg Norwegian PDFs! by offisellenorskblogg Children’s books in Norwegian by norwegianlangblr 800k free documents in Norwegian by turbini Norwegian textbooks according to CEFR levels by language-princess

Games, Quizzes, Texts

Norskprøve tests by language-princess Norwegian online exercises by imlearninglanguages

Language Comparisons

Scandinavian Vocabulary -> Science by useless-scandinaviafacts Scandinavian Grammar -> Personal Pronouns by useless-scandinaviafacts The Nordic Languages from Minna Sundberg’s Stand Still Stay Silent comic Numerals in North Germanic Languages by ravenlangblr Norwegian Dialect Comparisons by languageoclock Differences between dialects by letslearnnorwegian Is this text in Danish or is it Norwegian? by languagecollector Nynorsk VS Bokmål by languagebee Differences in written Swedish and Norwegian (Bokmål) by spraakhexe how I speak Norwegian by henvin

Bonus

A poem about a lazy person’s week Memes translated to Norwegian by useless-norwayfacts Harry Potter character names in Norwegian by hairypotheads The Best of Best of Norge by language-princess Jodel by mrsweasley Hallo, Fru Katt by zakeno Translated Norwegian sayings by stayinherewithyou Reading out loud in bokmål when you have a different dialect by fremmedsprak/alv529 ***updated 11-08-18***

[wntrstudies-blog]

japanese phrases — explained

こんにちは → hello, good day

a lot of beginners wonder why “こんにちは” is spelled with a は instead of a わ. that is because こんにちは (in kanji, 今日は) is actually the beginning of a sentence, in which こんにち (今日, these days) is the topic, so the particle は is used! this sentence is:

“how are you these days?” 今日はご機嫌いかがですか? (こんにちはごきげんいかがですか?)

this also applies to “こんばんは” (good evening).

おはようございます → good morning

lit.: “it is early”

in casual speech this phrase is shortened to “おはよう”. the phrase “おはよう” is a combination of the honorific prefix お and the adverb 早く(はやく, early).

japanese adjectives used to end -ki. however, the /k/ was dropped during the muromachi period, and -ki adjectives became -i adjectives and their adverbial forms -ku became -u. while adjectives stayed in the -i form, the adverbial form reverted back to -ku, with only some expressions staying in the -u form.

/ohayaku/ → /ohayau/ → /ohayoː/

ございます is ~ ます conjugation of the archaic verb ござる (to be, to exist).

(おはようございます = honorific お + 早く, old adverbial form + polite conjugation of “to be”.)

おやすみなさい → good night

lit.: please rest

in casual speech this phrase is shortened to “おやすみ”. again, the honorific prefix お is used. this this it is combined with the 休みなさい (やすみなさい) which is the polite imperative of 休む (やすむ) “to rest”.

ありがとうございます → thank you

lit.: it is difficult to exist, it is welcome  

in casual speech this phrase is shortened to “ありがとう”. it originated from the  adverb ありがたく (welcome, nice to have). similar to おはよう, this adverb is also one of those expressions where the form with the dropped /k/ is still used. /ariɡataku/ → /ariɡatau/ → /ariɡatoː/

the etymology of the adverb itself can be seen through its kanji 有り難う. 有り (あり) “existence” derived from the verb 有る (ある) “to be” is combined with the archaic adjective 難い (かたい) “hard, difficult”, making it the adjective 有り難い (ありがたい) which is also used nowadays and means “welcome, nice to have”, literally however it would mean “it is difficult for something like this to exist” (which is why you’re thankful to have it :) ) 

this is combined with ございます, the ~ ます conjugation of the archaic verb ござる (to be, to exist).

(ありがとうございます = ありがとう, the adverbial form of 有り難い (ありがたい) “welcome, difficult to exist” + ございます “to be”)

いただきます → thank you for the food

lit.: i receive

this phrase is said before eating and means something along the lines of “let’s eat!” or “thank you for the food”. it is the polite ~ます conjugation of the humble verb 頂く(いただく) to receive.

ごちそうさまでした → thank you for the food, it was delicious

lit.: it was a feast, you ran around a lot

this phrase also means “thank you for the food”, but it’s used after you’ve finished eating. in casual speech this phrase is shortened to “ごちそうさま”. the honorific prefix ご is used in front of the noun 馳走 (ちそう) and the honorific suffix 様 (さま) is attached simply for politeness . the archaic meaning of 馳走 (ちそう) is “running about” and it also means “feast or treat” because someone must’ve worked (ran about) a lot for that. then the past tense of the copula です “to be” → でした  is attached.

[wntrstudies-blog]

Comparison of the Germanic Languages

Pronouns: I, Me, You, He, She, We, They

German: Ich, Mir, Du/Sie, Er, Sie, Wir, Sie Low Saxon: Ekj, Mie, Jie, Hee, See, Wie, See Old English: Ic, Mé, Ðu/Þu, Hé, Héo, Wé, Hie Dutch: Ik, Mij, Je/U, Hij, Ze, Wij, Ze Afrikaans: Ek, Jy/U, Hy, Sy, Ons, Hulle Frisian: Ik, My, Do, Hy, It, Wy, Sy Scots: Ah, Me, Ye, He, She, We, They Faroese: Eg/Jeg, Meg, Tú, Hann, Hon, Vær, Tey Old Norse: Ek, Mik, Þú, Han, Hon, Vér, Þau Danish: Jeg, Mig, Du, Han, Hun, Vi, De Norwegian: Jeg, Meg, Du, Han, Hun, Vi, de Swedish: Jag, Mig, Du, Han, Hon, Vi, De Icelandic: Ég, Mig, Þú, Hann, Hún, Við, Þau

Mountain

German: Berg Low Saxon: Boajch Old English: Beorg Dutch: Berg Afrikaans: Berg Frisian: Berch Scots: Montan Faroese: Fjoll Old Norse: Fell/Fjall Danish: Bjerg Norwegian: Fjell Swedish: Berg/Fjäll Icelandic: Fjall

Bread

German: Brot Low Saxon: Broot Old English: Bread Dutch: Brood Afrikaans: Brood Frisian: Bole/Brea Scots: Brede Faroese: Breyð Old Norse: Brauð Danish: Brød Norwegian: Brød Swedish: Bröd Icelandic: Brauð

To Be

German: Sein Low Saxon: Sennen Old English: Béon Dutch: Zijn Afrikaans: Wees Frisian: Weze Scots: Be Faroese: Vera Old Norse: Vera Danish: Være Norwegian: Være Swedish: Vara Icelandic: Vera

To Read

German: Lesen Low Saxon: Läsen Old English: Leornian Dutch: Lezen Afrikaans: Lees Frisian: Leze Scots: Rede/Reed Faroese: Lesa Old Norse: (Could not be found) Danish: Læse Norwegian: Lese Swedish: Läsa Icelandic: Lesa

Good

German: Gut Low Saxon: Goot Old English: Gód Dutch: Goed Afrikaans: Goed Frisian: Goed Scots: Good/Gud Faroese: Góður Old Norse: Goð Danish: God Norwegian: God Swedish: God Icelandic: Góður

Bad

German: Schlecht Low Saxon: Schlajcht Old English: Gódléas Dutch: Slecht Afrikaans: Slegte Frisian: Min Scots: Bad Faroese: Illur/Ringur Old Norse: Illr/Vándr Danish: Dårlig Norwegian: Dårlig/Slett Swedish: Illa/Dålig Icelandic: Illur/ Vondur

[wntrstudies-blog]

Compilation of Shakespearean Insults

“Villain, I️ have done thy mother”

“Away you three inch fool”

“I’ll beat thee, but I️ would infect my hands”

“I️ am sick when I️ do look on thee”

“More of your conversation would infect my brain”

“Thine face is not worth sunburning”

“Thou art unfit for any place but hell”

“Thou damned and luxurious mountain goat”

“You are as a candle, the better burnt out”

“Your brain is as dry as the remainder biscuit after voyage”

“Drunkenness is his best virtue”

“Thou crusty batch of nature!”

“The tartness of his face sours ripe grapes”

“Out of my sight! Thou dost infect my eyes”

“Thou hast no more brain than I️ have in mine elbows”