#24 August 1814

[rabbitcruiser]

British troops invaded Washington, D.C. and during the Burning of Washington the White House, the Capitol and many other buildings are set ablaze on August 24, 1814.

[deadpresidents]

Has there ever been a time when we haven't had a vice president?

John Adams was sworn in as our first Vice President in 1789 and in the 234 years since then, we've gone without a VP for 37 years and 290 days.

Until the ratification of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment, there was no mechanism for filling a vacancy in the Vice Presidency, so in several instances we've gone almost entire Presidential terms without a Vice President.

7 Vice Presidents Died In Office: •George Clinton (Jefferson's second VP & Madison's first VP), died April 20, 1812, leaving the Vice Presidency vacant for 318 days. •Elbridge Gerry (Madison's second VP), died November 23, 1814, leaving a vacancy for 2 years, 101 days. •William Rufus DeVane King (Pierce's VP), died April 18, 1853, leaving a vacancy for 3 years, 320 days. •Henry Wilson (Grant's second VP), died November 22, 1875, leaving a vacancy for 1 year, 102 days. •Thomas A. Hendricks (Cleveland's first VP), died November 24, 1885, leaving a vacancy for 3 years, 99 days. •Garret A. Hobart (McKinley's first VP), died November 21, 1899, leaving a vacancy for 1 year, 103 days. •James S. Sherman (Taft's VP), died October 30, 1912, leaving a vacancy for 125 days.

2 Vice Presidents Resigned: •John C. Calhoun (VP under John Quincy Adams and Jackson's first VP), resigned on December 28, 1832, leaving a vacancy for 66 days. •Spiro Agnew (Nixon's first VP), resigned on October 10, 1973, leaving a vacancy for 57 days.

9 Vice Presidents Succeeded to the Presidency: •John Tyler (William Henry Harrison's VP), assumed office upon President Harrison's death on April 4, 1841, leaving a VP vacancy for 3 years, 333 days. •Millard Fillmore (Taylor's VP), assumed office upon President Taylor's death on July 9, 1850, leaving a VP vacancy for 2 years, 238 days. •Andrew Johnson (Lincoln's second VP), assumed office upon President Lincoln's death on April 15, 1865, leaving a VP vacancy for 3 years, 323 days. •Chester Arthur (Garfield's VP), assumed office upon President Garfield's death on September 19, 1881, leaving a VP vacancy for 3 years, 166 days. •Theodore Roosevelt (McKinley's second VP), assumed office upon President McKinley's death on September 14, 1901, leaving a VP vacancy for 3 years, 171 days. •Calvin Coolidge (Harding's VP), assumed office upon President Harding's death on August 2, 1923, leaving a VP vacancy for 1 year, 214 days. •Harry S. Truman (FDR's third VP), assumed office upon President Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, leaving a VP vacancy for 3 years, 283 days. •Lyndon B. Johnson (JFK's VP), assumed office upon President Kennedy's death on November 22, 1963, leaving a VP vacancy for 1 year, 59 days. •Gerald Ford (Nixon's second VP), assumed office upon President Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, leaving a VP vacancy for 132 days.

Only two Vice Presidential vacancies have been filled under the provisions of the 25th Amendment. Gerald Ford was appointed to the Vice Presidency by President Nixon following Spiro Agnew's resignation in October 1973 and was confirmed by Congress in December 1973 (a nominee to fill a Vice Presidential vacancy must be confirmed separately by a majority vote of both chambers of Congress). On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned as President and Ford succeeded to the White House, leaving the Vice Presidency vacant for the second time in less than a year. President Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as Vice President on August 20 and he was confirmed by Congress in December 1974.

[themuseumwithoutwalls]

MWW Artwork of the Day (8/29/24) Pierre-Auguste Cot (French, 1837–1883) The Storm (1880) Oil on canvas, 234.3 x 156.8 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

When Cot exhibited this painting at the Salon of 1880, critics speculated about the source of the subject. Some proposed the French novel Paul and Virginie by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), in which the teenage protagonists run for shelter in a rainstorm, using the heroine’s overskirt as an impromptu umbrella; others suggested the romance Daphnis and Chloe by the ancient Greek writer Longus. New York collector and Metropolitan Museum benefactor Catharine Lorillard Wolfe commissioned the work under the guidance of her cousin John Wolfe, one of Cot's principal patrons. Like the artist’s earlier "Springtime," it was immensely popular and extensively reproduced.

[angeltreasure]

The Angel of Sweetness and Chastity (1870) by Paul Balze - Public Domain Catholic Painting

Details:

“Paul Jean Étienne Balze (1815 – 24 March 1884) was a French painter and art copyist. He was born in Rome, the son of Joseph Balze (1781–1847), grand chamberlain to Charles IV of Spain during the latter's exile in Rome between 1811 and 1819. His brother Raymond Balze was also an artist. During his stay in Rome, Joseph Balze met the painter Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and commissioned several works from him after 1814.”

[empirearchives]

The Congress of Vienna, Part 2: Slavery

Okay, so I made another post with my initial reaction to reading this article, but I missed a lot, and wanted to go back and take notes on the different areas it covered. So here are some developments on the issue of slavery according this article:

Winning the War and Losing the Peace: Spain and the Congress of Vienna, by Dan Royle

— British public was very pro abolition by 1815

— Slavery was seen by many in Spain and elsewhere as a “necessary evil” to support their economy.

— The reason the British tried to enforce abolition onto the rest of the world was not entirely due to moral reasons. It was also because they knew it would be harder for British goods to complete with countries which were selling goods without having to pay for labor. So it was in British interests to make the rest of the world abolish slavery at the exact same time they did.

— Though many in Spain were “economic realists” when it came to slavery, one notable exception includes José Miguel Guridi y Alcocer, who made a petition to ban it in 1811.

— Augustín Argüelles was another abolitionist, but he didn’t like the idea of the British forcing them and wanted Spain to be doing it on its own terms.

— 24 August 1814: King Ferdinand VII signed an addition to the treaty of friendship with Britain, which was to acknowledge the ‘injustice and inhumanity’ of the slave trade.

— Overall, Spain was pretty uncomfortable with being forced to implement a policy by a foreign country, so Castlereagh, the British plenipotentiary, dropped the subject until later.

— Many in Spanish America, notably Cuba, strongly objected to abolition. This deeply worried the Spanish plenipotentiary to the congress, Pedro Gómez Labrador.

— Spain actually had fewer slaves than Britain at that time.

— October 1814: rule to limit slavery to only the region south of the equator and 10 degrees north. I’m not sure what the reason was for that seemingly arbitrary line on a map. I think it was meant to be a compromise.

— William Wilberforce wanted abolition immediately.

— Castlereagh offered the Duke of San Carlos 10 million Spanish dollars to end the slave trade, but nothing happened.

— Unlike the British, the French public was “vehemently opposed” to immediate abolition.

— Napoleon as emperor had abolished the slave trade in France anyway.

— So coming off of that, Talleyrand decided to help Castlereagh put pressure on Spain to do the same.

— Some were concerned that the Congress of Vienna was not addressing enslavement of Europeans happening in the Mediterranean by Barbary Corsairs.

— The main reason why it wasn’t being addressed was because the Barbary issue had declined a lot, though still important. It mostly effected the Mediterranean countries.

— Which is kind of interesting since Britain was actually the dominant naval power in the Mediterranean by that time.

— Labrador tried to get Johann Friedrich Hach’s pamphlet about Barbary slavery translated into English. Hach was the representative of the Hanseatic city of Lübeck.

— Piedmont-Sardinia, another Mediterranean country, made an official declaration against Barbary slavery at the congress.

— The Congress of Vienna representatives officially signed a declaration against the slave trade. But the countries disagreed on the timetable to officially implement its abolition.

— Castlereagh thought the issue of slavery was less significant than the reason the Congress of Vienna had been organized in the first place (which was to restructure Europe post-Napoleon), but made it a priority due to public demand in Britain.

— Metternich feared that the issue of abolition could lead to war.

[sun-in-retrograde]

On 27 April 2024 at 00:56 UK time, Sedna enters Gemini. It was there before - 15 June 2023 to 22 November 2023. Fun fact - Pluto left Aquarius on 11 June, retrograding back into Capricorn. So Sedna pretty much immediately took up its watch as a planet of transformation sitting in an Air sign. It stayed there till retrograding back into Taurus on 22 November. This time when Sedna goes in it’s there full time till 2065. 2023 - a transformative year for AI - took place with Pluto and Sedna in Air signs. With both of them in air signs and regularly trining each other through to 2025, we have some technological and innovative energy in the astrological weather.  

Sedna has an 11,400 year cycle - it is the furthest object from the Sun that we know of that has any real significance in terms of size. This makes it the slowest dwarf planet we have to work with. But right now, it’s like Pluto - the warm, nearby, fast Kuiper Belt Dwarf Planet. It can go through a zodiac sign in decades, not centuries. 

How can that be? Sedna has an incredibly irregular orbit. It skirts the Oort clous and interstellar space then comes into the Kuiper belt. Here’s the dates when Sedna entered various signs:

Scorpio: pre-3000 BC 

Sagittarius: 1441 BC 

Capricorn: 24 BC

Aquarius: 1047 

Pisces: 1633 

Aries: 1864 

Taurus: 1966 

Gemini: 2023 

Cancer: 2065 

Sedna will reach its closest point to the Sun on 16 July 2076 at 7°54 of Cancer. Since December 1980 Sedna has been so close to us that it’s relegated Eris to being the most distant of the dwarf planets. This is a rare situation caused by Sedna being as close as it comes to us while Eris is as distant as it ever gets. This rare, very specific occurrence will last for the entire 21st century.  

What does it mean to live in a strange time when the Erisian energy - which is martian and plutonian and associated with core truths and transformations, is slower and more distant than the evolutionary energies of Sedna? It feels appropriate for a time when we are learning to accept people’s core, immutable truths (queerness, neurodiversity, formative experiences, etc) but concepts like transhumanism and AI and climate change make our position in evolutionary history feel pretty shaky and mutable. 

So, Sedna’s time in Gemini is astrologically unprecedented, at least in terms of how it impacts humans. But unprecedented does not mean significant. Sedna may be the farthest astrologically significant object that we know of - but we don’t know what else is out there. But there’s a few things that intrigue me about Sedna in Gemini

The Pluto Trines

The Pluto-Sedna trine will be exact in July 2024, December 2024, August 2025 and November 2025 but it has been within 3 degrees from 2020-2028. This current Pluto-Sedna cycle started with a conjunction in April 1814 as Napoleon was getting exiled. The last trine was active in 1951-1958. One interpretation of this is a spiritual crisis. I’m wondering about facing the concept of extinction in some form or other. When Pluto and Sedna were in fire signs we had a Cold War and nuclear weapons coming in. In Earth signs we had “nature is healing, we are the virus” and now we have people worrying about AI under air signs. But there’s an underlying fear from way back in 1814 - global war. It’ll be interesting to see how this one feels.

The Jupiter Conjunctions

On 27 May 2024, Jupiter conjuncts Sedna for the first time in Gemini just 31 days after Sedna enters the sign and brings its luck, confidence and over-exaggerations into the area of communications and innovation. It’s hard to get away from this being a good sign for techno-optimists. Sedna is in Gemini for 44 years and manages to fit in 4 conjunctions with Jupiter. This is the maximum number of Sedna-Jupiter Conjunctions you can fit into this time. 

Of course this is good for tech at first, but it has another side. Each conjunction is the start of a cycle where Jupiter raises the question of the evolutionary issues Sedna raises. This is a long time for us to fail, try again, and fail better. 

The Saturn Conjunctions

In 2030 and 2061. 2030 is too far away to predict what this will mean but I think it’s worth noting that once again, Sedna in Gemini fits in the maximum number of cycles - two Sedna-Saturn cycles maybe raising questions on the limits of communication, innovation, sociability, development, and all those airy cyberpunk things that seem to be likely in our future.

The Uranus Conjunction

On 24 May 2026 Uranus will complete a conjunction with Sedna at 1°37 of Gemini. That’s pretty early in the Sedna-Gemini era. Uranus has an orbital period of 84 years so there’s no necessity we were going to get a Sedna-Uranus conjunction in Gemini at all. You’re hopefully getting a picture here. The Solar System has four gas giants and four gas giants conjunct Sedna in Gemini. All of them have the maximum number of conjunctions possible in Gemini. Not only that, but we have Jupiter, Pluto, and Uranus making important aspects to Sedna early on in the Sedna in Gemini era. Sedna is really punching above its weight this week.

The Neptune Conjunction

Neptune’s conjunction with Sedna will come on 2064-2065 in the last degree of Gemini. I find this fascinating. Sedna starts off in Gemini with a series of important conjunctions with slow moving major planets. Then, as it’s about to leave, it has another important conjunction. Sedna is Gemini has a lot to do.

If we accept that Sedna is raising our awareness of evolutionary issues and increasing our ability to see into deep time and beyond usual concerns, this makes Sedna an important factor in the coming decades. In Gemini, we could expect these questions to be to do with how we think, communicate, generate information and network. These aren’t small issues at the moment so I feel this makes perfect sense.

[wowbright]

Apparently there are still people who propagate the belief that the Library of Congress has a copy of every book published in the United States, or at least that it's part of their mandate to obtain one?

Ain't true:

Does the Library have a copy of every book published in the United States?

No, but it does have millions of books and printed materials, maps, manuscripts, photographs, films, audio and video recordings, prints and drawings, and other special collections.

Each working day the Library receives some 15,000 items and adds more than 10,000 items to its collections.

... which means it rejects a full third of the items it could archive. Rejected materials go to other libraries and institutions, get donated to charity, or trashed/recycled.

[playedbetter]

Kento Past Lives

Being a Watcher Kento's soul has been reincarnated countless times. Here are the ones I have some details on and that are available for interaction.

Joseph Baldwin: Born 1760. He was born in Britain but his family moved to the colonies. They were on the revolutionaries side when the war broke out. Afterwards he became a lawyer and a close friend of a doctor. Slowly he unraveled the truth of his friend & the Kataru. Died August 24, 1814 during the burning of the White House due to being murdered by The Healer. An ambitious and cunning man, but with a soft spot for the vulnerable.

Dorothy "Dolly" Harris: Born 1878. She was born to a large black family in the Northern U.S. She was taken from her family as a toddler under the guise of giving her a better life by the precursors to Murkywater. She expressed an interest in medicine from a young age and was thus given an education in it. In the war she served with a private platoon protecting Kataru interests as a nurse. Died in 1919 due to getting sick with influenza in the line of duty. Overall very kind, but cold and pragmatic, and yearned for a kinder world.

[wausaupilot]

Today in History: Today is Saturday, Aug. 24, the 237th day of 2024.

On this date: In 1891, Thomas Edison patents motion picture camera.

By The Associated Press Today in history: On August 24, 1992, Hurricane Andrew smashed into Florida; the storm resulted in 65 deaths and caused more than $26 billion in damage across Florida, Louisiana and the Bahamas. Also on this date: In 1814, during the War of 1812, British forces invaded Washington, D.C., setting fire to the still-under-construction Capitol and the White House, as well as…

[rabbitcruiser]

British troops invaded Washington, D.C. and during the Burning of Washington the White House, the Capitol and many other buildings are set ablaze on August 24, 1814.

[dan6085]

Top 50 War Treaties in History

#### 1. **Treaty of Kadesh (c. 1259 BC)**

- **Who:** Hittites and Egyptians

- **What:** Ended the war between the two great empires.

- **Where:** Kadesh, present-day Syria.

- **When:** Circa 1259 BC.

- **How:** Negotiated after the Battle of Kadesh, the treaty is considered one of the earliest surviving peace agreements in history, establishing a mutual defense pact.

#### 2. **Treaty of Westphalia (1648)**

- **Who:** Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic.

- **What:** Ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe.

- **Where:** Westphalia, Germany.

- **When:** 1648.

- **How:** Signed in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, the treaty laid the foundation for modern state sovereignty and the nation-state system.

#### 3. **Treaty of Paris (1783)**

- **Who:** Great Britain and the United States.

- **What:** Ended the American Revolutionary War.

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** September 3, 1783.

- **How:** Negotiated by American representatives Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay, it recognized U.S. independence and established borders.

#### 4. **Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)**

- **Who:** Spain and Portugal.

- **What:** Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe.

- **Where:** Tordesillas, Spain.

- **When:** June 7, 1494.

- **How:** Mediated by the Pope, the treaty drew a line in the Atlantic, giving Spain lands west and Portugal lands east.

#### 5. **Treaty of Utrecht (1713)**

- **Who:** Various European powers, including France and Britain.

- **What:** Ended the War of the Spanish Succession.

- **Where:** Utrecht, Netherlands.

- **When:** April 11, 1713.

- **How:** A series of agreements that re-drew European borders and established a balance of power.

#### 6. **Treaty of Ghent (1814)**

- **Who:** United States and Great Britain.

- **What:** Ended the War of 1812.

- **Where:** Ghent, Belgium.

- **When:** December 24, 1814.

- **How:** Restored pre-war boundaries and opened the way for improved U.S.-British relations.

#### 7. **Treaty of Versailles (1919)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Germany.

- **What:** Ended World War I.

- **Where:** Versailles, France.

- **When:** June 28, 1919.

- **How:** Imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, which contributed to the rise of Nazism.

#### 8. **Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)**

- **Who:** Russia and Japan.

- **What:** Ended the Russo-Japanese War.

- **Where:** Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA.

- **When:** September 5, 1905.

- **How:** Brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, leading to his Nobel Peace Prize.

#### 9. **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)**

- **Who:** Bolshevik Russia and the Central Powers.

- **What:** Ended Russia's participation in World War I.

- **Where:** Brest-Litovsk, Belarus.

- **When:** March 3, 1918.

- **How:** Russia ceded significant territory to Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

#### 10. **Treaty of Nanking (1842)**

- **Who:** United Kingdom and Qing Dynasty China.

- **What:** Ended the First Opium War.

- **Where:** Nanking (Nanjing), China.

- **When:** August 29, 1842.

- **How:** Opened five Chinese ports to British trade and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.

#### 11. **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)**

- **Who:** United States and Mexico.

- **What:** Ended the Mexican-American War.

- **Where:** Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico.

- **When:** February 2, 1848.

- **How:** Mexico ceded vast territories (including California and New Mexico) to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million.

#### 12. **Treaty of Paris (1815)**

- **Who:** France and the Seventh Coalition.

- **What:** Ended the Napoleonic Wars.

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** November 20, 1815.

- **How:** Restored the Bourbon monarchy in France and redrew the map of Europe.

#### 13. **Treaty of San Francisco (1951)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Japan.

- **What:** Ended World War II in the Pacific.

- **Where:** San Francisco, California, USA.

- **When:** September 8, 1951.

- **How:** Officially ended Japan's status as an imperial power and established post-war peace terms.

#### 14. **Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)**

- **Who:** Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia).

- **What:** Ended the Great Turkish War.

- **Where:** Sremski Karlovci, Serbia.

- **When:** January 26, 1699.

- **How:** Signified the Ottoman Empire's first major territorial loss in Europe.

#### 15. **Treaty of Paris (1763)**

- **Who:** Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal.

- **What:** Ended the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War).

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** February 10, 1763.

- **How:** France ceded Canada and other territories to Britain, reshaping the colonial landscape.

#### 16. **Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Austria.

- **What:** Formally ended World War I for Austria.

- **Where:** Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

- **When:** September 10, 1919.

- **How:** Dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire and recognized new states.

#### 17. **Treaty of Rapallo (1922)**

- **Who:** Germany and Soviet Russia.

- **What:** Established diplomatic and economic relations.

- **Where:** Rapallo, Italy.

- **When:** April 16, 1922.

- **How:** Allowed both nations to circumvent post-WWI isolation and sanctions.

#### 18. **Treaty of Washington (1871)**

- **Who:** United States and Great Britain.

- **What:** Resolved various disputes between the two nations.

- **Where:** Washington, D.C., USA.

- **When:** May 8, 1871.

- **How:** Addressed issues like the Alabama Claims and border disputes, strengthening U.S.-British relations.

#### 19. **Treaty of Trianon (1920)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Hungary.

- **What:** Formally ended World War I for Hungary.

- **Where:** Trianon Palace, Versailles, France.

- **When:** June 4, 1920.

- **How:** Redefined Hungary's borders, significantly reducing its territory.

#### 20. **Treaty of London (1827)**

- **Who:** Britain, France, and Russia.

- **What:** Aimed to secure Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.

- **Where:** London, England.

- **When:** July 6, 1827.

- **How:** Led to the Battle of Navarino and the eventual recognition of Greek independence.

#### 21. **Treaty of Campo Formio (1797)**

- **Who:** France and Austria.

- **What:** Ended the War of the First Coalition.

- **Where:** Campo Formio, Italy.

- **When:** October 17, 1797.

- **How:** Negotiated by Napoleon Bonaparte, it resulted in significant territorial changes in favor of France.

#### 22. **Treaty of Amiens (1802)**

- **Who:** France and the Second Coalition (Britain, Spain, and the Batavian Republic).

- **What:** Temporarily ended hostilities during the Napoleonic Wars.

- **Where:** Amiens, France.

- **When:** March 25, 1802.

- **How:** Brought a brief period of peace to Europe, though it ultimately failed to resolve underlying conflicts.

#### 23. **Treaty of Paris (1856)**

- **Who:** Russia and the Ottoman Empire, along with Britain, France, and Sardinia.

- **What:** Ended the Crimean War.

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** March 30, 1856.

- **How:** Demilitarized the Black Sea and returned captured territories.

#### 24. **Treaty of Sèvres (1920)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire.

- **What:** Aimed to dismantle the Ottoman Empire after World War I.

- **Where:** Sèvres, France.

- **When:** August 10, 1920.

- **How:** The treaty's harsh terms were a precursor to the Turkish War of Independence and the Treaty of Lausanne.

#### 25. **Treaty of Lausanne (1923)**

- **Who:** Turkey and the Allied Powers.

- **What:** Established the modern borders of Turkey.

- **Where:** Lausanne, Switzerland.

- **When:** July 24, 1923.

- **How:** Replaced the Treaty of Sèvres, recognizing the sovereignty of the Republic of Turkey.

#### 26. **Treaty of Paris (1898)**

- **Who:** Spain and the United States.

- **What:** Ended the Spanish-American War.

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** December 10, 1898.

- **How:** Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. and relinquished claims to Cuba.

#### 27. **Treaty of Adrianople (1829)**

- **Who:** Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

- **What:** Ended the Russo-Turkish War.

- **Where:** Adrianople (Edirne), Turkey.

- **When:** September 14, 1829.

- **How:** Gave Russia access to the Danube River and the Black Sea, enhancing its influence in the Balkans.

#### 28. **Treaty of Nystad (1721)**

- **Who:** Russia and Sweden.

- **What:** Ended the Great Northern War.

- **Where:** Nystad (Uusikaupunki), Finland.

- **When:** September 10, 1721.

- **How:** Marked the rise of Russia as a major European power and the decline of Sweden.

#### 29. **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)**

- **Who:** United States and Mexico.

- **What:** Ended the Mexican-American War.

- **Where:** Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico.

- **When:** February 2, 1848.

- **How:** Mexico ceded vast territories (including California and New Mexico) to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million.

#### 30. **Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)**

- **Who:** Japan and Qing Dynasty China.

- **What:** Ended the First Sino-Japanese War.

- **Where:** Shimonoseki, Japan.

- **When:** April 17, 1895.

- **How:** China recognized the independence of Korea and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan.

#### 31. **Treaty of Verdun (843)**

- **Who:** Sons of Louis the Pious.

- **What:** Divided the Carolingian Empire.

- **Where:** Verdun, France.

- **When:** August 843.

- **How:** Created the foundations for modern France and Germany by splitting the empire into three kingdoms.

#### 32. **Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)**

- **Who:** Various European powers.

- **What:** Ended the War of the Austrian Succession.

- **Where:** Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Germany.

- **When:** October 18, 1748.

- **How:** Restored the pre-war status quo, but left many issues unresolved, leading to future conflicts.

#### 33. **Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)**

- **Who:** Ottoman Empire and the Holy League (Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia).

- **What:** Ended the Great Turkish War.

- **Where:** Sremski Karlovci, Serbia.

- **When:** January 26, 1699.

- **How:** Signified the Ottoman Empire's first major territorial loss in Europe.

#### 34. **Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Austria.

- **What:** Formally ended World War I for Austria.

- **Where:** Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France.

- **When:** September 10, 1919.

- **How:** Dissolved the Austro-Hungarian Empire and recognized new states.

#### 35. **Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)**

- **Who:** Russia and Japan.

- **What:** Ended the Russo-Japanese War.

- **Where:** Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA.

- **When:** September 5, 1905.

- **How:** Brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, leading to his Nobel Peace Prize.

#### 36. **Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)**

- **Who:** Prussia, Austria, and Saxony.

- **What:** Ended the Seven Years' War in Central Europe.

- **Where:** Hubertusburg, Germany.

- **When:** February 15, 1763.

- **How:** Restored pre-war boundaries and solidified Prussia's position as a major European power.

#### 37. **Treaty of Värälä (1790)**

- **Who:** Russia and Sweden.

- **What:** Ended the Russo-Swedish War.

- **Where:** Värälä, Finland.

- **When:** August 14, 1790.

- **How:** Confirmed pre-war borders and ceased hostilities without significant territorial changes.

#### 38. **Treaty of Trianon (1920)**

- **Who:** Allied Powers and Hungary.

- **What:** Formally ended World War I for Hungary.

- **Where:** Trianon Palace, Versailles, France.

- **When:** June 4, 1920.

- **How:** Redefined Hungary's borders, significantly reducing its territory.

#### 39. **Treaty of Roskilde (1658)**

- **Who:** Denmark-Norway and Sweden.

- **What:** Ended the Second Northern War.

- **Where:** Roskilde, Denmark.

- **When:** February 26, 1658.

- **How:** Forced Denmark to cede significant territories to Sweden.

#### 40. **Treaty of Greenville (1795)**

- **Who:** United States and Native American tribes of the Northwest Territory.

- **What:** Ended the Northwest Indian War.

- **Where:** Greenville, Ohio, USA.

- **When:** August 3, 1795.

- **How:** Established boundaries between Native American lands and U.S. territory, leading to further westward expansion.

#### 41. **Treaty of Waitangi (1840)**

- **Who:** British Crown and various Māori chiefs.

- **What:** Established British sovereignty over New Zealand.

- **Where:** Waitangi, New Zealand.

- **When:** February 6, 1840.

- **How:** The treaty granted the British Crown governance over New Zealand while recognizing Māori land ownership and certain rights.

#### 42. **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)**

- **Who:** United States and Mexico.

- **What:** Ended the Mexican-American War.

- **Where:** Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico.

- **When:** February 2, 1848.

- **How:** Mexico ceded vast territories (including California and New Mexico) to the U.S. in exchange for $15 million.

#### 43. **Treaty of Portsmouth (1713)**

- **Who:** Wabanaki Confederacy and British colonists.

- **What:** Ended hostilities between New England colonists and Native American tribes.

- **Where:** Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA.

- **When:** July 13, 1713.

- **How:** Established peace and redefined land boundaries in the northeastern United States.

#### 44. **Treaty of Paris (1856)**

- **Who:** Russia and the Ottoman Empire, along with Britain, France, and Sardinia.

- **What:** Ended the Crimean War.

- **Where:** Paris, France.

- **When:** March 30, 1856.

- **How:** Demilitarized the Black Sea and returned captured territories.

#### 45. **Treaty of Gandamak (1879)**

- **Who:** British Empire and Afghanistan.

- **What:** Ended the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.

- **Where:** Gandamak, Afghanistan.

- **When:** May 26, 1879.

- **How:** Ceded control of Afghan foreign relations to Britain and granted the British certain territorial concessions.

#### 46. **Treaty of Limerick (1691)**

- **Who:** William III of England and Irish Jacobites.

- **What:** Ended the Williamite War in Ireland.

- **Where:** Limerick, Ireland.

- **When:** October 3, 1691.

- **How:** Provided for the surrender of the Jacobite forces and granted them certain rights, although many of these were later violated.

#### 47. **Treaty of Pereyaslav (1654)**

- **Who:** Tsardom of Russia and Cossack Hetmanate.

- **What:** Established the Cossack Hetmanate as a protectorate of Russia.

- **Where:** Pereyaslav, Ukraine.

- **When:** January 18, 1654.

- **How:** This treaty began the long association between Ukraine and Russia.

#### 48. **Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809)**

- **Who:** France and Austria.

- **What:** Ended the Fifth Coalition against Napoleon.

- **Where:** Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, Austria.

- **When:** October 14, 1809.

- **How:** Austria ceded significant territories to France and its allies, weakening its position in Europe.

#### 49. **Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)**

- **Who:** Spain and Portugal.

- **What:** Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe.

- **Where:** Tordesillas, Spain.

- **When:** June 7, 1494.

- **How:** Mediated by the Pope, the treaty drew a line in the Atlantic, giving Spain lands west and Portugal lands east.

#### 50. **Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)**

- **Who:** France, Spain, England, and the Dutch Republic.

- **What:** Ended the War of Devolution.

- **Where:** Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Germany.

- **When:** May 2, 1668.

- **How:** France retained control of several territories in the Spanish Netherlands but restored others to Spain.

These treaties showcase how diplomacy has been used throughout history to resolve conflicts, establish boundaries, and redefine the political landscape of nations.

[lefemmerougewriter]

Flight of the Eagle and the Rise of President Sandiego

Carmen begins her plan to seize power in the most powerful country on Earth. Can Zack and Ivy stop her before it is too late?

Characters: Carmen Sandiego, Zack, Ivy, The Chief, Mr. X (Original character)

Friendships: Zack and Ivy

Romantic pairings: None

Words: 774

AO3: https://archiveofourown.org/works/53671957

Wattpad: N/A

Quotev: N/A

A/N: I originally wrote this short fic on my phone a while back, but decided to finish it up before publication. It is a pretty wild ride. I might end up continuing it one day.

The date was January 27, 2000. Explosions rocked the joint session of Congress where President Bill Clinton was giving his State of the Union address. He and his cabinet advisors were incapacitated by the rubble. The designated survivor for an event such of this was Bill Richardson, then the Secretary of Energy. However, he never had a chance. He was quickly kidnapped and disappeared to who knows where. The screen cackled and a broadcast came on every channel. A voice began speaking. It came from a woman dressed in red fedora, coat, and red high-heels. It was the infamous Carmen Sandiego.

"Fellow Americans, you may know me as the infamous thief known across the world. But, like all of you, I am interested in order and bringing the criminals who perpetrated this horrible crime to justice. In a time of great turmoil, we need order, instead of disorder. With my organization and ability, I can bring stability to this country. As of now, I am assuming the office of the Presidency of the United States and will bring the wicked criminals who did this to justice. I would like to say..."

The screen turned off. Ivy and Zack were aghast. How could Carmen engage in such a naked coup to seize power? Didn't anyone else see her plans, that she was a malicious actor? Wasn't it obvious that the explosion in Congress and the kidnapping of Bill Richardson were perpetrated by Carmen? Zack asked what everyone was thinking: "Chief, what should we do now? Everyone thinks that Carmen is a savior, bringing order and stability."

The Chief sighed. "Well, catching Carmen is still our top priority. Gumshoes, I don't trust her cleaned up act. You need to nab her...in the act, and stop this coup d'etat." Ivy took his words to heart. She declared, "Player, C5 us to the Oval Office, White House, Washington, D.C." The narrator began speaking.

"You are leaving sunny, San Francisco, and going to Washington, D.C., the capital of the U.S.A. The White House was first built in the 1790s but was burned down by the British on August 24, 1814. It was then rebuilt, with work by enslaved and free laborers. Since then, it has been the permanent place of residence for all U.S. presidents, the center of the U.S. government and the executive branch. Next stop, Washington, D.C.!"

Zack and Ivy arrived in front of the resolute desk, surprising Carmen. She was dressed in a red suit, but with wearing her trademark red fedora, and facing away from them. Ivy, putting her hands on the desk, shouted. "Carmen, the buck stops here! You are under arrest for your terrorism, kidnapping, and an illegal coup d’état!"

Carmen chuckled like conniving hyena. She shook her head. "Oh, Ivy, how wrong you are. While you, and Zack, are here much earlier than I expected, I can use your impolite interruption to my advantage. Guards, take them away!"

Not long after, Ivy and Zack were handcuffed by the surrounding Secret Service personnel and taken away. Carmen began a new speech, again addressed at the American people. It was the perfect excuse for her to take absolute power. Zack and Ivy had played right into her hands, as she had expected. As Zack and Ivy they were taken away in cuffs, the screen crackled:

"Tonight, two individuals tried to arrest me. They wanted me behind bars. But it is them that should be imprisoned. Those two people, Zack and Ivy, are agents of a secret organization, ACME, which might as well be called the American Crime Management Extraordinaires. What we need now is a war on these evildoers. ACME must be crushed. We will hunt them down from the bay of Biscay to the shores of Tokyo. This is something that must be won, it must be victorious. I ask for your blessing in bringing these criminals to justice."

The broadcast ended. Dr. X, one of her closest advisors, was worried. He wasn't sure she was doing the right thing. He asked, "Ma'am, do we really want to destroy ACME? Wouldn't it be better to keep them around?"

Carmen brushed off his question and cackled. "Why, of course, I don't want to destroy them. They are a worthy adversary. The whole thing is a schlep. I just need them as an excuse to stay in power. There is no need to crush ACME. Instead, I will only have individual agents apprehended, using the powerful tool of extraordinary rendition. It is all too easy to commit terrorism, to instill fear for political ends.”

To be continued...

End note: For information on presidential succession, I used webpages from thoughtco, infoplease, politico, refinery29, mvets.law.gmu.edu, senate.gov, popsugar, presidency.ucsb.edu, and bestlifeonline. The Carmen Sandiego speech at the end is somewhat inspired by an Anti-Flag song, “Mind The G.A.T.T.” Also the part about the "schlep" was undoubtedly inspired by that episode of Futurama ("A Taste of Freedom") where Zoidberg's people do a show of force to convince DOOP to back off. This fic is a bit cynical of how easy it is to seize power in this country, but that's part of the point.

[bobmccullochny]

History

August 24, 79 A.D. - Vesuvius, an active volcano in southern Italy, erupted and destroyed the cities of Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum.

August 24, 1572 - Thousands of Protestant Huguenots were massacred in Paris and throughout France by Catholics, in what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

August 24-25, 1814 - During the War of 1812, Washington, D.C., was invaded by British forces that burned the Capitol, the White House and most other public buildings along with a number of private homes. The burning was in retaliation for the earlier American burning of York (Toronto).

[newmic]

The republic was first created in France on September 21,

during the French Revolution with the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). The First Republic is in fact three regimes that followed each other: the Convention, the Directory and the Consulate. It ends with the establishment of the Empire by Napoleon I on May 18, 18042.

Première République : 1792-1804

La république a été créée pour la première fois en France le 21 septembre 17921, pendant la Révolution française avec le renversement de la monarchie (10 août 1792). La Première République est en fait trois régimes qui se sont suivis : la Convention, le Directoire et le Consulat. Elle se termine avec l'instauration de l'Empire par Napoléon Ier le 18 mai 18042.

Deuxième République : 1848-1852

La Deuxième République n'a duré que 4 ans. Elle a été instaurée le 24 février 18483 à la suite de la révolution française de 1848 qui met fin à la monarchie restaurée en 1814-1815 (Restauration et monarchie de Juillet). Elle s'est terminée lorsque le président Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte a rétabli le titre d'empereur le 22 novembre 18524 et se l'est donné, devenant ainsi Napoléon III.

Troisième République : 1870-1940

La Troisième République a suivi ce Second Empire le 4 septembre 18705. Le nom allongé de la France est République française depuis 1875. Elle dure jusqu'au 17 juillet 19406 au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. L'État français du maréchal Pétain lui succède jusqu'en août 19447.

Quatrième République : 1946-1958

La Quatrième République est instituée le 13 octobre 19468 et dure jusqu'à l'adoption par référendum de la Cinquième République le 28 septembre 19589.

Cinquième République : depuis 1958

Le régime actuel de la France est la Cinquième République. Les règles générales de la France depuis l'instauration du régime politique actuel sont écrites dans la constitution.

Le président de la République française, élu au suffrage universel direct, choisit les membres du gouvernement (ministres) et représente la nation lors de ses déplacements à l'étranger.

Les députés, élus au suffrage universel direct, votent les lois avec les sénateurs, élus au suffrage universel indirect (par les personnes déjà élues). En cas de désaccord sur un projet de loi, les deux groupes cherchent un terrain d'entente, mais s'ils continuent de ne pas être d'accord, ce sont les députés qui ont le dernier mot.

source : https://fr.vikidia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_en_France

[burnyburnygovernmentbuilding]

You should've seen me on August 24, 1814