#21 February 1828

[rabbitcruiser]

Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix was the first periodical to use  the Cherokee syllabary, invented by Sequoyah, on February 21, 1828.

[justforbooks]

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.

Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople. During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821 (on the Julian Calendar), the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation. However, the plans of Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. The first revolt began on 6 March/21 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea.

Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan called in his vassal Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. The town of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year-long siege by the Turks. Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost.

At that point, the three Great powers—Russia, Britain and France—decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. Following news that the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied European fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy at Navarino. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and forced it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople; these defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece.

The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France having significant influence in Greek politics, an imported Bavarian dynast as ruler, and a mercenary army. The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.

The population of the new state numbered 800,000, representing less than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. During a great part of the next century, the Greek state sought the liberation of the “unredeemed” Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Megali Idea, i.e., the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.

As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities, and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. Phanariotes, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant, Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking, and Jewish merchants gained importance.

In the long-term historical perspective, this marked a seminal event in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, despite the small size and the impoverishment of the new Greek state. For the first time, a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. Whereas previously, only large nations (such as the Prussians or Austrians) were judged worthy of national self-determination by the Great Powers of Europe, the Greek Revolt legitimized the concept of small, ethnically-based nation-states, and emboldened nationalist movements among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire. The Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, Romanians and Armenians all subsequently fought for and won their independence.

Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent Poland, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the November Uprising, hoping to regain their independence. The uprising, however, failed, and Polish independence had to wait until 1918 at Versailles. The newly established Greek state would become a catalyst for further expansion and, over the course of a century, parts of Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, many Aegean Islands, the Ionian Islands and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. The Greek rebels won the sympathy of even the conservative powers of Europe.

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at http://justforbooks.tumblr.com

[brainpickings]

February 21

On this day in

1828 – Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix is the first periodical to use the Cherokee sylllabary invented by Sequoyah

1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto

1885 – The Washington Monument is dedicated

1925 – The New Yorker publishes its first issue

1965 – Malcolm X is killed

Born on this day in

1621 Rebecca Nurse, executed as a witch in 1692

1921 – John Rawls

1924 – Dorothy Blum

1933 – Nina Simone

1946 – Alan Rickman

1962 – David Foster Wallace

Died on this day in

4 AD – Gaius Caesar

2019 – Peter Tork

[cruger2984]

THE DESCRIPTION OF SAINT PETER DAMIAN Feast Day: February 21

"He pours light into our minds, arouses our desire and gives us strength… As the soul is the life of the body, so the Holy Spirit is the life of our souls."

Peter Damian was born circa 988 in Ravenna, Italy, and is the youngest of a large noble, but poor family. Having lost both his parents at a young age, he lived with one of his brothers, who treated him like a slave and sent him to tend pigs as a swineherd. After so many years, another brother, Damianus, an archpriest of Ravenna, took pity on him and sent him to school.

Peter was a bright student and became a professor of great ability. He led a life of penance and fasting, wearing a shirt of hair under his clothes and giving in alms most of his money. He was seldom seen without some poor persons at his table, whom he served with his own hands.

After some time, Peter Damian entered the Benedictine monastery of Fonte Avellana, of which he became abbot. He was absorbed in prayer, manual work and sacred studies, and fostered in his disciples the spirit of solitude, charity and humility. In 1057, he became Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, out of obedience to Pope Stephen IX, who needed his help and advice. A few years later, Pope Alexander II granted the request of the holy man to return to the monastic life.

Peter worked zealously for the reform of the church by fighting against the abuses of simony and incontinence. One day, he rebuked the bishop of Florence for playing a game of chess, giving him the penance to recite the Psalter three times and to wash the feet to twelve poor men. He protested against the wandering of the monks abroad, stressing that the spirit of retirement was an essential condition of their state. With the repentant sinners, he was mild and indulgent.

In one of his letters, he wrote: 'My dear friend, do not despair. What you suffer is not the torment of a slave, but the discipline of a child by his parent. God punishes men in this life to shield them from the eternal punishment in the next.'

Peter Damian died in Faenza in 1072 or 1073. He died the year before Hildebrand became pope, as Gregory VII. On September 27, 1828, Pope Leo XII declared him a Doctor of the Church.

[millingroundireland]

Jensen's folly and the proof of "No Irish Need Apply" [Part 2]

Continued from part 1. This post was originally published on WordPress in June 2018.

Looking on newspapers.com, I found 3,047,608 matches for the words "no Irish need apply," with even a story about it in the Buffalo paper, The Weekly Economist, in 1843. Now, not all of those portended to ads. [2] Narrowing the search, covering the years of 1800 to 1860, I brought the total to about 113,000. The latter number may be inflated due to false drops since quoting the phrase itself only brings up 158 results, extending it to 1900 gives you about 1,400 results, over 60 of which are listed below. I also got some sources from the Library of Congress's Chronicling America collection of old newspapers, which are included in the below listing of varied ads.

1820s

June 29, 1828 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

July 24, 1828 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

August 8, 1828 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

September 11, 1828 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

October 8, 1828 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

June 8, 1829 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

June 19, 1829 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

June 23, 1829 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

October 27, 1829 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post

1830s

April 29, 1830 ad in the New York City paper, The Evening Post, related to the one a few days before

New York Herald attacks No Irish Need Apply adverts on July 30, 1830

1840s

May 18, 1841 ad in the New York City paper, New York Tribune

August 24, 1842 ad in the New York City's New York Tribune

February 7, 1844 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

January 7, 1847 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

April 23, 1847 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

November 4, 1847 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

January 25, 1848 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

October 28, 1848 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

July 16, 1849 ad in the New York City paper, New York Herald, reprinted from days before

1850s

February 25, 1850 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger 

March 11, 1850 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger 

August 6, 1850 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger 

January 13, 1851 ad in the New York City's New York Tribune

February 5, 1851 ad in the Baltimore Sun

March 13, 1851 ad in the New York Daily Herald

April 22, 1851 ad in the Baltimore Sun

July 24, 1851 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

December 31, 1851 ad in the Baltimore Sun, accompanied by another saying they are looking for someone who is white, but not Irish, as a cook

April 13, 1852 ads (top and bottom of image) in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

May 14, 1852 ad in New York City's New York Tribune

June 21, 1852 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

August 26, 1852 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

October 11, 1852 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

December 31, 1852 ad in the New Orleans paper, The Times-Picayune

June 22, 1853, the Lancaster Ledger reports that the New York Herald is being sued for libel for attaching "no Irish may apply" to one of its ads, which the Ledger calls "queer"

June 2, 1853, the New York Herald criticizes "No Irish Need Apply" ads

July 30, 1853 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

February 19, 1854, the New York Herald talks about their ""No Irish Need Apply" advertisers"

March 30, 1854 ad in the Baltimore Sun

October 6, 1854 ad in the West Virginia paper, the Wheeling Daily Intelligencer

April 21, 1855 ad in the Freehold, New Jersey paper, the Monmouth Inquirer

May 18, 1855 ad in Baltimore Sun

September 18, 1855 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

October 17, 1855 ad in the Washington, D.C. Evening Star, likely related.

March 28, 1856 ad in the Baltimore Sun

February 14, 1857 ad in the New York Times

December 7, 1857 ad in New Orleans paper, The Times-Picayune

April 20, 1857 ad in the Baltimore Sun

March 20, 1858 ad in the New York Times

August 17, 1858 ad in the Baltimore Sun

October 1, 1858 ad in the Baltimore Sun, reprinted on October 2 and 4, at least

October 13, 1858 ad in New York Times

May 10, 1859 ad in the New York Times

September 21, 1859 ad in the New York Times

1860s

March 29, 1860 ad in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle

April 3, 1860 ads (here and here) in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

June 8, 1860 ad in the Baltimore Sun, related is ad the day before

August 6, 1860 ad in the Cincinnati Daily Press

August 25, 1860 ad in the Philadelphia paper, Public Ledger

Ad and comment in Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg General Advertiser (Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania) on March 12, 1864

© 2018-2023 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.

Notes

[2] This is apart from mentions of it in 1878 to counter such sentiment (and in 1864), the Guardian (see here, here, here, and here), the Liverpool Mercury in 1854 (here and here), 1855 (also see here, here, here, ), 1857, 1858, 1859, and 1863, along  with other mentions in English papers in 1844, 1847, and 1856. A comedy, in the 1850s, was even produced on this subject! In all, there are over 105,000 results for England alone, over 9,000 for Scotland, over 8,000 for Ireland, over 5,000 for Northern Ireland, over 4,700 for Australia, over 1,500 for Wales and almost 1,000 for Canada.

[ultraheydudemestuff]

Kenton-Hunt Farm (Simon Kenton Inn)

4690 Urbana Rd.

Springfield, OH 45502

Kenton-Hunt Farm is located at 4690 Urbana Rd. in Moorefield Township, Clark County, north of Springfield, OH. Much of the surroundings have changed since Simon Kenton roamed over 50,000 acres with the Shawnee, Tecumseh, and Daniel Boone. Deeded to him by the US Government, the Simon Kenton farm became the first white settlement in Ohio. Simon’s cabin was situated adjacent to where the old Spring House still stands. A historical marker is all that remains today. There are many legends as to why Simon chose this land, but the truth has been clouded by myth and superstition.

Simon lost his land by the early 1800s due to financial misfortune, and it passed to Samuel McCord. Kenton’s daughter Sally married into the McCord family. As the land changed hands it was divided and redivided. The Hunt family of Princeton, NJ moved here in 1823 and built the current Federal Style Home and Spring House in 1828. Over the years his property continued to be divided and sold, and its buildings fell into disrepair. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 8, 1980. On a dark and rainy December night in 2004, an experienced entrepreneur, Theresa R. Siejack, heeded the call and drove up the driveway by the derelict old house situated on a hilly 4.5 acre remnant of the original property.

Immediately drawn to the land and recognizing its inherent potential, Theresa eagerly returned the next day, and after several more visits, negotiated a purchase contract. Six months after sinking her entire life savings into the required major renovations, she opened her fourth Bed and Breakfast in her 21 years of public service. Now known as the Simon Kenton Inn, it has become a focal point for visitors that come far and wide to enjoy her renowned hospitality. The Inn and its beautifully manicured grounds are a favorite hot spot for parties, weddings, reunions, and other major life events. After opening, Theresa’s dream quickly became a gathering place for the local community. Following her passion, and encouraged by the community, she began a $1 million expansion project that added a pub, restaurant, additional guest rooms, and 18 additional acres in April 2009. Theresa added a party pavilion for up to 500 guests in the spring of 2010.

The spirits that inhabit this land welcome visitors and remind them that this is sacred land and an Indian burial area. While walking the land late at night, one can still hear the howl of coyotes and sense the presence of the spirits who still dwell here – the very same spirits that drew this talented woman who answered the call to return the property to its once cherished glory in service to the community and sanctuary for travelers. Who knows if anyone may even bump into Simon and his friend Tecumseh who watch over this cherished land and the beginning of Theresa’s legacy.

[all-about-the-saints]

Peter Damian (Latin: Petrus Damianus; Italian: Pietro or Pier Damiani; c. 1007 – 21 or 22 February 1072 or 1073) was a reforming Benedictine monk and cardinal in the circle of Pope Leo IX. Dante placed him in one of the highest circles of Paradiso as a great predecessor of Francis of Assisi and he was declared a Doctor of the Church on 27 September 1828. His feast day is 21 February.

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

[packedwithpackards]

Chapter X: The last Barnabas, Ruth Snow, and Cameron, Missouri

This is the 12th in a series of articles which serializes my family history, which I wrote in November 2017, titled "From Samuel to Cyrus: A fresh look at the History of the Packard Family." Minor corrections. Below is the 10th chapter of that history:

The year is 1847. Barnabas Packard II had died on April 30. [216] The only Barnabas left in Plainfield was Barnabas Packard III, Barnabas and Mary’s son, who would die almost 21 years later on April 25, 1868. He would be recorded on three censuses as living in Plainfield: the 1850 and 1860 censuses, along with an agriculture schedule in 1850. [217] By 1854, there were only 854 people living in Plainfield! A small number compared to the nearby town of Cummington, which had over 1,000.

Barnabas Packard III and Ruth M. (possibly Makepeace) Snow had been married for 21 years, married on July 21, 1818 in Windsor, Massachusetts. [218] From 1818 to 1847, they had 10 children, all with the last name of Packard. The first two were Poly Nash, born on July 18, 1819 and dying on November 10, 1869, who never married, and Cynthia Cordelia who was born on November 27, 1820 and died of “dropsy” on July 25, 1863, marrying Aaron Ayres in December 1841. [219] There were 4 other children born in the 1820s: William Henry (October 1, 1822), Martha “Patty” (August 18, 1824), Irene (September 20, 1826), and Mary Jane (October 20, 1828). William Henry will be the subject of the next chapter. As for the others, Patty married Charles I. Ford on December 12, 1843 and died on November 1, 1903 at age 99, while Irene married Horatio Lynons on May 9, 1847, and Mary Jane married Zebediah H. Randall on March 8, 1852. [220] From 1831 to 1840, Barnabas and Ruth had 4 more children. They were Roswell Clifford, born February 4, 1831, who married Elnora G. Vining on February 25, 1869, Ossmus Chalmer, born July 27, 1834, who married Sophia Dean on April 1, 1863, Charles Edwin, born on March 19, 1838, who married Araminta Utter in 1867, and Harrison “Clark” Clark, born February 20, 1840 who married Melona C. Dawes on June 4, 1865. [221] Roswell would die in 1919 in Cameron, Missouri, while Ossmus would die in the same place but on January 28, 1907. Clark would die, reportedly, in Windsor in 1899, and Charles would die in Kansas City, Missouri in 1933.

Much of Barnabas and Ruth’s life can be determined from the three censuses cited on the previous page. The 1850 census shows Barnabas Packard III (age 54) as the head of the household, with the value of the land being $1,500, and his occupation as a farmer. The same is the case with 19-year-old Roswell and 15-year-old Ossmus, likely working on the same farm as their father, Barnabas III, within Plainfield, Massachusetts. [222] The same page shows that Ossmus, Charles (age 12), and Harrison (age 10) are attending school. Interestingly, it classifies Polly N. as over 31 years of age, who cannot read or write, as “idiotic.” Ruth, Barnabas’s wife, age 50, and their daughter Mary J., age 21, do not have occupations listed, so they presumed to be “housewives.”

Before moving on, it is worth focusing on Polly N. While you could say her designation is an error, it is clearly not, based on other censuses. [223] The questions answered affirmatively for her were:

Is the person “deaf, dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict?” (answer: “idiotic”)

“If this person was over 20 years of age, could they not read and write?”

Census enumerators defined an “idiot” as a person whose “mental faculties” were limited “in infancy or childhood” before they matured, referring to, a wide range of “known disabilities,” by today’s standards. [224] Hence, it could be logical that she could not read or write.

The next document worth reviewing is the 1850 agriculture schedule of Plainfield. This document shows that Barnabas Packard III owns 230 acres of land in the township, 160 of which are improved, and 70 of which are not. [225] It also says his farm is worth $1,500 and tools (and equipment) worth $200. Adding to this, he is listed as owning 2 horses, 3 milk cows, 16 other cattle, and 1 swine which is worth $400. He also possesses 30 bushels of Indian corn and 30 bushels of oats, among other grains. Living in the same community is Ariel L. Ayres, who may be related to Aaron Ayres, who Barnabas and Ruth’s daughter, Cythnia, married nine years earlier in 1841.

Finally, there is the 1860 census of Plainfield. This document again lists 65-year-old Barnabas as a farmer, but his farm is now listed as worth $3,000 and personal estate as worth $2,500. [226] Ruth, his wife, age 64, had no occupation, while Polly N. was again called “idiotic” and was age 41. Hence, this was part of her identity, dying on November 10, 1868 at age 49, 3 months, 3 days, from bleeding in the stomach. [227] Barnabas was a “farmer who settled in West Plainfield, clearing his land for planting, while maintaining a grove of maple sugar trees, with produce taken to Boston for sale” as one history said. As noted earlier, he was the first to own the West Hill Farm, later owned by Cyrus and Tom. However, taking a trip to Boston to sell produce seems a bit excessive since it is over 100 miles away. Perhaps he sold his produce at a closer market.

Thanks to a retired programmer interested in genealogy, named Jack Vander-Schrier, we have photographs of Barnabas III and Charles Edwin:

While we do not know about each picture, it seems evident that the photograph on the left was taken in his older years, perhaps not long before his death. By the last seven years of Barnabas III’s life, many of his children had moved out of the area. Reportedly, Charles Edwin spent time in Ohio as a mathematics teacher before moving to Cameron, Missouri while his brother, Ossmus lived in Mendota, Illinois before moving to Cameron in 1865. The family lore goes that Roswell moved to Cameron in 1866 (and reportedly moved to Ft. Smith, Arkansas in 1895) and that Patty (and her husband Charles Ira Ford) moved from Nauseous, Ohio to Cameron the same year. [228] Hence, Polly N., William Henry, Cynthia Cordelia, Harrison, Mary Jane, and Irene did not move there. On a trip to Cameron in 1868, with his wife, Ruth, Barnabas became ill and died. Ruth would live with her son Charles Edwin until she died on January 1, 1879, and both would be buried in the Packard Cemetery in Cameron, Missouri.

One photograph tells more of that story than anything else. The photograph is courtesy of Find A Grave user Jack Vander-Schrier yet again:

The photograph shown on the last page, shows what the “Barnabas Packard family,” as Vander-Schrier puts it, around 1875, living in Cameron, Missouri. It has been numbered as to help future genealogists determine who the individuals are in this picture. Based on the photograph of Charles Edwin on page 70, it is clear that number 8 is him. He was a cashier at the Farmers Bank in Cameron, Missouri, and later a banker, reportedly. The rest of those in the photograph are unknowns. However, numbers 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, seem like couples based on the way they are standing. One of these couples is Roswell Clifford and Ellanora (1842-1895), while another is Patty and Charles Ford (1822-1914) (also a banker), and the last is Ossmus and Sophia H. Dean. [229] Possibly Araminta Aminta Utter is number 16, although this cannot be confirmed. Somewhere in numbers 9-14, 17-21 are Araminta and Charles’s child Clark, but not Eva since she was born in 1876, unlike Clark who was born in 1873. The same goes for Ossmus and Sophia’s child, Herbert Melvin (1867-1935).

All of these children have the last name of Packard. Basing it on the photo, earlier in this chapter, number 7 is Ruth Snow. Number 16 may be the wife of the person occupying that house. Other women, such as Herbert’s wife, Mary Francis, are likely in the photograph as well. The same is undoubtedly the case for Roswell and Ellanora’s children: Emma E (b. 1870), George C (b. 1873), Leonard C (b. 1875), Etta B (b. 1877), E Edwin (b. 1880), and Jennie S (b. 1882), the first three of which were likely in the photo. It is also the case for Patty and Charles’s children named Pearl, Arthur, Sarah Jane (1844-1898), Henry Edsel (1847-1902), and Cora Ann (1855-1918) who married George Thomas Howser (1855-1936). If you add up all of the people noted in this paragraph, it adds up to 21. Solving the mystery of who is who in this old photograph would require identifying all these individuals rather than using educated guesses. Still, it adds more to the Packard family story. [230]

Notes

[216] Gravestones of Barnabas Packard II and Barnabas Packard III.

[217] Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M432_220, page 199B. Courtesy of Ancestry.com; Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M653_505, page 467. Courtesy of Ancestry.com; Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Agriculture Schedule, National Archives, NARA T1204, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 2, Page 901, Line 29. Courtesy of Ancestry.com.

[218] Source is Massachusetts, Town and Vital Records, 1620-1988. Ruth Snow was born on Dec. 15, 1799.

[219] Gravestones of Polly Nash Packard and Cynthia Cordelia Packard Ayres.

[220] See the gravestones of William Henry Packard, Martha "Patty" Packard, and Barnabas Packard III; Barnabas Packard in entry for Zebedee H. Randall and Mary Jane Packard, 08 Mar 1852; citing Cummington, Hampshire, Massachusetts, United States, Town clerks and local churches; "Massachusetts Town Records, ca. 1638-1961," database with images.

[221] Barnabas Packard in entry for R. C. Packard and Elonora G. Vining, 25 Feb 1869; citing Cummington, Hampshire, Massachusetts, United States, Town clerks and local churches; FHL microfilm 1,888,606; "Massachusetts Town Records, ca. 1638-1961," database with images, FamilySearch; Barnabas Packard in entry for Chalmer Packard and Sophia Dean, 01 Apr 1863; citing Cummington, Hampshire, Massachusetts, United States, Town clerks and local churches; FHL microfilm 1,888,606; "Massachusetts Town Records, ca. 1638-1961," database with images, FamilySearch; Barnabas Packard in entry for H. Clark Packard and Melona C. Dawes, 04 Jun 1865; citing Cummington, Hampshire, Massachusetts, United States, Town clerks and local churches; FHL microfilm 1,888,606; "Massachusetts Town Records, ca. 1638-1961," database with images, FamilySearch; Gravestones of Roswell Clifford Packard, Ossmus Chalmer Packard, Charles Edwin Packard, Ellanora G. Packard, and Find A Grave entry for Harrison Clark “Clark” Packard. Roswell was in manufacturing, living in Cameron Missouri, while Elnora was a Cummington, MA girl.

[222] Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M432_220, page 199B.

[223] Sometimes tick marks were wrong on Census documents. The two questions are courtesy of the Census Bureau. The Census documents can answer many questions about a family. She is also marked such in the 1865 and 1855 state censuses.

[224] Rhonda R. McClure, “What is an "idiot" in the Census?,” Genealogy.com, Overheard in GenForum, April 26, 2001; National Archives, Nonpopulation Census Records, Aug. 15, 2016 She was not listed in the 1880 census of “schedules of delinquent, defective, and dependent classes [which] provide[s] information about deaf, dumb, blind, and criminal persons who are listed by name” (also see here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, and here). since she died in 1868 as noted on Find A Grave, which has a photo of her tombstone. If she was in an “insane asylum” or other facility, the conditions were likely horrific, with existing records of facilities in Massachusetts not currently online.

[225] Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Agriculture Schedule, 1850, National Archives, NARA T1204, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll 2, Page 901, Line 29.

[226] Plainfield, Hampshire, Massachusetts, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, National Archives, NARA M19, Records of the Bureau of the Census, Record Group 29, Roll M653_505, page 467. Courtesy of Ancestry.com.

[227] Death of Polly Nash Packard, Nov. 10, 1868, Massachusetts, v 212 p 67, State Archives, Boston, Family Search; Deaths Registered in the Town of Plainfield for the Year eighteen hundred and sixty-eight, vol. 212, p. 67. Taken from photocopied vital record requested from the Massachusetts Archives in July 2017.

[228] 1900, 1910, 1920 & 1930 censuses show Charles living in MO. A 1900 census and 1910 census shows Roswell in AK, while 1870 and 1880 censuses says he is in MO. The image shown above is from the Find A Grave profile of Barnabas Packard III. Residency of Ossmus can confirmed, but seems to be for Charles I Ford in 1910, living in MO, with Patty in 1900.

[229] Gravestones of Ellanora, Charles Ford, and Sophia H. Dean. Likely 3 or 5 is Charles Ford. For this paragraph also see Gravestones of Araminta Utter, Clark, Herbert Melvin, and Eva Packard, gravestone of Mary Francis, and the Gravestones of Patty, Pearl, Arthur, Sarah Jane, Henry Edsel, Cora Ann, and George Howser.

[230] W.G. Gay lists "Packard Bertha, widow Theron W., h 9 Pleasant” (p. 64) and ten Packards living in Northampton (p. 177) in "Town of Northampton" within Part Second. Business Directory of Hampshire County, Mass., 1886-87 (Syracuse, NY: W.B. & Gay Co., 1886). He also lists 4Packards living in Enfield ("Town of Enfield" within Part Second. Business Directory of Hampshire County, Mass., 1886-87 (Syracuse, NY: W.B. & Gay Co., 1886), 75), 7 Packards living in Goshen ("Town of Goshen" within Part Second. Business Directory of Hampshire County, Mass., 1886-87 (Syracuse, NY: W.B. & Gay Co., 1886), p. 79), varying Packards within Plainfield on p. 208: “Packard David, r 27, farmer 5”; “Packard Harold S., (Mrs. E. A. Packard & Son) dealers in general merchandise, drives stage from Plainfield to Charlemont”; “Packard Harrison C, (West Cummington) farmer 300”; “Packard Mrs. E. A. & Son, dealers in general merchandise, and farmers 23”; “Packard Pliilander, r 14, farmer 20”; “Packard Sylvester, r 26, farm laborer, leases h of Willie Shaw”;"Packard William H., (West Cummington) r 38, farmer 200”; and "Packard William L., farmer 300." ("Town of Plainfield" within Part Second. Business Directory of Hampshire County, Mass., 1886-87 (Syracuse, NY: W.B. & Gay Co., 1886). Also, Barnes & Packard with specific employees in Ware, MA (p. 235, 252, 253) within the "Town of Ware" within Part Second. Business Directory of Hampshire County, Mass., 1886-87 (Syracuse, NY: W.B. & Gay Co., 1886).

Note: This was originally posted on September 7, 2018 on the main Packed with Packards WordPress blog (it can also be found on the Wayback Machine here). My research is still ongoing, so some conclusions in this piece may change in the future.

© 2018-2022 Burkely Hermann. All rights reserved.

[uwmspeccoll]

Typography Tuesday: Sequoyah Part II

Yesterday, we commemorated the first publication of the Cherokee Phoenix for Milestone Monday with the children’s book Sequoyah: the Cherokee Man Who Gave His People Writing, published in New York in 2004 by Houghton Mifflin. Catch up on Part I here.

After adopting Sequoyah’s Cherokee syllabary in 1825, the Cherokee Nation sought to utilize this new communication tool to unite and strengthen its people In 1828, the General Council of the Cherokee selected Elias Boudinot (Gallegina Uwati; ᎦᎴᎩᎾ ᎤᏩᏘ) as editor in chief. However, in order to utilize Sequoyah’s new form of writing in print, some of the handwritten letterforms, with their elegant loops and spirals, needed to be modified so they could more easily be reproduced in lead type. To accomplish this, Boudinot tapped his friend, the missionary Samuel Worchester. Worchester came from a long line of preachers, but his father, the Rev. Leonard Worcester, was also a printer, and young Samuel studied printing under his father during his upbringing in Vermont. He drew on this experience to help design the first Cherokee metal typeface, which was cut and founded at the Baker and Greele Foundry in Boston. On February 21, 1828, the first issue of the Cherokee Phoenix was published. The newspaper continued to print until May 1834, when they ran out of funding. In August 1835, the printing press was seized and destroyed by the Georgia Guard to prevent any attempts to revive the paper.

But they could not destroy the Cherokee written word. Literacy had taken off like wildfire, and Sequoyah had been traveling in the planned Indian Territories as early as 1828, teaching the syllabary to forcibly displaced Cherokee in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma. Worchester, for his part, relocated to what is now present day Arkansas and established the first printing press in that part of the country, continuing to print in Cherokee. In October of 2000, the Cherokee Phoenix was relaunched, and continues to report today on current events and Cherokee culture.

You can read more about Cherokee type design in type designer Patrick Giasson’s excellent University of Reading Masters thesis, The Typographic Inception of the Cherokee Syllabary.

Check out more Typography Tuesday posts here. 

-Olivia, Special Collections Graduate Intern

[kemetic-dreams]

A slave name is the personal name given by others to an enslaved person, or a name inherited from enslaved ancestors. The modern use of the term applies mostly to African Americans and West Indians who are descended from enslaved Africans who retain their name given to their ancestors by the enslavers.

Changing from a slave name to a name embodying an African identity became common after emancipation in the 1960s by those in the African diaspora in the Americas seeking a reconnection to their African cultural roots

A number of African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans have changed their names out of the belief that the names they were given at birth were slave names. An individual's name change often coincides with a religious conversion (Muhammad Ali changed his name from Cassius Clay, Malcolm X from Malcolm Little, and Louis Farrakhan changed his from Louis Eugene Walcott, for example) or involvement with the black nationalist movement (e.g., Amiri Baraka and Assata Shakur).

Some organizations encourage African-Americans to abandon their slave names. The Nation of Islam is perhaps the best-known of them. In his book, Message to the Blackman in America, Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad writes often of slave names. Some of his comments include:

"You must remember that slave-names will keep you a slave in the eyes of the civilized world today. You have seen, and recently, that Africa and Asia will not honor you or give you any respect as long as you are called by the white man's name."

"You are still called by your slave-masters' names. By rights, by international rights, you belong to the white man of America. He knows that. You have never gotten out of the shackles of slavery. You are still in them."

The black nationalist US Organization also advocates for African-Americans to change their slave names

Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947, sometimes referred to by her married surname Chesimard) is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. Shakur was also the target of the FBI's COINTELPRO program, a counterintelligence program directed towards Black Liberation groups and activists

Afeni Shakur (born Alice Faye Williams; January 10, 1947 – May 2, 2016) was an American activist and businesswoman who was the mother of American rapper and actor Tupac Shakur.

Chaka Adunne Aduffe Yemoja Hodarhi Karifi Khan.  Yvette Marie Stevens (born March 23, 1953), better known by her stage name Chaka Khan, is an American singer, songwriter and musician. Her career has spanned nearly five decades, beginning in the 1970s as the lead vocalist of the funk band Rufus. Khan received public attention for her vocals and image. Known as the Queen of Funk,Khan was the first R&B artist to have a crossover hit featuring a rapper, with "I Feel for You" in 1984. Khan has won ten Grammys and has sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide.

Mutulu Shakur (born Jeral Wayne Williams; August 8, 1950) is an American activist and former member of the Black Liberation Army, sentenced to sixty years in prison for his alleged involvement in a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck in which a guard and two police officers were killed. Shakur was politically active as a teen with the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) and later the black separatist movement the Republic of New Afrika. He was stepfather to the late rap artist Tupac Shakur.

Sekou Odinga (born Nathanial Burns) is an American activist who was imprisoned for actions with the Black Liberation Army in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1965, Sekou joined the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU), founded by Malcolm X. After Malcolm's death the OAAU was not going in the direction he wanted and in 1967 he was looking at the Black Panther Party. In early 1968 he helped build the Bronx Black Panther Party. On January 17, 1969 two Panthers had been killed by members of Organization Us (a rival Black Nationalist group) and a fellow New York Panther who was in police custody was brutally beaten. Sekou was informed that police were searching for him in connection with a police shooting. At that point, Sekou joined the black underground with the Black Liberation Army.

Yafeu Akiyele Fula (October 9, 1977 – November 10, 1996), better known by his stage name Yaki Kadafi, was an American rapper, and a founder and member of the rap groups Outlawz and Dramacydal. Kadafi's parents, Yaasmyn Fula and Sekou Odinga, were both members of the Black Panther Party. Fula and Tupac Shakur's mother, Afeni Shakur, were close friends, and Kadafi and Tupac were friends until their deaths in 1996.

Louis Farrakhan Sr. ( born Louis Eugene Walcott; May 11, 1933), formerly known as Louis X, is an American minister who is the leader of the religious group Nation of Islam (NOI), which the Southern Poverty Law Center describes as a black nationalist group. Previously, he served as the minister of mosques in Boston and Harlem and had been appointed National Representative of the Nation of Islam by former NOI leader Elijah Muhammad. 

Sundiata Acoli (born January 14, 1937, as Clark Edward Squire) is a former member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. He was sentenced to life in prison in 1974 for murdering a New Jersey state trooper

Prince.  Abdul-Rahman ibn Ibrahima Sori (Arabic: عبد الرحمن ابن ابراهيم سوري‎) (1762–1829) was a Fula nobleman and Amir (commander or governor) who was captured in the Fouta Jallon region of Guinea, West Africa, and sold to slave traders in the United States in 1788.[1] Upon discovering his noble lineage, his owner Thomas Foster began referring to him as "Prince",[2] a title he kept until his final days. After spending 40 years in slavery, he was freed in 1828 by order of U.S. President John Quincy Adams and Secretary of State Henry Clay, after the Sultan of Morocco requested his release.

Omowale or Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement. He is best known for his controversial advocacy for the rights of blacks; some consider him a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans, while others accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.

Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska, he spent his teenage years living in a series of foster homes following his father's death and his mother's hospitalization. Little engaged in several illicit activities, and was eventually sentenced to ten years in prison in 1946 for larceny and breaking and entering. In prison, he joined the Nation of Islam (NOI) and changed his name to Malcolm X because, he later wrote, Little was the name that "the white slavemaster ... had imposed upon [his] paternal forebears". After being paroled in 1952, he quickly became one of the organization's most influential leaders.

Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to regard as largely wasted, he instead embraced Sunni Islam. Malcolm X then began to advocate for racial integration and disavowed racism after completing Hajj, whereby he also became known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz

Tupac Amaru Shakur; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor.He is considered by many to be one of the greatest rappers of all time. Much of Shakur's work has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of resistance and activism against inequality

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.; April 16, 1947) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA selection, and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. A member of six NBA championship teams as a player and two more as an assistant coach, Abdul-Jabbar twice was voted NBA Finals MVP. In 1996, he was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. NBA coach Pat Riley and players Isiah Thomas and Julius Erving have called him the greatest basketball player of all time

Muhammad Ali (/ɑːˈliː/; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.;January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer, activist, and philanthropist. Nicknamed "The Greatest," he is widely regarded as one of the most significant and celebrated sports figures of the 20th century and as one of the greatest boxers of all time.

Kwame Ture (/ˈkwɑːmeɪ ˈtʊəreɪ/; born Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael, June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998) was a prominent American socialist organizer in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global Pan-African movement. Born in Trinidad, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending Howard University. He eventually developed the Black Power movement, first while leading the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), later serving as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and lastly as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).

Amiri Baraka (born Everett LeRoi Jones; October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014), previously known as LeRoi Jones and Imamu Amear Baraka, was an American writer of poetry, drama, fiction, essays and music criticism. He was the author of numerous books of poetry and taught at several universities, including the State University of New York at Buffalo and the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received the PEN/Beyond Margins Award, in 2008 for Tales of the Out and the Gone

As long as you around here wearing the white men’s name bragging about this so called democracy, you will always be looked down up, by the rest of the world-Malcom X

[rabbitcruiser]

Initial issue of the Cherokee Phoenix was the first periodical to use the Cherokee syllabary, invented by Sequoyah, on February 21, 1828.

[asfaltics]

A brown moth fluttered.

  The curtain was down, and the carpenters were rearranging the “No, no, no! I can’t breathe       1       volatile I can’t breathe.” And such a fit of suffocating       2   “I can’t breathe,” she would sometimes say       3 and the minisnever! I can’t breathe it in fast enough, nor hard enough, nor long enough.”       4   and started up up. to return to the tent, only to check him No, I can’t breathe the same air self in the act as often as he started, with ye to-night, but ye’ll go into the he lost consciousness in uneasy dreams       5 meet me at the station. I can’t breathe in this wretched       6   “sickening down there — I can’t breathe!  I can’t stand it, Drewe! It’s killing me!” — Tears       7 struggling to altitudes that I can’t breathe in.  I could help him when he was in despair, but he is the sort who       8   sometimes I find I can’t breathe in it.  Perhaps some folks will say “so much the worse for you”       9 it seems if I can’t breathe in the house. not dared hope       10   “Well, I won’t wear ’em. I can’t breathe” “Sure! Blame ’em!” “I can’t breathe a square breath.” Oh       11 things I regret I can’t breathe.       12   bramble bush. I can’t breathe. I can’t eat. I can’t do anything much. It’s clear to my knees.       13 I can't breathe, I can't talk,       14   lying on its “I can’t stay here I can’t breathe” side, the cork half-loosened. A brown moth fluttered.       15 “I can’t breathe beside you.”       16   the needs of any reasonable young lady. “I can't breathe there,       17 I can’t breathe — I really need the rush of this wintry air to restore me!”       18   I can’t breathe no more in that coop upstairs . tablet ; two he said is what you need.” of flame shoots through a stream of oil       19 no friction. It’s friction—rub- / asthmatically.] “I can’t breathe deep — I can light and of reason. But I’ve a notion       20   out of it. I can’t breathe in the dark. I can’t. I / She withdrew       21 “I can’t breathe or feel in”       22   Up a flight of stairs, and there was the girl, sitting on the edge of an untidy bed. The yellow sweater was on the floor. She had on an underskirt and a pink satin camisole. “I can't breathe !” she gasped.       23 I can’t breathe in the dark! I can’t! I can’t! I can’t live in the dark with my eyes open!       24   One never gets it back! How could one! And I can’t breathe just now, on account of       25 that old stuff, I could shriek. I can’t breathe in the same room with you. The very sound of       26   don’t! I can’t — breathe.... I’m all — and bitter howling.       27  

sources (pre-1923; approximately 90 in all, from which these 27 passages, all by women)

1 ex “Her Last Appearance,” in Peters’ Musical Monthly, And United States Musical Review 3:2 (New-York, February 1869), “from Belgravia” : 49-52 (51) “Her Last Appearance” appeared later, “by the author of Lady Audley’s Secret” (M.E. Braddon, 1835-1915 *), in Belgravia Annual (vol. 31; Christmas 1876) : 61-73 2 snippet view ex The Lady’s Friend (1873) : 15 evidently Frances Hodgson Burnett (1849-1924 *) her Vagabondia : A Love Story (New York, 1891) : 286 (Boston, 1884) : 286 (hathitrust) 3 ex “The Story of Valentine; and his Brother.” Part VI. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine vol. 115 (June 1874) : 713-735 (715) authored by Mrs. [Margaret] Oliphant (1828-97 *), see her The Story of Valentine (1875; Stereotype edition, Edinburgh and London, 1876) : 144 4 OCR confusions at Olive A. Wadsworth, “Little Pilkins,” in Sunday Afternoon : A Monthly Magazine for the Household vol. 2 (July-December 1878) : 73-81 (74) OAW “Only A Woman” was a pseudonym of Katharine Floyd Dana (1835-1886), see spoonercentral. Katharine Floyd Dana also authored Our Phil and Other Stories (Boston and New York, 1889) : here, about which, a passage from a bookseller's description — Posthumously published fictional sketches of “negro character,” first published in the Atlantic Monthly under the pseudonym Olive A. Wadsworth. The title story paints a picture of plantation life Dana experienced growing up on her family’s estate in Mastic, Long Island. Although a work of fiction set in Maryland, the character of Phil may of been named for a slave once jointly owned by the Floyds and a neighboring family. source see also the William Buck and Katherine Floyd Dana collection, 1666-1912, 1843-1910, New York State Historical Documents (researchworks). 5 OCR cross-column misread, at M(ary). H(artwell). Catherwood (1847-1902 *), “The Primitive Couple,” in Lippincott’s Magazine of Popular Literature and Science 36 (August 1885) : 138-146 (145) author of historical romances, short stories and poetry, and dubbed the “Parkman of the West,” her papers are at the Newberry Library (Chicago) 6 ex Marie Corelli (Mary Mackay; 1855-1924 *), Thelma, A Norwegian Princess: A Novel, Book II. The Land of Mockery. Chapter 12 (New Edition, London, 1888) : 432 7 preview snippet (only), at Ada Cambridge (1844-1926 *), Fidelis, a Novel ( “Cheap Edition for the Colonies and India,” 1895) : 289 full scan, (New York, 1895) : 261 born and raised in England, spent much of her life in Australia (died in Melbourne); see biography (and 119 of her poems) at the Australia Poetry Library in particular, the striking poems from Unspoken Thoughts (1887) here (Thomas Hardy comes to mind) 8 snippet view (only) at F(rances). F(rederica), Montrésor (1862-1934), At the Cross-Roads (London, 1897) : 297 but same page (and scan of entirety) at hathitrust see her entry At the Circulating Library (Database of Victorian Fiction 1837-1901) an interesting family. Montrésor’s The Alien: A Story of Middle Age (1901) is dedicated to her sister, C(harlotte). A(nnetta). Phelips (1858-1925), who was devoted to work for the blind. See entry in The Beacon, A Monthly magazine devoted to the interests of the blind (May 1925) a great-granddaughter of John Montresor (1737-99), a British military engineer and cartographer, whose colorful (and unconventional) life is sketched at wikipedia. 9 Alice H. Putnam, “An Open Letter,” in Kindergarten Review 9:5 (Springfield, Massachusetts; January 1899) : 325-326 Alice Putnam (1841-1919) opened the first private kindergarten in Chicago; Froebel principles... (wikipedia); see also “In Memory of Alice H. Putnam” in The Kindergarten-primary Magazine 31:7 (March 1919) : 187 (hathitrust) 10 OCR cross-column misread, at Mabel Nelson Thurston (1869?-1965?), “The Palmer Name,” in The Congregationalist and Christian World 86:30 (27 July 1901) : 134-135 author of religiously inflected books (seven titles at LC); first female admitted for entry at George Washington University (in 1888). GWU archives 11 OCR cross-column misread, at Margaret Grant, “The Romance of Kit Dunlop,” Beauty and Health : Woman’s Physical Development 7:6 (March 1904): 494-501 (499 and 500) the episodic story starts at 6:8 (November 1903) : 342 12 ex Marie van Vorst (1867-1936), “Amanda of the Mill,” The Bookman : An illustrated magazine of literature and life 21 (April 1905) : 190-209 (191) “writer, researcher, painter, and volunteer nurse during World War I.” wikipedia 13 ex Maude Morrison Huey, “A Change of Heart,” in The Interior (The sword of the spirit which is the Word of God) 36 (Chicago, April 20, 1905) : 482-484 (483) little information on Huey, who is however mentioned in Paula Bernat Bennett, her Poets in the Public Sphere : The Emancipatory Project of American Women's Poetry, 1800-1900 (2003) : 190 14 ex Leila Burton Wells, “The Lesser Stain,” The Smart Set, A Magazine of Cleverness 19:3 (July 1906) : 145-154 (150) aside — set in the Philippines, where “The natives were silent, stolid, and uncompromising.” little information on Wells, some of whose stories found their way to the movie screen (see IMDB) The Smart Set ran from March 1900-June 1930; interesting story (and decline): wikipedia 15 OCR cross-column misread, at Josephine Daskam Bacon (1876-1961 *), “The Hut in the Wood: A Tale of the Bee Woman and the Artist,” in Collier’s, The National Weekly 41:12 (Saturday, June 13, 1908) : 12-14 16 ex E. H. Young, A Corn of Wheat (1910) : 90 Emily Hilda Daniell (1880-1949), novelist, children’s writer, mountaineer, suffragist... wrote under the pseudonym E. H. Young. (wikipedia) 17 ex Mary Heaton Vorse (1874-1966), “The Engagements of Jane,” in Woman’s Home Companion (May 1912) : 17-18, 92-93 Illustrated by Florence Scovel Shinn (1871-1940, artist and book illustrator who became a New Thought spiritual teacher and metaphysical writer in her middle years. (wikipedia)) Mary Heaton Vorse — journalist, labor activist, social critic, and novelist. “She was outspoken and active in peace and social justice causes, such as women's suffrage, civil rights, pacifism (such as opposition to World War I), socialism, child labor, infant mortality, labor disputes, and affordable housing.” (wikipedia). 18 ex snippet view, at “Voices,” by Runa, translated for the Companion by W. W. K., in Lutheran Companion 20:3 (Rock Island, Illinois; Saturday, January 20, 1912) : 8 full view at hathitrust same passage in separate publication as Voices, By Runa (pseud. of E. M. Beskow), from the Swedish by A. W. Kjellstrand (Rock Island, Illinois, 1912) : 292 E(lsa). M(aartman). Beskow (1874-1953), Swedish author and illustrator of children’s books (Voices seems rather for older children); see wikipedia 19 ex Fannie Hurst (1885-1968 *), “The Good Provider,” in The Saturday Evening Post 187:1 (August 15, 1914) : 12-16, 34-35 20 OCR cross-column misread, at Anne O’Hagan, “Gospels of Hope for Women: A few new creeds, all of them modish—but expensive” in Vanity Fair (February 1915) : 32 Anne O’Hagan Shinn (1869-1933) — feminist, suffragist, journalist, and writer of short stories... “known for her writings detailing the exploitation of young women working as shop clerks in early 20th Century America... O’Hagan participated in several collaborative fiction projects...” (wikipedia) a mention of St. Anselm, whose “sittings” are free, vis-à-vis “Swami Bunkohkahnanda”... “Universal Harmonic Vibrations”... 21 OCR cross-column misread (three columns), at Fannie Hurst (1885-1968 *), “White Goods” (Illustrations by May Wilson Preston) in Metropolitan Magazine 42:3 (July 1915) : 19-22, 53 repeated, different source and without OCR misread, at 24 below 22 ex Mary Patricia Willcocks, The Sleeping Partner (London, 1919) : 47 (snippet only) full at hathitrust see onlinebooks for this and other of her titles. something on Mary Patricia Willcocks (1869-1952) at ivybridge-heritage. in its tone and syntax, her prose brings Iris Murdoch to mind. 23 Katharine Wendell Pedersen, “Clingstones, A week in a California cannery.” in New Outlook vol. 124 (February 4, 1920) : 193-194 no information about the author. the journal began life as The Christian Union (1870-1893) and continued under the new title into 1928; it ceased publication in 1935; it was devoted to social and political issues, and was against Bolshevism (wikipedia) 24 ex Fannie Hurst (1885-1968 *), “White Goods,” in her Humoresque : A Laugh on Life with a Tear Behind it (1919, 1920) : 126-169 (155) 25 ex snippet view, at Letters and poems of Queen Elisabeth (Carmen Sylva), with an introduction and notes by Henry Howard Harper. Volume 2 (of 2; Boston, Printed for members only, The Bibliophile society, 1920) : 51 (hathitrust) Carmen Sylva was “the pen name of Elisabeth, queen consort of Charles I, king of Rumania” (1843-1916 *) 26 OCR cross-column misread, at Ruth Comfort Mitchell, “Corduroy” (Part Three; Illustrated by Frederick Anderson), in Woman’s Home Companion 49:8 (August 1922) : 21-23, 96-97 (hathitrust) Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young (1882-1954), poet, dramatist, etc., and owner of a remarkable house (in a “Chinese” style) in Los Gatos, California (wikipedia) 27 Helen Otis, “The Christmas Waits,” in Woman’s Home Companion 49:12 (Christmas 1922) : 36 probably Helen Otis Lamont (1897-1993), about whom little is found, save this “Alumna Interview: Helen Otis Lamont, Class of 1916” (Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, 1988) at archive.org (Brooklyn Historical Society)

—

prompted by : recent thoughts about respiration (marshes, etc.); Pfizer round-one recovery focus on the shape of one breath, then another; inhalation, exhalation and the pleasure of breathing; and for whom last breaths are no pleasure (far from it); last breaths (Robert Seelthaler The Field (2021) in the background).

1 of n

all tagged breath all tagged cento  

[justforbooks]

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830. The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.

Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople. During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervor gripping Europe in that period. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821 (on the Julian Calendar), the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation. However, the plans of Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. The first revolt began on 6 March/21 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea.

Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan called in his vassal Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. The town of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year-long siege by the Turks. Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost.

At that point, the three Great powers—Russia, Britain and France—decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. Following news that the combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied European fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy at Navarino. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet and turned the tide in favor of the revolutionaries. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and forced it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognized as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople; these defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece.

The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France having significant influence in Greek politics, an imported Bavarian dynast as ruler, and a mercenary army. The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.

The population of the new state numbered 800,000, representing less than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. During a great part of the next century, the Greek state sought the liberation of the "unredeemed" Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Megali Idea, i.e., the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.

As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities, and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. Phanariotes, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant, Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking, and Jewish merchants gained importance.

In the long-term historical perspective, this marked a seminal event in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, despite the small size and the impoverishment of the new Greek state. For the first time, a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state, recognized by Europe. Whereas previously, only large nations (such as the Prussians or Austrians) were judged worthy of national self-determination by the Great Powers of Europe, the Greek Revolt legitimized the concept of small, ethnically-based nation-states, and emboldened nationalist movements among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire. The Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, Romanians and Armenians all subsequently fought for and won their independence.

Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent Poland, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the November Uprising, hoping to regain their independence. The uprising, however, failed, and Polish independence had to wait until 1918 at Versailles. The newly established Greek state would become a catalyst for further expansion and, over the course of a century, parts of Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, many Aegean Islands, the Ionian Islands and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. The Greek rebels won the sympathy of even the conservative powers of Europe.

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at http://justforbooks.tumblr.com

[cruger2984]

THE DESCRIPTION OF SAINT ANTHONY MARY GIANELLI The Patron of Bobbio Feast Day: June 7

"When something turns out not very well or even badly, do not be disturbed nor think it a real evil but be humble before God and be confident that from it He will draw some good."

Antonio Maria Gianelli, or Anthony Mary Gianelli, was born on April 12, 1789 in Cereta, Mantua, Duchy of Milan - on Easter Sunday, to Giacomo and Maria Gianelli, and had five brothers. His mother often taught people catechism and his father was known for his efforts in peace-making in their town. Anthony grew up in a small village of farmers and he was an exceptional student - so much so that the owner of the farm he lived on - Nicoletta Rebizzo - paid for his studies for the priesthood.

In November 1807, Anthony commenced those studies in Genoa, where he began his studies in dogmatics and liturgical practice and earned his doctorate. He had been made a subdeacon in September 1811 and was granted the rather unusual privilege of being allowed to preach while still a subdeacon due to his exceptional eloquence being a well-noted fact. Giuseppe Maria Spina, the then-Archbishop of Genoa, ordained him to the diaconate in mid-1812. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1812 and had to receive special dispensation since he was not at the canonical age required for ordination.

Gianelli celebrated his first Mass in Cerreta. He served as a parish priest in Mantua after he was ordained. He sent Gianelli in 1812 to teach at Carcare in Savona. In February 1813 he was made the vice-parish priest of the San Matteo church in Genoa, and on May 23, 1814, joined the Congregation of the Suburban Missionaries of Genoa. From September 1815 until 1817 he served as a professor at the college of the Padri Scolopi in Carcare before becoming a professor of rhetoric in November 1816 in Genoa. He remained there until 1822 when he was granted another position that he would hold for a decade. His future students included the future Archbishop of Genoa Salvatore Magnasco and Giuseppe Frassinetti.

Anthony was made the archpriest of the church of Saint John the Baptist in Chiavari on the feast of St. Aloysius Gonzaga - June 21, 1826 after the Italian cardinal Luigi Lambruschini appointed him to that position; he held that position until 1837. From November 1826 he taught in Chiavari teaching his studies theological subjects as well as Latin and Greek. He was the founder of the Missionaries of Saint Alphonsus in 1827 for men and that order lasted from that point to 1856 while the Oblates of Saint Alphonsus lasted from its founding in 1828 until 1848 when it had to be dissolved. He also founded the Figlie di Nostra Signora del Giardino on 12 January 1829. It was a teaching order for females that worked with the sick. The order received formal papal approval from Pope Leo XIII on 7 June 1882 which came a few decades after Gianelli's death.

Pope Gregory XVI appointed him as the Bishop of Bobbio on November 22, 1837, and he received his episcopal consecration after his appointment. He had been preaching a mission in February 1838 when he learned that the appointment had been made. He restored devotion to Saint Columbanus in his diocese and conducted two diocesan synods. He visited each parish in his diocese on a regular basis. Anthony spent long periods in the confessional in order to accommodate the endless stream of people seeking absolution.

In April 1845, Anthony started to show signs of tuberculosis that had not been diagnosed from the onset; he spent the next month in recuperation where he seemed to regain his strength for a time. He seemed to recover during this period but his illness returned in the spring of 1846 and his condition started to deteriorate at a rapid pace.

Anthony Mary Gianelli died on June 7, 1846 at the age of 57 in Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna, Duchy of Parma, due to a serious fever combined with the tuberculosis; he had been recuperating at the time. Anthony is beatified by Pope Pius XI on April 19, 1925 and he is canonized a saint 26 years later by Pope Pius XII on October 21, 1951. A statue made out of white Carrara marble was dedicated to him on October 21, 2001. In an address to Anthony's order on February 17, 2003, St. John Paul II recalled the saint for his 'burning desire to belong to Christ' and hailed him for his dedication to evangelization and preaching.

[theliberaltony]

via Politics – FiveThirtyEight

Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on Friday night — a pivotal moment in the history of the nation’s highest court. Ginsburg’s death is one of the biggest developments yet in 2020, a year that has already included the impeachment of the sitting president, a deadly virus killing nearly 200,000 Americans and an economic collapse. Ginsburg not only reshaped U.S. jurisprudence — in particular, as an advocate for women’s rights — but she became a cultural and political icon too, especially for liberals and progressives.

Indeed, her death, and the fight to fill her seat, may have a number of political implications. Those will become clearer over the next days and weeks, of course, with the election right around the corner, but here’s a first look at what some of those potential implications might be:

1. Republicans have to decide whether they will break from their “no election year confirmations” stance from 2016

Back in 2016, when Senate Republicans blocked the nomination of then-President Barack Obama’s Supreme Court nominee, Merrick Garland, Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell argued that voters should get to choose the president and that president should get to pick the next justice. Then-Justice Antonin Scalia died in February 2016, and Obama nominated Garland that March.

Ginsburg’s death comes even closer to the 2020 election — 46 days away. In all of American history, we have had only two Supreme Court vacancies closer to Election Day than we have now. In both instances, the incumbent president won reelection and nominated a replacement shortly after Election Day. (In terms of the actual confirmation, one was confirmed in December, one in March.) So by historical standards — and, notably, McConnell’s own previous standard — Trump would not nominate anyone unless he won a second term in November, since the election is less than two months away.

Filling a seat this close to the election is unheard of

Supreme Court vacancies in presidential election years, by how many days before the election they occurred and whether a replacement was confirmed before the election

Before election, replacement was… Justice Date of Vacancy Days before Election Nominated Confirmed S. Minton Oct. 15, 1956 22 R. Taney Oct. 12, 1864 27 R. B. Ginsburg Sept. 18, 2020 46 ? ? R. Trimble Aug. 25, 1828 67 J. McKinley July 19, 1852 106 ✓ C. E. Hughes June 16, 1916 144 ✓ ✓ P. V. Daniel May 31, 1860 159 H. Baldwin April 21, 1844 194 ✓ M. R. Waite March 23, 1888 228 ✓ ✓ A. Scalia Feb. 13, 2016 269 ✓ A. Moore Jan. 26, 1804 281 ✓ ✓ J. P. Bradley Jan. 22, 1892 291 ✓ ✓ O. W. Holmes Jan. 12, 1932 301 ✓ ✓ J. R. Lamar Jan. 2, 1916 310 ✓ ✓

In the early 19th century, the election was held over the course of multiple days; the number of days before the election is the number of days before voting began.

Source: U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Senate

Back in 2016, Democrats pushed forward Garland’s nomination. Unsurprisingly, the parties have now flipped their positions. McConnell said on Friday night that he intends to allow a floor vote to confirm a Trump nominee, while Democrats are suggesting that the winner of the election should choose the next justice.

This is a huge opportunity for Republicans — to have six GOP-appointed judges on the court at once. It is hard to imagine they will pass it up. It’s not guaranteed that 49 of the other 52 Senate Republicans would push forward and support a Trump nominee, particularly if Trump lost the election, but it seems likely.

2. It’s not clear if a confirmation process could finish before the election.

It would be unusually fast to finish the entire confirmation process in less than 46 days, the time left before the Nov. 3 election. (The average confirmation process since the Harry Truman administration has lasted 50 days.) That doesn’t mean there isn’t enough time for Trump to confirm a new justice, but it would be on the fast side.

Nevertheless, it’s possible that sometime in October, a judge has been nominated and perhaps confirmation hearings are taking place, right on the eve of the election. This creates the possibility that Trump loses the election and perhaps Republicans lose control of the Senate, but the lame duck president and some senators who have lost reelection put a justice on the Supreme Court — a move that will enrage Democrats. Alternatively, Trump could win the election and see a new justice appointed before he even begins his second term.

3. Ginsburg’s death creates new dynamics if there is an election-related dispute before the Court

With a 5-4 GOP majority, Chief Justice John Roberts has been a swing vote, and one who occasionally joins with the Court’s Democratic appointees. Whether the court is 5-3 (with Ginsburg’s seat not filled) or 6-3 (with a Trump nominee seated), Democrats would need two votes from GOP-appointed justices to win a case. So if there is some kind of electoral dispute that gets to the court, that’s bad news for Democrats. It raises the specter of a 4-4 tie in a pivotal election-related case, a potential deadlock that could complicate knowing who won the presidential race.

4. The future of the Court is now an even bigger electoral issue

Both parties already intensely cared about the Supreme Court. But now, there is the potential for a Supreme Court nomination (or discussion of an open seat) in the middle of the election. For Trump, this choice is a big opportunity in two ways. First, the Supreme Court nomination process might distract the media and public’s attention away from his mistakes in handling the COVID-19 outbreak and give him a way to galvanize conservatives who really care about judicial nominations and issues like abortion. Secondly, Trump is struggling in particular with women voters. Trump may pick a woman to replace Ginsburg and make his nominee part of his pitch to women voters.

Biden, too, would likely need to talk about judicial issues more and perhaps describe the kind of person he would put in this seat. (He has already promised to nominate a Black woman in the event of a Supreme Court vacancy if he becomes president.) Also, Democratic vice-presidential nominee Kamala Harris is on the Senate Judiciary Committee, so she would be involved in any kind of confirmation process.

This is also now a big issue in Senate races. GOP incumbents like Sen. Martha McSally of Arizona and Sen. Susan Collins of Maine may be faced with the choice of irritating GOP voters if they oppose a Trump pick or irritating more moderate voters if they back someone who is viewed as too conservative. This is a particularly acute issue for Collins, who is struggling in her reelection campaign in part because she backed Trump Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh in 2018.

More broadly, one of the most divisive elections in America history will now likely be even more tense and fraught.

5. Who Trump chooses is a really big deal

Assuming that Trump opts to nominate someone, who he chooses is a really big deal. With the election looming, does he nominate someone more moderate than he otherwise would have? Does he nominate a woman? A woman of color? Someone with a long record of opinions or someone who is more unknown?

6. If there are six GOP-appointed justices on the Supreme Court, law in America could fundamentally move to the right

This is the most important implication, even if it is not the most immediate. If Trump is able to appoint a justice who is similar in ideology to Neil Gorsuch and Kavanagh, his first two picks, it seems likely that abortion and affirmative action could be severely limited in the future, the Affordable Care Act overturned and a host of other conservative rulings issued. That is not guaranteed, but seems quite possible.

Trump and Republicans putting another justice on the bench either pro or post-election, in the case that he Trump loses, is also likely to trigger an aggressive Democratic response that could have long-lasting implications. Democratic activists were already floating the idea of increasing the number of justices on the Supreme Court to make up for the Garland seat, and I would expect so-called court-packing ideas to accelerate if Trump puts another conservative justice on the court before or right after he loses a presidential election.

[romanmarch]

Is America Addicted to War? First published by Washington’s Blog and Global Research in February 2015 The U.S. Has Only Been At Peace For 21 Years Total Since Its Birth In 2011, Danios wrote: Below, I have reproduced a year-by-year timeline of America’s wars, which reveals something quite interesting: since the United States was founded in 1776, she has been at war during 214 out of her 235 calendar years of existence.  In other words, there were only 21 calendar years in which the U.S. did not wage any wars. To put this in perspective: * Pick any year since 1776 and there is about a 91% chance that America was involved in some war during that calendar year. * No U.S. president truly qualifies as a peacetime president.  Instead, all U.S. presidents can technically be considered “war presidents.” * The U.S. has never gone a decade without war. * The only time the U.S. went five years without war (1935-40) was during the isolationist period of the Great Depression. *  *  * Year-by-year Timeline of America’s Major Wars (1776-2011) 1776 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamagua Wars, Second Cherokee War, Pennamite-Yankee War 1777 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Second Cherokee War, Pennamite-Yankee War 1778 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1779 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1780 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1781 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1782 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1783 – American Revolutionary War, Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War 1784 – Chickamauga Wars, Pennamite-Yankee War, Oconee War 1785 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1786 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1787 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1788 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1789 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1790 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1791 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1792 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1793 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1794 – Chickamauga Wars, Northwest Indian War 1795 – Northwest Indian War 1796 – No major war 1797 – No major war 1798 – Quasi-War 1799 – Quasi-War 1800 – Quasi-War 1801 – First Barbary War 1802 – First Barbary War 1803 – First Barbary War 1804 – First Barbary War 1805 – First Barbary War 1806 – Sabine Expedition 1807 – No major war 1808 – No major war 1809 – No major war 1810 – U.S. occupies Spanish-held West Florida 1811 – Tecumseh’s War 1812 – War of 1812, Tecumseh’s War, Seminole Wars, U.S. occupies Spanish-held Amelia Island and other parts of East Florida 1813 – War of 1812, Tecumseh’s War, Peoria War, Creek War, U.S. expands its territory in West Florida 1814 – War of 1812, Creek War, U.S. expands its territory in Florida, Anti-piracy war 1815 – War of 1812, Second Barbary War, Anti-piracy war 1816 – First Seminole War, Anti-piracy war 1817 – First Seminole War, Anti-piracy war 1818 – First Seminole War, Anti-piracy war 1819 – Yellowstone Expedition, Anti-piracy war 1820 – Yellowstone Expedition, Anti-piracy war 1821 – Anti-piracy war (see note above) 1822 – Anti-piracy war (see note above) 1823 – Anti-piracy war, Arikara War 1824 – Anti-piracy war 1825 – Yellowstone Expedition, Anti-piracy war 1826 – No major war 1827 – Winnebago War 1828 – No major war 1829 – No major war 1830 – No major war 1831 – Sac and Fox Indian War 1832 – Black Hawk War 1833 – Cherokee Indian War 1834 – Cherokee Indian War, Pawnee Indian Territory Campaign 1835 – Cherokee Indian War, Seminole Wars, Second Creek War 1836 – Cherokee Indian War, Seminole Wars, Second Creek War, Missouri-Iowa Border War 1837 – Cherokee Indian War, Seminole Wars, Second Creek War, Osage Indian War, Buckshot War 1838 – Cherokee Indian War, Seminole Wars, Buckshot War, Heatherly Indian War 1839 – Cherokee Indian War, Seminole Wars 1840 – Seminole Wars, U.S. naval forces invade Fiji Islands 1841 – Seminole Wars, U.S. naval forces invade McKean Island, Gilbert Islands, and Samoa 1842 – Seminole Wars 1843 – U.S. forces clash with Chinese, U.S. troops invade African coast 1844 – Texas-Indian Wars 1845 – Texas-Indian Wars 1846 – Mexican-American War, Texas-Indian Wars 1847 – Mexican-American War, Texas-Indian Wars 1848 – Mexican-American War, Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War 1849 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians 1850 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Yuma War, California Indian Wars, Pitt River Expedition 1851 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, Yuma War, Utah Indian Wars, California Indian Wars 1852 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Yuma War, Utah Indian Wars, California Indian Wars 1853 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Yuma War, Utah Indian Wars, Walker War, California Indian Wars 1854 – Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians 1855 – Seminole Wars, Texas-Indian Wars, Cayuse War, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Yakima War, Winnas Expedition, Klickitat War, Puget Sound War, Rogue River Wars, U.S. forces invade Fiji Islands and Uruguay 1856 – Seminole Wars, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, California Indian Wars, Puget Sound War, Rogue River Wars, Tintic War 1857 – Seminole Wars, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, California Indian Wars, Utah War, Conflict in Nicaragua 1858 – Seminole Wars, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Mohave War, California Indian Wars, Spokane-Coeur d’Alene-Paloos War, Utah War, U.S. forces invade Fiji Islands and Uruguay 1859 Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, California Indian Wars, Pecos Expedition, Antelope Hills Expedition, Bear River Expedition, John Brown’s raid, U.S. forces launch attack against Paraguay, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1860 – Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Paiute War, Kiowa-Comanche War 1861 – American Civil War, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Cheyenne Campaign 1862 – American Civil War, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Cheyenne Campaign, Dakota War of 1862, 1863 – American Civil War, Texas-Indian Wars, Southwest Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Cheyenne Campaign, Colorado War, Goshute War 1864 – American Civil War, Texas-Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Cheyenne Campaign, Colorado War, Snake War 1865 – American Civil War, Texas-Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Colorado War, Snake War, Utah’s Black Hawk War 1866 – Texas-Indian Wars, Navajo Wars, Apache Wars, California Indian Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Snake War, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Red Cloud’s War, Franklin County War, U.S. invades Mexico, Conflict with China 1867 – Texas-Indian Wars, Long Walk of the Navajo, Apache Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Snake War, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Red Cloud’s War, Comanche Wars, Franklin County War, U.S. troops occupy Nicaragua and attack Taiwan 1868 – Texas-Indian Wars, Long Walk of the Navajo, Apache Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Snake War, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Red Cloud’s War, Comanche Wars, Battle of Washita River, Franklin County War 1869 – Texas-Indian Wars, Apache Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Comanche Wars, Franklin County War 1870 – Texas-Indian Wars, Apache Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Comanche Wars, Franklin County War 1871 – Texas-Indian Wars, Apache Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Comanche Wars, Franklin County War, Kingsley Cave Massacre, U.S. forces invade Korea 1872 – Texas-Indian Wars, Apache Wars, Utah’s Black Hawk War, Comanche Wars, Modoc War, Franklin County War 1873 – Texas-Indian Wars, Comanche Wars, Modoc War, Apache Wars, Cypress Hills Massacre, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1874 – Texas-Indian Wars, Comanche Wars, Red River War, Mason County War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1875 – Conflict in Mexico, Texas-Indian Wars, Comanche Wars, Eastern Nevada, Mason County War, Colfax County War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1876 – Texas-Indian Wars, Black Hills War, Mason County War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1877 – Texas-Indian Wars, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Black Hills War, Nez Perce War, Mason County War, Lincoln County War, San Elizario Salt War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1878 – Paiute Indian conflict, Bannock War, Cheyenne War, Lincoln County War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1879 – Cheyenne War, Sheepeater Indian War, White River War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1880 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1881 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1882 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1883 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1884 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1885 – Apache Wars, Eastern Nevada Expedition, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1886 – Apache Wars, Pleasant Valley War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1887 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1888 – U.S. show of force against Haiti, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1889 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1890 – Sioux Indian War, Skirmish between 1st Cavalry and Indians, Ghost Dance War, Wounded Knee, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1891 – Sioux Indian War, Ghost Dance War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1892 – Johnson County War, U.S. forces invade Mexico 1893 – U.S. forces invade Mexico and Hawaii 1894 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1895 – U.S. forces invade Mexico, Bannock Indian Disturbances 1896 – U.S. forces invade Mexico 1897 – No major war 1898 – Spanish-American War, Battle of Leech Lake, Chippewa Indian Disturbances 1899 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1900 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1901 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1902 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1903 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1904 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1905 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1906 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1907 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1908 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1909 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1910 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1911 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1912 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars 1913 – Philippine-American War, Banana Wars, New Mexico Navajo War 1914 – Banana Wars, U.S. invades Mexico 1915 – Banana Wars, U.S. invades Mexico, Colorado Paiute War 1916 – Banana Wars, U.S. invades Mexico 1917 – Banana Wars, World War I, U.S. invades Mexico 1918 – Banana Wars, World War I, U.S invades Mexico 1919 – Banana Wars, U.S. invades Mexico 1920 – Banana Wars 1921 – Banana Wars 1922 – Banana Wars 1923 – Banana Wars, Posey War 1924 – Banana Wars 1925 – Banana Wars 1926 – Banana Wars 1927 – Banana Wars 1928 – Banana Wars 1930 – Banana Wars 1931 – Banana Wars 1932 – Banana Wars 1933 – Banana Wars 1934 – Banana Wars 1935 – No major war 1936 – No major war 1937 – No major war 1938 – No major war 1939 – No major war 1940 – No major war 1941 – World War II 1942 – World War II 1943 – Wold War II 1944 – World War II 1945 – World War II 1946 – Cold War (U.S. occupies the Philippines and South Korea) 1947 – Cold War (U.S. occupies South Korea, U.S. forces land in Greece to fight Communists) 1948 – Cold War (U.S. forces aid Chinese Nationalist Party against Communists) 1949 – Cold War (U.S. forces aid Chinese Nationalist Party against Communists) 1950 – Korean War, Jayuga Uprising 1951 – Korean War 1952 – Korean War 1953 – Korean War 1954 – Covert War in Guatemala 1955 – Vietnam War 1956 – Vietnam War 1957 – Vietnam War 1958 – Vietnam War 1959 – Vietnam War, Conflict in Haiti 1960 – Vietam War 1961 – Vietnam War 1962 – Vietnam War, Cold War (Cuban Missile Crisis; U.S. marines fight Communists in Thailand) 1963 – Vietnam War 1964 – Vietnam War 1965 – Vietnam War, U.S. occupation of Dominican Republic 1966 – Vietnam War, U.S. occupation of Dominican Republic 1967 – Vietnam War 1968 – Vietnam War 1969 – Vietnam War 1970 – Vietnam War 1971 – Vietnam War 1972 – Vietnam War 1973 – Vietnam War, U.S. aids Israel in Yom Kippur War 1974 – Vietnam War 1975 – Vietnam War 1976 – No major war 1977 – No major war 1978 – No major war 1979 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan) 1980 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan) 1981 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua), First Gulf of Sidra Incident 1982 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua), Conflict in Lebanon 1983 – Cold War (Invasion of Grenada, CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua), Conflict in Lebanon 1984 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua), Conflict in Persian Gulf 1985 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua) 1986 – Cold War (CIA proxy war in Afghanistan and Nicaragua) 1987 – Conflict in Persian Gulf 1988 – Conflict in Persian Gulf, U.S. occupation of Panama 1989 – Second Gulf of Sidra Incident, U.S. occupation of Panama, Conflict in Philippines 1990 – First Gulf War, U.S. occupation of Panama 1991 – First Gulf War 1992 – Conflict in Iraq 1993 – Conflict in Iraq 1994 – Conflict in Iraq, U.S. invades Haiti 1995 – Conflict in Iraq, U.S. invades Haiti, NATO bombing of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996 – Conflict in Iraq 1997 – No major war 1998 – Bombing of Iraq, Missile strikes against Afghanistan and Sudan 1999 – Kosovo War 2000 – No major war 2001 – War on Terror in Afghanistan 2002 – War on Terror in Afghanistan and Yemen 2003 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, and Iraq 2004 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2005 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2006 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2007 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen 2008 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2009 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2010 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen 2011 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen; Conflict in Libya (Libyan Civil War) In most of these wars, the U.S. was on the offense. Danios admits that some of the wars were defensive.   However, Danios also leaves out covert CIA operations and other acts which could be considered war. Let’s update what’s happened since 2011: 2012 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen 2013 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen 2014 – War on Terror in Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen; Civil War in Ukraine 2015 – War on Terror in Somalia, Somalia, Syria and Yemen; Civil War in Ukraine So we can add 4 more years of war. That means that for 222 out of 239 years – or 93% of the time – America has been at war. (We can quibble with the exact numbers, but the high percentage of time that America has been at war is clear and unmistakable.) Indeed, most of the military operations launched since World War II have been launched by the U.S. And American military spending dwarfs the rest of the world put together. No wonder polls show that the world believes America is the number 1 threat to peace.