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Pancreas

The pancreas is a mixed gland, having both an endocrine and an exocrine function, located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. 

The pancreas contains two completely different tissues.

The exocrine pancreas consists of

acinar cells - produce digestive enzymes which are stored in eosinophilic zymogen granules and break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids .

centro-acinar cells - form part of the ductal system of the organ 

The intercalated ducts drain into the interlobular ducts, which eventually drain into the main pancreatic ducts.

which secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum 

contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach.

The endocrine pancreas consists of:

Islets of Langerhans - contain different populations of cells that produce the hormones insulin, glucagon and a small number of cells producing somatostatin. 

Islets have a network of capillaries in contact with the endocrine cells.

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What is Virus?

There are 2 type of virus as a normal people we know.

1. Computer Virus

2. Human Virus

Computer virus is a Piece of code which is capable of copying itself and typically has a detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.

How ever computer virus work it can only damage computer program, it can't take any effects in human life or health

BUT...

Human virus is not like that soft programmes. its is an infective agent that typically consists of nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen light microscope, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host.

Virus cover a big sector of human illnesses. it can infect all types of life forms.

Is a virus Living?

Well this is a complicated question. A cell is considered to be living because it contains all the necessary components to replicate its DNA, grow and divide into new cells. This is the process all life takes, where it is a single celled organism or a multi-cellular organism. Some people do not consider a virus living because a virus does not contain all of the mechanisms necessary to replicate itself. They would say that a virus, without a host cell, cannot replicate on its own and therefore no alive.

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Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They're usually formed as a result of inflammation caused by the bacteria H. pylori, as well as from erosion from stomach acids. Peptic ulcers are a fairly common health problem.

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Some Important Definitions of Community Medicine book, That you need to know

Define Community Medicine?

Definition:  According to WHO in 1972 Community medicine is a system of delivery of comprehensive health care to the individual or family at the level of community by a health team in order to promote physical mental and social well being.

Define Community Disease.

Definition: An illess due to a specific infectious agent or ifs toxic product capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to animal, or from the environment to man or animal.

Define Host

Definition: A man or other animals including birds and arthropods that Afford subsistence or live to an infectious agent under natural condition is called host

Define Carriers

Definition: Carrier are the living organisms which harbours the disease agent with or without discernible signs and symptoms of disease.

What is STD?

Definition: The sexually transmitted disease are a group of communicable disease cause by a wide range of bacterial, vital, protozoal and fungal infectious transferred mainly through sexual contact.

Define Zoonosis.

Definition: An infectious disease transmitted from vertebrate animal to Man is called zoonosis.

Vertebrate.

Define Rabies.

Definition: Rabies is an infections zoonotic disease characterized by encephalitis with spasm of different muscle paralysis, fear of water and caused by rhabdovirus.

Encephalitis.

Define Hydrophobia:

Definition: Hydrophobia is an older term of the disease and it means fear of water.

Define Phenomena

Definition: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection and recently development of radiological signs.

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Name some disease with their causative agent.

• Name faecal or water brone disease with their causative agent.

A. Viral

  1. Hepatitis A -------------------------- Hepatitis A virus

  2. Hepatitis E -------------------------- Hepatitis E Virus

  3. Poliomyelitis ------------------------ Polio virus

B. Bacterial

  1. Typhoid and Parathyphoid -------- Salmonella Typhi & Salmonella paratyphi

  2. Cholera ------------------------------- Vibrio cholerae

  3. Bacillary dysentery ---------------- Shigella species

C. Protozoal

  1. Amoebiasis -------------------------- Entamoeba histolytica

  2. Giardiasis ---------------------------- Giardia lamblia

D. Helmeinthic disease

  1. Ascariasis ---------------------------- Ascaris lumbricoides

• Name Air borne disease with their causative agent.

A. Viral

  1. Influenza ----------------------------- Influenza virus

  2. Measles ------------------------------- Measles virus

  3. Mumps -------------------------------- Mumps virus

  4. Chicken Pox ------------------------- Varicella virus

B. Bacterial

  1. Tuberculosis ------------------------- Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

  2. Diptheria ----------------------------- Corynebecterium Diphtheriae

  3. Whooping Cough -------------------- Bordetella pertussis

  4. Pneumonia --------------------------- Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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Ectopic Pregnancy

• Define Ectopic pregnancy.

• What are the sites of ectopic pregnancy?

• Clinical Features of Ectopic pregnancy

• Investigation of Ectopic Pregnancy

• Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy

1) Definition:

It may be defined as, when implantation ( রোপন ) of the fertilized ( নিষিক্ত ) ovum occurs at any site other then the normal uterine cavity.

2) Site of Ectopic Pregnancy:

                   a) Fallopian tube

                   b) Overy

                   c) Abdominal Cavity

                   d) Broad Ligament

                   e) Cervix

3) Clinical Features:

        + Symptoms

                - Amenorrhoea (বাধক)

                - Sudden lower Abdominal pain

                - Per vaginal bleeding

                - Patient may go into Collapse and shock

        + Signs

            × General examination

                   - Anaemia (রক্তাল্পতা)

                   - Low blood pressure

                   - Rapid thready pulse

                   - Cold clammy skin

                   - Lower Abdominal tenderness (আবেগপ্রবণতা)

                   - Shifting (নাড়াচাড়া) dullness (নিষ্প্রভতা)

            × Per Abdominal Examination

                   - Gut may be distended

            × Per vaginal Examination

                  - Extreme tenderness on palpation of the fornix.

                  - No mass usually felt throught the cervix.

4) Investigation of Ectopic Pregnancy

            + Blood for

                       - TC, DC, Hb% - fall, ESR - raised, blood groping, cross matching, Rh typing.

            + USG of uterus

            + Pregnancy test

            + Colpometry or colpopuneture

            + Curettage

            + Laparoscopy

5) Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy

            + General treatment

                       - Immediate Hospitalization

                       - Blood is send for grouping and cross matching

                       - IV infusion: Hartman Solution.

                       - Blood transfusion if needed.

                       - Catheterization

                       - Analgesics: Inj. Pethidine 100mg IM.

                       - Antibiotics

          + Specific Treatment:

                       - If family is complete: Salpingectomy + other sided tubectomy

                       - If family is incomplete and other sided tube healthy: Salpinogestomy

                       - If family is incomplete and other sided tube unhealthy: Partial salpigectomy if the tube is ruptured and anastomsis done in later sitting

                       - If tube is intact:---_

                       - Salpingotomy

                       - Salpingostomy

                       - Salpingostomy

                       - Milking.

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