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JWST confirms giant planet atmospheres vary widely

An international team of astronomers has found the atmospheric compositions of giant planets out in the galaxy do not fit our own solar system trend. Using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the researchers discovered that the atmosphere of exoplanet HD149026b, a ‘hot Jupiter’ orbiting a star comparable to our sun, is super-abundant in the heavier elements carbon and oxygen – far above what scientists would expect for a planet of its mass.

These findings, published in “High atmospheric metal enrichment for a Saturn-mass planet” in Nature on March 27, provide insight into planet formation.

“It appears that every giant planet is different, and we’re starting to see those differences thanks to JWST,” said Jonathan Lunine, professor in the physical sciences at Cornell University and co-author of the study.

The giant planets of our solar system exhibit a nearly perfect correlation between both overall composition and atmospheric composition and mass, said Jacob Bean, professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago and lead author of the paper. Extrasolar planets show a much greater diversity of overall compositions, but scientists didn’t know how varied their atmospheric compositions are, until this analysis of HD149026b – also known as Smertrios.

Smertrios is super-enriched compared to its mass, Lunine said: “It’s the mass of Saturn, but its atmosphere seems to have as much as 27 times the amount of heavy elements relative to its hydrogen and helium that we find in Saturn.”

This ratio, called metallicity – even though it includes many elements that are not metals – is useful for comparing a planet to its home star, or other planets in its system, Lunine said. Smertrios is the only planet known in this particular planetary system.

Another key measurement is the ratio of carbon to oxygen in a planet’s atmosphere, which reveals the “recipe” of original solids in a planetary system, Lunine said. For Smertrios, it’s about 0.84 – higher than in our solar system. In our sun, it’s a bit more than one carbon for every two oxygen atoms (0.55).

While an abundance of carbon might seem favorable for chances of life, a high carbon to oxygen ratio actually means less water on a planet or in a planetary system – a problem for life as we know it.

Smertrios is an interesting first case of atmospheric composition for this particular study, said Lunine, who has plans in place to observe five more giant exoplanets in the coming year using JWST. Many more observations are needed before astronomers can discover any patterns among giant planets or in systems with multiple giant planets or terrestrial planets to the compositional diversity astronomers are beginning to document.

“The origin of this diversity is a fundamental mystery in our understanding of planet formation,” Bean said. “Our hope is that further atmospheric observations of extrasolar planets with JWST will quantify this diversity better and yield constraints on more complex trends that might exist.”

IMAGE….A ‘hot Jupiter’ called HD 149026b, is about 3 times hotter than the rocky surface of Venus, the hottest planet in our solar system. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

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Ingmar Bergman’s original shooting script for Persona.

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Powerful solar eruption on far side of sun impacts Earth A massive eruption of solar material, known as a coronal mass ejection or CME, was detected escaping from the sun at 11:36 p.m. EDT on March 12, 2023. The CME erupted from the side of the sun opposite Earth. While resarchers are still gathering data to determine the source of the eruption, it is currently believed that the CME came from former active region AR3234. This active region was on the Earth-facing side of the sun from late February through early March, when it unleashed fifteen moderately intense M-class flares and one powerful X-class flare. Based on an analysis by NASA’s Moon to Mars Space Weather Office, the CME was clocked in traveling at an unusually fast 2,127 kilometers (1,321 miles) per second, earning it a speed-based classification of a R (rare) type CME. The eruption is likely to have hit NASA’s Parker Solar Probe head-on. The spacecraft is currently nearing its 15th closest approach of the sun (or perihelion), flying within 5.3 million miles (8.5 million kilometers) of the sun on March 17. On March 13, the spacecraft sent a green beacon tone showing the spacecraft is in its nominal operational mode. The scientists and engineers are awaiting the next data download from the spacecraft, which will occur after the close approach, to learn more about this CME event and any potential impacts. The eruption is known as a halo CME because it appears to spread out evenly from the sun in a halo, or ring, around the sun. Halo CMEs depend on the observer’s position, occurring when the solar eruption is aligned either directly towards Earth, or as in this case, directly away from Earth. This expanding ring was apparent in data from the NASA/ESA’s Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, or SOHO, spacecraft. SOHO observes the sun from a location about 1 million miles closer to the sun along the sun-Earth line. Even though the CME erupted from the opposite side of the sun, its impacts were felt at Earth. As CMEs blast through space, they create a shockwave that can accelerate particles along the CME’s path to incredible speeds, much the way surfers are pushed along by an incoming ocean wave. Known as solar energetic particles, or SEPs, these speedy particles can make the 93-million-mile journey from the sun to Earth in around 30 minutes. Though SEPs are commonly observed after Earth-facing solar eruptions, they are less common for eruptions on the far side of the sun. Nonetheless, spacecraft orbiting Earth detected SEPs from the eruption starting at midnight on March 12, meaning the CME was powerful enough to set off a broad cascade of collisions that managed to reach our side of the sun. NASA’s space weather scientists are still analyzing the event to learn more about how it achieved this impressive and far-reaching effect.

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ALL OF THE AWARDS 😖

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Titan: Moon over Saturn : Like Earth’s moon, Saturn’s largest moon Titan is locked in synchronous rotation. This mosaic of images recorded by the Cassini spacecraft in May of 2012 shows its anti-Saturn side, the side always facing away from the ringed gas giant. The only moon in the solar system with a dense atmosphere, Titan is the only solar system world besides Earth known to have standing bodies of liquid on its surface and an earthlike cycle of liquid rain and evaporation. Its high altitude layer of atmospheric haze is evident in the Cassini view of the 5,000 kilometer diameter moon over Saturn’s rings and cloud tops. Near center is the dark dune-filled region known as Shangri-La. The Cassini-delivered Huygens probe rests below and left of center, after the most distant landing for a spacecraft from Earth. via NASA

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Death, Death, Death, Death....

Esto Memor, Souivens-toi, Remember....

Next is you, me;

The End of Summer (Yasujirō Ozu, 1961)

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: Does the Sun change as it rotates? Yes, and the changes can vary from subtle to dramatic. In the featured time-lapse sequences, our Sun – as imaged by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory – is shown rotating though an entire month in 2014. In the large image on the left, the solar chromosphere is depicted in ultraviolet light, while the smaller and lighter image to its upper right simultaneously shows the more familiar solar photosphere in visible light. The rest of the inset six Sun images highlight X-ray emission by relatively rare iron atoms located at different heights of the corona, all false-colored to accentuate differences. The Sun takes just under a month to rotate completely – rotating fastest at the equator. A large and active sunspot region rotates into view soon after the video starts. Subtle effects include changes in surface texture and the shapes of active regions. Dramatic effects include numerous flashes in active regions, and fluttering and erupting prominences visible all around the Sun’s edge. Presently, our Sun is passing an unusually low Solar minimum in activity of its 11-year magnetic cycle. As the video ends, the same large and active sunspot region previously mentioned rotates back into view, this time looking different. via NASA

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Ana Mendieta

Ocean Bird (Washup), 1974 Flower Person, Flower Body, 1975 Untitled: Silueta Series

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Unwinding M51 : The arms of a grand design spiral galaxy 60,000 light-years across are unwound in this digital transformation of the magnificent 2005 Hubble Space Telescope portrait of M51. In fact, M51 is one of the original spiral nebulae, its winding arms described by a mathematical curve known as a logarithmic spiral, a spiral whose separation grows in a geometric way with increasing distance from the center. Applying logarithms to shift the pixel coordinates in the Hubble image relative to the center of M51 maps the galaxy’s spiral arms into diagonal straight lines. The transformed image dramatically shows the arms themselves are traced by star formation, lined with pinkish starforming regions and young blue star clusters. Companion galaxy NGC 5195 (top) seems to alter the track of the arm in front of it though, and itself remains relatively unaffected by this unwinding of M51. Also known as the spira mirabilis, logarthimic spirals can be found in nature on all scales. For example, logarithmic spirals can also describe hurricanes, the tracks of subatomic particles in a bubble chamber and, of course, cauliflower. via NASA

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I must write this mêmey response even in l’été 2021:

Inspirational

😉

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Thanks, Galaxy....

Molten Thermite

This glowing, molten liquid captured by the Slow Mo Guys is thermite. The chemical reaction behind thermite is highly exothermic, hence its intense glow. There’s some great fluid dynamics hiding in this video. (Video and image credit: The Slow Mo Guys) Read the full article

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Hoags Object: A Nearly Perfect Ring Galaxy : Is this one galaxy or two? This question came to light in 1950 when astronomer Arthur Hoag chanced upon this unusual extragalactic object. On the outside is a ring dominated by bright blue stars, while near the center lies a ball of much redder stars that are likely much older. Between the two is a gap that appears almost completely dark. How Hoag’s Object formed, including its nearly perfectly round ring of stars and gas, remains unknown. Genesis hypotheses include a galaxy collision billions of years ago and the gravitational effect of a central bar that has since vanished. The featured photo was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and recently reprocessed using an artificially intelligent de-noising algorithm. Observations in radio waves indicate that Hoag’s Object has not accreted a smaller galaxy in the past billion years. Hoag’s Object spans about 100,000 light years and lies about 600 million light years away toward the constellation of the Snake (Serpens). Many galaxies far in the distance are visible toward the right, while coincidentally, visible in the gap at about seven o'clock, is another but more distant ring galaxy. via NASA

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“Go marry some other girl” 🐏🐐🐏🐏

credit goes to: tiktok account-@riskhappy, idk if she has a youtube channel or anything

anyway this is pretty funny so enjoy

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Spektr telescope....

SpaceTime 20190726 Series 22 Episode 56 is now out

SpaceTime covers the latest news in astronomy & space sciences.

The show is available as a free twice weekly podcast through Apple Podcasts (itunes), Stitcher, Google Podcast, Pocketcasts, SoundCloud, Bitez.com, YouTube, Audio Boom, your favourite podcast download provider, and from www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com

SpaceTime is also broadcast coast to coast across the United States on Science360 Radio by the National Science Foundation in Washington D.C. and around the world on Tune-In Radio.

SpaceTime daily news blog: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ SpaceTime facebook: www.facebook.com/spacetimewithstuartgary SpaceTime Instagram @spacetimewithstuartgary SpaceTime twitter feed @stuartgary SpaceTime YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SpaceTimewithStuartGary

Today’s stories…

ESA confirms asteroid will miss Earth in 2019 Astronomers have confirmed that Asteroid 2006 QV89 won’t hit the Earth when it makes its close approach on September 9th.

A planetary defence exercise sharpens both scientists and emergency teams A recent planetary defence exercise designed to see whether the Earth really could protect itself from a major asteroid impact didn’t do so well – with scientists failing to save New York City from a major asteroid impact.

SpaceX Dragon test failure find fault Investigators have blamed a leak of propellant due to the failure of a titanium check valve – for the explosion which destroyed a Crew Dragon 2 capsule during tests at Cape Canaveral in April.

Russian Spektr space telescope launched The Russian Federal Space Agency Roscosmos has successfully launched Moscow’s new Spektr-RG X-ray space Telescope.

The Science Report Unravelling the structure of the influenza A virus genome. A new study finds Autism Spectrum Disorder is mostly genetics based. The Agent Smith malware infecting millions of android devices globally. Development of a super-fast version of the central building block of a quantum computer. The magic crystals of Peter Brock’s energy polarizer.

Last Wednesday’s show….

Disproving conspiracy theories about the Apollo Moon landings Following the global celebration marking half a century since humans first walked on the surface of another world – comes the whine of the conspiracy theorists who despite the overwhelming evidence scientific, eye witness, and anecdotal – still insist Apollo 11 was faked.

Another touchdown for Hayabusa2 Japan’s Hayabusa2 has carried out a second successful touchdown on the asteroid Ryugu collecting more samples for eventual return to Earth.

Atomic rockets are back on the agenda The US Congress has approved 125 million dollars in seed funding for the development of a nuclear thermal propulsion rocket system.

The Science Report A possible link between drinking lots of sugary beverages and an increased risk of cancer. A new study claims vitamin supplements could be doing you more harm than good. Australia’s ‘once in a century drought’ caused mass ecosystem collapse. The world’s biggest seaweed bloom. The advantages of men having cosmetic facial surgery. More 5G cell phones hit the markets.

SpaceTime Background SpaceTime is Australia’s most respected astronomy and space science news program. The show reports on the latest stories and discoveries making news in astronomy, spaceflight, and general science. SpaceTime features interviews with leading Australian scientists about their latest research. The show is broadcast coast to coast across the United States by the National Science Foundation on Science360 Radio and around the world on Tune in Radio. SpaceTime is available in Australia as a twice weekly podcast which averages around three million downloads annually. It’s hosted on line through Bitez.com on all major podcast platforms. SpaceTime began life in 1995 as ‘StarStuff’ on ABC NewsRadio. Stuart Gary created the show during his 17 years as NewsRadio’s Science Editor, evening presenter, and news anchor. Gary wrote, produced and hosted StarStuff, consistently achieving 9 per cent of the Australian radio audience share - according to Neilsen ratings survey figures for the five major Australian metro markets (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, & Perth). The StarStuff podcast was hosted by ABC Science on line achieving over 1.3 million downloads annually. The popular program was axed in 2015 due to ABC budget cuts and following an increased focus on sport and horse racing coverage. Rather than accept another on air position with the ABC, Gary resigned to continue producing the show independently, rebranding it as SpaceTime. The first episode of SpaceTime was broadcast on February 8th 2016 and the show has been in continuous production ever since. SpaceTime now reaches an audience almost three times greater that it achieved as StarStuff.

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I’ll follow you! — Don’t even try! 

Possession (1981) dir. Andrzej Żuławski