#375 Pearl St

[concertphotos]

The Brooklyn Bridge, Financial District, and The Battery Skyline of Lower Manhattan Aerial View by David Oppenheimer Via Flickr: The Brooklyn Bridge, Financial District, and The Battery skyline of Lower Manhattan in New York City nighttime aerial view - © 2024 David Oppenheimer - Performance Impressions aerial photography archives - performanceimpressions.com

[ausetkmt]

Photo courtesy of “Environmental History in Detroit” University of Michigan

In Detroit, there are two precious historic places that have been lost to us: Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. Resembling famous epicenters of African American culture, history, and enterprise like New Orleans’s Bourbon Street and New York’s East Harlem, Black Bottom was a significant stronghold of Detroit’s African American population from the 1920s all the way to the 1960s.

So what exactly was Black Bottom and what happened to it? Black Bottom was an enclave located on Detroit’s near east side, bordered by Gratiot Avenue, Brush Street, Vernor Highway, and the Grand Trunk railroad tracks, with its main commercial strips on both Hastings Street and St. Antoine Street. Although primarily Eastern-European during its early years after World War I, Black Bottom began to become shaped by African Americans who participated in the Great Migration of Blacks escaping persecution in the South for economic opportunities in the North. Fueled by Henry Ford and his newly offered promise of five dollars a day for his workers, Black Bottom became an important destination to African Americans seeking higher wages, which permitted many to reach the middle class for the first time in generations. Because of the strict discriminatory laws that were aimed at keeping neighborhoods in Detroit segregated, Black Bottom became the place where African Americans could feel safe.

Hastings Street in Black Bottom is renowned for being a hub of bustling commerce and social institutions like independently owned businesses and hospitals, since African Americans were not allowed to conduct business at places frequented by their white counterparts or go to designated “white hospitals,” a result of the zoning and licensing laws of the time.Hastings Street once was home to as many as 300 black-owned businesses, a number that is even impressive by today’s standards, let alone for a segregated community.

Paradise Valley also contributed a great deal to the African American community of Detroit, being hailed as an entertainment center with its lively nightclubs and prominent hotels where African American superstars like Jackie Robinson and Duke Ellington went to stay when in town since African Americans were not allowed in most of the city’s hotels, which were reserved for whites only.

Paradise Valley’s music scene is of particular interest, as not many people are aware of the fact that jazz and big bang legends like Duke Ellington, Billy Eckstine, Pearl Bailey, and Ella Fitzgerald regularly performed in the local bars and clubs in the area. Black Bottom and Paradise Valley, before periods of civil unrest and heightened racial tensions, were tauted nationally as examples of integration between whites and blacks. Many whites would frequent the Paradise Valley entertainment district on their night on the town and would intermingle with African Americans, before soon returning to their neighborhoods.

Unfortunately, Black Bottom and Paradise Valley were both targeted for demolition and renovation in the 1960s, as urban renewal programs were implemented within the city of Detroit. City officials wanted to develop the area and also sought to address the housing concerns of the Black Bottom residents, who often resided in substandard, cramped living conditions without adequate kitchen and lavatory facilities. Peaking at nearly 1.8 million, the city experienced a population boom that created a housing crisis. The 1960s also marks when suburbanization became the norm, and houses started to become abandoned for more affordable and spacious opportunities outside the city’s boundaries. Part of that suburbanization was the building of freeways.

Now I-75 and I-375 occupy what was once Black Bottom and Paradise Valley; drivers in and out of Detroit may or may not have any knowledge of the historic space they pass daily.

[yifangtea-alberta]

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[probablespluyt]

THE

WORLD

UNTIL

YESTERDAY

ALSO BY JARED DIAMOND

Collapse

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Why Is Sex Fun?

The Third Chimpanzee

JARED DIAMOND

THE

WORLD

UNTIL

YESTERDAY

WHAT CAN WE LEARN

FROM TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES?

VIKING

VIKING

Published by the Penguin Group

Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.

Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada

(a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)

Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd)

Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia

(a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd)

Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi – 110 017, India

Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand

(a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd)

Penguin Books, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North 2193, South Africa

Penguin China, B7 Jaiming Center, 27 East Third Ring Road North, Chaoyang District,

Beijing 100020, China

Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

First published in 2012 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Copyright © Jared Diamond, 2012

All rights reserved

Photograph credits appear on page 499.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Diamond, Jared M.

The world until yesterday : what can we learn from traditional societies? / Jared Diamond.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN: 978-1-101-60600-1

1. Dani (New Guinean people)—History. 2. Dani (New Guinean people)—Social life and customs. 3. Dani (New Guinean people)—Cultural assimilation. 4. Social evolution—Papua New Guinea. 5. Social change—Papua New Guinea. 6. Papua New Guinea—Social life and customs. I. Title.

DU744.35.D32D53 2013

305.89’912—dc23

2012018386

Designed by Nancy Resnick

Maps by Matt Zebrowski

No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of the author’s rights. Purchase only authorized editions.

ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON

To

Meg Taylor,

in appreciation for decades

of your friendship,

and of sharing your insights into our two worlds

Contents

Also by Jared Diamond

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Tables and Figures

PROLOGUE: At the Airport

An airport scene

Why study traditional societies?

States

Types of traditional societies

Approaches, causes, and sources

A small book about a big subject

Plan of the book

PART ONE: SETTING THE STAGE BY DIVIDING SPACE

CHAPTER 1. Friends, Enemies, Strangers, and Traders

A boundary

Mutually exclusive territories

Non-exclusive land use

Friends, enemies, and strangers

First contacts

Trade and traders

Market economies

Traditional forms of trade

Traditional trade items

Who trades what?

Tiny nations

PART TWO: PEACE AND WAR

CHAPTER 2. Compensation for the Death of a Child

An accident

A ceremony

What if…?

What the state did

New Guinea compensation

Life-long relationships

Other non-state societies

State authority

State civil justice

Defects in state civil justice

State criminal justice

Restorative justice

Advantages and their price

CHAPTER 3. A Short Chapter, About a Tiny War

The Dani War

The war’s time-line

The war’s death toll

CHAPTER 4. A Longer Chapter, About Many Wars

Definitions of war

Sources of information

Forms of traditional warfare

Mortality rates

Similarities and differences

Ending warfare

Effects of European contact

Warlike animals, peaceful peoples

Motives for traditional war

Ultimate reasons

Whom do people fight?

Forgetting Pearl Harbor

PART THREE: YOUNG AND OLD

CHAPTER 5. Bringing Up Children

Comparisons of child-rearing

Childbirth

Infanticide

Weaning and birth interval

On-demand nursing

Infant-adult contact

Fathers and allo-parents

Responses to crying infants

Physical punishment

Child autonomy

Multi-age playgroups

Child play and education

Their kids and our kids

CHAPTER 6. The Treatment of Old People: Cherish, Abandon, or Kill?

The elderly

Expectations about eldercare

Why abandon or kill?

Usefulness of old people

Society’s values

Society’s rules

Better or worse today?

What to do with older people?

PART FOUR: DANGER AND RESPONSE

CHAPTER 7. Constructive Paranoia

Attitudes towards danger

A night visit

A boat accident

Just a stick in the ground

Taking risks

Risks and talkativeness

CHAPTER 8. Lions and Other Dangers

Dangers of traditional life

Accidents

Vigilance

Human violence

Diseases

Responses to diseases

Starvation

Unpredictable food shortages

Scatter your land

Seasonality and food storage

Diet broadening

Aggregation and dispersal

Responses to danger

PART FIVE: RELIGION, LANGUAGE, AND HEALTH

CHAPTER 9. What Electric Eels Tell Us About the Evolution of Religion

Questions about religion

Definitions of religion

Functions and electric eels

The search for causal explanations

Supernatural beliefs

Religion’s function of explanation

Defusing anxiety

Providing comfort

Organization and obedience

Codes of behavior towards strangers

Justifying war

Badges of commitment

Measures of religious success

Changes in religion’s functions

CHAPTER 10. Speaking in Many Tongues

Multilingualism

The world’s language total

How languages evolve

Geography of language diversity

Traditional multilingualism

Benefits of bilingualism

Alzheimer’s disease

Vanishing languages

How languages disappear

Are minority languages harmful?

Why preserve languages?

How can we protect languages?

CHAPTER 11. Salt, Sugar, Fat, and Sloth

Non-communicable diseases

Our salt intake

Salt and blood pressure

Causes of hypertension

Dietary sources of salt

Diabetes

Types of diabetes

Genes, environment, and diabetes

Pima Indians and Nauru Islanders

Diabetes in India

Benefits of genes for diabetes

Why is diabetes low in Europeans?

The future of non-communicable diseases

EPILOGUE: At Another Airport

From the jungle to the 405

Advantages of the modern world

Advantages of the traditional world

What can we learn?

[lyssaajonas]

My Fic Recs!!

My Fic Recs: all of these are either from tumblr, wattpad, or AO3:

this list is gonna be so fucking long, just to far warn you!! 

{but the ultimate fic recommendation would be my fanfiction about Nick Jonas on wattpad xx}

Tumblr Wattpad AO3

Harry Styles:

- Y/N’s Princess Parts Ache-- xx-- by @haaarry

- in which Harry and Y/N are soulmates-- xx by @haroldloverboy 

- in which Harry doesn't like bratty girls and Y/N can be quite the beggar -- xx by @haroldloverboy​ 

- Y/N catches Harry getting ready for his photoshoot for “The Face”-- xx by @haaarry​

-Y/N finds porn on Harry’s laptop -- xx by @haaarry​

-In Sickness and in Health-- xx by @talesofstyles

-even if it was momentary-- xx by @meetevieinthehallway

- A Piano in St. Lucia-- xx by @waitingfortwilight​

- Mine- xx by @kissesinthekitchen​

-Morning Light- xx by @theasstour​

-Before You Go- xx by @harrywritingsbyme​

-Cockwarming- xx by @haroldloverboy​

-Studio Session- xx by @harrygivenchy​

-A Phone Call Away- xx by @stylesmuse​

-Six Kisses- xx by @kind-heart​

-Thank You Princess- xx by @harrysgoldenline​

-Dizzy- xx by @harrysgoldenline​

-Pearls- xx by @harrysgoldenline​

-Stains- xx by @harrysgoldenline​

-Inexperienced- xx by @harrysgoldenline​

-Please, Daddy- xx @itslikeipayforit​

-Cum So Hard- xx by @harrywritingsbyme​

-Self Control- xx by @harrywritingsbyme​

-Sweater- xx by @hes-writer​

-Harry gets stressed out and yells at Y/N- xx by @heyyyharry​

-Threesome is Fun- xx by @kissme-hs​

-Earned It (18+)- xx- @harrieshoes​

-Feel You- xx - by @fallinharry​

-Soft!Harry and Y/N kissing his tattoos- xx - by @avhrodite​

-Lace- xx - by @avhrodite​

-Morning Makeup- xx- by @avhrodite​

-NSFW Alphabet- xx- by @avhrodite​

-Pancake Batter- xx- by @avhrodite​

okay fuck it... basically anything by @avhrodite​ like seriously! 😍😍😍😍

-Stains- xx- by @harrysgoldenline​

-My Muse- xx- by @harrysgoldenline​

-Burden- xx- by @harrysgoldenline​

-Differences- xx- by @harrysgoldenline​

-New Seeds in the Melody- xx- by @angelic-holland​

- Babydoll -- xx by Wonderwall123 {DDLG} 

- Little Rosie and Daddy -- xx by laxlover345 {DDLG} 

- Deviant {H.S}-- xx  by cxstles 

-Some Scars Can Heal -- xx by sunnysunshines

-Stockholm Syndrome- xx by 50shadesofeels

-Daddy Styles- xx by DaddyStylesssss

-Dreamboat- xx by _DaniMoon_

-Deja Vu (sequel to Dreamboat)- xx by _DaniMoon_

-Save Your Heart- xx by Kit_Cat

-Just Listen- xx by CharlieA

-Fix a Heart- xx by winterings

-Wonderland- xx by papihazza

-Play Date- xxx by LukeHemoji

Niall Horan:

-Quarantine- xx- by @thicksniall​ (I LOVED THIS ONE BTW. 😍) 

-Jingle Ball Smut- xx by @thicksniall​

- Niall’s Little Miracle-- xx by laxlover345 {DDLG} 

-A Kiss On The Wrist- xx by mandyxtine (this fanfic... oh my god. it is beautiful. completely and utterly beautiful. I have read it multiple times, and I cant get enough of it!) 

Anonymous- xx by samemistakes_

What These Bruises Say- xx by anchorsahoy

-When In London- xx by SkylarJay

Liam Payne: 

-22 Times- xx by artpieces

-Not Since You- xx by artpieces

-Wrong Number- xx by killyourvision 

Louis Tomlinson: 

work in progress

Larry Stylinson: 

-I Think I Love You Better Now- xx by @brokenbravery​ (SelfHarm!Louis) 

- Its Like You’re Pouring Salt In My Cuts- xx by Badusername (SelfHarm!Harry)

-The One That Saved Me- xx by zayngasm (SelfHarm!Harry)

-Pretty Please (With Sugar On Top)- xx by @angelichl​

-Bonded- xx by @juliusschmidt​

-Until I Found You- xx by @dimpled-halo​

-If You’re Out There (I’ll Find You Somehow)- xx by @jacaranda-bloom​

-Relief Next To Me- xx by dolce_piccante

-Undone, Undress- xx by @angelichl​

-Uniquely Perfect- xx by LarryWriting

-Uniquely Flawless- xx by LarryWriting

-Uniquely Three- xx byLarryWriting

-Uniquely Ever After- xx by LarryWriting

-Oh, I Ate Before I Came- xx by makedamnnsure

-Selectively Mute- xx by impossiblyunlucky

-His Submission- xx by LarryTwinklinson

-Control- xx by Jack_Styles

-OCD- xx by LarryStylinSup (Self Harm) 

-Call Me Daddy- xx by Lileytomlinips

-27 Minutes- xx by YorkshirePerrie

-Munchkin- xx by onyxjay

-All Strings Attached- xx by SimperingSolitude

-FindADaddy,com- xx by babylovehazza

-Teach Me- xx by the_tommo_tummy

-Scars- xx by qualitystylinson

-”yes, Daddy”- xx by xloustheticx

-Padded- xx by louisovermyknee

-Look After You- xx by @theonewiththelarrystories​

Shawn Mendes:

- Mornings with You-- xx-- by @fallinallincurls

- next to our brand new bed-- xx by @purebeanshwn 

- Suit-- xx by @infiniteshawn​

- I Got You-- xx by @sippingchai​

- Tied Up-- xx by @infiniteshawn​

- Keeping Control-- xx by @gentlemanmendes​

-Stressed-- xx by @niallsfoolsgold​

-Praise Kink- xx by @dylshoney​

-That’s My Girl-xx by @parkershawn​

-Threesome is Fun- xx by @kissme-hs​

Tom Holland:

- The Pain of Loss-- xx by @manisca-rye​

- Overheard-- xx by @stuckonspidey​

- Spill Your Guts- xx by @dylshoney​

- Types of Kisses- xx by @bi-writes​

-Trust Issues- xx by @stuckonspidey​

- What Did He Do?- xx by @lousimusician​

-What’s My Rule?-xx by @lousimusician​

-Video Games- xx by @angelic-holland​

-Good Girl- xx by @angelic-holland​

-Power Trip- xx by @sinfulserpents​​

-Half a Heartbeat- xx by @dammnimagines​

- Stressed Out- xx by @marvhellove​

-The Rooster Will Not Crow- xx by @dashielldeveron​

-Kings and Queens- xx by @parkershawn​ (THIS IS AMAZING, PERFECT, OMGGGGGGGGGG) 

-Best of Friends- xx by @cornacopicimagines​

-Mob!Tom Imagine Blurb-xx- by @sincerelyfan​

-Let’s Play- xx by @angelic-holland​

-New Seeds in the Melody- xx- by @angelic-holland​

-Black Roses- xx by cafexlxgy

-375 Magnum- xx by Therealamberholland

Peter Parker:

- Jealous- xx by @starktonyx​

- Let Me Show you I’m Sorry- xx by @starktonyx​

- Sex Tape- xx by @peteparkerspooderman​

- Angel Duty- xx by @marvelsswansong​

- “Vibe” Check- xx by @spideyyeet​

- Try It- xx by @ollieologys​

-Coming Home- xx by @hxldmxdxwn​

- “Friends”- xx by @selfcarecap​

-Beneath Your Beautiful- xx by @waitimcomingtoo​

-I See Fire- xx by @waitimcomingtoo​

-It Was You- xx by @loki-parker​

-Emergency Number- xx by @thepenisparker​

Justin Bieber:

- My Precious Princess-- xx by MrsBieberLynch 

- When She is No Longer Mine (Sequel to one above^^)-- xx by MrsBieberLynch 

-Daddy’s Princess- xx by avocadies (technically this is a Jason McCann fanfic.... but still) 

-Daddy’s Girl- xx by mrbieberswifey

-Don’t Get To Close- xx by PrincessMahone

-Mafia Daddy- xx by mcannonbieber

-Different Than Them- xx by ObelieberO

-Chosen- xx by LRPierce

-Guns and Roses- xx by milkshakes101

-Love In Handcuffs- xx by TehPeaceMaker

(this next one isn't a fanfiction but she writes Justin fanfics, so I wanna recommend) 

-Of Mobsters and Men- xx by TehPeaceMaker

-Bieber Corporation- xx by -95pjm

-Met Online- xx by Unidentifiedxx

-Be Alright- xx by ottawalieber

-The Mafia King- xx by deluxebelieves

-Babygirl- xx by bby-doll0302

-babygirl- xx by N4ny_28

Ashton Irwin:

-Engagement Blurb- xx- by @zairapvrker​

-Filled- xx by @morningfears​

- Keep Me Safe-- xx by CakeMashtonLover

-7:15- xx by fivesaucewhoop

Luke Hemmings:

- daddy’s girl -- xx by loudluke {DDLG} 

- the kink club-- xx by loudluke {DDLG} 

-24 Hours- xx by fivesaucewhoop 

The Boyfriend Tag-- xx by @geekygoddesss​

Calum Hood:

-Filled- xx- by @morningfears​

Michael Clifford:

work in progress

Zianourry:

- Little One-- xx by stylesss1dx {DDLG}  

- Tender Care- xx by tayiah18 {DDLG/AgePlay} 

-A Needed Solution- xx by 1Dfamilystuff (Ageplay)

-Payne-Malik Adventures- xx by 1Dfamilystuff (kidfic)

-Fixing Mistakes (Baby Niall)- xx by Connorperry42 (Ageplay) 

-Finally Complete- xx by parkercuddles (Ageplay) 

-Daughter Direction- xx by JustLittleAlyssa

Victoria- xx by JustLitteAlyssa

5SOS:

(These first two are  Cake threesomes!!); 

Two in One- xx by @loveontuor​

Road Trip- xx by @loveontuor​

Bradley Simpson (from the Vamps): 

- Troubled- B.W.S- xx by Bradlayysbooty 

- BWS Imagine- xx by @stargirl-imagine​

- “You Said You Missed Me”- xx by @pitubea1910​

- Award Show- xx by @marvelbws​

- Welcome Home- xx by @obradsimpson​

- Him- xx by @obradsimpson​

-Tinted- xx by @condorkball​

-Spoiled- xx by @marvelbws​

-Love In The Dark- xx by @marvelbws​

-Relax- xx by @marvelbws​

-Shh, Baby- xx by @condorkball​

- Bandana-- xx by @condorkball​

[fallingsunflower]

Those are two different places. Olivia’s picture is facing southward towards One World Trade Center and 56 Leonard Ave. She’s most likely in Soho or Noho. Jason is in a hotel in Downtown Brooklyn facing west looking at the Brooklyn Bridge and 375 Pearl St.

Isn’t they’re house in Brooklyn? So what was she doing in Soho or noho then?

I think a lot of celebrities have apartments there. Could be a second home or maybe a store even, idk

[skippyv20]

Thank you! Oh the History!!!!!!😁❤️❤️❤️❤️

SYMBOLS OF MONARCHY: THE ORB AND SCEPTRE

An ancient ritual

The Crown Jewels are so significant because they symbolise the passing of authority from one monarch to another during the coronation ceremony. The earliest detailed account of a coronation in England comes from 973 when the Anglo-Saxon King Edgar was crowned in a lavish ceremony in Bath. The coronation rituals have altered little in their essentials in over a thousand years.

The Sovereign’s Orb

The Sovereign’s Orb, as this part of the Crown Jewels is officially named, is a symbol of Godly power. A cross above a globe, it represents ‘Christ’s dominion over the world’, as the Monarch is God’s representative on Earth.

Made for Charles II’s coronation in 1661, the orb is a 30cm-wide hollow gold sphere, mounted with nine emeralds, 18 rubies, nine sapphires, 365 diamonds, 375 pearls, one amethyst and one glass stone. The pearls divide the orb into three sections, which represent the three continents medieval rulers believed existed. The orb weighs 1.32 kg (roughly 43 oz).

The Sovereign’s Orb – part of the Crown Jewels – features hundreds of precious stones and represents God’s power on Earth (Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2016)

Charles II spent £1,150 to have this single piece created by Royal goldsmith Robert Viner, after Oliver Cromwell melted down the Crown Jewels during the Interregnum of 1649-1660; Garrard fitted the stones. Originally, the orb was decorated with imitation pearls but these were replaced in 1930; it has been used at every coronation since.

The orb is described as follows: “The monde [the attachment between the cross and the sphere] is an octagonal step-cut amethyst, surmounted by a cross set with rose-cut diamonds, with a table-cut sapphire in the centre on one side and an emerald on the other, and with pearls at the angles and at the end of each arm.

“…clusters of emeralds, rubies and sapphires [are] surrounded by rose-cut diamonds, each in a champleve enamel mount, between single rows of pearls.”

It is presented to the Sovereign after they put on the Imperial Robe. The orb is brought from the altar by the Dean of Westminster, and given to the Archbishop of Canterbury to place into the Monarch’s right hand. There he says: “Receive this orb set under the cross, and remember that the whole world is subject to the Power and Empire of Christ our Redeemer.”

The Crown Jewels are comprised of 10 pieces of regalia, including St Edward’s Crown, the orb and sceptre (Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2016)

The Sword (1820) is presented to the new monarch as part of a collection of ‘ornaments’, including armills (bracelets) and ceremonial spurs, which represent the chivalric nature of kingship. The monarch is charged with protecting good and punishing evil. The Sword is then fastened around the kng’s waist (Queens don’t wear it) before it is offered up at the altar.

The Sovereign’s sceptre

The sceptre is formed from a plain gold rod, in three sections, with enamelled and gem-set collars at the intersections, surmounted by a gold monde, with an applied silver zone and arc set with rose diamonds, and a gold cross supporting an enamelled dove with outspread wings. The collars are mounted variously with rose- and table-cut diamonds, step- and table-cut rubies, emeralds, sapphires and spinels. At the base of the sceptre is a compressed spherical pommel set with further rose-cut diamonds. 

The Sceptre and rod are received in each hand by the monarch in the last part of the Investiture, before crowning. The sceptre represents the sovereign’s spiritual role, with the dove representing the Holy Ghost. Traditionally it has been known as 'the Rod of Equity and Mercy’. 

Their significance was described at the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066: ‘by the sceptre uprising in the kingdom are controlled, and the rod gathers and confines those men who stray.’ The rod also symbolises the monarch’s pastoral care for his or her people. The Sovereign’s Sceptre with Cross has been used at every coronation since Charles II’s in 1661.  

Measuring 92 cm, the sceptre holds the world’s largest diamond, the Cullinan I, also known as the First Star of Africa. Found in South Africa in 1905, it was gifted to Edward VII in 1907 to help mend relations between Britain and South Africa after the Boer War; then it was cleaved in Amsterdam, eventually into 9 parts, and 97 smaller brilliant diamonds. The largest part – a whopping 530.2 carats – was set into the sceptre in 1910, and first used at George V’s coronation. This remains the largest top quality cut white diamond in the world.

The Sovereigns Sceptre with cross features Cullinan I diamond, or the Star of Africa (Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2016)

RCT

The Sovereigns Sceptre with Dove. Gold, silver, enamel, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, spinels 

   During the coronation service the new sovereign is first anointed with holy oil, then robed in coronation robes, and then invested with a number of ornaments symbolising the chivalric and spiritual nature of kingship. These include the spurs, swords and armills, followed by the orb, a ring and then the sceptres. The sovereign is presented with two sceptres - one surmounted by a cross representing temporal power and this one surmounted by a dove. After the investiture the sovereign is then crowned.

The structure which holds the diamond is hinged so that the stone may be removed and worn separately, although this has been done rarely. The sceptre also had to be reinforced as the weight of the diamond is so large.  

The pommel (hilt) of the sceptre is also enamelled and mounted with rubies, emeralds, sapphires and diamonds, and George IV had an enamelled rose, thistle and shamrock added to the monde for his coronation in 1820.

The sceptre weighs 1.1kg and was also created by Robert Viner with help from Garrard. It is placed into the left hand of the Monarch during their coronation, and carried out of the ceremony with the orb, whilst the Sovereign wears the Imperial Robe and the Imperial State Crown (St Edward’s Crown is returned immediately to its box and home at the Tower of London).

The immaculate detail on the base of the Sovereign’s Sceptre (Royal Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2016)

As it is handed over to the Monarch, the Archbishop says: “Receive the rod of Equity and Mercy. Be so merciful that you be not too remiss; so execute justice that you forget not mercy. Punish the wicked, protect and cherish the just, and lead your people in the way wherein they should go.”

All parts of the Crown Jewels are kept safely in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, along with the Queen Consort’s counterparts to all the Sovereign’s regalia. 

Oliver Cromwell by Robert Walker, © National Portrait Gallery, London

The Tower has always been a secure place to keep the nation’s valuables. However in 1649, after the Civil War and Charles I’s execution, the Coronation Regalia were brought to the Tower to be destroyed by order of Parliament, which ordered that the highly symbolic Coronation Regalia, be ‘totallie Broken and defaced’.

Officials at the Tower’s Jewel House put up a fight. The Jewel House clerk, Carew Mildmay was a royalist sympathiser, and made things as difficult as possible, even refusing to hand over the keys to the Parliamentarians. Finally he was arrested, and imprisoned, and the doors of the Jewel House strong room broken down. Precious stones were prised out of the crowns and sold, while the gold frames were sent to the Tower Mint to be melted down and turned into coins stamped ‘Commonwealth of England’.

Despite all efforts to keep the Crown Jewels safe after 1661, there have been a couple of near calamities, including the time the precious collection was nearly stolen. In 1671 the mysterious ‘Colonel’ Blood and two accomplices tricked the Jewel House Keeper, Talbot Edwards into letting them handle the jewels. They attacked the poor Keeper, badly injuring him, and attempted to make off with the Orb, the Imperial State Crown and Sovereign’s Sceptre.

The plan was foiled when Edwards’ son returned and raised the alarm. The thieves were caught, although Blood was later pardoned. The jewels were never on open display again.

[huzzatullah]

2007 Dodge Ram 1500 ST 2-Wheel Drive Quad Cab 140.5", Electric Blue Pearl 3.9 out of 5 stars113 customer ratings Dealer Suggested Retail $9,575.00 Used Private Party Value $8,875.00 Used

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Model strengths:Imposing appearance and aggressive styling; Available 5.7L Hemi V8 and electronic stability programModel changes:Last year's Dodge Ram was a complete redesign and the 2007 1500 remains largely unchanged. New standard features include "Yes Essentials" stain-resistant seat fabric and power accessory delay, while new optional equipment includes electronic stability program and Sirius satellite radio. The Regular Cab body style is no longer available in Laramie trim and the base Ram's MSRP is a modest $120 higher than it was in 2006.Model value:The Dodge Ram 1500 brings safety and confidence to market with available stability control--a feature unavailable on Chevy's Silverado 1500 or GMC's Sierra 1500. In addition, standard four-wheel disc brakes best the Ford F-150's rear drum brakes. Ram's 5.7L Hemi V8 produces best-in-class horsepower and torque. Rounding out the lineup, Dodge's multi-displacement system and 4x4 front axle disconnect system help mitigate fuel consumption. Ram's pricing adds to its appeal; buyers can get into a four-door Quad Cab for $760 less than Chevy's Crew Cab and $4,285 than Ford's Super Crew. All of these elements together make the Ram safe, powerful, and economical.Model overview:Body and bed combinations for the 2007 Dodge Ram remain the same as they were for 2006, with Reg Cabs available in both short and long bed versions, Quad Cabs available in long bed and extra long bed versions, and Mega Cabs available with extra long beds only. Mega Cabs continue to offer the most rear leg room of any pickup on the market.

Engine options are likewise similar to the previous year, with a 3.7L V6 standard on Regular and Quad Cab pickups, and a 4.7L V8 (in both gas and flex fuel guises) and 5.7L Hemi optional. The Hemi V8 is the only available engine on Mega Cabs, and it now features multi-displacement technology that switches off cylinders to provide fuel economy at cruising speeds. When using all cylinders, the Hemi produces 345 hp and 375 lb-feet of torque, which brings the Dodge's towing capacity to 7600 lbs.

Stopping ability comes in the form of rear anti-lock brakes. Optional electronic stability control adds four-wheel anti-lock brakes.

Vinyl seat trim can be upgraded to a new stain- and odor-resistant fabric on the base ST trim levels. Bucket seats are a no-cost option on the SLT trim, and leather can be had for an additional $910 over the standard Yes Essentials cloth. Laramie trim comes standard with leather and adjustable pedals. For 2007, Laramie trim is no longer available on Regular Cab

https://amzn.to/3hYtYRT click this link and buy now

[writemarcus]

DOWNTOWN URBAN ARTS FESTIVAL Celebrates Its Sweet 16

by BWW News Desk Feb. 16, 2018  

This year marks the Season Sweet 16 for the powerful Downtown Urban Arts Festival (DUAF).

The five-week art & culture showcase supplying audiences with live stage works, independent film, cutting-edge music and envelope-pushing poetry, will take up residence in some of lower Manhattan's most thrilling and celebrated spaces.

Running from April 7 through May 12, artists with their finger on the pulse of what the city is thinking will present their works at Theatre 80 St. Marks, Tribeca Film Center, New York Live Arts, Joe's Public at The Public Theater, and Nuyorican Poets Café.

The original theater series (Downtown Urban Theater Festival) was founded in 2001 for the purpose to build a repertoire of new American theater that echoes the true spirit of urban life and speaks to a new generation whose lives defy categorizing along conventional lines. That purpose has since been realized in more than 200 plays created and refined for the stage by more than 170 writers from America's burgeoning multicultural landscape. The addition of film and culture has made DUAF a marriage of the original Fringe Festival and Cannes.

DUAF is produced by Creative Ammo Inc. (CA), a nonprofit community development organization for artists focused on building stronger communities founded in 1998. CA has created solid programs to strengthen communities, foster creativity and celebrate life through art. Artists are an important leverage point in its work. Its mission is to cultivate vibrant communities by connecting artists with the skills and services they need to develop their talent into a marketable skill to pursue a career in the arts. Its programs are inclusive, open and embrace diverse ideas and art forms, and target communities of color and other underrepresented multicultural, women and LGBTQ populations.

This year, the opening night celebration will feature The Voice finalist and teenage sensation, Wé McDonald, who will perform live at Joe's Pub at The Public Theater.

DUAF's film series features the finest works from a search that yielded more than 1,400 submissions for around the world.

And finally, this year's poetry season, called WORDS MATTER, will be a community poetry slam and forum on current social issues. Local poets and audience members can recite their best poems and compete for a cash prize. 2016 Nuyorican Grand Slam Champion Jaime Lee Lewis is the host and special guests have included Lifetime Achievement American Book Award winner, Miguel Algarin.

PERFORMANCE SCEHDULE FOR LIVE THEATER, FILM, POETRY, AND MUSIC

Joe's Pub @ THE PUBLIC 425 LAFAYETTE ST, NEW YORK CITY SATURDAY, APRIL 7 7:00 PM (TICKETS: $30)

Wé McDonald - NBC TV's "The Voice" finalist, Wé McDonald, brings her jazz & pop artistry to this much-anticipated, one-night-only performance. Opening Season 11 of The Voice with a four-chair turn, Wé went on to represent Alicia Keys in the finals and finished third for the season.

NEW YORK LIVE ARTS 219 W 19TH STREET, NEW YORK CITY TICKETS: $20

FRIDAY, APRIL 13 @ 7:00 PM

THE VAST MYSTERY OF WHO YOU ARE BY Kim Yaged An irreverent, hard-hitting exploration of love via sex parties and philosophical sparring about the nature of relationships.

SATURDAY, APRIL 14 @ 7:00 PM

GAY.PORN.MAFIA BY Joe Gulla Bronx, LA, SoHo to Ibiza! Porn Stars, Gay Priests, Mafia Dons and Abstract Expressionists! Smart! Fun! Funny! Fearless! "Gay.Porn.Mafia" has it all! Grab your ticket! Leave the gun! Take the cannoli! You'll feel like "family" and laugh out loud (emphasis on "out"!) It's the same-sex, Italian-style, x-rated offer you can't refuse!

THEATRE 80 ST. MARKS 80 ST MARKS PLACE, NEW YORK CITY TICKETS: $20

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 18 @ 8:00 PM

SUBLET BY Alisa Zhulina Christy, an overworked hospital resident, new to New York City, sublets a room from an artist working on a mysterious sculpture. Things start to get scary, or is it just Christy's imagination? What's really going on in this express journey to NYC roommate hell fueled by outsized artistic ambition.

AMERICAN TRANQUILITY BY Daniel Damiano A southern retiree, an Iranian subway station poet and percussionist, a talk-radio show host and a Brooklyn existentialist reflect on the human divide in 21st century America.

THURSDAY APRIL 19 @ 8:00 PM

STRINGS BY Charles Curtis A detective turned modern day vigilante, a lawyer with an ulterior motive, and the strings that bind them both. They each find that neither is truly innocent, and that no matter how fast we run our past catches up with us eventually.

FRIDAY, APRIL 20 @ 8:00 PM

THE STRONG MAN BY J.E. Robinson Decades ago, at the head of his gang, Pearl Crabtree was strong enough to kill any man. Is he now strong enough to kill one of his own?

CORPORATESTHENICS BY Baindu Dafina Kalokoh From unsuccessfully climbing the corporate ladder to fearlessly summiting Mount Everest, Black Television Network's favorite physical trainer premieres the newest edition to her record selling fitness program. Her unique strength and conditioning techniques are essential to breaking glass ceilings in every profession.

SATURDAY, APRIL 21 @ 8:00 PM

HELP ME GET OVER YOU BY Rollin Jewett John is in love with Phyllis. Unfortunately, he only realizes it after he breaks up with her. Now she's moved on and John can't seem to get her out of his mind. What's a lovestruck fool to do? Ask her to help him get over her, of course. The question is: What's in it for her?

A CIVILIZED WORLD BY ANGHUS HOUVOURAS An opioid addict is sentenced to death in the near future where being an unproductive member of society is a capital offense. The play centers on the condemned, Eleanor Reed, and her final conversation with Andrew Goodman, a life long government shill tasked with explaining the value of her sacrifice.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25 @ 8:00 PM

BLOOD ORANGE BY MARCUS SCOTT Blood Orange explores the fetishization of black male bodies, hook-up culture, the nature of interracial gay relationships and sexual encounters, power play and upward mobility.

MIRRORS BY Azure D. Osborne-Lee Mirrors is the story of two women mourning the death of a loved one while sifting through the secrets of a shared past.

THURSDAY, APRIL 26 @ 8:00 PM

TRASH TALK BY ALANO P. BAEZ Trash Talk is a taut and troubling tale of two dregs of society who rap, scrap, quip and play craps while slowly suffocating under the weight of wasted lives.

SAILING STONES BY JUAN RAMIREZ, JR. At rock bottom, Jaime forces his god-fearing best friend, Charlie, out into the Death Valley desert to finally prove once and for all if a god exists. Who will save them?

FRIDAY, APRIL 27 @ 8:00 PM

THE FAN BY Adam Seidel A famous novelist sits on a park bench reading when she is approached by a fan who wants more than just an autograph.

THE DIPLOMATS BY NELSON DIAZ-MARCANO Two days before election night 2016, close friends Annie and Carlos are having a little reunion on his first visit back in New York City. It can only take one person to change world events, but at this reunion two days before the 2016 Presidential election - it's world events that do the changing.

SATURDAY, APRIL 28 @ 8:00 PM

ATACAMA BY AUGUSTO FEDERICO AMADOR Thirty years after the dirty wars waged by the General Pinochet regime on the Chilean people. Two strangers; a mother and father, search the Atacama Desert for their buried loved ones and discover there are darker truths awaiting them underneath the hard sands of the Atacama.

SATURDAY, APRIL 22 @ 7:00PM

NUYORICAN POETS CAFÉ 236 E 3RD ST, NEW YORK CITY TICKETS: $12

WORDS MATTER POETRY SLAM Repair! Reform! Transform! Calling all poets with poetic words about today's social issues and social conscious people. Hosted by Nuyorican Poetry Slam winner Jaime Lee Lewis with special guest poets include Reg E. Gaines, Tony nominated writer/poet, and Miguel Algarin, the founder of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe. Sign up for poetry slam starting at 6:30pm.

TRIBECA FILM CENTER 375 GREENWICH ST, NEW YORK CITY TICKETS; $15

TUESDAY, MAY 8 @ 7:00 PM

FREMONT (OREGON/7 MIN.) Directed by Ryo Jepson Inspired by the numerous news headlines in late 2016 and early 2017, Fremont examines the repercussions of an exhausted police officer's split-second decision while pursuing a suspect. Following the suspect's capture the nature of the crime and the suspect's role in it reveals both the profound and unexpected effect it has on everyone involved in the case.

THE REHEARSAL (FRANCE/7 MIN.) Directed by Léa Frédeval Stephane dreams to become a comedian. Carole dreams of a pay raise.

THE SUITCASE (CANADA/12 MIN.) Directed by Philip Leung Discover how a little girl uses her imagination to conquer the darkness during a turbulent journey inside a suitcase.

VAGABONDS (USA/NIGER/16 MIN.) Directed by Magaajyia Silberfeld Starring Magaajyia Silberfeld, Robert Richard, Daniel Marley, Danny Glover A homeless African student in LA meets a washed-up movie star whose life is surprisingly similar to hers.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 9 @ 7:00 PM

ELENA (COSTA RICA/22 MIN.) Directed by Ayerim Villanueva Some people irreversibly change your present.

ALMOST SAW THE SUNSHINE (UNITED KINGDOM/30 MIN.) Directed by Leon Lopez Rachel is a young aspiring transgender woman. After a series of coincidental encounters with a handsome man, she impulsively takes a chance on a one-night stand that will change her life forever.

AYSHA (COSTA RICA/20 MIN.) Directed by Fon Cortizo Aysha is a young energetic voice emerging from the Middle East. Poetry and creativity are her weapons with which to change an expectant post-Arab-Spring society.

THURSDAY, MAY 10 @ 7:00 PM

SOÑADORA (CALIFORNIA/10MIN.) Directed by Maria Altamirano A hardworking high school senior faces circumstances beyond her control that may hinder her path to college.

SONGS OF WILD ANIMALS (MEXICO/12 MIN.) Directed by Mara Weber Songs of Wild Animals is the story of a young girl who lost her brother, best friend and mentor. With a lot of fantasy she relives him in another dimension as the eagle he always dreamed to be.

THE VIRGIN AND THE PROSTITUTE (FLORIDA/16 MIN.) Directed by Maria Jose Noriega Pedroza A nun who works at a hospital and a prostitute who's visiting her diseased child get trapped together in an elevator. While their prejudices drive them apart, at first, their similarities will ultimately bring them together.

THE SECOND PROVINCE (NEW YORK/19 MIN.) Directed by Zorinah Juan Two estranged Filipino-American siblings are forced to reunite when their offbeat mother elects death with dignity before the end of the week.

AND STILL WE LOVE (NEW YORK/8 MIN.) Directed by Erika Santosuosso Amidst a tumultuous political climate, a couple fights to find the beauty in the face of an indefinite separation.

FRIDAY, MAY 11 @ 7:00 PM

SPIN (FRANCE/15 MIN.) Directed by Leticia Belliccini One evening in Autumn, Mallard and his wife are assaulted at the corner of a street. There ensued an infernal race where he will be successively the witness, the author and the victim of what would prove to be the key of its existence.

ASYLUM PARK (INDIA/20 MIN.) Directed by Shanu Sharma A chance meeting in a park in Berlin proves to be fortuitous for two strangers, faced with uncertainty of their immigrant status and scraping circumstances.

9.58 (FRANCE/15 MIN.) Directed by Louis Aubert Djal is sixteen years old. Like his idol Usain Bolt, he dreams of running.

THREE TIME WALTZ (FRANCE/16 MIN.) Directed by Caroline Pascal When a man and a woman meet on a tune of the 50s. A musical interlude in three stages, to see this man and this woman fall in love, separate and finally find each other back.

MECHANISM OR: HOW TO TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF (GERMANY/11 MIN.) Directed by Michael Chlebusch This is a story about solidarity and the fine line between self-sacrifice and individual responsibility.

SATURDAY, MAY 12 @ 7:00 PM

BOB, JR. (CALIFORNIA/23 MIN.) Directed by Dilek Ince After losing his wife and developing an unhealthy attachment to her goldfish, Bob makes an unexpected connection that changes his life.

BROTHERS (CALIFORNIA/15 MIN.) Directed by Troy Elliott When war hits the California coast, a 19-year-old takes desperate action to get his little brother to safety in the final hours before his deployment.

IN PRIVATE (NEW YORK/14 MIN.) Directed by Clem McIntosh Two couples get together for Christmas dinner, and are put at odds when a texting error reveals more than intended

THE BRACKET THEORY (NEW YORK/20 MIN.) Directed by Katia Koziara Lucy longs for love: a perfect, equal partnership that she's never had. But she's not a hopeless romantic - she's rational, logical, and determined to find her objectively best match. So she has crafted a foolproof theory: The Bracket Theory.

[bookofjin]

Annals of Emperor Xiaowu, Part 1

[From JS009. Huan Wen dies 18 August 373. In the north Fu Jian expands his territory, conquering Shu, Liang and Dai. Meanwhile at Jiankang, Xie An becomes Minister over the Masses while Xie Xuan takes command of all Jin armies north of the Jiang.]

The Filial and Martial [xiaowu] August Emperor, taboo Yao, courtesy name Changming, was Emperor Jianwen's third son. 3rd Year of Xingning, 7th Month, jiashen [19 September? 365], he was first enfeoffed King of Kuaiji.

2nd Year of Xian'an, Autumn, 7th Month, jiwei [12 September 372], he was established as August Heir-Apparent. That day, Emperor Jianwen expired and the Heir-Apparent was enthroned as August Emperor. A decree said:

We, due to not being prepared, soon coming across grieving the ill omen, shout at the sky and strike the earth. Disperse the knowledge being informed [?]. Disdaining the immature and callow, minute like joining pearl fringes, deeply only the weight of the altars of soil and grain, greatly fear not carrying out the load and burden. [We] look up to and relying on the spirits of the founders and ancestors, sacrifices for [their] amassed up virtue.

The Former Emperor's honest manners and profound reforms, bequeathed songs among the people [?]. The stewards assists and the worthy are virtuous [?], merits are plentiful and virtue abundant. The relied on for looking after the instructions, truly depends on restoring the teachings. The crowd of princes leads the duties, the hundred companions are industrious in government.

[We?] hope for a person of orphaned weakness to have refuge, the foundation of the August Utmost not to fall. Former mercy bequeaths kindness, spreading to the Four Seas, pondering the vast remaining enrichment [?], thereby prospering the numerous multitudes. Thus a great amnesty Under Heaven, to give the people a further beginning.

9th Month, jiayin [6 November], posthumously venerated the Late Mother, the Consort of the King of Kuaiji, as the Obedient [shun] August Empress.

Winter, 10th Month, dingmao [19 November], buried August Emperor Jianwen in the Gaoping Mound.

11th Month, jiawu [16 December], the bewitching traitor Lu Song at dawn entered the palace courtyard. The General who Floats and Strikes, Mao Anzhi, and others, punished and captured him.

This Year, in the Three Wu a great drought, among the people many starved to death. Decreed there to be relief given.

Fu Jian took Chouchi, and captured the Inspector of Qin province, Yang Shi.

[Ningkang 1]

[9 February 373 – 28 January 374]

1st Year of Ningkang [“Tranquil Prosperity”], Spring, 1st Month, jichou, New Moon [9 February], changed the inaugural.

2nd Month [10 March – 8 April], the Great Marshal, Huan Wen, came to court.

3rd Month, guichou [4 May], decreed to remove the taxes for Danyang's 4 pontoon bridges, Zhuge and others [?].

Summer, 5th Month [7 June – 6 July], drought.

Autumn, 7th Month, jihai [18 August], the Envoy Holding the Tally, Palace Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs in the Centre and Outside, Imperial Chancellor, Recording the Masters of Writing, Grand Marshal, Shepherd of Yang province, General who Pacifies the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan provinces, the Duke of Nan commandery, Huan Wen, passed away.

On gengxu [29 August], advanced the General of the Right, Huan Huo [JS074], to be General who Conquers the West. Used the Inspector of Jiang province, Huan Chong as General of the Army of the Centre, Commander-in-Chief of All army Affairs of Yang, Yu and Jiang provinces and Inspector of Yang province, headquartered at Gushu.

8th Month, renzi [31 August?], the Chongde Empress Dowager presided over court and administered the government.

9th Month [3 October – 1 November], Fu Jian's general Yang An robbed Chengdu.

On bingshen [14 October], used the Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, Wang Biaozhi [JS076] as Prefect of the Masters of Writing; the Master of Writing of the Personnel Section, Xie An [JS079], as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing; the Interior Clerk of Wu state, Diao Yi, as Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan provinces, headquartered at Guangling. Again set up the offices of Superintendent of the Brilliantly Blessed, Great Minister of Agriculture and Privy Treasurer.

Winter, 10th Month, the Duke of Xiping, Zhang Tianxi [JS086], offered as tribute things of the region.

11th Month [1 December – 30 December], Fu Jian's general Yang An took Zitong and Liang# and Yi provinces. The Inspector, Zhou Zhongsun [JS058], led 5 000 cavalry to escape south.

[Ningkang 2]

[29 January 374 – 16 February 375]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month, guiwei [29 January], a great amnesty. Posthumously enfeoffed and conferred on the former Heir of Kuaiji, Yu, to be King Xian of Linchuan.

On jiyou [24 February], the Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan provines, Diao Yi, passed on.

2nd Month, guichou [28 February], used the Intendant of Danyang, Wang Tanzhi [JS075], as Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan provinces.

On dingsi [4 March], there was a comet star in the Maiden and Barren [lodges].

3rd Month, bingxu [2 April], a broomstick comet was seen in the Base [lodge].

Summer, 4th Month, renxu [8 May], the August Empress Dowager decreed, saying:

Lately the profound images are mistaken and off the mark, Heaven above is displayed unusually, looking up to observe these changes, [We] shake with fear in our breast. As for the causes to the changes in presenting and retiring, from the Way of the Ancients [?], We dare not carry out the thoughts repeatedly in [Our] heart, thereby pondering in Our mean [?].

Again the Three Wu's inner soil [?], the thighs and arms are looking at the commanderies, yet floods and droughts arrive together, the hundred families lose their patrimony, from dawn to dusk they only grieve, [We?] are unable to forget in [Our?] breasts, the proper time to aid and help, relieving their languishing exhaustion.

For the counties of the Three Wu, Yixing, Jinling and Kuaiji which were flooded where it was particularly considerable [?], fully remove one year of cloth tax, those next allow removing half a year, accept relief loans to already thereby bestow on them [?].

5th Month [27 May – 25 June], Zhang Yu, a native of Shu, titled himself King of Shu, and led the multitudes to besiege Chengdu. He dispatched envoys to calling himself a vassal [?].

Autumn, 7th Month [25 July – 23 August], in Liang province the earth shook, mountains collapsed.

Fu Jian's general Deng Qiang attacked Zhang Yu, and exterminated him.

9th Month, dingchou [19 November], there was a comet star in the Heavenly Market.

Winter, 11th Month, jiyou [21 December], in Tianmen, Dan traitors attacked the commandery. The Grand Warden, Wang Fei, died there. The General who Conquers the West, Huan Huo, dispatched a host to punish and pacify them.

Qian Bushe and Qian Hong, natives of Changcheng, and others made chaos. The Grand Warden of Wuxing, Zhu Xu [JS081], punished and pacified them.

On guiyou [14 January], the General who Garrisons the Distant, Huan Shiqian [JS074], routed Fu Jian's general Yao Chang at Dianjiang.

[Ningkang 3]

[17 February 375 – 6 February 376]

3rd Year, Spring, 1st Month, xinhai [21 February], a great amnesty.

Summer, 5th Month, bingwu [16 June], the Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan provinces, the Marquis of Lantian, Wang Tanzhi, passed on.

On jiayin [24 June], used the General of the Army of the Centre and Inspector of Yang province, Huan Chong as General who Garrisons and Inspector of Xu province, headquartered at Dantu. The Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, Xie An, acted as Inspector of Yang province.

Autumn, 8th Month, guisi [1 October], established the August Empress, Ms. Wang. A great amnesty and added to the ranks of the civil and military officials 1 grade.

9th Month [11 October 9 - November], the Emperor discussed the Classic of Filial Piety.

Winter, 10th Month, guiyou, New Moon [10 November], the sun was eclipsed [OK].

12th Month, guiwei [19 January], calamity of the Shenshou gate.

On jiashen [20 January], the August Empress Dowager decreed, saying:

Lately the sun's eclipse announces change. Floods and droughts do not arrive. Though carrying out and personally considering aid, it is not yet finished in its regions. Thus bestow grain on those of the hundred families who are impoverished, 5 hu per person.

On guisi [29 January], the Emperor released sacrifices in the Central Hall, worshipped Master Kong, using Yan Hui as the match.

[Taiyuan 1]

[7 February 376 – 25 January 377]

The 1st Year of Taiyuan [“Grand Inaugural”], Spring, 1st Month, renyin [7 February], New Moon, the Emperor applied the inaugural clothes, and went to audience at the Grand Temple. The August Empress Dowager returned from government affairs.

On jiachen [9 February], a great amnesty and changed inaugural.

On bingwu [11 February], the Emperor first presided over court. Used the General who Conquers the West, Huan Huo [JS074] as Great General who Conquers the West; the General who Garrisons the Army, Chi Yin [JS067] as Great General who Garrions the Army; the General of the Army of the Centre, Huan Chong, as General of Chariots and Cavalry. Added to the Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, Xie An, Overseer of the Palace Writers, Recording the Affairs of the Masters of Writing.

On jiazi [29 February], paid visit to Jianping and others the four Mounds. [Jianping was the tomb of Emperor Yuan.]

Summer, 5th Month, guichou [17 June], the earth shook.

On jiayin [18 June], a decree said:

Lately Heaven above has handed down oversight, the reprimanding announcements again and again obvious, We are in fear of them, shaking with caution in [Our] heart. Considering the means by discussing lawsuits and delaying death, forgive transgressions and and pardon crimes, the numerous reasons for great change, with it further change.

And so a great amnesty, and conferred on the civil and military ranks 1 grade each.

6th Month [3 July – 1 August], enfeoffed the King of Hejian, Qin's son, Fanzhi, as King of Zhangwu.

Autumn, 7th Month [2 August – 30 August], Fu Jian's general Ji Chang, took Liang province, imprisoned the Inspector, Zhang Tianxi, and completely possessed his territory.

On yisi [8 August], removed the system of measuring field and harvest taxes. Excellencies, Kings and below, a poll tax of 3 hu grain. Dispensed with to be the food of labourers [?].

Winter, 10th Month [29 October -  27 November], moved and measured [?] northern migrants to south of the Huai.

11th Month, jisi, New Moon, the sun was eclipsed. Decreed the great officials to withdraw provisions. [Not OK. Wrong year?].

12th Month [27 December – 25 January], Fu Jian sent his general Fu Luo to attack Dai. He captured the King of Dai, Sheyijian.

[Taiyuan 2]

[26 January 377 – 13 February 378]

2nd Year, Spring, 1st Month [26 January – 23 February], restored [families] with cut off succession, to continue meritorious subjects.

3rd Month [26 March – 23 April], used the Inspector of Yan province, Zhu Xu, as Commander of the Palace Gentlemen of the South, Inspector of Liang# province and Overseer of All Armies Within Mian, headquartered at Xiangyang.

Intercalary Month, renwu [12 May], the earth shook.

On jiashen [14 May], a violent storm, snapping trees and turning over houses.

Summer, 4th Month, jiyou [8 June], rain and hail.

5th Month, dingchou [6 July], the earth shook.

6th Month, jisi [27 August? 7th Month], a violent storm, scattering sand and stone.

Linyi offered as tribute things of the region.

Autumn, 7th Month, yimao [12 October? 8th Month], the Old Man Star [Canopus] was seen.

8th Month, renchen [19 September], the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Huan Chong, came to court.

On dingwei [4 October], used the Supervisor of the Masters of Writing, Xie An, as Minister over the Masses.

On bingchen [13 October], the Envoy Holding the Tally, Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of Jing, Liang#, Ning, Yi, Jiao and Guang provinces, Inspector of Jing province and Great General who Conquers the West, Huan Huo, passed on.

Winter, 10th Month, xinchou [27 November], used the General of Chariots and Cavalry, Huan Chong, [as] Commander-in-Chief of All Army Affairs of Jing, Jiang, Liang#, Yi, Ning, Jiao and Guang provinces, acting Colonel who Protects the Southern Man and Inspector of Jing province; the Master of Writing, Wang Yun [JS093], as Inspector of Xu province, Controller of All Armies of Jinling South of the Jiang; the Marshal who Conquers the West, Xie Xuan [JS079], as Inspector of Yan province, Chancellor of Guangling and Overseer of All Armies North of the Jiang.

On renyin [28 November], the Cavalier in Regular Attendance, Brilliantly Blessed Grandee of the Left and Prefect of the Masters of Writing, Wang Biaozhi, passed on.

12th Month, gengyin [15 January], used the Master of Writing Wang Shao [JS065] as Supervisor of the Masters of Writing.

[Taiyuan 3]

[14 February 378 – 2 February 379]

3rd Year, Spring, 2nd Month, yisi [31 March], built a new palace. The Emperor moved to reside in the manor of the King of Kuaiji.

3rd Month, yichou [20 April], thunder and rain, a violent storm, turning over houses and snapping trees.

Summer, 5th Month, gengwu [24 June], the King of Chenliu, Cao Hui, passed away.

6th Month [11 July – 9 August], great floods.

Autumn, 7th Month, xinsi [3 September], the Emperor entered the new palace.

On yiyou [7 September], the Old Man Star was seen in the southern regions.

[kevinclerk11-blog]

BETWEEN THE BRIDGES

A few years ago I did a feature on Manhattan between the Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridges (I call it BEMBO), but as always, there’s more to see and there are details I missed. This time of year I also begin to scout areas that would make decent Forgotten NY tours in the spring and summer. BEMBO is a curious area, full of crannies and nooks of interest. Had I been writing Forgotten New York in the 1960s, there would have been a lot more to talk about, as maybe half of this neighborhood has been razed to build housing projects, schools, and the NYPD headquarters. I was able to show some of these lost streets in a FNY post in January 2019. 

Getting off the F train at East Broadway at Canal (Straus Square) I meandered west. I discussed the Mesivtha Tiferes Jerusalem Yeshiva just the other day, so I won’t repeat myself here; it’s a handsome building in buff and brown brick, and has a venerable history. 

East Broadway, looking west, looking toward the Manhattan Bridge overpass, and behind it, the Municipal Building and Woolworth Building, which from this vantage look like twin spires of the same building. In the left background is #4 World Trade Center and on the right, of course, is #1 World Trade Center. In the foreground left is the relatively new 109 East Broadway, the site of a devastating fire in 2010. The building exhibits the latest trend in residential architecture, featuring a boxy design with colored metal panels and flat windows. Why do so many new apartment buildings looks like this? They’re the cheapest to build. 

In FNY’s Comments section, and remarks from friends on facebook, twitter and in person, many dismiss new architecture outright, saying nothing built today matches the past. I judge each building on its merits, and part of me is happy to live in a dynamic city that can accommodate new designs. I like a city that has both a Jenga tower and a St. Patrick’s Cathedral.

Until the beginning of the 20th Century, East Broadway was known as Chatham Street, for William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778) who was the English Prime Minister during the time the colonies were agitating for independence, but before the Revolutionary War. He opposed the Stamp Act, but also opposed outright independence, but promoted compromise that ultimately proved untenable. Many USA locales are named for him including Pittsfield, MA and Pittsburgh, PA, as well as Chatham Square, East Broadway at the Bowery.

No good way to get a picture of the Knickerbocker Post Office, 128 East Broadway near Pitt Street because of … all the mail trucks parked in front of it. 

Washington Irving (1783-1859), who met his namesake George Washington while a young boy, was popular both in the States and in Europe for his essays and fiction, and was the creator of Ichabod Crane, Rip van Winkle, and the tricornered Father Knickerbocker, NYC’s mascot. “Knickerbocker,” which is fun to say, refers to NYC’s early Dutch settlers and appears frequently in NYC lore, including its NBA basketball team.

The Sung Tak Buddhist Association at 13 Pike Street was once the Pike Street Synagogue, a Classic Revival building from 1903 that housed the Congregation Sons of Israel Kalwarie, Poland. Entertainer Eddie Cantor was bar mitzvahed here in 1905. The tripartite façade, which has an arched portico reached by twin lateral staircases, reflects Romanesque and classical features.

Looking north on Pike Street, which was named for explorer Zebulon Pike, soldier and explorer (1779-1813) of Pike’s Peak fame. Along with Allen Street, which begins a block north, the road was widened several decades ago and now sports a modern bicycle path. You can walk in a straight line all the way from here to the Harlem River, as Pike becomes Allen and Allen becomes 1st Avenue.

Turning left on Market Street, I encountered one of the oldest churches in Manhattan at Henry Street, the old Market Street Reformed Church, which was built in 1819. The windows are made up of multiple panels—35 over 35 over 35. This is now the First Chinese Presbyterian Church, which shared the building with the Sea and Land Church until 1972.

The brick and stone Georgian-Gothic church was constructed two centuries ago as the Market Street reformed Church on land owned by Henry Rutgers, and after changing congregations a few times over the years, it’s now the First Chinese Presbyterian Church. It’s in the top five oldest extant church buildings in New York City, the oldest being St. Paul’s Chapel on Broadway and Vesey St.

Every time I’m in the area, I check on Mechanics Alley, which runs on the west side of the Manhattan Bridge anchorage for 2 blocks between Madison and Henry Streets. Though it has obtained a more narrow sense, the word “mechanic” originally meant an artisan, builder or craftsman, not necessarily a machinist. No property fronts on the narrow lane, but trucks nonetheless employ it despite its narrowness to avoid heavier traffic on streets like Market.

I did a pretty comprehensive post on Mechanics Alley and its history a few years ago in FNY. 

Market Street contains a number of historic and classic buildings along its short stretch between East Broadway and South Street. Here’s #40 market on the corner of Madison, which still has its original entrance woodwork as well as the street identification brownstone plaques. The Market Street side looks as if it has had some ad hoc repairs done sometime in the past.

375 Pearl Street, otherwise known as the Verizon Building, a.k.a. the Intergate Center, looms at the west end of Monroe Street. Many call it the ugliest building in Manhattan, though I’ve seen far worse. In 2016 it was renovated and received a new bank of windows. 

This shabby brick building at 51 Market St. was constructed in 1824 by merchant William Clark. Its original elegant doorway, with Ionic columns, a fanlight and ornamentation, has survived nearly two centuries. A close look at the basement windows shows them to be surrounded with brownstone work with squiggly lines, known in the architecture world as “Gibbs surrounds.” A fourth floor, which studiously copied the original three, was added after the Civil War. The stoop and railings, however, are not original as they were replaced in 2010. The door is festooned with graffiti, and though the house has Landmark status, its condition appears deteriorated.

Amid the Chinese-language signs on Market and Madison, at the edge of Chinatown, is this neon sign for a long-gone liquor store. 

At #47 Market Street is a venerable brick building that conveniently lists the date of construction, 1886, at the roofline.

Faces peer out from the front of this Madison Street apartment. Many of these buildings, and those on paralleling Monroe and Henry Streets, were built in the 1880s, when such embellishments were found on just about every building, commercial or residential. 

The undulating exterior of #8 Spruce Street, officially New York By Gehry, named for architect Frank Gehry, is the architect’s signature NYC building. Like it or not, it’s instantly recognizable from all over lower Manhattan. After its completion in 2011, it was NYC’s tallest residential building for a couple of years, but has since been surpassed by buildings like 432 Park. 

The Roman Catholic parish of St. Joseph (“San Giuseppe”) was established by the Missionaries of St. Charles, an order of priests and brothers founded by Blessed John Baptist Scalabrini in 1887 to serve the needs of Italian immigrants. The present church was designed by Matthew W. Del Gaudio and opened in 1924. Shortly after the founding of the parish, the Scalabrinians were joined by the Apostles of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, who helped open St. Joseph School in 1926.

Today, St. Joseph Church is a national parish designated as an Italian and Chinese parish. The parish continues the mission of the Church of St. Joachim, located at 26 Roosevelt Street until the 1960s, which was founded by the Missionaries of St. Charles who arrived in New York City in 1889. Immediately after, Mother Cabrini was welcomed by the same church as she arrived in the United States. American Guild of Organists, NYC Chapter

Speaking of the Scalabrinians, in January 2018 I visited their former bailiwick, St. Charles Seminary in Todt Hill, Staten Island, which had been the estate of architect Ernest Flagg. 

Catherine Street classics, near Madison Street.

Madison and Oliver Streets. Al Smith (1873-1944), a four-time NYS governor and failed presidential candidate, was born on Oliver, a still-existing street between the Brooklyn and Manhattan Bridges, neither of which had opened when he was born. He was one of NYC’s most popular politicians in history.

On a walk up the Lower East Side in January 2013, I encountered an anachronistic building that I either hadn’t seen or hadn’t noticed before, on Madison Street a few doors away from St. James Place. It’s a tiny two-story dormered building — however, it’s not too small that it doesn’t have two separate doors and two separate house numbers, 47 and 49. I’ve always been curious about anachronisms and survivors, being something of an anachronism myself, so I looked it up. Expecting a difficult or fruitless search, I found something by the historian David Freeland, who rote about it in 2009 in the now-defunct  New York Press:

For years the house has been something of a mystery, but one glimpse into its colorful history is revealed through a small advertisement from the Spirit of the Times newspaper, as reprinted in the Boston Herald of March 2, 1853: “Rat Killing, and other sports, every Monday evening. A good supply of rats kept constantly on hand for gentlemen wishing to try their dogs, with the use of the pit gratis, at J. Marriott’s Sportsman’s Hall, 49 Madison Street.”

Rat baiting, setting rats against rats, or dogs against rats, was a popular betting sport in the 19th Century in the days before the ASPCA. The building where another former rat baiting establishment was run by Kit Burns, the Captain Joseph Rose House, still stands at 273 Water Street in the Seaport area.

Freeland goes on:

By the late 1850s, the house at 49 Madison Street had been taken over by English-born Harry Jennings, who ran it as a combination saloon and rat-fighting pit until his conviction on a robbery charge sent him to prison in Massachusetts. But later, after returning to New York, Jennings settled into a kind of respectability, winning fame as a dog trainer and, eventually, the city’s leading rat exterminator. By the time of his death, in 1891, Jennings’ clients included Delmonico’s Restaurant and such luxury hotels as Gilsey House and the original Plaza.

Apparently, there’s a comeback in everybody.

The dark shadows of January intrude on the intersection of James and Madison Streets, one of the few intersections in NYC where both street names make up a US President’s first and second name. I’m sure it wasn’t planned that way, though.

We can see St. James Church, the second oldest building associated with the Roman Catholic Church in NYC. (Old St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Mott and Prince Streets, built in 1810, precedes it.) The fieldstone, Doric-columned Greek Revival building was begun in 1835 and completed in 1837; and though it is thought to be a design of famed architect Minard Lefever, there is no evidence to support the claim. A domed cupola above the sanctuary was removed decades ago. This was the boyhood parish of Al Smith, and New Bowery, which connects Pearl Street and Chatham Square, was renamed for it in 1947.

The massive Chatham Green development, located along St. James Place between Madison Street and Chatham Square, opened in 1960, was one of the projects that eliminated much of the ancient street grid in lower Manhattan, as well as the last remnants of the Five Points slum. But on those streets were located dark, noisome and cold tenements, and Chatham Green was constructed by the City in an effort to make middle-income peoples’ lives better. As we know, that effort has had mixed results. 

Chatham Green went condo several years ago, with hefty prices, somewhat belying its original purposes.

This triangular-shaped building comes to a point at St. James Place and Madison Street. As I have noted, St. lames Place, laid out in the mid-1850s, was originally called New Bowery, but the designation must have been fluid at one time, as the chiseled street sign on the building simply has “Bowery.”

One Police  Plaza, along Madison Street and Park Row (both closed to regular traffic) opened in 1973, is the headquarters of the NY Police Department; it took over from the old domed HQ, now a condo conversion at Centre and Broome Streets. It was designed by Gruzen and Partners in a Brutalist style and sits near the assorted city and state court buildings at Foley Square.

The NYC Municipal Building was constructed  in 1914 from plans by McKim, Mead & White; it now houses only a fraction of the city offices that oversee the functioning of the metropolis. Particularly attractive is the row of freestanding columns, the extensive sculpture work and the lofty colonnaded tower topped by Adolph Weinman’s 25-fot high gilt statue of Civic Fame.

I have happy memories of the building since on October 23, 2006 I spent a half hour with Brian Lehrer on WNYC-radio discussing Forgotten NY the Book, and temporarily, my Amazon sales jumped into the 500s (by contrast, 12 years later, I’m in the 300,000s usually).

The sculptures on the north arch include allegorical representations of Progress, Civic Duty, Guidance, Executive Power, Civic Pride and Prudence. Between the windows on the second floor are symbols of various city departments. Note the collection of plaques, among which is the “triple X” emblem of Amsterdam, Holland. Chambers Street once passed through the building and once went all the way to Chatham Square but the NYC Police Dept complex was built over its path in the 1960s.  —Gerard Wolfe

The fortress-like, business-themed Murray Bergtraum High School was built at Madison Street and Robert F. Wagner Senior Place, adjacent to Brooklyn Bridge off-ramps, in 1976. It’s named for a former president of the NYC Board of Ed., between 1969 and 1971.  Noted alumni include entertainers John Leguizamo and Damon Wayans.

Rose Street, once chockablock with tenements, is a curved street running under the Brooklyn Bridge connecting Gold and Madison Streets. It was named for late 18th-early 19th Century merchant and distiller Captain Joseph Rose, whose house still stands nearby on Water Street. I discussed Rose Street at length on this FNY page. 

Though I continued into the Seaport area, it’s a busy weekend and I’ll wrap things up for now.

Please help contribute to a new Forgotten NY website

Check out the ForgottenBook, take a look at the gift shop, and as always, “comment…as you see fit.”

1/6/19

Source: http://forgotten-ny.com/2019/01/between-the-bridges/

[capecoddaily]

Deck: Another active week in P-Town…Towns: ProvincetownTopic: Police BlotterHub Category: Police and FireAuthor: CapeCodToday StaffTeaser: Another active week in P-Town…Main Image: Thumbnail Image: Body: Provincetown Police Department Page: 1 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 For Date: 04/15/2019 - Monday Call Number Time Call Reason Action Priority Duplicate 19-5581 0041 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 539] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5582 0049 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5583 0052 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: HOWLAND ST + COMMERCIAL ST 19-5584 0107 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5585 0112 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2499] RACE POINT RD 19-5586 0118 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2494] BRADFORD ST 19-5587 0119 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST + BRADFORD ST 19-5588 0146 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4136] BRADFORD ST 19-5589 0158 ASSIST CITIZEN Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 526] RYDER ST EXT 19-5590 0217 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5591 0234 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5592 0302 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2490] PROVINCELANDS RD 19-5593 0343 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 19-5594 0354 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5597 0828 HAZARDS Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 955] HOWLAND ST 19-5599 0923 ALARM - GENERAL Referred to Other Agency 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3007] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5598 0924 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5600 0927 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 539] SHANK PAINTER RD Refer To Citation: 19-371-CN 19-5601 1004 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2513] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-372-CN 19-5602 1005 911 - GENERAL Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 63] BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5603 1022 911 - GENERAL Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 63] BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5604 1033 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Provincetown Police Department Page: 2 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 Location/Address: [PRO 2494] BRADFORD ST 19-5606 1044 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2395] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-373-CN 19-5607 1143 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5610 1300 MV DISABLED Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2513] ROUTE 6 19-5611 1303 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2513] ROUTE 6 19-5612 1326 SERVICE CALL - POLICE SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 540] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5613 1341 GENERAL INFO Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5614 1416 COMPLAINT - GENERAL SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3128] CONWELL ST 19-5615 1436 HAZARDS Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5619 1600 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5617 1723 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3440] ROUTE 6 19-5620 1745 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5618 1747 MV COMPLAINT Could Not Locate 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5621 1815 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5622 1828 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5623 1853 ASSIST DEPARTMENT / MUTUAL AID Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 19-5624 2042 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5625 2148 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 530] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5626 2348 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5627 2351 BAR CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3443] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5628 2352 BAR CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 399] COMMERCIAL ST For Date: 04/16/2019 - Tuesday 19-5629 0011 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5630 0032 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST Provincetown Police Department Page: 3 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5632 0049 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3004] BRADFORD ST 19-5633 0052 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5634 0111 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5635 0235 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 330] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5637 0319 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5638 0350 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5639 0517 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + HOWLAND ST 19-5640 0536 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1778] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5641 0543 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5642 0602 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 75] CAPTAIN BERTIES WAY 19-5643 0713 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [TRU 105] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: T1244498 19-5644 0735 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2818] CONWELL ST Refer To Citation: T1244499 19-5645 0747 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 539] SHANK PAINTER RD Refer To Citation: T1244500 19-5646 0753 ANIMAL CALL SPOKEN TO 2 Location/Address: [PRO 425] COURT ST 19-5647 0804 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: T1244541 19-5648 0841 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1361] COMMERCIAL ST Refer To Citation: T1244601 19-5649 0922 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3287] ROUTE 6 19-5650 0935 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2500] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5651 0942 MV COLLISION Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: POINT ST + COMMERCIAL ST Refer To Accident: 19-20-AC 19-5652 0955 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 440] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5654 1015 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 440] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5655 1029 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Provincetown Police Department Page: 4 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5657 1036 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2645] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5656 1037 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5659 1128 ALARM - GENERAL Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 1886] BRADFORD ST 19-5660 1142 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2500] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5661 1142 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 285] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5663 1213 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-374-CN 19-5664 1217 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3966] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5665 1236 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 625] DEWEY AVE 19-5666 1255 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2513] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-375-CN 19-5667 1412 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2206] PILGRIMS LANDING 19-5668 1412 TRAFFIC CONTROL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST 19-5669 1418 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2283] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5670 1434 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5671 1445 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: PEARL ST 19-5672 1455 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD Refer To Citation: T1244602 19-5673 1508 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD Refer To Citation: T1244603 19-5674 1529 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD Refer To Citation: T1244604 19-5675 1559 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3737] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: T1244605 19-5676 1623 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 749] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: T1244606 19-5678 1641 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + HOWLAND ST Refer To Citation: T1244607 19-5679 1706 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Provincetown Police Department Page: 5 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5680 1708 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + CONWELL ST Refer To Citation: T1244608 19-5681 1708 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: STANDISH ST + COMMERCIAL ST 19-5682 1725 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2420] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: T1244609 19-5683 1741 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5685 1758 MV STOP Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD Refer To Citation: T1244610 19-5686 1823 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD Refer To P/C: 19-44-AR 19-5687 1855 ALARM - GENERAL False Alarm 1 Location/Address: [PRO 196] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5688 1922 ASSIST CITIZEN SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1176] TREMONT ST 19-5690 2027 HAZARDS Services Rendered 2 6 Location/Address: [PRO 1158] WINSLOW ST 19-5692 2349 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST For Date: 04/17/2019 - Wednesday 19-5693 0013 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 530] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5694 0020 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST 19-5695 0035 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 526] RYDER ST EXT 19-5696 0043 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5698 0101 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + RYDER ST 19-5699 0118 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2512] JEROME SMITH RD Refer To Citation: T1244542 19-5700 0143 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5701 0210 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1287] BRADFORD ST 19-5702 0235 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5703 0241 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5704 0507 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Provincetown Police Department Page: 6 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 Location/Address: [PRO 545] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5705 0513 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5706 0523 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: HOWLAND ST + BRADFORD ST 19-5707 0551 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5708 0802 HAZARDS Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2931] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5709 0855 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5710 0936 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5711 0947 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + CARVER ST Refer To Citation: 19-376-CN 19-5712 1028 ALARM - GENERAL False Alarm 1 Location/Address: [PRO 1739] PILGRIM HEIGHTS RD 19-5713 1049 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 539] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5714 1054 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2499] RACE POINT RD 19-5715 1054 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3287] ROUTE 6 19-5716 1055 ANIMAL CALL SPOKEN TO 2 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST 19-5718 1132 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 606] CONWELL ST 19-5719 1156 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 571] ALDEN ST 19-5720 1159 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 537] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5721 1256 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 943] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5722 1308 PARKING COMPLAINT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2265] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5724 1417 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 837] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5725 1436 MEDICAL EMERGENCY PATIENT REFUSAL 1 Location/Address: [PRO 2156] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5726 1451 GENERAL INFO No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5728 1553 STREET PERFORMER COMPLAINT SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 243] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5729 1720 MEDICAL EMERGENCY PATIENT REFUSAL 1 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD Refer To P/C: 19-45-AR 19-5731 1749 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Provincetown Police Department Page: 7 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 Location/Address: [PRO 3440] ROUTE 6 19-5733 1824 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location: [PRO 3431] LOPES SQUARE 19-5735 1831 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3033] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5736 1839 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4084] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5737 1840 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 756] BRADFORD ST 19-5738 1945 NOISE COMPLAINT SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5743 2026 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 444] HIGH POLE HILL 19-5739 2027 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5740 2037 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: WEST VINE ST + BRADFORD ST EXT Refer To Citation: 19-378-CN 19-5741 2040 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: SNAIL RD Refer To Citation: 19-377-CN 19-5742 2047 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD Refer To Citation: 19-379-CN 19-5744 2113 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5746 2135 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Could Not Locate 3 Location/Address: [PRO 46] BRADFORD ST 19-5747 2136 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 182] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5748 2153 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST Refer To Citation: 19-380-CN 19-5749 2230 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 519] RACE POINT RD 19-5760 2300 GENERAL INFO No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5750 2351 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5751 2354 PARK, WALK & TALK No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3870] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5752 2356 BAR CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 399] COMMERCIAL ST For Date: 04/18/2019 - Thursday 19-5754 0010 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5755 0014 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1952] COMMERCIAL ST Provincetown Police Department Page: 8 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5756 0058 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5757 0104 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3033] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5758 0107 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 382] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5759 0115 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + RYDER ST 19-5761 0202 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 60] BRADFORD ST 19-5762 0505 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 447] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5763 0509 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2489] BRADFORD ST 19-5764 0522 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5765 0533 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5766 0553 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5767 0822 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 440] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5768 0848 ASSIST DEPARTMENT / MUTUAL AID Could Not Locate 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3670] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5769 0946 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1563] CONWELL ST 19-5770 1006 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5771 1010 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [TRU 310] ROUTE 6 19-5773 1106 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3222] ALDEN ST 19-5774 1118 MV COMPLAINT GONE ON ARRIVAL 2 Location/Address: [PRO 3456] RYDER ST EXT 19-5776 1148 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2206] PILGRIMS LANDING 19-5777 1211 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST EXT + W VINE ST 19-5778 1237 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3908] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5779 1300 LOST CAR KEY Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5781 1340 MV COMPLAINT Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1419] PLEASANT ST 19-5780 1341 MV HIT & RUN Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 440] HARRY KEMP WAY Refer To Accident: 19-21-AC Provincetown Police Department Page: 9 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5782 1401 DISORDERLY Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5783 1514 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: SHANK PAINTER RD + JEROME SMITH RD 19-5784 1549 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3317] CEMETERY RD 19-5786 1558 GENERAL INFO No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1650] BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5787 1646 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5788 1704 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2481] TREMONT ST 19-5789 1707 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 19-5790 1707 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5791 1707 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-381-CN 19-5792 1711 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-382-CN 19-5793 1723 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-383-CN 19-5795 1832 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location: WEST ROAM 19-5796 1837 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 175] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5797 2023 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5798 2030 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5799 2031 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5800 2034 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 19-5801 2045 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 530] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5802 2100 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2490] PROVINCELANDS RD 19-5803 2208 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5804 2357 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD For Date: 04/19/2019 - Friday 19-5805 0001 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2577] BRADFORD ST Provincetown Police Department Page: 10 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5806 0043 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + STANDISH ST 19-5807 0125 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5808 0137 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 182] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5809 0204 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2520] PRINCE ST 19-5810 0523 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 537] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5811 0534 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3440] ROUTE 6 19-5812 0601 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: CONWELL ST + ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-385-CN 19-5813 0739 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2494] BRADFORD ST 19-5814 0906 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4136] BRADFORD ST 19-5815 1015 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2206] PILGRIMS LANDING 19-5816 1038 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 516] RACE POINT RD 19-5818 1202 HARASSMENT / THREATS Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 175] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5819 1249 FOLLOW UP FOLLOW UP 2 Location/Address: [PRO 537] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5820 1313 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 105] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5821 1320 MV DISABLED Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: GOSNOLD ST + COMMERCIAL ST 19-5822 1328 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3405] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5823 1348 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 440] HARRY KEMP WAY 19-5825 1436 LOST WALLET Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 106] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5827 1540 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 488] MAYFLOWER ST 19-5829 1652 911 - GENERAL Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 63] BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5828 1655 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: STANDISH ST + BRADFORD ST 19-5830 1726 COMPLAINT - GENERAL SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 625] DEWEY AVE 19-5832 2019 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD Provincetown Police Department Page: 11 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5833 2020 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 447] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5834 2022 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5835 2028 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 94] BRADFORD ST 19-5836 2037 PARKING COMPLAINT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 389] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5837 2050 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: HOWLAND ST + BRADFORD ST 19-5839 2057 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2577] BRADFORD ST 19-5838 2059 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 762] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-386-CN 19-5840 2132 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 37] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-387-CN 19-5842 2152 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 182] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5843 2207 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 175] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5844 2336 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5845 2339 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5846 2339 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2494] BRADFORD ST For Date: 04/20/2019 - Saturday 19-5847 0005 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5849 0017 DISTURBANCE - FIGHT / ARGUMENT Peace Restored 1 Location/Address: [PRO 183] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5848 0018 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 536] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5850 0050 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2481] TREMONT ST 19-5851 0114 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + RYDER ST 19-5852 0114 HAZARDS Referred to Other Agency 2 Location/Address: [PRO 406] CONANT ST 19-5853 0123 ASSIST CITIZEN Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1837] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5854 0240 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4136] BRADFORD ST 19-5855 0507 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 526] RYDER ST EXT Provincetown Police Department Page: 12 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5856 0510 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5857 0524 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 537] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5858 0540 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5859 0551 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5860 0749 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5861 0755 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2500] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5864 0800 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5862 0814 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3287] ROUTE 6 19-5863 0904 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1517] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-388-CN 19-5865 1031 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2479] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-389-CN 19-5867 1056 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 285] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5870 1203 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 606] CONWELL ST 19-5872 1207 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location: [PRO 3431] LOPES SQUARE Refer To Citation: 19-390-CN 19-5873 1217 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 526] RYDER ST EXT 19-5874 1305 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 571] ALDEN ST 19-5875 1328 GENERAL INFO SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1045] PEARL ST 19-5876 1330 GENERAL INFO SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST 19-5877 1505 ASSIST DEPARTMENT /DPW Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 1650] BRADFORD ST EXT 19-5879 1514 LOST WALLET Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 537] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5880 1644 ALARM - GENERAL False Alarm 1 Location/Address: [PRO 2728] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5881 1645 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-391-CN 19-5882 1649 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-392-CN Provincetown Police Department Page: 13 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5884 1815 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 1119] WAREHAM ST 19-5885 1856 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 650] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5886 1952 LARCENY / FORGERY / FRAUD Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1674] BRADFORD ST 19-5887 2033 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: WINSLOW ST + HIGH POLE HILL Refer To Citation: 19-393-CN 19-5888 2054 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 99] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5889 2116 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 595] BRADFORD ST 19-5890 2133 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: KENDALL LN + BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-394-CN 19-5891 2331 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 539] SHANK PAINTER RD For Date: 04/21/2019 - Sunday 19-5892 0007 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + RYDER ST 19-5893 0013 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5894 0021 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3870] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5895 0037 BAR CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3443] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5896 0046 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5898 0050 BAR CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3236] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5897 0053 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: COMMERCIAL ST 19-5899 0108 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4136] BRADFORD ST 19-5900 0132 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 530] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5901 0145 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2577] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: 19-395-CN 19-5902 0251 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5903 0256 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3443] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5904 0310 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 106] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5905 0330 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 516] RACE POINT RD Provincetown Police Department Page: 14 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5906 0511 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5907 0522 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5908 0546 MEDICAL EMERGENCY Transported to Hospital 1 Location/Address: [PRO 1621] BRADFORD ST 19-5911 1249 ASSIST DEPARTMENT / MUTUAL AID Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5912 1427 LARCENY / FORGERY / FRAUD Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5914 1511 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 2543] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5913 1512 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5915 1530 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3259] MACMILLAN WHARF 19-5916 1536 PARK, WALK & TALK No Action Required 3 Location: WEST ROAM 19-5917 1604 BIKE - GENERAL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1952] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5918 1626 ANIMAL CALL GONE ON ARRIVAL 2 Location/Address: [PRO 521] ROUTE 6 19-5919 1644 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 1 Location/Address: [PRO 1992] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5920 1755 COMPLAINT - GENERAL Could Not Locate 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST EXT + W VINE ST 19-5921 1806 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 4069] RACE POINT RD + STABLE PATH Refer To Citation: 19-396-CN 19-5922 1822 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + HOWLAND ST 19-5923 1837 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + HOWLAND ST Refer To Citation: 19-397-CN 19-5924 1850 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + HOWLAND ST Refer To Citation: 19-398-CN 19-5925 1855 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-399-CN 19-5926 1902 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [TRU 95] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: T1244543 19-5927 1923 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 526] RYDER ST EXT 19-5928 2016 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5930 2105 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD Provincetown Police Department Page: 15 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5931 2107 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 521] ROUTE 6 Refer To Citation: 19-400-CN 19-5932 2146 MEDICAL EMERGENCY PATIENT REFUSAL 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3919] AUNT SUKEYS WAY 19-5933 2208 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2540] RACE POINT RD 19-5934 2224 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 447] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5935 2318 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5936 2321 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2490] PROVINCELANDS RD 19-5937 2349 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2043] BRADFORD ST For Date: 04/22/2019 - Monday 19-5938 0014 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2977] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5939 0023 MV STOP Citation / Warning Issue 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2481] TREMONT ST Refer To Citation: T1244544 19-5940 0045 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3870] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5941 0053 BAR CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3443] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5942 0112 MEDICAL EMERGENCY PATIENT REFUSAL 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3222] ALDEN ST 19-5943 0141 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2494] BRADFORD ST 19-5944 0151 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: CONWELL ST + ROUTE 6 19-5945 0230 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 379] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5946 0331 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2499] RACE POINT RD 19-5947 0421 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3296] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5948 0425 HAZARDS Removed Hazard 2 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5949 0547 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + SNAIL RD 19-5950 0617 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5951 0810 PARK, WALK & TALK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 569] WINSLOW ST 19-5952 0851 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: SNAIL RD + COMMERCIAL ST Provincetown Police Department Page: 16 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5953 0857 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT No Action Required 3 Location/Address: ROUTE 6 + HOWLAND ST 19-5954 0900 LOST PROPERTY Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 371] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5956 0939 PARKING COMPLAINT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: NELSON AVE + RACE POINT RD 19-5958 1017 MV COLLISION Services Rendered 1 Location/Address: [PRO 2483] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5957 1019 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2898] JEROME SMITH RD 19-5959 1125 ANIMAL CALL Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 106] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5960 1202 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 542] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5961 1237 MV STOP VERBAL WARNING 3 Location/Address: [PRO 413] CONWELL ST Refer To Citation: 19-401-CN 19-5962 1334 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 517] RACE POINT RD 19-5963 1504 SERVICE CALL - POLICE Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 569] WINSLOW ST 19-5964 1531 BUILDING/PROPERTY CHECK Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2520] PRINCE ST 19-5966 1559 TRAFFIC CONTROL Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST 19-5967 1639 MV OBSERVANCE / ASSIGNMENT Services Rendered 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3430] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5968 1728 HAZARDS Services Rendered 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1022] NICKERSON ST 19-5969 1740 MV HIT & RUN Could Not Locate 2 Location/Address: [PRO 1953] COMMERCIAL ST Refer To Accident: 19-22-AC 19-5970 1826 MV STOP SPOKEN TO 3 Location/Address: [PRO 536] SHANK PAINTER RD 19-5972 1914 MV DISABLED SPOKEN TO 2 Location/Address: BRADFORD ST + FRANKLIN ST 19-5973 1930 DISORDERLY Arrest(s) Made 1 Location/Address: [PRO 3222] ALDEN ST Refer To Arrest: 19-46-AR 19-5974 2136 FOLLOW UP SPOKEN TO 2 Location/Address: [PRO 3477] STABLE PATH Refer To Accident: 19-22-AC 19-5975 2235 MV COMPLAINT Arrest(s) Made 2 Location/Address: [PRO 37] BRADFORD ST Refer To Citation: T1244309 Refer To Citation: T1244310 Refer To Arrest: 19-47-AR 19-5976 2239 MEDICAL EMERGENCY PATIENT REFUSAL 1 Location/Address: [PRO 37] BRADFORD ST Provincetown Police Department Page: 17 Dispatch Log From: 04/15/2019 Thru: 04/22/2019 0000 - 2359 Printed: 04/23/2019 19-5978 2342 BAR CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 3443] COMMERCIAL ST 19-5979 2346 BAR CHECK BLDG/PROP Checked/Secure 3 Location/Address: [PRO 2737] COMMERCIAL ST

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[probablespluyt]

THE

WORLD

UNTIL

YESTERDAY

ALSO BY JARED DIAMOND

Collapse

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Why Is Sex Fun?

The Third Chimpanzee

JARED DIAMOND

THE

WORLD

UNTIL

YESTERDAY

WHAT CAN WE LEARN

FROM TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES?

VIKING

VIKING

Published by the Penguin Group

Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A.

Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada

(a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)

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Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England

First published in 2012 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Copyright © Jared Diamond, 2012

All rights reserved

Photograph credits appear on page 499.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA

Diamond, Jared M.

The world until yesterday : what can we learn from traditional societies? / Jared Diamond.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN: 978-1-101-60600-1

1. Dani (New Guinean people)—History. 2. Dani (New Guinean people)—Social life and customs. 3. Dani (New Guinean people)—Cultural assimilation. 4. Social evolution—Papua New Guinea. 5. Social change—Papua New Guinea. 6. Papua New Guinea—Social life and customs. I. Title.

DU744.35.D32D53 2013

305.89’912—dc23

2012018386

Designed by Nancy Resnick

Maps by Matt Zebrowski

No part of this book may be reproduced, scanned, or distributed in any printed or electronic form without permission. Please do not participate in or encourage piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of the author’s rights. Purchase only authorized editions.

ALWAYS LEARNING PEARSON

To

Meg Taylor,

in appreciation for decades

of your friendship,

and of sharing your insights into our two worlds

Contents

Also by Jared Diamond

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

List of Tables and Figures

PROLOGUE: At the Airport

An airport scene

Why study traditional societies?

States

Types of traditional societies

Approaches, causes, and sources

A small book about a big subject

Plan of the book

PART ONE: SETTING THE STAGE BY DIVIDING SPACE

CHAPTER 1. Friends, Enemies, Strangers, and Traders

A boundary

Mutually exclusive territories

Non-exclusive land use

Friends, enemies, and strangers

First contacts

Trade and traders

Market economies

Traditional forms of trade

Traditional trade items

Who trades what?

Tiny nations

PART TWO: PEACE AND WAR

CHAPTER 2. Compensation for the Death of a Child

An accident

A ceremony

What if…?

What the state did

New Guinea compensation

Life-long relationships

Other non-state societies

State authority

State civil justice

Defects in state civil justice

State criminal justice

Restorative justice

Advantages and their price

CHAPTER 3. A Short Chapter, About a Tiny War

The Dani War

The war’s time-line

The war’s death toll

CHAPTER 4. A Longer Chapter, About Many Wars

Definitions of war

Sources of information

Forms of traditional warfare

Mortality rates

Similarities and differences

Ending warfare

Effects of European contact

Warlike animals, peaceful peoples

Motives for traditional war

Ultimate reasons

Whom do people fight?

Forgetting Pearl Harbor

PART THREE: YOUNG AND OLD

CHAPTER 5. Bringing Up Children

Comparisons of child-rearing

Childbirth

Infanticide

Weaning and birth interval

On-demand nursing

Infant-adult contact

Fathers and allo-parents

Responses to crying infants

Physical punishment

Child autonomy

Multi-age playgroups

Child play and education

Their kids and our kids

CHAPTER 6. The Treatment of Old People: Cherish, Abandon, or Kill?

The elderly

Expectations about eldercare

Why abandon or kill?

Usefulness of old people

Society’s values

Society’s rules

Better or worse today?

What to do with older people?

PART FOUR: DANGER AND RESPONSE

CHAPTER 7. Constructive Paranoia

Attitudes towards danger

A night visit

A boat accident

Just a stick in the ground

Taking risks

Risks and talkativeness

CHAPTER 8. Lions and Other Dangers

Dangers of traditional life

Accidents

Vigilance

Human violence

Diseases

Responses to diseases

Starvation

Unpredictable food shortages

Scatter your land

Seasonality and food storage

Diet broadening

Aggregation and dispersal

Responses to danger

PART FIVE: RELIGION, LANGUAGE, AND HEALTH

CHAPTER 9. What Electric Eels Tell Us About the Evolution of Religion

Questions about religion

Definitions of religion

Functions and electric eels

The search for causal explanations

Supernatural beliefs

Religion’s function of explanation

Defusing anxiety

Providing comfort

Organization and obedience

Codes of behavior towards strangers

Justifying war

Badges of commitment

Measures of religious success

Changes in religion’s functions

CHAPTER 10. Speaking in Many Tongues

Multilingualism

The world’s language total

How languages evolve

Geography of language diversity

Traditional multilingualism

Benefits of bilingualism

Alzheimer’s disease

Vanishing languages

How languages disappear

Are minority languages harmful?

Why preserve languages?

How can we protect languages?

CHAPTER 11. Salt, Sugar, Fat, and Sloth

Non-communicable diseases

Our salt intake

Salt and blood pressure

Causes of hypertension

Dietary sources of salt

Diabetes

Types of diabetes

Genes, environment, and diabetes

Pima Indians and Nauru Islanders

Diabetes in India

Benefits of genes for diabetes

Why is diabetes low in Europeans?

The future of non-communicable diseases

EPILOGUE: At Another Airport

From the jungle to the 405

Advantages of the modern world

Advantages of the traditional world

What can we learn?

Acknowledgments

Further Readings

Index

Illustration Credits

Photo Insert

List of Tables and Figures

Figure 1 Locations of 39 societies that will be discussed frequently in this book

Table 1.1 Objects traded by some traditional societies

Table 3.1 Membership of two warring Dani alliances

Table 8.1 Causes of accidental death and injury

Table 8.2 Traditional food storage around the world

Table 9.1 Some proposed definitions of religion

Table 9.2 Examples of supernatural beliefs confined to particular religions

Figure 9.1 Religion’s functions changing through time

Table 11.1 Prevalences of Type-2 diabetes around the world

Table 11.2 Examples of gluttony when food is abundantly available

PROLOGUE

At the Airport

An airport scene Why study traditional societies? States Types of traditional societies Approaches, causes, and sources A small book about a big subject Plan of the book

An airport scene

April 30, 2006, 7:00 A.M. I’m in an airport’s check-in hall, gripping my baggage cart while being jostled by a crowd of other people also checking in for that morning’s first flights. The scene is familiar: hundreds of travelers carrying suitcases, boxes, backpacks, and babies, forming parallel lines approaching a long counter, behind which stand uniformed airline employees at their computers. Other uniformed people are scattered among the crowd: pilots and stewardesses, baggage screeners, and two policemen swamped by the crowd and standing with nothing to do except to be visible. The screeners are X-raying luggage, airline employees tag the bags, and baggage handlers put the bags onto a conveyor belt carrying them off, hopefully to end up in the appropriate airplanes. Along the wall opposite the check-in counter are shops selling newspapers and fast food. Still other objects around me are the usual wall clocks, telephones, ATMs, escalators to the upper level, and of course airplanes on the runway visible through the terminal windows.

The airline clerks are moving their fingers over computer keyboards and looking at screens, punctuated by printing credit-card receipts at credit-card terminals. The crowd exhibits the usual mixture of good humor, patience, exasperation, respectful waiting on line, and greeting friends. When I reach the head of my line, I show a piece of paper (my flight itinerary) to someone I’ve never seen before and will probably never see again (a check-in clerk). She in turn hands me a piece of paper giving me permission to fly hundreds of miles to a place that I’ve never visited before, and whose inhabitants don’t know me but will nevertheless tolerate my arrival.

To travelers from the U.S., Europe, or Asia, the first feature that would strike them as distinctive about this otherwise familiar scene is that all the people in the hall except myself and a few other tourists are New Guineans. Other differences that would be noted by overseas travelers are that the national flag over the counter is the black, red, and gold flag of the nation of Papua New Guinea, displaying a bird of paradise and the constellation of the Southern Cross; the counter airline signs don’t say American Airlines or British Airways but Air Niugini; and the names of the flight destinations on the screens have an exotic ring: Wapenamanda, Goroka, Kikori, Kundiawa, and Wewak.

The airport at which I was checking in that morning was that of Port Moresby, capital of Papua New Guinea. To anyone with a sense of New Guinea’s history—including me, who first came to Papua New Guinea in 1964 when it was still administered by Australia—the scene was at once familiar, astonishing, and moving. I found myself mentally comparing the scene with the photographs taken by the first Australians to enter and “discover” New Guinea’s Highlands in 1931, teeming with a million New Guinea villagers still then using stone tools. In those photographs the Highlanders, who had been living for millennia in relative isolation with limited knowledge of an outside world, stare in horror at their first sight of Europeans (Plates 30, 31). I looked at the faces of those New Guinea passengers, counter clerks, and pilots at Port Moresby airport in 2006, and I saw in them the faces of the New Guineans photographed in 1931. The people standing around me in the airport were of course not the same individuals of the 1931 photographs, but their faces were similar, and some of them may have been their children and grandchildren.

The most obvious difference between that 2006 check-in scene etched in my memory, and the 1931 photographs of “first contact,” is that New Guinea Highlanders in 1931 were scantily clothed in grass skirts, net bags over their shoulders, and headdresses of bird feathers, but in 2006 they wore the standard international garb of shirts, trousers, skirts, shorts, and baseball caps. Within a generation or two, and within the individual lives of many people in that airport hall, New Guinea Highlanders learned to write, use computers, and fly airplanes. Some of the people in the hall might actually have been the first people in their tribe to have learned reading and writing. That generation gap was symbolized for me by the image of two New Guinea men in the airport crowd, the younger leading the older: the younger in a pilot’s uniform, explaining to me that he was taking the older one, his grandfather, for the old man’s first flight in an airplane; and the gray-haired grandfather looking almost as bewildered and overwhelmed as the people in the 1931 photos.

But an observer familiar with New Guinea history would have recognized bigger differences between the 1931 and 2006 scenes, beyond the fact that people wore grass skirts in 1931 and Western garb in 2006. New Guinea Highland societies in 1931 lacked not just manufactured clothing but also all modern technologies, from clocks, phones, and credit cards to computers, escalators, and airplanes. More fundamentally, the New Guinea Highlands of 1931 lacked writing, metal, money, schools, and centralized government. If we hadn’t actually had recent history to tell us the result, we might have wondered: could a society without writing really master it within a single generation?

An attentive observer familiar with New Guinea history would have noted still other features of the 2006 scene shared with other modern airport scenes but different from the 1931 Highland scenes captured in the photographs made by the first contact patrols. The 2006 scene contained a higher proportion of gray-haired old people, relatively fewer of whom survived in traditional Highland society. The airport crowd, while initially striking a Westerner without previous experience of New Guineans as “homogeneous”—all of them similar in their dark skins and coiled hair (Plates 1, 13, 26, 30, 31, 32)—was heterogeneous in other respects of their appearance: tall lowlanders from the south coast, with sparse beards and narrower faces; shorter, bearded, wide-faced Highlanders; and islanders and north coast lowlanders with somewhat Asian-like facial features. In 1931 it would have been utterly impossible to encounter Highlanders, south coast lowlanders, and north coast lowlanders together; any gathering of people in New Guinea would have been far more homogeneous than that 2006 airport crowd. A linguist listening to the crowd would have distinguished dozens of languages, falling into very different groups: tonal languages with words distinguished by pitch as in Chinese, Austronesian languages with relatively simple syllables and consonants, and non-tonal Papuan languages. In 1931 one could have encountered individual speakers of several different languages together, but never a gathering of speakers of dozens of languages. Two widespread languages, English and Tok Pisin (also known as Neo-Melanesian or Pidgin English), were the languages being used in 2006 at the check-in counter and also for many of the conversations among passengers, but in 1931 all conversations throughout the New Guinea Highlands were in local languages, each of them confined to a small area.

Another subtle difference between the 1931 and 2006 scenes was that the 2006 crowd included some New Guineans with an unfortunately common American body type: overweight people with “beer bellies” hanging over their belts. The photos of 75 years ago show not even a single overweight New Guinean: everybody was lean and muscular (Plate 30). If I could have interviewed the physicians of those airport passengers, then (to judge from modern New Guinea public health statistics) I would have been told of a growing number of cases of diabetes linked to being overweight, plus cases of hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and cancers unknown a generation ago.

Still another distinction of the 2006 crowd compared to the 1931 crowds was a feature that we take for granted in the modern world: most of the people crammed into that airport hall were strangers who had never seen each other before, but there was no fighting going on among them. That would have been unimaginable in 1931, when encounters with strangers were rare, dangerous, and likely to turn violent. Yes, there were those two policemen in the airport hall, supposedly to maintain order, but in fact the crowd maintained order by itself, merely because the passengers knew that none of those other strangers was about to attack them, and that they lived in a society with more policemen and soldiers on call in case a quarrel should get out of hand. In 1931 police and government authority didn’t exist. The passengers in the airport hall enjoyed the right to fly or travel by other means to Wapenamanda or elsewhere in Papua New Guinea without requiring permission. In the modern Western world we have come to take the freedom to travel for granted, but previously it was exceptional. In 1931 no New Guinean born in Goroka had ever visited Wapenamanda a mere 107 miles to the west; the idea of traveling from Goroka to Wapenamanda, without being killed as an unknown stranger within the first 10 miles from Goroka, would have been unthinkable. Yet I had just traveled 7,000 miles from Los Angeles to Port Moresby, a distance hundreds of times greater than the cumulative distance that any traditional New Guinea Highlander would have gone in the course of his or her lifetime from his or her birthplace.

All of those differences between the 2006 and 1931 crowds can be summed up by saying that, in the last 75 years, the New Guinea Highland population has raced through changes that took thousands of years to unfold in much of the rest of the world. For individual Highlanders, the changes have been even quicker: some of my New Guinea friends have told me of making the last stone axes and participating in the last traditional tribal battles a mere decade before I met them. Today, citizens of industrial states take for granted the features of the 2006 scene that I mentioned: metal, writing, machines, airplanes, police and government, overweight people, meeting strangers without fear, heterogeneous populations, and so on. But all those features of modern human societies are relatively new in human history. For most of the 6,000,000 years since the proto-human and proto-chimpanzee evolutionary lines diverged from each other, all human societies lacked metal and all those other things. Those modern features began to appear only within the last 11,000 years, in just certain areas of the world.

Thus, New Guinea* is in some respects a window onto the human world as it was until a mere yesterday, measured against a time scale of the 6,000,000 years of human evolution. (I emphasize “in some respects”—of course the New Guinea Highlands of 1931 were not an unchanged world of yesterday.) All those changes that came to the Highlands in the last 75 years have also come to other societies throughout the world, but in much of the rest of the world those changes appeared earlier and much more gradually than in New Guinea. “Gradual,” however, is relative: even in those societies where the changes appeared first, their time depth of less than 11,000 years is still minuscule in comparison with 6,000,000 years. Basically, our human societies have undergone profound changes recently and rapidly.

Why study traditional societies?

Why do we find “traditional” societies so fascinating?* Partly, it’s because of their human interest: the fascination of getting to know people who are so similar to us and understandable in some ways, and so unlike us and hard to understand in other ways. When I arrived in New Guinea for the first time, in 1964 at the age of 26, I was struck by the exoticness of New Guineans: they look different from Americans, speak different languages, dress differently, and behave differently. But over the subsequent decades, in the course of my making dozens of visits of one to five months each to many parts of New Guinea and neighboring islands, that predominant sense of exoticness yielded to a sense of common ground as I came to know individual New Guineans: we hold long conversations, laugh at the same jokes, share interests in children and sex and food and sports, and find ourselves angry, frightened, grief-stricken, relieved, and exultant together. Even their languages are variations on familiar worldwide linguistic themes: although the first New Guinea language that I learned (Fore) is unrelated to Indo-European languages and hence has a vocabulary that was completely unfamiliar to me, Fore still conjugates verbs elaborately like German, and it has dual pronouns like Slovenian, postpositions like Finnish, and three demonstrative adverbs (“here,” “there nearby,” and “there faraway”) like Latin.

All those similarities misled me, after my initial sense of New Guinea’s exoticness, into thinking, “People are basically all the same everywhere.” No, I eventually came to realize, in many basic ways we are not all the same: many of my New Guinea friends count differently (by visual mapping rather than by abstract numbers), select their wives or husbands differently, treat their parents and their children differently, view danger differently, and have a different concept of friendship. This confusing mixture of similarities and differences is part of what makes traditional societies fascinating to an outsider.

Another reason for the interest and importance of traditional societies is that they retain features of how all of our ancestors lived for tens of thousands of years, until virtually yesterday. Traditional lifestyles are what shaped us and caused us to be what we are now. The shift from hunting-gathering to farming began only about 11,000 years ago; the first metal tools were produced only about 7,000 years ago; and the first state government and the first writing arose only around 5,400 years ago. “Modern” conditions have prevailed, even just locally, for only a tiny fraction of human history; all human societies have been traditional for far longer than any society has been modern. Today, readers of this book take for granted farm-grown and store-bought food rather than wild food hunted and gathered daily, tools of metal rather than of stone and wood and bone, state government and its associated law courts and police and armies, and reading and writing. But all of those seeming necessities are relatively new, and billions of people around the world today still live in partly traditional ways.

Embedded even within modern industrial societies are realms where many traditional mechanisms still operate. In many rural areas of the First World, such as the Montana valley where my wife and children and I spend our annual summer vacations, many disputes are still resolved by traditional informal mechanisms rather than by going to court. Urban gangs in large cities don’t call the police to settle their disagreements but rely on traditional methods of negotiation, compensation, intimidation, and war. European friends of mine who grew up in small European villages in the 1950s described childhoods like those in a traditional New Guinea village: everybody knew everybody else in the village, everyone knew what everyone else was doing and expressed their opinions about it, people married spouses born only a mile or two distant, people spent their entire lives in or near the village except for young men away during the world war years, and disputes within the village had to be settled in a way that restored relationships or made them tolerable, because you were going to be living near that person for the rest of your life. That is, the world of yesterday wasn’t erased and replaced by a new world of today: much of yesterday is still with us. That’s another reason for wanting to understand yesterday’s world.

As we shall see in this book’s chapters, traditional societies are far more diverse in many of their cultural practices than are modern industrial societies. Within that range of diversity, many cultural norms for modern state societies are far displaced from traditional norms and lie towards the extremes of that traditional range of diversity. For example, compared to any modern industrial society, some traditional societies treat elderly people much more cruelly, while others offer elderly people much more satisfying lives; modern industrial societies are closer to the former extreme than to the latter. Yet psychologists base most of their generalizations about human nature on studies of our own narrow and atypical slice of human diversity. Among the human subjects studied in a sample of papers from the top psychology journals surveyed in the year 2008, 96% were from Westernized industrial countries (North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Israel), 68% were from the U.S. in particular, and up to 80% were college undergraduates enrolled in psychology courses, i.e., not even typical of their own national societies. That is, as social scientists Joseph Henrich, Steven Heine, and Ara Norenzayan express it, most of our understanding of human psychology is based on subjects who may be described by the acronym WEIRD: from Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic societies. Most subjects also appear to be literally weird by the standards of world cultural variation, because they prove to be outliers in many studies of cultural phenomena that have sampled world variation more broadly. Those sampled phenomena include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, punishment, biological reasoning, spatial orientation, analytic versus holistic reasoning, moral reasoning, motivation to conform, making choices, and concept of self. Hence if we wish to generalize about human nature, we need to broaden greatly our study sample from the usual WEIRD subjects (mainly American psychology undergraduates) to the whole range of traditional societies.

While social scientists can thus surely draw conclusions of academic interest from studies of traditional societies, all the rest of us may also be able to learn things of practical interest. Traditional societies in effect represent thousands of natural experiments in how to construct a human society. They have come up with thousands of solutions to human problems, solutions different from those adopted by our own WEIRD modern societies. We shall see that some of those solutions—for instance, some of the ways in which traditional societies raise their children, treat their elderly, remain healthy, talk, spend their leisure time, and settle disputes—may strike you, as they do me, as superior to normal practices in the First World. Perhaps we could benefit by selectively adopting some of those traditional practices. Some of us already do so, with demonstrated benefits to our health and happiness. In some respects we moderns are misfits; our bodies and our practices now face conditions different from those under which they evolved, and to which they became adapted.

But we should also not go to the opposite extreme of romanticizing the past and longing for simpler times. Many traditional practices are ones that we can consider ourselves blessed to have discarded—such as infanticide, abandoning or killing elderly people, facing periodic risk of starvation, being at heightened risk from environmental dangers and infectious diseases, often seeing one’s children die, and living in constant fear of being attacked. Traditional societies may not only suggest to us some better living practices, but may also help us appreciate some advantages of our own society that we take for granted.

States

Traditional societies are more varied in their organization than are societies with state government.* As a starting point to help us understand unfamiliar features of traditional societies, let’s remind ourselves of the familiar features of the nation-states in which we now live.

Most modern nations have populations of hundreds of thousands or millions of people, ranging up to over a billion people each for India and China, the two most populous modern nations. Even the smallest separate modern nations, the Pacific island countries of Nauru and Tuvalu, contain over 10,000 people each. (The Vatican, with a population of only 1,000 people, is also classified as a nation, but it’s exceptional as a tiny enclave within the city of Rome, from which the Vatican imports all of its necessities.) In the past as well, states had populations ranging from tens of thousands up to millions. Those large populations already suffice to tell us how states have to feed themselves, how they have to be organized, and why they exist at all. All states feed their citizens primarily by means of food production (agriculture and herding) rather than by hunting and gathering. One can obtain far more food by growing crops or livestock on an acre of garden, field, or pasture that we have filled with the plant and animal species most useful to us, than by hunting and gathering whatever wild animal and plant species (most of them inedible) happen to live in an acre of forest. For that reason alone, no hunter-gatherer society has ever been able to feed a sufficiently dense population to support a state government. In any state, only a portion of the population—as low as 2% in modern societies with highly mechanized farms—grows the food. The rest of the population is busy doing other things (such as governing or manufacturing or trading), doesn’t grow its own food, and instead subsists off the food surpluses produced by the farmers.

The state’s large population also guarantees that most people within a state are strangers to each other. It’s impossible even for citizens of tiny Tuvalu to know all 10,000 of their fellow citizens, and China’s 1.4 billion citizens would find the challenge even more impossible. Hence states need police, laws, and codes of morality to ensure that the inevitable constant encounters between strangers don’t routinely explode into fights. That need for police and laws and moral commandments to be nice to strangers doesn’t arise in tiny societies, in which everyone knows everyone else.

Finally, once a society tops 10,000 people, it’s impossible to reach, execute, and administer decisions by having all citizens sit down for a face-to-face discussion in which everyone speaks his or her mind. Large populations can’t function without leaders who make the decisions, executives who carry out the decisions, and bureaucrats who administer the decisions and laws. Alas for all of you readers who are anarchists and dream of living without any state government, those are the reasons why your dream is unrealistic: you’ll have to find some tiny band or tribe willing to accept you, where no one is a stranger, and where kings, presidents, and bureaucrats are unnecessary.

We’ll see in a moment that some traditional societies were populous enough to need general-purpose bureaucrats. However, states are even more populous and need specialized bureaucrats differentiated vertically and horizontally. We state citizens find all those bureaucrats exasperating: alas again, they’re necessary. A state has so many laws and citizens that one type of bureaucrat can’t administer all of the king’s laws: there have to be separate tax collectors, motor vehicle inspectors, policemen, judges, restaurant cleanliness inspectors, and so on. Within a state agency containing just one such type of bureaucrat, we’re also accustomed to the fact that there are many officials of that one type, arranged hierarchically on different levels: a tax agency has the tax agent who actually audits your tax return, serving under a supervisor to whom you might complain if you disagree with the agent’s report, serving in turn under an office manager, serving under a district or state manager, serving under a commissioner of internal revenue for the whole United States. (It’s even more complicated in reality: I omitted several other levels for the sake of brevity.) Franz Kafka’s novel The Castle describes an imaginary such bureaucracy inspired by the actual bureaucracy of the Habsburg Empire of which Kafka was a citizen. Bedtime reading of Kafka’s account of the frustrations faced by his protagonist in dealing with the imaginary castle bureaucracy guarantees me a sleep filled with nightmares, but all of you readers will have had your own nightmares and frustrations from dealing with actual bureaucracies. It’s the price we pay for living under state governments: no utopian has ever figured out how to run a nation without at least some bureaucrats.

A remaining all-too-familiar feature of states is that, even in the most egalitarian Scandinavian democracies, citizens are politically, economically, and socially unequal. Inevitably, any state has to have a few political leaders giving orders and making laws, and lots of commoners obeying those orders and laws. State citizens have different economic roles (as farmers, janitors, lawyers, politicians, shop clerks, etc.), and some of those roles carry higher salaries than do other roles. Some citizens enjoy higher social status than do other citizens. All idealistic efforts to minimize inequality within states—e.g., Karl Marx’s formulation of the communist ideal “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”—have failed.

There could be no states until there was food production (beginning only around 9000 BC), and still no states until food production had been operating for enough millennia to build up the large, dense populations requiring state government. The first state arose in the Fertile Crescent around 3400 BC, and others then arose in China, Mexico, the Andes, Madagascar, and other areas over the following millennia, until today a world map shows the entire planet’s land area except for Antarctica divided into states. Even Antarctica is subject to partly overlapping territorial claims by seven nations.

Types of traditional societies

Thus, before 3400 BC there were no states anywhere, and in recent times there have still been large areas beyond state control, operating under traditional simpler political systems. The differences between those traditional societies and the state societies familiar to us are the subject of this book. How should we classify and talk about the diversity of traditional societies themselves?

While every human society is unique, there are also cross-cultural patterns that permit some generalizations. In particular, there are correlated trends in at least four aspects of societies: population size, subsistence, political centralization, and social stratification. With increasing population size and population density, the acquisition of food and other necessities tends to become intensified. That is, more food is obtained per acre by subsistence farmers living in villages than by small nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers, and still more is obtained per acre on the intensive irrigated plots cultivated by higher-density peoples and on the mechanized farms of modern states. Political decision-making becomes increasingly centralized, from the face-to-face group discussions of small hunter-gatherer groups to the political hierarchies and decisions by leaders in modern states. Social stratification increases, from the relative egalitarianism of small hunter-gatherer groups to the inequality between people in large centralized societies.

These correlations between different aspects of a society aren’t rigid: some societies of a given size have more intensified subsistence, or more political centralization, or more social stratification, than do others. But we need some shorthand for referring to the different types of societies emerging from these broad trends, while acknowledging the diversity within these trends. Our practical problem is similar to the problem faced by developmental psychologists discussing differences among individual people. While every human being is unique, there are still broad age-related trends, such that 3-year-olds are on the average different in many correlated respects from 24-year-olds. Yet age forms a continuum with no abrupt cut-offs: there is no sudden transition from being “like a 3-year-old” to being “like a 6-year-old.” And there are differences among people of the same age. Faced with these complications, developmental psychologists still find it useful to adopt shorthand categories such as “infant,” “toddler,” “child,” “adolescent,” “young adult,” etc., while recognizing the imperfections of these categories.

Social scientists similarly find it useful to adopt shorthand categories whose imperfections they understand. They face the added complication that changes among societies can be reversed, whereas changes in age classes can’t. Farming villages may revert to small hunter-gatherer bands under drought conditions, whereas a 4-year-old will never revert to being a 3-year-old. While most developmental psychologists agree on recognizing and naming the broadest categories of infant/child/adolescent/adult, social scientists use numerous alternative sets of shorthand categories for describing variation among traditional societies, and some scientists become indignant at the use of any categories at all. In this book I shall occasionally use Elman Service’s division of human societies into four categories of increasing population size, political centralization, and social stratification: band, tribe, chiefdom, and state. While these terms are now 50 years old and other terms have been proposed since then, Service’s terms have the advantage of simplicity: four terms to remember instead of seven terms, and single words instead of multi-word phrases. But please remember that these terms are just shorthand useful for discussing the great diversity of human societies, without pausing to reiterate the imperfections in the shorthand terms and the important variations within each category each time that the terms are used in the text.

The smallest and simplest type of society (termed by Service a band) consists of just a few dozen individuals, many of them belonging to one or several extended families (i.e., an adult husband and wife, their children, and some of their parents, siblings, and cousins). Most nomadic hunter-gatherers, and some garden farmers, traditionally lived at low population densities in such small groups. The band members are sufficiently few in number that everyone knows everyone else well, group decisions can be reached by face-to-face discussion, and there is no formal political leadership or strong economic specialization. A social scientist would describe a band as relatively egalitarian and democratic: members differ little in “wealth” (there are few personal possessions anyway) and in political power, except as a result of individual differences in ability or personality, and as tempered by extensive sharing of resources among band members.

Insofar as we can judge from archaeological evidence about the organization of past societies, probably all humans lived in such bands until at least a few tens of thousands of years ago, and most still did as recently as 11,000 years ago. When Europeans began, especially after Columbus’s first voyage of AD 1492, to expand around the world and to encounter non-European peoples living in non-state societies, bands still occupied all or most of Australia and the Arctic, plus low-productivity desert and forest environments of the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa. Band societies that will frequently be discussed in this book include the !Kung of Africa’s Kalahari Desert, the Ache and Siriono Indians of South America, the Andaman Islanders of the Bay of Bengal, the Pygmies of African equatorial forests, and Machiguenga Indian gardeners of Peru. All of the examples mentioned in the preceding sentence except the Machiguenga are or were hunter-gatherers.

Bands grade into the next larger and more complex type of society (termed by Service a tribe), consisting of a local group of hundreds of individuals. That’s still just within the group size limit where everyone can know everyone else personally and there are no strangers. For instance, in my high school of about 200 students all students and teachers knew each other by name, but that was impossible in my wife’s high school with thousands of students. A society of hundreds means dozens of families, often divided into kinship groups termed clans, which may exchange marriage partners with other clans. The higher populations of tribes than of bands require more food to support more people in a small area, and so tribes usually are farmers or herders or both, but a few are hunter-gatherers living in especially productive environments (such as Japan’s Ainu people and North America’s Pacific Northwest Indians). Tribes tend to be sedentary, and to live for much or all of the year in villages located near their gardens, pastures, or fisheries. However, Central Asian herders and some other tribal peoples practise transhumance—i.e., moving livestock seasonally between different altitudes in order to follow the growth of grass at higher elevations as the season advances.

In other respects tribes still resemble large bands—for instance, in their relative egalitarianism, weak economic specialization, weak political leadership, lack of bureaucrats, and face-to-face decision-making. I’ve watched meetings in New Guinea villages where hundreds of people sit on the ground, manage to have their say, and reach a conclusion. Some tribes have a “big man” who functions as a weak leader, but he leads only by his powers of persuasion and personality rather than by recognized authority. As an example of the limits of a “big man’s” powers, we shall see in Chapter 3 how the ostensible followers of a leader named Gutelu of the New Guinea Dani tribe succeeded in thwarting Gutelu’s will and launching a genocidal attack that split Gutelu’s political alliance. Archaeological evidence of tribal organization, such as remains of substantial residential structures and settlements, suggests that tribes were emerging in some areas by at least 13,000 years ago. In recent times tribes have still been widespread in parts of New Guinea and Amazonia. Tribal societies that I’ll discuss in this book include Alaska’s Iñupiat, South America’s Yanomamo Indians, Afghanistan’s Kirghiz, New Britain’s Kaulong, and New Guinea’s Dani, Daribi, and Fore.

Tribes then grade into the next stage of organizational complexity, called a chiefdom and containing thousands of subjects. Such a large population, and the incipient economic specialization of chiefdoms, require high food productivity and the ability to generate and store food surpluses for feeding non-food-producing specialists, like the chiefs and their relatives and bureaucrats. Hence chiefdoms have built sedentary villages and hamlets with storage facilities and have mostly been food-producing (farming and herding) societies, except in the most productive areas available to hunter-gatherers, such as Florida’s Calusa chiefdom and coastal Southern California’s Chumash chiefdoms.

In a society of thousands of people it’s impossible for everyone to know everyone else or to hold face-to-face discussions that include everybody. As a result, chiefdoms confront two new problems that bands or tribes did not. First, strangers in a chiefdom must be able to meet each other, to recognize each other as fellow but individually unfamiliar members of the same chiefdom, and to avoid bristling at territorial trespass and getting into a fight. Hence chiefdoms develop shared ideologies and political and religious identities often derived from the supposedly divine status of the chief. Second, there is now a recognized leader, the chief, who makes decisions, possesses recognized authority, claims a monopoly on the right to use force against his society’s members if necessary, and thereby ensures that strangers within the same chiefdom don’t fight each other. The chief is assisted by non-specialized all-purpose officials (proto-bureaucrats) who collect tribute and settle disputes and carry out other administrative tasks, instead of there being separate tax collectors, judges, and restaurant inspectors as in a state. (A source of confusion here is that some traditional societies that have chiefs and are correctly described as chiefdoms in the scientific literature and in this book are nevertheless referred to as “tribes” in most popular writing: for instance, Indian “tribes” of eastern North America, which really consisted of chiefdoms.)

An economic innovation of chiefdoms is termed a redistributive economy: instead of just direct exchanges between individuals, the chief collects tribute of food and labor, much of which is redistributed to warriors, priests, and craftsmen who serve the chief. Redistribution is thus the earliest form of a system of taxation to support new institutions. Some of the food tribute is returned to the commoners, whom the chief has a moral responsibility to support in times of famine, and who work for the chief at activities like constructing monuments and irrigation systems. In addition to these political and economic innovations beyond the practices of bands and tribes, chiefdoms pioneered the social innovation of institutionalized inequality. While some tribes already have separate lineages, a chiefdom’s lineages are ranked hereditarily, with the chief and his family being at the top, commoners or slaves at the bottom, and (in the case of Polynesian Hawaii) as many as eight ranked castes in between. For members of higher-ranked lineages or castes, the tribute collected by the chief funds a better lifestyle in terms of food, housing, and special clothing and adornments.

Hence past chiefdoms can be recognized archaeologically by (sometimes) monumental construction, and by signs such as unequal distribution of grave goods in cemeteries: some bodies (those of chiefs and their relatives and bureaucrats) were buried in large tombs filled with luxury goods such as turquoise and sacrificed horses, contrasting with small unadorned graves of commoners. Based on such evidence, archaeologists infer that chiefdoms began to arise locally by around 5500 BC. In modern times, just before the recent nearly universal imposition of state government control around the world, chiefdoms were still widespread in Polynesia, much of sub-Saharan Africa, and the more productive areas of eastern and southwestern North America, Central America, and South America outside the areas controlled by the Mexican and Andean states. Chiefdoms that will be discussed in this book include the Mailu Islanders and Trobriand Islanders of the New Guinea region, and the Calusa and Chumash Indians of North America. From chiefdoms, states emerged (from about 3400 BC onwards) by conquest or amalgamation under pressure, resulting in larger populations, often ethnically diverse populations, specialized spheres and layers of bureaucrats, standing armies, much greater economic specialization, urbanization, and other changes, to produce the types of societies that blanket the modern world.

Thus, if social scientists equipped with a time machine could have surveyed the world at any time before about 9000 BC, they would have found everybody everywhere subsisting as hunter-gatherers, living in bands and possibly already in some tribes, without metal tools, writing, centralized government, or economic specialization. If those social scientists could have returned in the 1400s, at the time when the expansion of Europeans to other continents was just beginning, they now would have found Australia to be the sole continent still occupied entirely by hunter-gatherers, still living mostly in bands and possibly in some tribes. But, by then, states occupied most of Eurasia, northern Africa, the largest islands of western Indonesia, most of the Andes, and parts of Mexico and West Africa. There were still many bands, tribes, and chiefdoms surviving in South America outside the Andes, in all of North America, New Guinea, and the Arctic, and on Pacific islands. Today, the whole world except Antarctica is divided at least nominally into states, although state government remains ineffective in some parts of the world. The world regions that preserved the largest numbers of societies beyond effective state control into the 20th century were New Guinea and the Amazon.

The continuum of increase in population size, political organization, and intensity of food production that stretches from bands to states is paralleled by other trends, such as increases in dependence on metal tools, sophistication of technology, economic specialization and inequality of individuals, and writing, plus changes in warfare and religion that I’ll discuss in Chapters 3 and 4 and in Chapter 9 respectively. (Remember again: the developments from bands to states were neither ubiquitous, nor irreversible, nor linear.) Those trends, especially the large populations and political centralization and improved technology and weapons of states with respect to simpler societies, are what have enabled states to conquer those traditional types of societies and to subjugate, enslave, incorporate, drive out, or exterminate their inhabitants on lands coveted by states. That has left bands and tribes in modern times confined to areas unattractive or poorly accessible to state settlers (such as the Kalahari Desert inhabited by the !Kung, the African equatorial forests of the Pygmies, the remote areas of the Amazon Basin left to Native Americans, and New Guinea left to New Guineans).

Why, as of the year of Columbus’s first trans-Atlantic voyage of 1492, did people live in different types of societies in different parts of the world? At that time, some peoples (especially Eurasians) were already living under state governments with writing, metal tools, intensive agriculture, and standing armies. Many other peoples then lacked those hallmarks of civilization, and Aboriginal Australian and !Kung and African Pygmies then still preserved many ways of life that had characterized all of the world until 9000 BC. How can we account for such striking geographic differences?

A formerly prevalent belief, still held by many individuals today, is that those regionally different outcomes reflect innate differences in human intelligence, biological modernity, and work ethic. Supposedly, according to that belief, Europeans are more intelligent, biologically advanced, and hard-working, while Aboriginal Australians and New Guineans and other modern band and tribal peoples are less intelligent, more primitive, and less ambitious. However, there is no evidence of those postulated biological differences, except for the circular reasoning that modern band and tribal peoples did continue to use more primitive technologies, political organizations, and subsistence modes and were therefore assumed to be biologically more primitive.

Instead, the explanation for the differences in types of societies coexisting in the modern world depends on environmental differences. Increases in political centralization and social stratification were driven by increases in human population densities, driven in turn by the rise and intensification of food production (agriculture and herding). But surprisingly few wild plant and animal species are suitable for domestication to become crops and livestock. Those few wild species were concentrated in only about a dozen small areas of the world, whose human societies consequently enjoyed a decisive head start in developing food production, food surpluses, expanding populations, advanced technology, and state government. As I discussed in detail in my earlier book Guns, Germs, and Steel, those differences explain why Europeans, living near the world region (the Fertile Crescent) with the most valuable domesticable wild plant and animal species, ended up expanding over the world, while the !Kung and Aboriginal Australians did not. For the purposes of this book, that means that peoples still living or recently living in traditional societies are biologically modern peoples who merely happened to inhabit areas with few domesticable wild plant and animal species, and whose lifestyles are otherwise relevant to this book’s readers.

Approaches, causes, and sources

[fallingsunflower]

Those are two different places. Olivia’s picture is facing southward towards One World Trade Center and 56 Leonard Ave. She’s most likely in Soho or Noho. Jason is in a hotel in Downtown Brooklyn facing west looking at the Brooklyn Bridge and 375 Pearl St.

This is oddly specific

[skippyv20]

Thank you!😁❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

What are some of the most expensive pieces of royal jewelry?

                            St. Edward’s Crown

St. Edward’s crown is what is placed on the head of the British monarch during their coronation. The original was lost in 1649, and the one used for Queen Elizabeth II was made for Charles II in 1661.

However, after 1689 it wasn’t used again until the coronation of her grandfather, George V in 1911. The crown has 27 tourmalines, 37 white topaz, three yellow topaz, 12 Cape rubies, seven amethysts, six sapphires, one garnet cut as a cabochon, one peridot, two zircons, one spinel, one garnet and 345 rse cut aquamarines.

It also has rows of gold, platinum-plated beads that replaced rows of imitation pearls. The cost of refurbishing this crown for George’s coronation was £375, which made it one piece of expensive royal jewelry at the time.

                         The Imperial state Crown

The British Imperial State Crown is what the monarch wears as they leave their Coronation and when they open Parliament.

It was created for the coronation of George VI in 1937 and is a replica of Queen Victoria’s state crown, which was made in 1838. It has 2868 diamonds, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds and 269 pearls and is famous for featuring the cushion-cut Cullinan II, a 317.4 carat diamond cut from an even bigger stone.

At the back of the band is set the Stuart Sapphire, a 104 carat oval stone. In the crown’s cross-patteé sits the Black Prince’s Ruby, which not a ruby at all but a spinel. Because it was once used as a pendant, the spinel has a drill hole which is now plugged with a small, genuine ruby.

                                      The Orb

The orb that is used in the British coronation is made out of gold. It is hollow and contains 365 diamonds, 9 emeralds, 9 sapphires, 18 rubies, one amethyst that holds up the cross and one piece of cut glass. It has 368 pearls along the edges of the zone and arc and seven in the cross. It was made for the coronation of Charles II in 1661.

The Sword (1820) is presented to the new monarch as part of a collection of ‘ornaments’, including armills (bracelets) and ceremonial spurs, which represent the chivalric nature of kingship. The monarch is charged with protecting good and punishing evil. The Sword is then fastened around the King’s waist (Queens don’t wear it) before it is offered up at the altar.

              The King George IV state Diadem

This diadem is often worn by Queen Elizabeth II, but was made for her ancestor George IV in 1821. He never wore it, but it was worn for the first time by Queen Victoria in 1838, who wore it frequently. It is a circular diadem with four crosses patteé encrusted with diamonds.

The diamond in the center of the front facing cross is a rare, honey-cooled fancy. Besides the crosses there are diamond filled thistles, roses and shamrocks that represent the emblems of the United Kingdom. A band of diamond scrollwork is set between two rows of pearls around the band. There are 81 pearls in the upper row and 88 in the lower.

                  The Akbar Shah Diamond

This diamond was the property of the Akbhar, a Mughal emperor. It is a somewhat pear-shaped, green diamond that weighs 73.60 carats and was engraved with Arabic inscriptions. After many journeys in which it was damaged and lost its inscriptions, the diamond is now believed to be in private hands.

        The Crown of Empress Eugénie of France

This spectacular crown was made for the consort of Napoleon III, even though neither of them underwent a coronation ceremony. Now found in the Louvre, it has chased gold arches in the shape of eagles and diamond encrusted palmettes, each one made with two emeralds on the side. The wings of the eagles join under a diamond studded orb with a zone and arc made of 32 emeralds. On top of the orb is a cross with six brilliant cut diamonds.

    Empress Marie-Louise’s Diamond wedding Parure

The Emperor Napoleon I gave this parure to his wife on the occasion of their marriage in 1810. It is made of a necklace, earrings, comb and tiara. The necklace is made up of 32 emeralds, 874 brilliant cut diamonds and 264 rose cut diamonds. There are ten large emeralds of alternating cushion and lozenge shape from which depend pear-shaped emeralds surrounded by diamonds. The large central emerald weighs 13.75 carats.

There are also diamond crusted palmettes that hold small emeralds. The earrings are made of gold and silver and hold six emeralds, including the briolette shaped main emeralds and 108 round brilliant cut diamonds.

   The Pearl necklace of Empress Marie Feodorovna

This Russian czarina had a fantastic collection of royal jewelry but loved her pearls best of all. Her pearls were also versatile and could be converted into bracelets.

One of her necklaces was a four-row choker with 164 pearls, 20 vertical bars studded with diamonds between every two pearls at the front and every three pearls in the back. It had an octagonal, sapphire clasp surrounded by two rows of diamonds.

She also had a famous brooch with a central peacock blue sapphire cabochon surrounded by two rows of diamonds. It sported a large, pear-shaped pearl hanging from a collet diamond.