#325 discourse

[ramblingzombpossum]

Alright, I'm paranoid

I'm starting a game with my husband and friend tonight using Worlds Without Numbers as the system. I'm reading it, I swear. This is the information I've given them for the starter info. AKA things everyone in the Aricoast Islands would know at the start. I'm debating doing some life path tom foolery too, but I am waiting to see what Session 0 brings, tonight. ANYWAYS I am looking for opinions on if this is enough starting Info, if not, I have a document FULL of information on this setting, but I'm trying not to overwhelm them.

Starting Islands

Costa Inexploda

A bleak and unforgiving land, Costa Inexploda is a place where survival is the ultimate law. The island is scarred by centuries of unchecked exploitation, leaving a desolate landscape of barren hills and polluted rivers. The inhabitants are a hardened people, forged in the fires of adversity. They live under the iron fist of the Ashen Fleet, a ruthless organization that demands absolute loyalty. Those who dare to defy the Fleet face swift and brutal punishment.

Littovert Opule

A luxurious island city, Littovert Opule is a beacon of wealth and power. The Emerald Armada, a powerful trade federation, holds sway over this opulent metropolis. The citizens of Littovert Opule enjoy a life of privilege and comfort, but beneath the gilded surface lies a corrupt and decadent society. The island's prosperity is built on the backs of the working class, who toil in dangerous conditions for meager wages.

Deverlok Kurst

A militaristic island ruled by a tyrannical regime, Deverlok Kurst is a place of fear and oppression. The Iron Fleet, a ruthless military force, maintains order through intimidation and violence. The islanders are forced to serve the state, either as soldiers, laborers, or slaves. Despite the harsh conditions, a spark of rebellion still burns within the hearts of some.

In Charge

Costa Inexploda

Ashen Fleet Government Body

Admiral Josiah Ironfist

Vice Admiral Kael Shadowbane

Rear Admiral Marcus Ironheart

Littovert Opule

Emerald Armada Government Body

Consul General Marie le Courageux

Amiral de la Flotte Pierre de la Mer

Comte du Commerce Jacques de la Vague

##Deverlok Kurst

Iron Fleet Government Body

Admiral Piet Hein

Vice Admiral Kaarel de Zee

Rear Admiral Jan ven Galen

The Mist Watchers

Ile Mysteriuse

The once over bearing religion has been in decline the past 200 years, when the Mist Watchers closed the doors of the Temple del Brumes. They have not been heard from in 200 years, leading many to believe they're long dead, or that the Sinkening of Islands is no longer a concern. Very few remember tales of the last Sinkening, but those who do clutch emphatically to the old religion, and are preparing for the next Sinkening within the next year. Though with the closing of the temple doors, there is no one who is quite sure what island is next in line.

The Sinkening

A Horrifying Tradition

The Sinkening is marked to happen every 325 years, though in more recent history it has become known to not be as reliable, as with the last Sinkening recorded by the Mist Watchers happening at the 329th anniversary, causing much discourse about the Mist Watcher's usefulness.

The Mist Watchers were an order created to maintain the calander, approximately every 325 years the Sinkening would occur, and one of the ten Islands would sink, though oddly Ile Mysteriuse has never fallen into the sea, and is considered safe after nearly 7,000 years.

The Sinkening seems to have a pattern, though in recent events un-known islands have come to the surface and required more work to settle. It has been noted that the newer islands are often smaller than the other larger islands, much closer to size to Ile Mysteriuse.

No one knows when the new island will emerge, or when one will submerge at this time, except any survivors on Ile Mysteriuse.

Natural Resources

Keeping Count

Each Island is known for it's own resource, Costa Inexploda has become the guard of the Ashen Fleet since their resources have been depleted.

Insects are the main Protein Source (Includes Honeygrubs, Grubsilk, Blue Petal Singers, Crickets, Land Shrimp, Spice Beetles)

Plants are also a common food source (Including Mistleaf, Grubvine, Sunroot, Solarflower, Lunarflower, Coldwater Kelp)

Resources are cyclical, plants and insects are more abundant in the warmer 'season'.

Each Season lasts roughly 150-250 years.

During certain times of the warmer season, the islands are full of birds nesting or migrating, and may be used as a food source.

I asked my husband, who is usually the GM, and he said it was more than he'd usually have, but I am worried it's not ENOUGH. Help? ;A;

[darkmaga-returns]

10 shocking stories the media buried.

The Vigilant Fox

Nov 18, 2024

#10 - Bombshell autopsy study proves COVID vaccines are causing large numbers of deaths.

Powerful interests CENSORED this study TWICE, but now it has been peer-reviewed and published for the world to read.

Here's what the study found:

• 73.9% of the deaths (240 of 325) were DIRECTLY linked to vaccination, with physicians confirming the vaccine as a direct or significant contributor to death.

• Of the COVID vaccine-related deaths, sudden cardiac arrest (died suddenly) was the leading cause of death (35% of cases).

• COVID vaccine-related deaths occurred rapidly, averaging 14.3 days post-vaccination, with the majority occurring within a week.

• The study has officially been republished after passing peer review in the journal Science, Public Health Policy, and the Law.

• The study indicates the COVID jabs “must undergo an immediate Class I recall by the FDA to protect public safety.”

“I have now published the largest autopsy study ever in that circumstance where someone dies [suddenly after the vaccine], and they undergo an autopsy. And the answer is 73.9% of the time, it's directly due to the vaccine if they've taken it,” reported Dr. Peter McCullough.

“The next athlete who has a cardiac arrest, the next actor or actress that has a stroke, or the next loved one that suddenly develops a heart attack or a cardiac problem out of the blue, it is likely due to the vaccine.”

Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH and Nicolas Hulscher, MPH

 for more details on this study and breaking news about the COVID-19 injections.

Courageous Discourse™ with Dr. Peter McCullough & John Leake

BREAKING NEWS - Twice-Censored Landmark COVID-19 Vaccine Autopsy Study Fully Peer-Reviewed and Published

by Nicolas Hulscher, MPH…

Read more

2 days ago · 563 likes · 80 comments · Nicolas Hulscher, MPH

(See 9 More Revealing Stories Below)

#9 - A resurfaced video shows MSNBC’s Joe Scarborough expressing empathy for RFK Jr.'s belief that vaccines can cause autism.

“Something happened in 1989.”

H/T: https://x.com/EndWokeness/status/1858375595656200292?t=PaFTPbIiqjISzaRsn0taCQ&s=19

#8 - Jen Psaki PANICS When Reminded That the Current HHS Secretary Is Not a Doctor Either

“Let's not forget — we had a nominee for HHS secretary [Xavier Becerra] in THIS administration who had never dealt with health care before being nominated.”

Credit: https://x.com/TheChiefNerd/status/1858165472253866134

#7 - Twitter Files Exposed a ‘Military-Grade Censorship Operation’ by the U.S. Government

Michael Shellenberger: “The evidence shows that both the CIA and the FBI interfered in the 2020 election in multiple ways.”

Credit: https://x.com/TheChiefNerd/status/1858537420255588696

#6 - Elon Musk’s X Corp. Intervenes in Bankruptcy Case of Alex Jones’ Infowars with Surprise Filing

#5 - Don Jr. Issues Dire Warning About WW3

#4 - More Evidence of a Leaker Inside the Trump Transition Team Emerges

#3 - Dana White perfectly articulates why he will never see a doctor for his general health again.

#2 - Trump Calls for Investigation Into Iowa Pollster Who Predicted Him Losing

#1 - Trump Confirms He Will Declare ‘National Emergency’ and Use Military to Deport Illegal Immigrants

Share

BONUS #1 - Bill Maher Delivers a Brutal Reality Check to Snobby White Liberals

BONUS #2 - Ron Paul: If Trump Didn’t Send Musk to Talk with the Iranians…He Should!

BONUS #3 - Donald Trump’s COVID ‘Game-Changer’ Finds Surprising New Use

BONUS #4 - Measles and Measles Vaccines: 14 Things to Consider

BONUS #5 - DISTURBING: Google AI Threatens Student with Bone-Chilling Message

[theandressegoviashow]

Reflecting On Life Before And After The Benghazi Attacks With Benghazi Hero Kris "Tanto" Paronto | Episode 325

It’s been 12 years since the Benghazi Attacks that claimed the lives of U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens, IT Sean Smith, and GRS members Tyrone Woods, and Glen Doherty. While the discourse on this subject remains highly political on both sides, the enemy remains out there. Joining me is Benghazi hero, survivor Kris “Tanto” Paronto. In this wide-ranging interview, we reflect on life before and…

[foodpsychpod]

#325: Body Image: What the Evidence Really Says, with Charlotte Markey

Psychologist and body-image researcher Charlotte Markey joins us to discuss myths and misinformation about body image, how chronic illness and pain affect perceptions of our bodies, the body positivity vs. body neutrality debate, the potential body-image harms of social media (and how to mitigate them), how the discourse about GLP-1 weight-loss drugs is influencing people’s body image, and more.

This is a cross-post from our other podcast, Rethinking Wellness. Paid subscribers can hear the full interview, and the first half is available to all listeners. Upgrade to paid for the whole thing!

Charlotte Markey, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology and chair of the Health Sciences Department at Rutgers University (Camden). Dr. Markey received her doctorate in psychology from the University of California (Riverside) and began conducting research on eating behavior and body image over 25 years ago. She has published over 100 book chapters and articles in peer-reviewed journals. The Body Image Book for Girls: Love Yourself and Grow Up Fearless was published in 2020 to enthusiastic reviews and was a recommended book by A Mighty Girl. It was followed up with Being You: The Body Image Book for Boys (2022), the only book about body image for boys. Body Positive: Understanding and Improving Body Image in Science and Practice (co-edited with Drs. Elizabeth Daniels and Meghan Gillen; Cambridge University Press; 2018) offers a scholarly approach to improving body image. Her newest book is Adultish: The Body Image Book for Life (2024).

Dr. Markey writes for U.S. News and World Report, Psychology Today, and a variety of other publications. Her research has garnered widespread media attention, and she has been featured in and interviewed by publications including The New York Times, The Economist, The Today Show, ABC News, Time Magazine, The Washington Post, ScienceDaily, and NBC News.

Check out Christy’s three books, Anti-Diet, The Wellness Trap, and The Emotional Eating, Chronic Dieting, Binge Eating & Body Image Workbook for a deeper dive into the topics covered on the pod.

If you’re ready to break free from diet culture and make peace with food, come check out Christy's Intuitive Eating Fundamentals online course.

For more critical thinking and compassionate skepticism about wellness and diet culture, check out Christy’s Rethinking Wellness podcast! You can also sign up to get it in your inbox every week at rethinkingwellness.substack.com.

Ask a question about diet and wellness culture, disordered-eating recovery, and the anti-diet approach for a chance to have it answered on Rethinking Wellness. You can also subscribe to the Food Psych Weekly newsletter to check out previous answers!

Check out this episode!

[gerardsauer]

A Brief History of Theology and Its Christian Origins

Theology, the study of the divine, has captivated humanity for millennia. While often associated with established religions, the concept itself stretches back to ancient Greece, where philosophers like Plato explored the nature of the gods. The term "theology" itself has Greek origins, derived from "theos" (god) and "logos" (reason). In ancient Greece, philosophers engaged in discourse about the divine in an attempt to understand the nature of the gods and their relationship to the world. This early exploration laid the groundwork for the systematic study of the divine that would emerge later.

Theology centers on specific themes within the Abrahamic religions. Such themes include the nature of God, the relationship between God, humanity, and the world, salvation (by achieving a right relationship with God), and eschatology (the study of the end times).

Theology is not a neutral study; it's rooted in faith and aims to explain religious beliefs. This differs from the history of religions, which studies religions objectively. Theology also has a complex relationship with philosophy. While both seek answers about existence, philosophy relies on reason alone, while theology often integrates faith.

Theology has a profound impact on various aspects of life, including ethics, societal structures, and cultural development. It has influenced art, literature, and even the concept of history. Theological questions, even in secular times, continue to shape our understanding of humanity's place in the universe.

Unlike many religions that center their theology around a historical founder, Christianity takes a unique path. It focuses on the singular "Christ of faith," - Jesus, who was respected by the earliest followers. The book of Acts offers a glimpse into this nascent Christian theology. Here, Peter's Pentecost sermon proclaims Jesus as the Messiah, the fulfillment of long-held Jewish prophecies. A pivotal figure emerges in the apostle Paul, a former persecutor who converted to Christianity. His writings become the earliest documented sources for theological reasoning about Jesus, establishing him as both Christ and the Son of God. Furthermore, Paul lays the groundwork for core doctrines such as salvation by faith and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit.

The Gospels – Matthew, Mark, and Luke – serve as the primary accounts of Jesus' life and ministry. These "synoptic gospels" share many similarities, each offering a nuanced perspective on Jesus' identity and mission. John's Gospel stands out, emphasizing Jesus' divinity through the concept of the Logos, the divine word made flesh. These Gospels became foundational texts for Christian theology by providing a portrait of Jesus as both fully human and fully divine.

Christianity's rich tapestry didn't emerge overnight. Early debates and disagreements on theological issues sowed the seeds of distinct denominations. For example, the Ebionites believed Jesus was a righteous man but not divine, while Gnostics viewed the physical world as evil and Christ as a spiritual redeemer. These contrasting views highlight the dynamic nature of early Christian theology, constantly grappling with profound questions about Christ, salvation, and the nature of God.

Doctrines serve as the cornerstones of Christian belief, outlining what Christians believe about God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. Orthodoxy refers to accepted doctrines, while heresies are deviations from these established teachings. Early churches relied on scripture and pronouncements from bishops to maintain doctrinal purity. Doctrinal controversies, like Montanism's emphasis on new prophecy, fueled the development of sophisticated theological discourse. Councils like Nicaea in 325 AD played a crucial role in establishing core doctrines like the Trinity, the belief in one God existing as three distinct persons: Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit.

Reading and interpreting scripture played a pivotal role in shaping Christian theology. Early Christians explored how the Old Testament prophecies related to Jesus. Two key approaches emerged: typology, which saw Jesus as the fulfillment of Old Testament types, and allegory, which sought deeper spiritual meanings within scripture. These methods of interpretation significantly impacted Christian understanding of God's plan and Jesus' role as the Messiah.

[aboutanancientenquiry]

Rosaria Vignolo Munson "Telling Wonders: Ethnographic and Political Discourse in the Work of Herodotus"

"Bryn Mawr Classical Review

Telling Wonders: Ethnographic and Political Discourse in the Work of Herodotus

Rosaria Vignolo Munson, Telling wonders : ethnographic and political discourse in the work of Herodotus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. viii, 325 pages ; 24 cm. ISBN 0472112031. $65.00.

Review by

Stephanie Larson, Bucknell University. slarson@bucknell.edu

Rosaria Vignolo Munson’s (henceforth M) recent book on Herodotean ethnography and narrative is a must for every classicist’s and ancient historian’s bookshelf. M establishes, once and for all, Herodotus as a directed, focused, and purposeful writer. As one of her primary goals M explicates how Herodotus’ ethnographies inform and support his treatment of the Persian wars, and she masterfully demonstrates how Herodotus as histor, or arbitrator, also presents judgments, reflections, and recommendations about current events and current perceptions to his audience through ethnographic examples. M’s work thus nicely builds on previous Herodotean studies which (to greater and lesser degrees) situate Herodotus in his historical context (e.g., Cobet 1971, Fornara 1971, Raaflaub 1987, Thomas 2000) and which focus on the familiar refrain in Greek literature in general: instruction about the present through examples of the past. M’s work is also important for studies of Greek perceptions of difference and Greek identities, since she argues convincingly that in his ethnographies Herodotus implicitly undermines his audience’s traditional categories of Greekness and challenges them to see similarities between themselves and other groups. Selections from M’s volume will be useful for advanced undergraduates; the entire work will be important for graduate students and scholars of historiography and ancient ethnicities.

One of the most impressive and refreshing aspects of M’s work is her explication of these themes and of Herodotean storytelling through narratology. In her first chapter M classifies categories of Herodotean presentation: narrative (description and retelling of past events) and metanarrative (explanations or “readings” of the narrative action, including types of introductions and conclusions). Here Munson does a fine job of clearly distinguishing between types of narrative, but for the remainder of the book her main focus lies in explicating how Herodotus uses these structures rhetorically to guide his listeners to certain conclusions.

Especially intriguing is M’s introduction to Herodotean metanarrative glosses. Self-referential glosses comprise references to Herodotus’ process of inquiry ( historie such as we find at 1.1), to other pieces of Herodotus’ text as text, to the inquiries and reports of other sources outside Herodotean narrative, to the reliability of reported facts, to the uncertainty of such accounts, and perhaps most interestingly, to Herodotus’ own opinion or reasoning about various reports. This type of metanarrative is furthest from the level of narrative. Referential glosses, on the other hand, lie closest to the level of the story. They include references to proven and known corroboration of the narrative (M calls these “glosses of testimony”), comparisons, evaluations, and celebratory remarks. M focuses the rest of her book on deep analysis of such referential glosses. In this first chapter M’s categories of explanatory, identificatory, historical, and ethnographic glosses are occasionally confusing (she may not have needed so many divisions), although M’s comments on the interreliance between historical and ethnographic glosses is credible and nicely prefigures the rest of the book. To this reviewer M’s initial explanations of self-referential glosses of opinion and referential glosses of interpretation were difficult to distinguish, in part perhaps because, as M points out, these two types of metanarrative are often juxtaposed.

In Chapter 2 M puts to use her reader’s familiarity with her method by considering comparison in Herodotean treatment of the problems of monarchy. She first considers Herodotus’ narrative of Cleisthenes of Sikyon, which contains the embedded story of the Athenian Cleisthenes and his rise to power. M masterfully demonstrates that the Athenian is Herodotus’ main subject; the details about Cleisthenes of Sikyon rather highlight some of the negative characteristics and practices of his grandson, not to mention monarchic tendencies in democratic Athens in general (including actions of Perikles and the demos itself). M continues to discuss monarchy by analyzing a second historical gloss of analogy set in the story of the Elian Teisamenos, a seer who attains Spartan citizenship and power in a way which implicitly establishes him as “kingly war leader” in that community and thus as an implicit model of Spartan kingship. In these two narratives, then, one Athenian and one Spartan, Herodotus cleverly deals with the thorny issues of attainment of kingly power (by anyone) and its uses. M’s discussion of these passages is likewise subtle, especially in comparing them to other narratives from the Histories that pertain to the abuse of power by individuals against the state (e.g., the stories of Melampus, Deioces, the medizing Elean seer Hegistratos, and the Spartan king Pausanias).

In the second section of this lengthy chapter (the section itself numbers nearly 60 pages), M considers Herodotean ethnographic comparisons to unstated Greek norms as attempts both to reveal and challenge the prejudices of the Greeks toward barbarians. In one of the strongest discussions of the section, M critiques modern efforts to schematize Herodotus’ presentation of non-Greek peoples; to M analyzing various types of comparative glosses reveals how Herodotus often defies rigid categorization of “the other” in his narrative. Through examples of the Agathyrsi, the Massagetae, and other lesser known ethne, M makes the much needed point that Herodotean foreigners are not all “hard,” “soft,” or diametrically opposed to Greek norms.

In this chapter M only briefly addresses the Herodotean theme of environmental determinism. Since M questions the validity of interpreting Herodotus as an advocate of the effect of geography and environment on ethnicity, this reviewer would have liked more discussion on the topic than the short page allotted.

One of the most appealing sections of chapter 2 concerns Herodotean methods of discussing similarities between nomoi of different peoples and the “moral equivalences” such comparisons engender. M points out that even when Herodotus personally seems to dislike a cultural difference of a certain people, he avoids passing his own judgment directly, preferring instead to omit the detail or topic, as he does in treating gods as animals in the Egyptian logos. In much of the rest of her discussion of book 2, M emphasizes Herodotus’ concern to demonstrate the cultural similarities Greeks (and others) share with Egyptians, as seen particularly in Herodotus’ cross-cultural observations on the ritual “Linus” song.

In four final brief subsections of chapter 2 M turns from the Egyptians to other ethne in discussing implicit glosses of similarity and analogy. Here M first suggests that, rather than showing how different the Lydians are from the Greeks, Herodotus uses history to exonerate the Lydians of their historically derived negative stereotype common in Athens. Instead Herodotus highlights important cultural markers and characteristics the Lydians share with the Greeks, such as coinage, wisdom, and early colonization. In arguing similarly for the Scythians, particularly in terms of Spartan society, M illustrates Herodotus’ interest in analogical demonstration of cross-cultural connections between Greeks and barbaroi. She adduces the story of the Hellenized Skythian king Skyles, whose eventual destruction pushes the Skythian ethnos into a quagmire of communal reflection which, M suggests, would have caused positive consideration of the Skythian civilization on the part of the Greek audience. In discussing the fusion of the Amazons and Skythian peoples, M points to Herodotus’ unique portrayal of the Amazons as not so different from any other ethnos, “Greeks included.” These sections on Herodotean ethnographies and their messages are the strongest discussions in the chapter.

In Chapter 3 (another 100 page chapter) M addresses both explicit and implicit Herodotean evaluations of approval and disapproval of various ethnic groups. Taking up an earlier theme, M argues that Herodotus primarily expresses negativity towards barbaroi as represented through their monarchs; with just a few exceptions, his ethnographies on the whole still undermine traditional Greek interpretations of foreigners, as shown in Chapter 2. Herodotus often mollifies the occasional negative remark about others’ customs with additional notes of praise, although, as M remarks, Herodotus seems to distinguish strange customs which benefit people and those which do not by explicitly praising the helpful nomoi, such as the Babylonian practice of collectively assisting all their sick in the marketplace. Many of Herodotus’ negative remarks, in fact, consist in explicitly refuting the Greek version of certain stories or generally prejudiced accounts of entire peoples, e.g., the Egyptians, most notoriously. Alternatively, he focalizes opinions or criticisms about Greek ways or positive and legitimate evaluations of foreign cultures in the mouths of barbaroi. In the absence of explicit personal commentary, Herodotus is thus careful to compose his statements about different ethne neutrally, so as to promote cultural relativity in evaluation. M here adduces the Persian ethnography in which the Persians appear aggressively masculine, imperialistically ethnocentric, acquisitive, yet interestingly lacking the usual signs of barbarian depravity. Their acquisition of certain culturally Greek traits as well as the description of their character reduces the perceived differences between Greek and Persian. In this discussion M also remarks on Herodotus’ well-known tendency to observe and encourage both cognitive and cultural relativism in detailing the religious beliefs, funerary customs, and additional nomoi of foreign peoples. M analyzes Herodotus’ example of the mad Cambyses, a foil for the narrator himself and a paradigm for the type of cultural chauvinist who denigrates and disrespects foreign cultural norms as inferior to his own.

In one of the most informative sections of Chapter 3, M turns to Herodotean interpretation of the meaning behind select historical examples, specifically Herodotus’ well known judgments about Athenian naval resistance to Xerxes and about Leonidas’ persistence at Thermopylae; both rhetorically complex passages confirm the merits of Athens and Sparta according to the traditional heroic code. M then follows by discussing examples of Herodotean interpretations of the present through generalized prescriptions applicable to all. These gnomic statements both establish Herodotus as an observant historian and highlight many of the major ethical themes of the Histories, such as divine intervention in human lives, the concomitant instability of human fortune, and the related issue of divine phthonos. M here nicely explicates the passage concerning hostilities between Athens and Aegina (and the fall of Aegina), the embedded parable of the ruined Glaucos, and the account of Athenian killing of Darius’ envoys. To M these and other related passages mark Athens’ downfall through divine tisis as a strong possibility. In this chapter M also covers Herodotean themes of divine communication as an aid for interpreting history and culture, parallels and continuity between the Persian wars, and the relationships between fifth-century Athenian expansionism, utilitarianism, and democracy.

In a timely commentary, M concludes Chapter 3 by considering Herodotean views on the evils of war and the difference between wars of aggression and the protection of national security. She adduces the Skythians and Spartans as examples of communities whose imperialist aggression lies in the past and whose contemporary actions limit war when possible, except when forced to defend their freedom. Athens appears as a nuanced opposite, a state that participated in the Persian wars as a defensive ally but evolved into something different, a contributor to intra-Greek stasis through the pursuit of arche. At the end of this section M discusses Herodotus as narrator and arbitrator of past disputes and commentator on the “subjectivity of opinion” through reports of variant versions of events. In a variety of commentaries on specific passages M astutely emphasizes the metanarrative function of these past quarrels as allusions to contemporary fifth-century debates and issues, such as the Athenian story of Corinthian cowardice at Salamis (a reference to contemporary trouble between Athens and Corinth).

M’s final chapter brings her reader back to the title of the work by discussing thomata and Herodotus’ explicit presentation of certain ethnographic and historical phenomena as wonders. M argues that, rather than simply marking himself as an ethnographer by narrating wonders, Herodotus uses metanarrative markers of wonder to stimulate his audience to further reflection on a variety of topics, especially phenomena similar to or different from their Greek counterparts. Through his narrative technique thomata also establish Herodotus as an independent observer, narrator, and authority over his stories. Here M contributes a most interesting discussion of animals, whose behavior is often marked as wondrous, and their symbolic and historic significance in Herodotus; in one instance she deftly juxtaposes the lions who attack Xerxes’ camels to Leonidas and the Spartans who attack the Persians at Thermopylae. M also turns briefly to the story of Arion and the dolphin, which is buried in a narrative of Eastern aggression against a smaller Greek community whose story, among other functions, foreshadows the escape of the Greeks from the Persians. M’s last case study concerns the possibilities of meaning for the term thoma, as seen in Herodotus’ account of Alkmaeonid treachery at Marathon and his “lighthearted” narrative of their family history. To M Herodotus adduces the slander against the Alkmaeonids as a wonder to spur on reflection about the present — his account of their history calls into question dichotomies prevalent at the time of composition, such as tyranny and democracy, or citizen and foreigner. M clearly chose her very best exegesis to conclude this book.

In her conclusion M considers Herodotus in context, particularly the possible effects that working in Thurii might have had on the historian. Of course this question and many others about cultural influences on Herodotus can never be sufficiently answered, but M’s provisional images of the Thurian Herodotus paint a portrait of the author consistent with the concerns of his work as a whole: he is a free thinker, an expatriate of sorts, and thus one qualified to observe culture from the outside and to draw conclusions and implicit judgments about present and recent history from his cultural observations.

Ironically in terms of weaknesses the most pressing seems to be the structure of M’s narrative. At times the text seems a bit like a list of examples of certain types of glosses, and the two intermediate chapters are quite long, but M offsets this format by including subheadings and detailed explication of various passages in each subsection. The text also occasionally appears a bit repetitious in theme (albeit not in textual example). Not all of M’s details about types of narrative seemed necessary since some are already well-known Herodotean features.

The printed text is almost perfect. I noticed only one error: a missing parenthesis in the first sentence of the final paragraph of p. 189 which made the paragraph difficult to follow."

Source: https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2003/2003.09.11/

[miracle-twister]

My two cents on the Sailor Moon Raisonné discourse....

I'm so disappointed, the images are too small, they're even overlapping each other :((((!!! Toei that's so shameful!!!

Well, they clearly said *700 illustrations over 200 pages*. Each of the first 5 original artbooks have between 60/70 pages worth of illustrations. Let's say a median 65x5=325 pages. And that's was not counting the Sailor Moon World illustrations and the newer ones (Chanel collab, Figure skating art etc..). Not counting the Material nor Infinity either, nor even Sailor V and old Nakayoshi promo art. Clearly it was never gonna be a good sign.

I don't understand why fans are upset it was never advertised as an artbook.

I mean... fair? But I don't think a lot of fans would know what a "raisonné" is (it's sort of an artist catalogue btw), and it is very fair to assume they just decided to use a random French word like they love to do: La Fatalité sei senshi, L'Amour d'amour moonlight, Un nouveau voyage, petite étrangère ... and these are just some examples of very random French in Sailor Moon! Lyrics from 90s CDs (check out Ai no Etude) heck they even released a "Sailor Moon in Paris" album,and a French version of Moonlight Densetsu in one of the recent anniversary album!! Why would "Raisonné" be different?

We were promised an artbook like 10 years ago when they started the Crystal reboot, then years later (2017?) we finally had a first flyer/ad announcing it was in the work, so yeah, legitimately thinking that was it, finally, is a very fair assumption to why seeing the end result is disappointing to people.

Am I disappointed? In a sense, ish? I am glad this catalogue exists, truly, but I am still waiting for a real artbook of previously unreleased material in hq big artbook format.

[pigswithwings]

what if aquatic animals had Tumblr would that be fucked up or something lmaooo anyways

0 notes 🔁❤️

🌿 mx-seagrxss Follow

mating season is such a chore. wdym i have to migrate back ten thousand miles just to find some bitches

🐟 thatsalmonboy Follow

outta my way gayboy I'm boutta get it

🐟 thatsalmonboy Follow

i have been transformed into a creature beyond my wildest imaginations

1,284 notes 🔁❤️

🎣 cardinesan Follow

uhhh was nobody going to talk about how the new update makes the site virtually unusable for crustaceans ???

🌊 pelagic-tragic Follow

honestly even if we tell staff you know they're not going to do anything. crustaceans make up such a small percentage of oceanblr right now that it's going to be impossible to get them to care. the treatment of anyone who isn't a bony fish on this website is atrocious tbh

573 notes 🔁❤️

🌑 the-midnight-zoom

oh my cod its so dark down here why do i have such piss poor eyesight. if my eyes could open any wider id be doing that but nooo my house in the god damn depths says get fucked. not even my cousin in that one cave has to put up with this wtf

🔦 anglerfished Follow

hey come here for a second

325 notes 🔁❤️

🦑 a-sinkingsquid Follow

absolutely freaking out right now you frys don't understand ... There's another squid at this whale fall and she's really really cute! I want to talk to her so bad but I'm scared as all hell ... what if she thinks I'm trying to eat her and swims away ? ?

3 notes 🔁❤️

🐋 girlwhaletail Follow

shipping discourse is sooo pointless like? you argue about ships? ⛵ those things that sound really loud & pass by me everyday? 🛳️ whoo whoo?

2,821 notes 🔁❤️

🐌 justasnailfish Follow

where is every one ..

[class1akids]

Also, let’s just contemplate how perfect this is for Iida not only as Class A prez, but as Ingenium!

He’s bringing his family legacy to full circle: takes a lost kid by the hand...

Also, I guess Tenya’s suit being completely destroyed, he’ll get Tensei’s for the final fight.

I think we have a winner for one of our mystery panels.

[1eos]

I posted 16,879 times in 2022

9,099 posts created (54%)

7,780 posts reblogged (46%)

Blogs I reblogged the most:

@1eos

@capricornpropaganda

@kibumkim

@hansanghyuked

@mrchicsaraleo

I tagged 10,225 of my posts in 2022

Only 39% of my posts had no tags

#put your dick on the phone leo - 1,165 posts

#🤲 - 325 posts

#oh pretty legend - 224 posts

#e: piano man - 159 posts

#🤢 - 137 posts

#flashing tw - 129 posts

#boppingtons 🗣️ - 114 posts

#blondel - 111 posts

#brownl - 96 posts

#🎨 - 93 posts

Longest Tag: 108 characters

#first gif 🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️🧎🏾‍♀️

My Top Posts in 2022:

#5

truly the most satisfying bridge + chorus out of kpop in a hot minuté reblog if you yeah yeah losing game yeah

5,033 notes - Posted October 7, 2022

#4

let's GOOOOOOO dvd revival!!!!!! death to streaming services!!!! hulu netflix paramount plus ill see you bitches in HELL!

11,264 notes - Posted August 20, 2022

#3

having a child in nyc is a human rights violation at this point

19,962 notes - Posted February 17, 2022

#2

i believe that kids movies are for everyone nd in general it's a good thing to want something feel good nd popping on some animated movie but i do find it to be weird that so many grown ass adults are participating in stupid ass discourse over media meant for children all while ignoring the shit that actually needs to be discussed

20,604 notes - Posted January 19, 2022

My #1 post of 2022

pov you're the one normal writer at nickelodeon in the 2010s stopping the 34th fetish scene from going into the script

58,390 notes - Posted March 11, 2022

Get your Tumblr 2022 Year in Review →

[cathythestupid]

Found this old thoosie reply meme in my drafts, so i’m gonna redo it with all my current coaster opinions.

1. What is your coaster count?

193 coasters!!! kinda neat

2. What are your top 10 coasters?

never been good with ranking coasters, but off the top of my head:

Steel Vengeance

Storm Chaser

Skyrush

Phantom’s Revenge

Maverick

Cornball Express

Wicked Cyclone

Twisted Colossus

Phoenix (Knoebels)

Afterburn [this will always remain at the number 10 spot for emotional reasons, afterburn was there for me when no 1 else was in 2019]

3. An overrated coaster?

The year I’ve spent not being a thoosie means i have no pulse on what people discourse over. Fury 325 was disappointing for me, but also I rode it in November when I worked at Carowinds, so like, I have room in my heart to believe it does fuck in warmer weather. Similar deal with Lightning Rod.

4. An underrated coaster?

Idk, Raging Bull? again, no idea what people discourse over.

5. A coaster that gets way too much hate?

My answer in 2017 was Cedar Creek Mine Ride lol. It’s a jank ride with no terrain usage outside of the drop over the lagoon, but i’ve got some good memories with it. Also I didn’t find the restraints on Superman: The Ride at SFNE that bad, but idk, maybe i’m just built different. They’re not ideal tho.

6. Your thoughts on B&M Hypers?

When they hit, they hit. The powerful yet graceful airtime they deliver is simply euphoric. I like the speed hill on Candymonium, hope the hill on mako is just as good whenever I make it down to Florida lol

7. Your thoughts on Intamin Mega-Lites?

They look, pretty good. Coaster designs have becomes much wilder since, so I don’t have an urgent desire to ride one. But I would probably still find it quite fun!

8. Your thoughts on Maurer Spinning coasters?

The standard layout is alright. I think the gerstlauer spinners are better, but some of the custom maurer layouts look interesting.

9. Your thoughts on Schwarzkopf?

If only they were the more successful coaster manufacturer of their era... they knew how to shape track better than their contemporaries, and some of their design quirks are really cool, like the super postive heavy loops.

10. Your thoughts on Zierer?

I’ve been on a couple Tivolis, they’re fine. Impulse at Knoebels is an alright eurofighter knock-off, thank god they replaced the trains though, the originals from Zierer sucked.

11. Your thoughts on Gravitykraft?

They know how to make rides with good fuckin’ airtime. I love Boardwalk Bullet and Ravine Flyer II.

12. Your thoughts on Gerstlauer?

They have improved since their earlier days making janky coasters, but I definitely get why people might not vibe with their inversion-heavy layouts. I hope I get to go on some of their wackier rides in Europe someday

13. Name 8 parks you want to visit in your home country

Busch Gardens Tampa

Busch Gardens Williamsburg

Canobie Lake Park

Six Flags Over Texas

Six Flags Fiesta Texas

Silverwood

California’s Great America

Six Flags Over Georgia

14. Name 8 parks outside of the your home country that you want to visit

Canada’s Wonderland

Hansa Park

Europa Park

Phantasialand

Alton Towers

Gröna Lund

Liseberg

Tokyo DisneySea

15. Name three coasters you want to ride in these countries:

France: OzIris, Alpina Blitz, Toutatis

Italy: iSpeed, Katun, Storm

Germany: F.L.Y., Taron, Karnan

Netherlands: Untamed, Baron 1898, Troy

Belgium:  Kondaa, Ride To Happiness, Anubis: The Ride

Japan: Steel Dragon 2000, Hakugei, Slope Shooter

Canada: Leviathan, Mindbender, Dragon Mountain

Country of your choice (Spain): Shambhala, Gotham City Escape, Muntanya Russa (Tibidabo)

16: How would you fix a coaster that you don’t like? (No Removal or RMC-ing)

Do an actually good retrack of Wildcat @ Lake Compounce! I don’t understand why it is the way it is (as funny as the jackhammering is to me)!

17:  Your thoughts on Piraten (https://rcdb.com/4038.htm)

It’s a Mega-lite. see mega-lite question

18. Your thoughts on Takabisha (https://rcdb.com/9795.htm)

I’d like to go on it, it seems like a neat ride. I don’t totally fuck with Gerst, but I’m not completely uninterested in their various coasters.

19. Your thoughts on Olympia Looping (https://rcdb.com/13819.htm)

I need that weirdly shaped loop in my life. Have yet to go on a traveling Schwarz

20. Your thoughts on Monster (https://rcdb.com/12896.htm)

I need that weirdly shaped loop in my life. Despite not being as much of a thoosie anymore, I still really want to go to Adventureland in Iowa for the sake of writing a lesbian roadtrip novel.

21. Your thoughts on Nefekesen (https://rcdb.com/10831.htm)

this copypasta has some of the weirdest questions, I swear to god. I heard it’s a really short ride, so maybe it’s like Maxx Force? But I don’t think I’ll ever ride it.

22. Your thoughts on Verbolten (https://rcdb.com/9463.htm)

Funny German woman say things. the show building looks kinda eh, but i’ll probably still enjoy it.

23. Your thoughts on Abismo (https://rcdb.com/3185.htm)

The concept of an extended Maurer Sky Loop is cool, but I can live without experiencing it. Leaving the thoosie community due to thoosie trauma really make you reevaluate how much you need to ride coasters.

24. Your thoughts on Hydra (https://rcdb.com/2528.htm)

I had a pretty good ride on it in the front the one time I was at Dorney. The jojo roll is fun, and there’s also a couple good airtime moments. I think I like Bizarro better though? It’s tough bc B&M Floorless coasters are kinda eh in general.

25. Favorite coaster to ride at night?

Steel Vengeance! ride runs so fast through the first half at night the airtime is painful! and i’m into that.

26. Favorite coaster theme?

Hagrid bike, probably. Following the construction of it through bioreconstruct on Twitter was a fun time in my life, and all the architecture and scenery looks pretty good.

27. Favorite coaster logo?

The Millennium Force swooshy “M“. So slay. (i was not able to upload the file to tumblr for some reason)

[sarahjtv]

BNHA Chapter 325 Spoiler Analysis: United As One

The week has passed and so has summer.  Damn...  At least Shonen Jump’s got my back.  And Deku is finally welcome home thank god.  Now, give this kid a damn good meal, sleep, and a motherfreaking bath already.  NGL, this week has been busy for me and I’m tired AF, so I think I’ll only go over the parts that stuck out to me:

Man, god bless Kota for running up to Izuku to help him!  This kid has been through so much yet he still decided to run up to Izuku to help him.  He’s sobbing his eyes out too 😭.  I’m pretty sure he’s apologizing for not moving during the Muscular fight (in Kota’s defense, Izuku would’ve probably died if not for Kota) and he’s telling Izuku that “I am here” (OF COURSE HE SAYS THOSE WORDS) so Izuku doesn’t need to cry anymore.  And to top it all off, Kota calls Izuku “Nii-chan” which I’m pretty sure means older brother 😭❤️ If Horikoshi brings Eri in next week, I’m going to cry waterfalls dammit

The Fox Lady is so kind and pretty dammit Horikoshi give her a name already!  She’s so happy to see Deku again and thanks him for saving her.  Even calls him “Mr. Crybaby Hero” 😭  The way she picks him up like a small child is both sweet and funny too ☺️ I await the fanart!

A-AND THEN SHE AND KOTA HUG DEKU 😭💚💚💚💚

On a more serious note, the Fox Lady mentions that she got rejected from a lot of evacuation centers because they don’t accept mutant types like her.  Of course discrimination still exists in this world.  Of freakin’ course.  Just like in the real world...  And considering that Horikoshi mentioned that Shoji would have a role in the future and also show his face finally in some interviews (Horikoshi also teased that he wanted to give Shoji a bigger story YEARS ago), I have a feeling this subject will be brought up again in the future.

The Old Star Man from the first chapter/episode who encourages Deku to be a hero returns this chapter to give a big speech to the crowd.  This guy is a real one ✊.  Basically, he says that the crowd needs to shut up and understand what’s going on for a hot minute.  That everyone projected All Might’s “Perfect Heroness” onto the every other hero that they all forgot that Heroes are just people at the end of the day.  If the people don’t support the heroes still fighting now, they’re screwed.  Ultimately, it’s the civilians who have to save the heroes when they’re hurting.  Not just other heroes.  Horikoshi, please give this man a name too, he’s long deserved it.

Then the boy in the All Might shirt who’s been protesting for the past 2 chapters says something reasonable for once.  His views on Deku have been mixed around thanks to all the things that have been rumored about Deku on the internet and word of mouth.  Which kinda justifies his anger and doubt, but he still should’ve have been a jerk to Deku and Ochako.  

Deku finally speaks a full sentence declaring that he and his friends and mentors will make everything ok again.  I can’t wait to see that promise be fulfilled, my son 💚

We change focus to Shoto, Endeavor, and Hawks (who are confirmed to have been outside the barrier for the past few chapters; I was wondering about that).  They’re finally being allowed into UA for now.  Unfortunately the 3 of them probably would’ve caused more discourse if they entered while the civilians were rioting.  Endeavor and Hawks from the press release and just Shoto existing really.  Please let them stay there permanently.  

Gotta say that Endeavor looks so freaking tired throughout this whole thing.  The Toya thing + The Deku thing must be weighing extremely heavy on him.  I do feel bad for him honestly.  

Hawks tells Endeavor how OFA has, in a way, connected everyone together.  All Might to Deku to Class 1-A back to Deku to Ochako to the people.  And if the people can truly care for others, then the future will be bright and heroes will have all the time in the world just like Hawks wanted at the very beginning of his story.

There’s this really beautiful double page spread (teased in one of Vol. 31′s extras) of the civilians offering their umbrellas to the kids.  Kirishima’s crying happy tears, Kota and Mineta are running up to Deku, the All Might Shirt dude is offering Deku his umbrella, Kaminari is smacking Bakugo over the head 😂, Iida’s holding Deku’s hand to guide him, and INKO FINALLY GETS TO BE WITH HER SON THANK THE LORD 💚😭 

Shoto �� Our resident pretty boy is looking at this scene and ultimately decides that he and Endeavor are going to stop Dabi together.  He decided this before back in the hospital, but I think his decision is more final here.  I really need him to properly reunite with Deku though and I’m sure they have A LOT to talk about.

AND WE FINALLY GET TO PROPERLY SEE AIZAWA AFTER GOD KNOWS HOW LONG AND HE’S SO HANDSOME 🖤 MY MAN IS LOOKING GOOD WITH AN EYEPATCH?!?  And he does have a prosthetic robot leg and apparently Mirko does too.  God, he looks so tired, but he’s so proud of his kids Imma cry again 😭

Anyway, it’s looks like he’s still recovering from the war in the hospital and apparently also there to help with the whole Kurogiri situation, who’s been transferred to a research lab.  It seems like Aizawa’s trying to bring back Shirakumo somehow.  If they do, I wonder if Shirakumo will even still be alive.  We can assume that he might still be alive since he did tell the Heroes about the hospital, but it’s uncertain.  It would be nice to have that sweet soul back 🌤

Also, the Heroes are aware that Himiko Toga’s still out there and they’re taking extra persuasions to make sure she isn’t one of the refugees.  They also know her limits too, so that’s good.

The last panel is of All Might standing outside of UA, but his back is turned against them.  He has this uncertain look on his face too.  I honestly can’t read it for the life of me.  I gotta wonder why he isn’t walking in there now that everything seems to be ok.  Maybe he doesn’t want to accidentally cause more problems?  The public did start to hate him with the whole “I Am Not Here” sign on his statue in Kamino...  Deku does need him though.  Ugh, I’m so worried for this man.

And I do have a theory.  It’s a long shot and a dark one: What if Toga found Stain while running off and they teamed up together.  Then Stain found and took All Might captive and Toga took some of All Might’s blood to transform into him and now she’s the one outside of UA.  I can’t say if All Might is dead or not.  I really, really, REALLY, don’t want him to be dead.  Stain says that All Might is the only one truly worthy of being a Hero, so I doubt he would actively kill All Might.  But, god there’s so many death flags surrounding this man.  I don’t even know if he’s going to make it through the entire series tbh.

The end chapter teaser says “The rain continues on...” so I doubt this pain is over.  We have a bit of a calm, but I am so anticipating the next storm.

Me waiting for even more pain:     

[mizutori-heiko]

Gabie here! I’m a multi-fandom pro-shipper who is very vocally against moral censorship. I’ve been a part of fandom spaces since the early 00s which means I don’t have a lot of patience for some things. I genuinely enjoy supporting and interacting with mutuals. I reply to absolutely every message or interaction that comes my way (except for hateful ones) and my DMs are always open for anyone who shares any of my passions! It always breaks my heart when I engage in posts that seemingly appear to invite discourse/engagement from people only to be met with silence—when a lot of this happens I tend to disengage from fandom spaces and I can disappear for long periods of time, but that is just the life of the INTJ personality LOL. At some point, I come back (not that anyone misses me, but hey, you’re reading this!)

● Fandoms & Favorite Characters ●

BNHA: Katsuki, Touya, Enji, Keigo

OP: Zoro, Buggy, Crocodile, Luffy, Hiyori, Caesar, Robin

HP: Sirius, Narcissa, Bellatrix, Tom, Hermione, Albus, Harry, Luna, Draco, Severus

ASOIAF: Sansa, Jaime, Cersei, Jon, Arya, Sandor, Tywin

JJK: Nobara, Nanami, Choso, Sukuna, Yuki, Higuruma

NARUTO: Sakura, Orochimaru, Gaara, Kakashi, Hinata, Shikamaru

TROP: Galadriel, Sauron

ER: Messmer, Marika, Ranni, Malenia, Godfrey, Blaidd

MCU: Stephen, Peter, Tony, Loki, Wanda

SPN: Dean, Sam, Crowley, Lucifer

ST: Steve, Billy, Eddie, Dustin

SXF: Damian, Anya, Becky

● My BNHA Analysis [ Personal Favorites ] ●

314 - A False Dichotomy: Order vs. Freedom & The Case of Lady Nagant

315 - Acknowledging The Unheard Voices of Society

316 - All For One Meets Nietzsche, A Commentary on Society

317 - All For One’s Strategy & The Art of Storytelling

318 - Midoriya Izuku & Fear Narratives

322 - Personal Accountability & Dreams of Hope (Horikoshi’s Plans for The People)

325 - Beyond idealism—accountability and personal development as foundations of communal support

326 - The Conflict of Yagi Toshinori: The Ideal and The Man

● BNHA Originals ●

Incorrect Quotes

BakuDeku Fluff

Hagakure is A New Age Spiritualist, The Chronicles

● BNHA Fanfiction ●

Back to You (BKDK)

Mizutori’s Bakudeku Fic Masterlist

● Other Links ●

Twitter ~ TikTok (multi fandom fic recs) ~ Carrd

[didanawisgi]

Dhammapada

The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories

Translated by Daw Mya Tin, M.A.

Edited by Editorial Committee, Burma Tipitaka Association Rangoon, Burma, 1986. Courtesy of Nibbana.com

For free distribution only, as a gift of dhamma.

Preface

Dhammapada is one of the best known books of the Pitaka. It is a collection of the teachings of the Buddha expressed in clear, pithy verses. These verses were culled from various discourses given by the Buddha in the course of forty-five years of his teaching, as he travelled in the valley of the Ganges (Ganga) and the sub-mountain tract of the Himalayas. These verses are often terse, witty and convincing. Whenever similes are used, they are those that are easily understood even by a child, e.g., the cart's wheel, a man's shadow, a deep pool, flowers. Through these verses, the Buddha exhorts one to achieve that greatest of all conquests, the conquest of self; to escape from the evils of passion, hatred and ignorance; and to strive hard to attain freedom from craving and freedom from the round of rebirths. Each verse contains a truth (dhamma), an exhortation, a piece of advice.

I.Yamakavagga Verse 001 Verse 002 Verse 003 Verse 005 Verse 006 Verse 007 Verse 009 Verse 011 Verse 013 Verse 015 Verse 016 Verse 017 Verse 018 Verse 019 II.Appamadavagga Verse 021 Verse 024 Verse 025 Verse 026 Verse 028 Verse 029 Verse 030 Verse 031 Verse 032 III.Cittavagga Verse 033 Verse 035 Verse 036 Verse 037 Verse 038 Verse 040 Verse 041 Verse 042 Verse 043 IV.Pupphavagga Verse 044 Verse 046 Verse 047 Verse 048 Verse 049 Verse 050 Verse 051 Verse 053 Verse 054 Verse 056 Verse 057 Verse 058 V.Balavagga Verse 060 Verse 061 Verse 062 Verse 063 Verse 064 Verse 065 Verse 066 Verse 067 Verse 068 Verse 069 Verse 070 Verse 071 Verse 072 Verse 073 Verse 075 VI.Panditavagga Verse 076 Verse 077 Verse 078 Verse 079 Verse 080 Verse 081 Verse 082 Verse 083 Verse 084 Verse 085 Verse 087 VII.Arahantavagga Verse 090 Verse 091 Verse 092 Verse 093 Verse 094 Verse 095 Verse 096 Verse 097 Verse 098 Verse 099 VIII.Sahassavagga Verse 100 Verse 101 Verse 102 Verse 104 Verse 106 Verse 107 Verse 108 Verse 109 Verse 110 Verse 111 Verse 112 Verse 113 Verse 114 Verse 115 IX.Papavagga Verse 116 Verse 117 Verse 118 Verse 119 Verse 121 Verse 122 Verse 123 Verse 124 Verse 125 Verse 126 Verse 127 Verse 128 X.Dandavagga Verse 129 Verse 130 Verse 131 Verse 133 Verse 135 Verse 136 Verse 137 Verse 141 Verse 142 Verse 143 Verse 145 XI.Jaravagga Verse 146 Verse 147 Verse 148 Verse 149 Verse 150 Verse 151 Verse 152 Verse 153 Verse 155 XII.Attavagga Verse 157 Verse 158 Verse 159 Verse 160 Verse 161 Verse 162 Verse 163 Verse 164 Verse 165 Verse 166 XIII.Lokavagga Verse 167 Verse 168 Verse 170 Verse 171 Verse 172 Verse 173 Verse 174 Verse 175 Verse 176 Verse 177 Verse 178 XIV.Buddhavagga Verse 179 Verse 181 Verse 182 Verse 183 Verse 186 Verse 188 Verse 193 Verse 194 Verse 195 XV.Sukhavagga Verse 197 Verse 200 Verse 201 Verse 202 Verse 203 Verse 204 Verse 205 Verse 206 XVI.Piyavagga Verse 209 Verse 212 Verse 213 Verse 214 Verse 215 Verse 216 Verse 217 Verse 218 Verse 219 XVII.Kodhavagga Verse 221 Verse 222 Verse 223 Verse 224 Verse 225 Verse 226 Verse 227 Verse 231 XVIII.Malavagga Verse 235 Verse 239 Verse 240 Verse 241 Verse 242 Verse 244 Verse 246 Verse 249 Verse 251 Verse 252 Verse 253 Verse 254 XIX.Dhammatthavagga Verse 256 Verse 258 Verse 259 Verse 260 Verse 262 Verse 264 Verse 266 Verse 268 Verse 270 Verse 271 XX.Maggavagga Verse 273 Verse 277 Verse 280 Verse 281 Verse 282 Verse 283 Verse 285 Verse 286 Verse 287 Verse 288 XXI.Pakinnakavagga Verse 290 Verse 291 Verse 292 Verse 294 Verse 296 Verse 302 Verse 303 Verse 304 Verse 305 XXII.Nirayavagga Verse 306 Verse 307 Verse 308 Verse 309 Verse 311 Verse 314 Verse 315 Verse 316 Verse 318 XXIII.Nagavagga Verse 320 Verse 323 Verse 324 Verse 325 Verse 326 Verse 327 Verse 328 Verse 331 XXIV.Tanhavagga Verse 334 Verse 338 Verse 344 Verse 345 Verse 347 Verse 348 Verse 349 Verse 351 Verse 353 Verse 354 Verse 355 Verse 356 XXV.Bhikkhuvagga Verse 360 Verse 362 Verse 363 Verse 364 Verse 365 Verse 367 Verse 368 Verse 377 Verse 378 Verse 379 Verse 381 Verse 382 XXVI.Brahmanavagga Verse 383 Verse 384 Verse 385 Verse 386 Verse 387 Verse 388 Verse 389 Verse 391 Verse 392 Verse 393 Verse 394 Verse 395 Verse 396 Verse 397 Verse 398 Verse 399 Verse 400 Verse 401 Verse 402 Verse 403 Verse 404 Verse 405 Verse 406 Verse 407 Verse 408 Verse 409 Verse 410 Verse 411 Verse 412 Verse 413 Verse 414 Verse 415 *Verse 416 *Verse 416 Verse 417 Verse 418 Verse 419 Verse 421 Verse 422 Verse 423

[skonnaris]

Famous historical figures

A list of famous people throughout history. These famous historical figures are chosen from a range of different cultures and countries. They include famous spiritual figures, politicians and writers who have helped to shape human history.

BCE

Sri Ramachandra (c. 5114 BCE) Rama was a model king of Ayodhya who lived according to the dharma. He went to Sri Lanka to fight Ravana who had captured his wife, Sita. Rama is considered an incarnation of Vishnu in Hindu mythology.

Sri Krishna (c. BCE) – Spiritual Teacher of Hinduism. Sri Krishna gave many discourses to his disciple Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. These discourses were written down in the Bhagavad Gita.

Ramses II (1303 BCE – 1213 BCE) – Ramses or Ramesses was the third Egyptian Pharaoh, ruling between 1279 BC – 1213 BC. Ramses the Great consolidated Egyptian power, through military conquest and extensive building.

Homer (8th Century BC) Homer is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Two classics of Greek literature. His writings form a significant influence on Western literature.

Cyrus the Great (600 – 530 BC) was the founder of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. Cyrus conquered the empires of Media, Lydia and Babylonia, creating the first multi-ethnic state which at its peak accounted for around 40% of the global population.

Lord Buddha (c 563 – 483 BC) Spiritual Teacher and founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha was born a prince in northern India. He gave up the comforts of the palace to seek enlightenment. After attaining Nirvana, he spent the remainder of his years teaching.

Confucius (551 – 479 BC) – Chinese politician, statesman, teacher and philosopher. His writings on justice, life and society became the prevailing teachings of the Chinese state and developed into Confucianism.

Socrates (469 BC–399 BC) – Greek philosopher. Socrates developed the ‘Socratic’ method of self-enquiry. He had a significant influence on his disciples, such as Plato and contributed to the development of Western philosophy and political thought.

Plato (424 – 348 BC) – Greek philosopher. A student of Socrates, Plato founded the Academy in Athens – one of the earliest seats of learning. His writings, such as ‘The Republic’ form a basis of early Western philosophy. He also wrote on religion, politics and mathematics.

Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) – Greek philosopher and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle was a student of Plato, but he branched out into empirical research into the physical sciences. His philosophy of metaphysics had an important influence on Western thought.

Alexander the Great (356 – 323 BC) – King of Macedonia. He established an Empire stretching from Greece to the Himalayas. He was a supreme military commander and helped diffuse Greek culture throughout Asia and northern Africa.

Archimedes (287 B.C – 212) Mathematician, scientist and inventor. Archimedes made many contributions to mathematics. He explained many scientific principles, such as levers and invented several contraptions, such as the Archimedes screw.

Ashoka (c 269 BCE to 232 BCE) – One of the greatest Indian rulers. Ashoka the Great ruled from 269 BC to 232 BC he embraced Buddhism after a bloody battle and became known for his philanthropism, and adherence to the principles of non-violence, love, truth and tolerance.

Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BC) As military commander, Caesar conquered Gaul and England extending the Roman Empire to its furthest limits. Used his military strength to become Emperor (dictator) of Rome from 49 BC, until his assassination in 44BC.

Augustus Caesar  (63 BC-AD 14) – First Emperor of Rome. Caesar (born Octavian) was one the most influential leaders in world history, setting the tone for the Roman Empire and left a profound legacy on Western civilisation.

Cleopatra (69 -30 BC) The last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt. Cleopatra sought to defend Egypt from the expanding Roman Empire. In doing so, she formed relationships with two of Rome’s most powerful leaders Marc Anthony and Julius Caesar.

AD

Jesus of Nazareth (c.5BC – 30AD), Jesus of Nazareth, was a spiritual teacher, and the central figure of Christianity. By Christians, he is considered to be the Messiah predicted in the Old Testament.

St Paul (5 – AD 67) – Christian missionary. St Paul was Jewish and a Roman citizen who converted to Christianity. His writings and teachings did much to define and help the spread of Christianity.

Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180) – Roman Emperor and philosopher. He is considered the last of the five good Emperors. His Meditations are a classic account of Stoic philosophy.

Emperor Constantine (272 – 337) First Roman Emperor to embrace Christianity. He called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 which clarified the Nicene Creed of Christianity.

Muhammad (570 – 632) Prophet of Islam. Muhammad received revelations which form the verses of the Qur’an. His new religion unified Arabia under the new Muslim religion.

Attila the Hun (5th Century) Ruler of the Huns who swept across Europe in the Fifth Century. He attacked provinces within the Roman Empire and was Rome’s most feared opponent.

Charlemagne (742 – 814) – King of Franks and Emperor of the Romans. Charlemagne unified Western Europe for the first time since the fall of the Roman Empire. He provided protection for the Pope in Rome.

Genghis Kahn (1162 – 1227) – Leader of the Mongol Empire stretching from China to Europe. Genghis Khan was a fierce nomadic warrior who united the Mongol tribes before conquering Asia and Europe.

Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) – The first Queen of France. Eleanor influenced the politics of western Europe through her alliances and her sons Richard and John – who became Kings of England.

Saladin (1138 – 1193) – Leader of the Arabs during the Crusades. He unified Muslim provinces and provided effective military opposition to the Christian crusades.

Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Influential Roman Catholic priest, philosopher and theologian.

Marco Polo (1254 – 1324) Venetian traveller and explorer who made ground-breaking journeys to Asia and China, helping to open up the Far East to Europe.

Johann Gutenberg (1395 – 1468) – German inventor of the printing press. Gutenberg’s invention of movable type started a printing revolution which was influential in the Reformation.

Joan of Arc – (1412-1431) – French saint. Jean d’Arc was a young peasant girl who inspired the Dauphin of France to renew the fight against the English. She led French forces into battle.

Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) – Italian explorer who landed in America. He wasn’t the first to land in America, but his voyages were influential in opening up the new continent to Europe.

Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 – 1519) – Italian scientist, artist, and polymath. Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. His scientific investigations covered all branches of human knowledge.

Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539) Indian spiritual teacher who founded the Sikh religion. Guru Nanak was the first of the 10 Sikh Gurus. He travelled widely disseminating a spiritual teaching of God in everyone.

Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) – A key figure in the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther opposed papal indulgences and the power of the Pope, sparking off the Protestant Reformation.

Babur (1483 – 1531) – Founder of the Moghul Empire on the Indian subcontinent. A descendant of Genghis Khan, he brought a Persian influence to India.

William Tyndale (1494 – 1536) – A key figure in the Protestant Reformation. Tyndale translated the Bible into English. It’s wide dissemination changed English society. He was executed for heresy.

Akbar (1542 – 1605) – Moghul Emperor who consolidated and expanded the Moghul Empire. Akbar also was a supporter of the arts, culture and noted for his religious tolerance.

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552 – 1618) – English explorer who made several journeys to the Americas, including a search for the lost ‘Eldorado.’

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) – Astronomer and physicist. Galileo developed the modern telescope and, challenging the teachings of the church, helped to prove the earth revolved around the sun.

William Shakespeare (1564- 1616) English poet and playwright. Shakespeare’s plays, such as Hamlet, Macbeth and Othello have strongly influenced English literature and Western civilisation.

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) Dubbed the father of modern philosophy, Descartes was influential in a new rationalist movement, which sought to question basic presumptions with reason.

Oliver Cromwell (1599 – 1658) – British Parliamentarian. Cromwell led his new model army in defeating King Charles I and creating a new model of government.

Voltaire (1694 – 1778) – French philosopher. Voltaire’s biting satire helped to create dissent in the lead up to the French revolution.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) – English mathematician and scientist. Newton laid the foundations of modern physics, with his laws of motion and gravity. He made extensive scientific investigations.

Eighteenth Century

Catherine the Great (1729 – 1796) – Russian Queen during the Eighteenth Century. During her reign, Russia was revitalised becoming a major European power. She also began reforms to help the poor.

George Washington (1732 – 1799) – 1st President of US. George Washington led the American forces of independence and became the first elected President.

Tom Paine (1737- 1809) English-American author and philosopher. Paine wrote‘Common Sense‘ (1776) and the Rights of Man (1791), which supported principles of the American and French revolutions.

Thomas Jefferson (1743- 1826) 3rd President of US. Author of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson passed laws on religious tolerance in his state of Virginia and founded the University of Virginia.

Mozart (1756 – 1791) – Austrian Music composer. Mozart’s compositions ranged from waltzes to Requiem. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest musical geniuses of all time.

Nineteenth Century

William Wilberforce (1759 – 1833) – British MP and campaigner against slavery. Wilberforce was a key figure in influencing British public opinion and helping to abolish slavery in 1833.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) – French military and political leader. Napoleon made France a major European power and meant his Napoleonic code was widely disseminated across Europe.

Simon Bolivar (1783 – 1830) – Liberator of Latin American countries. Bolivar was responsible for the liberation of Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Colombia.

Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) 16th President of US. Lincoln led the northern Union forces during the civil war to protect the Union of the US. During the civil war, Lincoln also promised to end slavery.

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) – Developed theory of evolution. His book ‘The Origin of Species’ (1859) laid the framework for evolutionary biology and changed many people’s view of life on the planet.

Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) Principle Marxist philosopher. Author of Das Kapitaland The Communist Manifesto. (with F.Engels) Marx believed that Capitalist society would be overthrown by Communist revolution.

Queen Victoria (1819 – 1901) – Queen of Great Britain during the Nineteenth Century. She oversaw the industrial revolution and the growth of the British Empire.

Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) – French chemist and Biologist. Pasteur developed many vaccines, such as for rabies and anthrax. He also developed the process of pasteurisation, making milk safer.

Leo Tolstoy (1828 – 1910) – Russian writer and philosopher. Tolstoy wrote the epic ‘War and Peace’ Tolstoy was also a social activist – advocating non-violence and greater equality in society.

Thomas Edison (1847 – 1931) – Inventor and businessman. Edison developed the electric light bulb and formed a company to make electricity available to ordinary homes.

Twentieth Century

Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) – Irish writer. Wilde’s plays included biting social satire. He was noted for his wit and charm. However, after a sensational trial, he was sent to jail for homosexuality.

Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924) – President of US during WWI. Towards the end of the war, Wilson developed his 14 points for a fair peace, which included forming a League of Nations.

Mahatma Gandhi (1869 – 1948) – Indian nationalist and politician. Gandhi believed in non-violent resistance to British rule. He sought to help the ‘untouchable’ caste and also reconcile Hindu and Muslims.

V. Lenin (1870-1924) – Born in Ulyanovsk, Russia. Lenin was the leader of Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution in 1917. Lenin became the first leader of the Soviet Union influencing the direction of the new Communist state.

The Wright Brothers (Orville, 1871 – 1948) – developed the first powered aircraft. In 1901, they made the first successful powered air flight, ushering in a new era of air flight.

Winston Churchill (1874 – 1965) Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Second World War. Churchill played a key role in strengthening British resolve in the dark days of 1940.

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) – West German Chancellor post world war II. Adenauer had been an anti-nazi before the war. He played a key role in reintegrating West Germany into world affairs.

Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955) – German / American physicist. Einstein made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of relativity. Einstein was also a noted humanitarian and peace activist.

Ataturk (1881-1938) – founder of the Turkish Republic. From the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, Ataturk forged a modern secular Turkish republic.

A Little History of the World

A Little History of the World: Illustrated Edition at Amazon – by E. H. Gombrich

John M Keynes (1883 – 1946) Influential economist. Keynes developed a new field of macroeconomics in response to the great depression of the 1930s.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882 – 1945) US President (1932-1945) Roosevelt led the US through its most turbulent time of the great depression and World War II.

Adolf Hitler (1889 – 1945) Dictator of Nazi Germany. Hitler sought to conquer Europe and Russia, starting World War Two. Also responsible for the Holocaust, in which Jews and other ‘non-Aryans’ were killed.

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) – First Indian Prime Minister. Nehru came to power in 1947 and ruled until his death in 1964. He forged a modern democratic India, not aligned to either US or the Soviet Union.

Dwight Eisenhower (1890 – 1969) – Supreme Allied Commander during the Normandy landings of World War II. Eisenhower also became President from 1953-1961.

Charles de Gaulle (1890- 1970) French politician. De Gaulle became leader of the ‘Free French’ after the fall of France in 1940. Became President after the war, writing the constitution of the 5th Republic.

Chairman Mao (1893 – 1976) Mao led the Chinese Communist party to power during the long march and fight against the nationalists. Mao ruled through the ‘cultural revolution’ until his death in 1976.

Mother Teresa (1910-1997) – Catholic nun from Albania who went to India to serve the poor. Became a symbol of charity and humanitarian sacrifice. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

John F. Kennedy (1917 – 1963) – US President 1961-1963. J. F.Kennedy helped to avert nuclear war during the Cuban missile crisis. He also began to support the civil rights movement before his assassination in Dallas, November 1963.

Nelson Mandela (1918 – ) The first President of democratic South Africa in 1994. Mandela was imprisoned by the apartheid regime for 27 years, but on his release helped to heal the wounds of apartheid through forgiveness and reconciliation.

Pope John Paul II (1920 – 2005) – Polish Pope from 1978-2005. Pope John Paul is credited with bringing together different religions and playing a role at the end of Communism in Eastern Europe.

Queen Elizabeth II (1926 – ) British Queen from 1952. The second longest serving monarch in history, Elizabeth saw six decades of social and political change.

Martin Luther King (1929 – 1968) Martin Luther King was a powerful leader of the non-violent civil rights movement. His 1963 speech ‘I have a dream’ being a pinnacle moment.

14th Dalai Lama (1938 – ) Spiritual and political leader of Tibetans. The Dalai Lama was forced into exile by the invading Chinese. He is a leading figure for non-violence and spirituality.

Mikhail Gorbachev (1931 – ) Leader of the Soviet Union. Oversaw transition from Communism in Eastern Europe to democracy. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.

Muhammad Ali (1942- ) American boxer. Muhammad Ali had his boxing license removed for refusal to fight in Vietnam. He became a leading figure in the civil rights movement.

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. “Famous historical people”, Oxford, UK. www.biographyonline.net, 18/12/2013. Published  1 March 2018. Last updated 7 July 2019

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Herodotus, the “father of the ethnological studies in the Western tradition”-II

The Gökçeler relief, an example of Greco-Persian art in 5th century BCE Anatolia. Source:   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_art

“Herodotus is so familiar to us as an innovative figure – Cicero’s dictum on his status as the “father of History” so well known a catchphrase (Laws 1.1.5) –that we still tend to underestimate the brilliance of his achievement. He was not only the first analyst of mere cultural difference, but he also portrayed for his audience the first realizations in our intellectual tradition of the processes of dif -ferentiation. However, it is important for us to qualify the nature of his Histories on two essential points before proceeding. First, Herodotus’ dependence on oral sources and his apparent naivety during his collection of source material over the scale to which his work would aspire meant that an extraordinary stratifica-tion and mosaic-effect of Greek observers is manifested throughout his work as transmitted to us. These interactors with the non-Greek world severally grappled with issues of translation (see Brandwood’s contribution in this volume), varia-tions of evidentiary standards (e.g., regarding necessity for and nature of autopsy), and distortions of transmission among each other. Herodotus’ interlocutors were themselves also fundamentally conditioned by the processes of assimilation, hybridity, and biculturalism that lie at the heart of the histor ’s own impetus to confront the ‘other’. Any imputation to Herodotus – or even to his mainly anony-mous interlocutors – of any motivation whatsoever, and especially of animus, is thus greatly complicated.22 Second, Herodotus and his contemporaries did not have the advantage of their modern scholars in their assurance over canonicity of classical Greek culture. Much that may now strike us as hostilely prejudicial may rather betray defensive posturing in the face of the antiquity, physical scale, and, in the case of the Persians, astounding wealth and power of non-Greek cultures (see Gregory Nagy in this volume [pp. 109–42] on alternative paths of evolution for Hellenicity). As is discernible even in the contemporary world, a degree of ethno-chauvinism can be anticipated from those living in the shadow of populous, wealthy, technologically advanced, and media-dominant societies. Is this not animplicit justification for multiculturalism in modern discourse?

For Herodotus, nomoi or mores could differ from people to people simply as a manifestation of variation, but at other times perhaps owing to various environmental factors, with substantial effects in the aggregate both for mere subsistence and for affluence (as the Portuguese of the age of discovery recognized, as is shown by Carmen Soares in this volume [pp. 296–325]). In varied settings, humans acted under the influence of nomoi directing their existence, as was summed upin his reflection on the adage of Pindar that nomos ‘law’ was basileus ‘king’ (Hdt.3.38.3–4). This is applied when Dareios, an astonishing and instructive choice for our teacher in the variety of human behaviour, brings the Indian Kalliatai, who ritually eat their dead, into confrontation with the Greeks, who cremate. Yet Herodotus was also a universalist in his own terms, as his reflections on Egyptian religion indicate especially: people tapped the same transcendent order, even if their rituals varied, their awareness of it was imperfect, and their ability to adhere to its dictates may have fallen short or lapsed to a lesser or greater extent. Moreover, Herodotus is not what would now be called an ‘essentialist’, as he readily conceives that one people may borrow from another – his insistence on the Egyptian origin of Greek cultural motifs has long been emphasized23 – and, although he lacked a fully explicit concept of hybridity, his willingness to recognize a considerable degree of diffusion or admixture is notable, as is also well illustrated by the Phoenician influence on the Greeks (e.g., Hdt. 5.58–59) and the existence of assorted medial groups. As Alexandre Agnolon’s chapter in this volume will show (pp. 159–77), the Scythian Hellenizers dramatize the challenges faced by cultural hybrids (for Skyles, note 4.78–80). There Herodotus’ sympathy with the Scythian perspective on Hellenization is conspicuous. Moreover, as I note later, if the Athenians are to be viewed as aboriginally Pelasgians who had traversed a set of self-identifications, originalist biases for Herodotus must be considered to have been significantly muted. And it is important to indicate that, whenever one says “Herodotus” in statements about the content of his accounts of non-Greek societies, they are using a shorthand reference for a unique and perhaps virtually non-duplicable stratigraphy of witnessing on any specific matter.

This Herodotean ‘othering’ can be viewed as ‘mirroring’, as Hartog stressed,24  but we have already recognized that the mirror at issue is not a simple glass for contemplation. Rather, viewing is staged in a hall of mirrors with glasses of various degrees of trueness or distortion. Sometimes the reflections are truly inverted, in which the lives of non-Greeks embody the converse of Greek nomoi, although this opposition as in the case of the Egyptians could be to all mankind (Hdt.2.35.1–4).25 Such obversions could even continue to the point of perversity, such as general promiscuity,26 and ritual prostitution,27 where the negativity of judgment is noteworthy.28 This phenomenon draws on an archaic propensity for think ing in polarities. Yet, we can also see in mirroring the possibility in which the Greeks can be situated medially between two converses, such as between cultures where clothing is absent or minimal and Asian societies where any nakedness at all is prohibited (cf. Hdt. 1.8.2–4, 11.3–5). Sometimes when this normative deviation has seductive power, our mirror ought to be rendered as a wishing well of fantasy, as in the cases where unproblematic sexual promiscuity is foregrounded (the casual liaisons of the Massagetai or Nasamones: Hdt. 1.216.1; 4.172.2). Herodotus notes this variation of sexual behaviour without titillation or prurient embellishment. It becomes then an open question whether the prominent portrayal of inversions in sexuality do not also serve as a mechanism for coping with the shock elicited by confrontation with the primitive. In some cases, especially regarding Egyptian culture, the image in the Herodotean mirror assumes the authority of a prototype or archetype. Moreover, our Herodotean mirrors possess persistent reflections, so that a succession of interpreters, local guides, non-Greek authorities, Greek sophoi ‘sages’, and logioi ‘experts’, standing in mediation with the‘others’, have left their traces in what must be thoroughly composite images.” 

Scythian Tribute Bearers on the Apadana Staircase, Persepolis, Iran. Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scythian_Tribute_Bearers_on_the_Apadana_Staircase_12_(Best_Viewed_Size_%22Large%22)_(4688092455).jpg

Text from the Introduction of Thomas Figueira to Thomas Figueira, Carmen Soares (editors)  Ethnicity and Identity in Herodotus, Routledge 2020

On line source: https://www.academia.edu/42297881/A_Goddess_for_the_Greeks_Demeter_as_Identity_Factor_in_Herodotus