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#50% subsidy on poultry farming

merikheti · 2 years

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भेड़, बकरी, सुअर और मुर्गी पालन के लिए मिलेगी 50% सब्सिडी, जानिए पूरी जानकारी

उत्तराखंड: भेड़, बकरी, सुअर और मुर्गी पालन के लिए मिलेगी 50% सब्सिडी, जानिए पूरी जानकारी

अगर आप भी भेड़, बकरी, सुअर या मुर्गी पालन से जुड़े काम में इच्छुक हैं और इनसे जुड़ा व्यवसाय शुरू करना चाहते हैं, तो आप भी इस योजना का लाभ ले सकते हैं। इसके अंतर्गत आपको 50% की सब्सिडी दी जाती है।

हमारे देश में काफी लोग अभी भी पालतू पशुओं को पालते हैं जो उनकी जीविका का प्रमुख स्रोत है। देश में एसे ही पशुपालकों को बढ़ावा देने के साथ साथ उन्हें उचित रोजगार देने की व्यवस्था इस योजना में की गई है। केंद्र सरकार ने इस मिशन को नेशनल लाइवस्टॉक मिशन (National Livestock Mission) नाम से शुरु किया है। इस मिशन के तहत अपना फार्म शुरु करने वाले किसानों को पशुपालन विभाग की तरफ से 50% सब्सिडी का प्रावधान है।

उत्तराखंड लाइवस्टॉक डेवलपमेंट बोर्ड के अपर प्रबंधक डॉ विशाल शर्मा इस योजना के बारे में अपनी राय देते हुए कहते हैं, “ये छोटे पशुओं जैसे कि भेड़, बकरी और सुअर के लिए के लिए योजना है, इसमें कोई भी पशुपालक अपना कारोबार शुरू करना चाहता हो तो वो इसका लाभ ले सकता है।”

इस योजना में अगर कोई पशुपालक भेड़ या बकरी पालने का इच्छुक है तो उसे 500 मादा बकरी के साथ ही 25 नर भी पालने होगें। अगर कोई भी व्यक्ति इस योजना का लाभ उठाना चाहता है तो वह भारत सरकार की वेबसाइट https://nlm.udyamimitra.in/ पर जाकर इसमें आवेदन कर सकता है।

ये भी पढ़े: कम पैसे में उगायें हरा चारा, बढ़ेगा दूध, बनेगा कमाई का सहारा

इस योजना में आगे डॉ. विशाल बताते हैं, “अगर आप इसके लिए फॉर्म भरते हैं और किसी बैंक की डिटेल सबमिट करते हैं तो उस बैंक अकाउंट में मिलने वाली कुल राशि की आधी राशि होनी चाहिए, जैसे कि अगर आपका प्रोजेक्ट 20 लाख का है तो आपके खाते में 10 लाख रुपए होने चाहिए, अगर आपके खाते में आधी राशि नहीं है तो इसके लिए आप बैंक से लोन भी ले सकते हैं।”

लोन मिलने के बाद आपको आवेदन करते समय इसकी डिटेल भी सबमिट करनी होगी और अगर किसी कारणवश आपको लोन नहीं मिलता तो इसकी जानकारी आपको ऑनलाइन आवेदन करते समय देनी होगी।

आपका फॉर्म ऑनलाइन सबमिशन के बाद उत्तराखंड के देहरादून मुख्यालय पर वरिष्ठ अधिकारी उसकी जांच करते हैं कि आपके द्वारा दिए गए सभी आंकड़े सही हैं। अगर आपके द्वारा दिए गए आंकड़े सही हैं तो उसे प्रिंसिपल सहमति दी जाएगी। इसके बाद आपके दस्तावेज बैंक के पास पुनः जांच के लिए जाएंगे, जिसे बैंक वेरीफाई करेगा की आपके द्वारा दी गई जानकारी सही है या नहीं।

ये भी पढ़े: कोरोना मरीजों पर कितना कारगर होगा बकरी का दूध

इसके बाद आगे डॉ. शर्मा आगे कहते हैं, “वहां बैंक सब चेक करने के बाद आपका आवेदन एक बार फिर हमारे पास आ जाएगा, जो समिति के पास आएगा, वहां से सबमिट होने के बाद पशुपालन व डेयरी मंत्रालय, फिर भारत सरकार के पास जाएगा, इसके बाद आपके आवेदन में जिस बैंक की डिटेल भरी है वो बैंक सीधे लाभार्थी के खाते में 50% राशि भेज देगा।

Source: भेड़, बकरी, सुअर और मुर्गी पालन के लिए मिलेगी 50% सब्सिडी, जानिए पूरी जानकारी

#50% subsidy on poultry farming #Bakri Palanbhed palan #Goat farming #murgi palan #National Livestock Mission #pig farming #poultry farming

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humongousdreamerkitten · 2 years

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Forget about job tension! Start this business in 50 thousand, monthly will earn 1 lakh, government will give 35% subsidy

New Delhi. If you want to try your luck in the agriculture sector for Business Opportunity, then there are many options apart from seasonal farming which guarantees you profits. One of these is the business of poultry farming. If you want to start a small scale poultry farm, then at least it will cost between Rs 50,000 to Rs 1.5 lakh. If you start layer farming from a small level i.e. 1500…

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tradologieglobal · 3 years

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UAE: Agri-Commodity Market Overview

UAE is a global center for Agri- trading. The UAE Economy has rapidly grown in the past few years. Most of its economic success goes to oil exports, the other industries such as agriculture are not that successful because of the scarcity of water reserves, poor soil, high temperature, low rainfall. This is the reason that it imports most of its food products from other countries. The major commodities that UAE imports from other countries are processed meat, fresh vegetables and fresh fruits. India is a major source of agri commodities for UAE like rice, Cashew, dairy products, Cocoa products, Floriculture, fresh vegetables, processed meat, Cereal preparations, fresh fruits.

How Agriculture Sector of UAE has revived in the past few years

According to reliable sources, in the early 1990s, the Agriculture sector of UAE contributed less than 4 percent of its GDP. However, agricultural activity has been the most popular among Emirati people. There have been few areas of farming like Diqdaqah in Ras Al Khaimah, Falak al Mualla in Umm al Quwain, the coastal area of Fujairah, WadiadhDhayd in Sharjah, Al Awir in Dubai and Al Ain and Liwa Oasis in Abu Dhabi. There were lots of obstacles also that UAE faced in agriculture sector such as environmental conditions, water crisis that had affected development. Due to these obstacles, the government had decided to take some steps to increase production of agri-commodities. They decided to give a 50% subsidy on fertilizers, seeds and pesticides. It resulted in the rapid growth of agriculture was seen during the 1990s. Apart from these types of farming, there has been an increase in production of fishing and poultry with local dairies, which meet 92% of its population demand.

There has always been a problem of the scarcity of water reserves. The UAE has made so many efforts to increase the cultivable area but unfortunately, it resulted in an increase in water and soil salinity. But today, the country has set a vision to shift towards sustainable agriculture. The UAE Agriculture sector adopts the latest technologies and modern irrigation systems. Currently, there are several organic vegetarian farms, manufacturing facilities, and also animal production farms. These changes have been seen in the UAE agriculture sector during COVID-19 pandemic, when some agri-commodity exporting countries have banned trade of basic food items.

UAE: Agri Commodities Trade with India

UAE has always been a big destination for India’s Agri based business. According to reliable sources, in 2019, India exported at least USD 38 billion of agricultural products to Middle East countries such as UAE, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen. These countries have always been one of India’s largest markets for export. Recently, UAE has launched an e-market platform , Agriota that will reduce the gap between Indian farmers and the Gulf food Industry. The motive of this platform is to give an opportunity to Indian farmers to connect directly with UAE food processing companies.

How B2B Platforms help traders in trade globally

Tradologie.com – world’s 1st next generation B2B platforms facilitating trade in Agri-commodities and food products. It works by arranging live negotiations between verified sellers and buyers across the globe. They allow them to negotiate in real-time over prices, quality, quantity and finalize deals without any interruption of third person. Connect with Tradologie.com and discover new way to trade.UAE is a global center for Agri- trading. The UAE Economy has rapidly grown in the past few years. Most of its economic success goes to oil exports, the other industries such as agriculture are not that successful because of the scarcity of water reserves, poor soil, high temperature, low rainfall. This is the reason that it imports most of its food products from other countries. The major commodities that UAE imports from other countries are processed meat, fresh vegetables and fresh fruits. India is a major source of agri commodities for UAE like rice, Cashew, dairy products, Cocoa products, Floriculture, fresh vegetables, processed meat, Cereal preparations, fresh fruits. How Agriculture Sector of UAE has revived in the past few years According to reliable sources, in the early 1990s, the Agriculture sector of UAE contributed less than 4 percent of its GDP. However, agricultural activity has been the most popular among Emirati people. There have been few areas of farming like Diqdaqah in Ras Al Khaimah, Falak al Mualla in Umm al Quwain, the coastal area of Fujairah, WadiadhDhayd in Sharjah, Al Awir in Dubai and Al Ain and Liwa Oasis in Abu Dhabi. There were lots of obstacles also that UAE faced in agriculture sector such as environmental conditions, water crisis that had affected development. Due to these obstacles, the government had decided to take some steps to increase production of agri-commodities. They decided to give a 50% subsidy on fertilizers, seeds and pesticides. It resulted in the rapid growth of agriculture was seen during the 1990s. Apart from these types of farming, there has been an increase in production of fishing and poultry with local dairies, which meet 92% of its population demand. There has always been a problem of the scarcity of water reserves. The UAE has made so many efforts to increase the cultivable area but unfortunately, it resulted in an increase in water and soil salinity. But today, the country has set a vision to shift towards sustainable agriculture. The UAE Agriculture sector adopts the latest technologies and modern irrigation systems. Currently, there are several organic vegetarian farms, manufacturing facilities, and also animal production farms. These changes have been seen in the UAE agriculture sector during COVID-19 pandemic, when some agri-commodity exporting countries have banned trade of basic food items. UAE: Agri Commodities Trade with India UAE has always been a big destination for India’s Agri based business. According to reliable sources, in 2019, India exported at least USD 38 billion of agricultural products to Middle East countries such as UAE, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen. These countries have always been one of India’s largest markets for export. Recently, UAE has launched an e-market platform , Agriota that will reduce the gap between Indian farmers and the Gulf food Industry. The motive of this platform is to give an opportunity to Indian farmers to connect directly with UAE food processing companies. How B2B Platforms help traders in trade globally Tradologie.com – world’s 1st next generation B2B platforms facilitating trade in Agri-commodities and food products. It works by arranging live negotiations between verified sellers and buyers across the globe. They allow them to negotiate in real-time over prices, quality, quantity and finalize deals without any interruption of third person. Connect with Tradologie.com and discover new way to trade.

#AgriCommodity #Import #Export #AgriTrading

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techsciresearch · 3 years

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Saudi Arabia Poultry Market to Witness Steady Growth till 2026 | TechSci Research

Strong economic growth and the growing food requirements is expected to drive the demand for Saudi Arabia Poultry market in the forecast period.

According to TechSci Research report, “Saudi Arabia Poultry Market By Type (Broiler, Eggs, Others) By Product Type (Raw, Chilled, Frozen) By Nature (Organic, Conventional) By Distribution Channel (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Traditional Stores, Specialized Stores, Online, Others), By region, Company Forecast & Opportunities, 2026”, The Saudi Arabia Poultry market is expected to witness steady growth in the forecast period. The rapid urbanization of the people to live in better conditions and search for employment opportunities is contributing to the growth of the poultry market and enhancing the demand for processed and unprocessed chicken and eggs.

Support of the leading authorities for the development of the poultry market in form of relaxation in income tax, direct subsidies for select food items, interest-free loans, and duty-free imports of raw materials. The leading authorities are providing support to the local manufacturers and taking significant measures to reduce the mortality rate of the bird. An increase in the preference of the consumers for low-fat and high-protein-containing food items is fostering the growing demand of the market. The development of the trade channel and the technological advancements to keep the freshness of the food items and aid in increasing the shelf life of the edible animal food items is fostering the growth of the poultry market.

The increase in the demand for frozen and chilled food items is influencing the demand for poultry-based products in the region. The high demand for the consumption of poultry-based products and the unavailability of quality animal-based edible items in the country and the need to import the animal-based food items are creating lucrative opportunities for the growth of the poultry market. The Saudi government is making heavy investments for the infrastructural development of the country in order to develop the retail and hospitality sector in the country. Under the Saudi Vision 2030, the development of the tourism industry to attract more tourists to the country for religious and other purposes, the government is aiming to develop the poultry sector to meet the growing food requirements.

The COVID-19 outbreak across the world which has been declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization has affected several countries adversely. Leading authorities of Saudi Arabia imposed lockdown restrictions and released a set of precautionary measures to contain the spread of novel coronavirus. The coronavirus pandemic hit the economic status of the country which negatively impacted the growth of the industry. Disruption in the supply chain was observed which adversely affected the supply of raw materials around the country.

However, the growing cost of the poultry feeds and strict quality checks and norms may hamper the Saudi Arabia Poultry market growth in the forecast period.

Browse XX Figures spread through XX Pages and an in-depth TOC on "Saudi Arabia Poultry Market”.

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/saudi-arabia-poultry-market/7726.html

Saudi Arabia Poultry market is segmented into type, product type, nature, distribution channel, regional distribution, and company. Based on the type, the market can be divided into broiler, eggs, and others. The broiler segment is expected to witness growth in the next five years, 2022-2026. The rise in the demand for whole chicken and its parts and the increasing affordability of the consumers is fostering the growth of this segment. The Hajj pilgrimage attracts a lot of tourists in the country which is expected to fuel the demand and rapid development of the catering service market. The rise in the development of the construction industry and the liability of the company to provide three meals a day is contributing to the growth of the poultry market as the normal diet in Saudi Arabia includes the portion of animal meat or products.

Almarai Saudi Arabia, Al-Watania Poultry Company, Al-Fakeih Poultry, Al-Berri United Food Co. Ltd, Alwadi Poultry Farms Ltd, Co., Arabian Agricultural Services Company, Arabian Farms Dev.Co.Ltd., Alsalamah Almotatawera Co, BRF S.A, Bayle S.A., Cargill Incorporated, Cherkizovo Group are the leading players operating in Saudi Arabia Poultry market. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on research and development process to fuel higher growth in the market. To meet evolving customer demand with respect to better efficiency and durability, several Poultry manufacturers are coming up with their technologically advanced offerings.

Download Sample Report @ https://www.techsciresearch.com/sample-report.aspx?cid=7726

Customers can also request for 10% free customization on this report.

“Development of the online commerce channels to improve the reach of products and brand image, the market players are investing huge amounts. The offering of attractive discounts and the facility for home delivery and online payment gateways ate contributing to the growth of the market. The market players are adopting advanced technologies such as 3-D imaging systems to determine the way for optimal cuts and minimize the per-unit cost for poultry processing. The use of latest technologies and the development of efficient distribution channels is expected to propel the growth of the Poultry market till 2026” said Mr. Karan Chechi, Research Director with TechSci Research, a global research-based management consulting firm.

“Saudi Arabia Poultry Market By Type (Broiler, Eggs, Others) By Product Type (Raw, Chilled, Frozen) By Nature (Organic, Conventional) By Distribution Channel (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Traditional Stores, Specialized Stores, Online, Others), By region, Company Forecast & Opportunities, 2026” has evaluated the future growth potential of Saudi Arabia Poultry market and provided statistics & information on market size, shares, structure and future market growth. The report intends to provide cutting-edge market intelligence and help decision makers take sound investment decisions. Besides, the report also identifies and analyzes the emerging trends along with essential drivers, challenges, and opportunities in the of Saudi Arabia Poultry market.

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Contact

Mr. Ken Mathews

708 Third Avenue,

Manhattan, NY,

New York – 10017

Tel: +1-646-360-1656

Email: [email protected]

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For More Market Research Blogs Visit: https://techsciblog.com/

#TechSci #Market Research Reports #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market #Poultry Market #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market Size #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market Forecast

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techscimarketresearch · 3 years

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Saudi Arabia Poultry Market to Witness Steady Growth till 2026 | TechSci Research

Strong economic growth and the growing food requirements is expected to drive the demand for Saudi Arabia Poultry market in the forecast period.

However, the growing cost of the poultry feeds and strict quality checks and norms may hamper the Saudi Arabia Poultry market growth in the forecast period.

Browse XX Figures spread through XX Pages and an in-depth TOC on "Saudi Arabia Poultry Market”.

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/saudi-arabia-poultry-market/7726.html

Download Sample Report @ https://www.techsciresearch.com/sample-report.aspx?cid=7726

Customers can also request for 10% free customization on this report.

Browse Related Reports:

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/organic-food-market/4401.html

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/vietnam-frozen-food-market/2942.html

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/leukemia-therapeutics-market/4534.html

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/outpatient-hospital-services-market/7732.html

https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/saudi-arabia-seafood-market/7727.html

Contact

Mr. Ken Mathews

708 Third Avenue,

Manhattan, NY,

New York – 10017

Tel: +1-646-360-1656

Email: [email protected]

Website: https://www.techsciresearch.com/

For More Market Research Blogs Visit: https://techsciblog.com/

#TechSci #Market Research Reports #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market #Poultry Market #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market Size #Saudi Arabia Poultry Market Forecast

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allthebrazilianpolitics · 4 years

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UAE, Brazil discuss high cost of animal feed

The hike in costs of commodities such as soya and maize caused feed prices to rise, and the United Arab Emirates are having trouble buying from Brazil.

The Arab Brazilian Chamber of Commerce (ABCC) and the Ministry of Economy of the United Arab Emirates hosted this Thursday morning (18) an online meeting of public entities and private sector players in Brazil and the UAE to discuss the animal feed market conjuncture. The hike in prices of commodities such as soya and maize has driven up feed costs, and the UAE are having trouble buying from Brazil.

Emirates National Food CEO Janete Al-Haidar said since maize and soya prices went up, in January, there was a sharp increase in the price of feed for her poultry. “We own the biggest poultry farm in the UAE. The hike in prices was devastating to us. There are subsidies available in other emirates, but that is not the case here in Dubai,” she said . Al-Haidar said current prices are not sustainable in the long run.

The soya and maize hike triggered a crisis in commodity imports to the UAE, since costs have gone up 50% to 60% in the last two months, forcing businesses to raise animal feed prices. Emirati business owners attending the meeting inquired whether prices might go down, but the situation is critical.

The Availability Management superintendent at Brazil’s National Supply Company (Conab), Allan Silveira, gave an overview of soya markets around the world and said Brazil is the leading producer and exporter of the grain, with the United States coming in second. According to Silveira, output hit an all-time high in Brazil during the pandemic, but stockpiles have decreased due to strong demand. Nevertheless, Silveira argued that this year should see a “somewhat less tight” scenario than 2020. He said the Middle East takes in 2% to 3% of exports from Brazil, the biggest markets being Iran, Saudi Arabia and Israel. “We already ship to the UAE, though volumes are small. I wouldn’t bet on a significant drop in prices,” he said. Conab is a state-run company affiliated with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply.

#brazil #united arab emirates #politics #brazilian politics #emirati politics #arab politics #arab world #international politics #foreign policy #meat industry #food #mod nise da silveira

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karingudino · 4 years

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Farming sector top priority of UT govt: LG

Added on December 26, 2020 Images News Netwok

Guarantees handholding of farming group, 4 pesticide labs, fashionable storage programs

Jammu: With Prime Minister Narendra Modi disbursing Rs 18000 crore underneath PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi among the many farmers in Uttar Pradesh, a programme was held right here at Kisan Kendra, Jammu additionally the place the Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha addressed the farmers.

Talking on the event, LG mentioned that the farmers of Jammu and Kashmir have been supplied with monetary help price round Rs 1132 crore underneath the scheme. He outlined that the welfare of the farmers and betterment of their livelihood is the prime focus of the Union in addition to UT authorities.

The UT authorities, he mentioned has taken complete measures for the event of the agriculture and allied sectors in J&Ok.

“100% protection underneath PM-Kisan Samman Nidhi has been ensured in J&Ok in order that no beneficiary is left behind in availing the advantages of the scheme,” Sinha added.

To attain the tangible outcomes, the federal government, he mentioned is extending sustained handholding and help to the farming group, facilitating the speedy progress within the agriculture and its allied sectors for bettering productiveness and profitability of farmers.

“With an purpose to advertise farm mechanization and creating self-sufficient villages, on this monetary yr, 500 tractors with Rs 2 lakh subsidy, in addition to energy tillers, paddy planters and threshers are being distributed among the many farmers throughout J&Ok,” the LG maintained.

Based on an official press launch, emphasizing on higher storage provisions for farm produce, the LG confused on the necessity for establishing fashionable storage programs within the UT. 4 pesticide laboratories and soil testing labs are additionally being arrange in Jammu and Kashmir, he added.

The LG mentioned that the promotion of agriculture, horticulture, dairy and poultry sectors are our priorities and the administration goes to take each step for the event of those sectors. He additionally underscored the significance of launching a large marketing campaign to make farmers conscious of land use and different sides of contemporary agriculture.

“I’ve recognized 4 points which might be being addressed on precedence – growing productiveness by intervention of expertise, guaranteeing finest worth and market help, mitigation of dangers and diversification by allied actions,” the LG mentioned.

“We’re figuring out the prioritization and convergence wherever required to make our efforts simpler in bettering the viability, profitability, and sustainability of agriculture and allied sectors,” he added.

Round 70 % of the inhabitants of Jammu & Kashmir is engaged in agriculture and its allied sectors. It’s crucial that the administration arrange numerous fashionable granaries, chilly storages and fashionable agriculture tools in order that the native farmers are in a position to double their revenue within the subsequent two years, the LG maintained.

He mentioned that by customized hiring centres, that are being arrange for aiding small and marginal farmers, such farmers can simply borrow costly equipment.

Highlighting the measures taken by the federal government in fostering agriculture and allied sectors, the LG mentioned the federal government is offering 50 % subsidy for beginning a fodder plant. Equally, for organising a dairy with 50 cows, a 50 % subsidy is being offered by the administration, in addition to 50 % subsidy can also be being offered for organising milk chilling and processing crops, mentioned the LG.

To extend circulate of financial institution credit score to small and marginal farmers, extra focus is being given by the administration to this phase, the credit score disbursal targets of agriculture and allied sectors for the present monetary yr elevated by 2.5 instances in opposition to the final yr disbursement, mentioned the LG.

The LG additionally termed excessive density plantation, intercropping and diversification in agriculture as the necessity of the hour. Within the close to future, round 1900 hectare space goes to be introduced underneath excessive density apple plantation. It might assist enhance revenue of apple growers 4 instances, he added.

“It’s heartening to see that the youth can also be exhibiting curiosity in taking agriculture as a profession. A lot of them are rising unique greens that are in nice demand in cities. I bear in mind a graduate from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Isha Rasul, who together with her breakthrough experiments in natural farming had helped the farmers in establishing a seed financial institution and is engaged on high-intensity farming. Like Isha Rasool from Kashmir division, we even have Chaman Lal from Sunderbani, Rajouri, who has earned Rs 8 Lakhs simply by rising unique greens in mere 1.5 hectare land. There isn’t any dearth of services and sources. The administration is working day and evening to uplift the farmers of Jammu & Kashmir,” the LG maintained.

Farmers from each divisions of the UT are being linked to the opposite markets of India by E-NAM at Narwal Jammu and Parimpora Srinagar. Progressive measures are being taken catering to the irrigation wants of the farmers. Jeevika Initiative, Udhampur has led to a brand new strategy of built-in and remunerative farming, in addition to the variety of bore-wells is being elevated to profit the farmers. In Jammu division, work is on to put in 265 bore-wells and to supply subsidy to the farmers for the pump units, Sinha mentioned.

The agro-climatic circumstances of the area are conducive for crops like basmati, saffron, kidney beans, honey, apples, cherry, walnuts, strawberry and flowers. There’s a large market ready for our farmers in different elements of the nation, he continued.

Lately, Kashmir Saffron has been given a GI tag which might assist in its promotion and export all through the world. Lulu Group from Abu Dhabi goes to arrange a meals processing plant in J&Ok. The United Arab Emirates goes to import merchandise from Jammu & Kashmir instantly. Bhaderwah Rajma, Kishtwar pear, Doda-Poonch walnut, Aamrapali and Mallika mangoes of Jammu, pecan nuts of Poonch and litchi from Reasi would even be given GI tags by the efforts of the Administration, noticed the LG.

Talking on the agricultural reforms, the LG mentioned that the agricultural reforms by the Central authorities are for the betterment of the farmers. Underneath the reforms, the farmers can be free to domesticate their land and promote their produce in line with their want, he added.

“I might guarantee that the farmers are equally allowed to promote their produce at their very own worth as they’re to promote on the Minimal Assist Value (MSP). Submit implementation of the most recent reforms, the commerce at agriculture markets all through the nation has elevated and there was no shutdown. To dispel the fears pertaining to ‘contract farming’, I might guarantee that the contract is proscribed to change of products and never the land. There isn’t any point out of land in these reforms,” mentioned the LG.

Later, the LG inspected the stalls put in by the “progressive farmers” showcasing their produce and interacted with the farmers, the press launch mentioned.

It mentioned Farooq Khan, Advisor to the LG, BVR Subrahmanyam, Chief Secretary; Navin Kumar Choudhary, Principal Secretary, Agriculture Manufacturing and Farmer’s Welfare Division; Prof JP Sharma, Vice-Chancellor, SKUAST-Jammu; Sanjeev Verma; Divisional Commissioner, Jammu; R.Ok Srivastava, Chief Basic Supervisor, NABARD, J&Ok; Inderjeet, Director Agriculture Jammu; HoDs; senior officers and scores of farmers from throughout the UT had been current on the event.

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source https://fikiss.net/farming-sector-top-priority-of-ut-govt-lg/ Farming sector top priority of UT govt: LG published first on https://fikiss.net/ from Karin Gudino https://karingudino.blogspot.com/2020/12/farming-sector-top-priority-of-ut-govt.html

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mitchellbelstead6675 · 4 years

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Shade Net Market to Undertake Strapping Growth During 2019-2030

Global Shade Net Market: An Overview

A shade net is generally a synthetic fiber net made up of HDPE plastic, which reduces the intensity of direct sunlight according to the necessity of crops or others. Shade nets are used to protect agro products such as plants, vegetables, fruits, and flowers from birds, insects, weather, etc. Therefore, the global shade net market is influenced by the driving factors of agro business. Synthetic fibers used in the manufacturing of shade nets are long-lasting, durable, are easy to install, and have high tensile strength, which drives the demand for these nets. Some plants and crops get affected when they are directly exposed to excessive sunlight, and this increases the demand for shade nets. Poultry farming, commercial farming, and sedentary farming are also done under shade nets. These nets provide uniform shade leading to the better yield of crops. There has been increase in demand from end users such as waterparks, restaurant-resorts, car parking businesses, and playgrounds for the purpose of shading and fencing. More than 20% of fibers from the textile industry is believed to be utilized for shade nets.

Global Shade Net Market: Dynamics

The global shade net market is forecast to grow, owing to the expanding agro-business and technological developments in agricultural processes. The continuous rise in population has increased the demand for agricultural goods. Technological developments in agricultural processes are also increasing the demand for shade nets. Agro shade nets, hail protection nets, thermal nets, insect proofing nets, bird protection nets, and UV stabilized agro ropes are the varieties of shade nets, and are developed according to the requirements of end users. The demand for shade nets has also increased from non-agriculture sectors for fencing, shading, and safety. The global shade net market is also driven by the building and construction industry for safety purposes. Some roads are also covered with shade nets to protect them from excess wind that causes disturbance while driving. Increasing safety rules and regulations by road safety authorities are also expected to drive the growth of the global shade net market.

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Global Shade Net Market: Segmentation

The global shade net market is segmented as follows -

By material, the global shade net market is segmented into –

Polyethylene Thread

HDPE Plastic

Synthetic Fiber

Nylon

PVC

By shade type, the global shade net market is segmented into –

90% Shade Nets

75% Shade Nets

50% Shade Nets

By product type, the global shade net market is segmented into –

Green X Black (UV Protection Nets)

Black x Black (Heat Protection Nets)

White x Black (Light Protection Nets)

Green x Green (Enhance Photosynthesis)

By application, the global shade net market is segmented into –

Agriculture

Animal Husbandry

Greenhouses

Terrace Gardening & Fencing

Building Repairs & Construction

Horticulture and Floriculture

Vermi Compost Units

Restaurant-resort Shading

Waterpark & Swimming Pool Shading and Fencing

Poultry Farming

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Global Shade Net Market: Regional Outlook

Shade nets are utilized in animal husbandry, agriculture, horticulture, and floriculture. The rising demand for shade nets from both, the agricultural and non-agriculture sectors is forecasted to persist in the near future. A large market for shade nets is the Asia Pacific region, which is expected to observe higher demand as compared to other regions during the forecast period. Growing economies such as China, Japan, and India are expected to show increased demand.

Recent Developments in the Global Shade Net Market

On 23 February 2017, the National Research Foundation of South Africa stated that, “spectral quality of photo-selective shade netting improves antioxidants and quality in selected fresh product after postharvest storage”.

On 8 January 2019, the Telangana (India) government, the district horticultural and sericulture department, announced that the department will provide shade nets at 50% subsidy to farmers interested in cultivating vegetables during the summer.

Global Shade Net Market: Key Players

Some of the leading players operating in the shade net market are as follows –

Fiberweb (India) Ltd.

Freudenberg & Co. KG

Low & Bonar PLC

Shakti Polyweave Pvt.

Acme Mills (Pvt.) Ltd.

Garware Technical Fibres Ltd.

Don and Low Ltd.

Koninklijke Ten Cate bv.

Gujarat Craft Industries Ltd.

UNIMIN India, Ltd.

JX Nippon ANC, Inc.

The shade net market report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessment by industry analysts, and inputs from industry experts and industry participants across the value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macroeconomic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness as per segment. The shade net market report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies.

Regional analysis includes –

North America

Latin America

Europe

Middle East and Africa (MEA)

East Asia

South Asia

Oceania

Report Highlights:

A detailed overview of the parent market

Changing market dynamics in the industry

In-depth segmentation of the shade net market

Historical, current, and projected size of the shade net market regarding volume and value

Recent industry trends and developments

Competitive landscape and strategies for key players operating in the market, and products offered by them

Potential and niche segments, geographical regions exhibiting promising growth

A neutral perspective on the performance of the shade net market

Must-have information for shade net market players to sustain and enhance their market footprint

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humongousdreamerkitten · 2 years

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Start this business in 50 thousand rupees, will earn 1 lakh every month, government will give 35% subsidy, know how to start?

New Delhi. If you want to try your luck in the agriculture sector for business, then there are many options apart from weather-dependent farming which guarantees you profits. One of these is the business of poultry farming. If you want to start a small scale poultry farm, then at least it will cost between Rs 50,000 to Rs 1.5 lakh. If you start layer farming from a small level i.e. 1500 chickens,…

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juniperpublishers-jdvs · 5 years

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Dairy Trade in Ethiopia: Current Scenario and Way Forward-Review- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

This review is concern on dairy trade in Ethiopia, current scenario and way forwards for enhancing dairy investment of Ethiopia. Consumers in Ethiopia come to be through formal and informal marketing system. The country spent over 678.75 million birrs to import various products of milk from 2006-2010 and the expenditure for powdered milk accounted for 79.6%, followed by cream, 12.9% and cheese 4.3%. Milk and its products market have changed significantly with strong global growth stemming in from the presence of evermore consumers in developing countries. To achieve the demand of milk and milk products in Ethiopia, it should be improve the genetic potential of dairy animal/cow- this could be through put in on genetic improvement on dairy animals, encouraging forage and fodder production and trade, establish agro-processing oil crops and use of by-products for animal feed, improving the productive, reproductive and weight gain performance of crossbreds, through enhanced provision of animal health services and better feed.

Keywords: Dairy Trade; Development policy; Milk market

Abbreviations: WTO: World Trade Organization; DDA: Dairy Development Agency; NFDM: Nonfat Dry Milk; DDE: Dairy Development Enterprise; DMY: Daily Milk Yield; WMP: Whole Milk Powder; SMP: Skim Milk Powder; GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade negotiations; LOD: Limit Of Determination; HACCP: Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point; DDMP: Dairy Development Master Plan; ADLI: Agriculture Development Led Industrialization; PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategy Program; FSS: Food Security Strategy; RDPS: Rural Development Policy and Strategies; CBSP: Capacity Building Strategy and Program; AMS: Agricultural Marketing Strategies; IFD: Improved Family Dairy; BDS: Business Development Services

Introduction

World trade in dairy products has grown in recent decades at rates that generally exceed demand growth in developed countries which produce most the world’s dairy products [1]. In the world total milk production and trade is 816.0 and 73.2 million tones, respectively [2] (Figure 1). Milk and dairy products market have changed significantly with strong global growth stemming from the presence of evermore consumers in developing countries. The statistics showed a process of industrialization in the dairy chain with the marked presence of large national companies developing on the international scene and which also tend to concentrate the market [3]. Total world dairy exports grew by 4.6% per year on a milk equivalent basis during 2010–2014 [1] and the milk production also grew up 2.4% in 2014 a rate like previous years reaching 792 million tons. This is related with a favorable milk production outlook in most of the major exporting countries and continuous strong demand [4].

Ethiopia has one of the largest livestock inventories in Africa with a national herd estimated cattle population in Ethiopia is about 57.83 million, 28.04 million sheep, 28.61 million goats, 1.23 million camel and 60.51 million poultry. Out of 57.83 million cattle the female cattle constitute about 55.38% (32.0 million) and the remaining 44.55% (25.8 million) are male cattle. From the total cattle in the country 98.59% (57.01million) are local breeds and remaining are hybrid and exotic breeds that accounted for about 1.19% (706,793) and 0.14% (109,733), respectively [5]. Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development particularly Ethiopian highlands possess a high potential for with diverse topographic and climatic conditions favorable for dairying [6]. Smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia particularly in regional and zonal cities are alarmingly increasing because of high demand of milk and milk product from resident. However, the existing farming system which holds maximum of 10 or 15 cows per individual is not satisfactory to fulfill the demand. In addition, farming system has a major problem with regards to feed source, feed supply and the amount given per animal below the minimum standard, which entails in reduction in production and reproduction in the farms [7]. Livestock play a vital role in economic development; particularly as societies evolve from subsistence agriculture into cash-based economies [8]. Livestock in Ethiopia perform important functions in the livelihoods of farm owners, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists.

Dairy products in Ethiopia are channeled to consumers through formal and informal marketing systems [9]. The formal marketing system appeared to be expanding during the last decade with private farms entering the dairy processing. The informal market directly delivers dairy products by producers to consumer (immediate neighborhood or sales to itinerant traders or individuals in nearby towns). Generally, the low marketability of milk and milk products pose limitations on possibilities of exploring distant but rewarding markets. Therefore, improving position of dairy farmers to actively engage in markets and improve traditional processing techniques are important dairy value chain challenges of the country [10]. To develop dairy production system of Ethiopia, dairy supply and marketing system needs to undertake radical changes. To get access to distant markets farmers need to link up with manufacturers able to extend the shelf-life of farmers’ supply, as well as with traders and retailers, which can ensure a capillary distribution of final products. In short, dairy products cannot be expected to flow across Ethiopia unless a supply chain, bridging rural supply and urban demand is in place [6]. The country has not supplied the demand of milk and milk products because of different problem. To solve the problem or to increase the production of milk it should be focused on the policy and trade. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss on dairy trade in Ethiopia, current scenario and way forwards for enhancing dairy investment of Ethiopia.

Dairy Trade Development in World

Global dairy consumption has been on the rise steadily since 2005 except for 2009 and 2015. Trade in a large quantity (46%) of milk is informal [11] through short supply chains, and even with the formal trade most milk does not cross currency borders. The main reason dairy trade fell in 2009 was due to the global financial crisis. In 2015, dairy trade dropped by weaker demand for dairy commodities. The export subsidies received by European Union’s dairy farmers from their government contributed to lower international dairy prices and a weaker demand for dairy commodities (Figure 2). The increase in Europe’s dairy production grew faster than consumption. Dairy imports grew in value from $15 billion in 2005 to $43.2 billion in 2014, a 187% increase in US dollars. Similarly, global dairy exports expanded 175% in value from 2005 to 2014. The leading dairy importers from 2005 to 2009 were the United States, Mexico, Japan, Russia, and the European Union-28. From 2010 to 2015, the situation changed as China emerged as the world’s largest dairy importer followed by Russia, the US, Mexico, and Japan. Although the demographic landscapes of dairy consumption are changing globally, the major suppliers of dairy commodities have remained relatively unchanged from 2005 to 2015. New Zealand is the world’s largest dairy exporter in terms of volume. The four top global dairy exporters during the observed period based on value are the EU–28, New Zealand, the US, and Australia [12].

Over the last decade, interest in global dairy trade has intensified partially because of the enormous impact that domestic and international policies have had or are projected to have on the global trade and domestic supply. One significant example in the negotiations is the proposal made by the world trade organization (WTO) during the Nairobi ministerial in December 2015 in effort to help stabilize world dairy prices by eliminating export subsidies over the next four years. While many dairy commodities are traded internationally, some of the largest global exchanges involve cheese, nonfat dry milk (including skim dry milk), whey, and butter. In 2015 these four commodities accounted for 50% of the total value of global dairy imports. Of all the dairy commodities imported globally in 2015, cheese accounted for 24% of the total value [13].

Global dairy demand is estimated at approximately 15 million tons of product annually. The top 5 are China, Russia, Mexico, Japan and the USA. The US is the only major importer that is also a major net exporter. China imports ~2 million tons of dairy products annually, Russia ~1.4 million tons, Mexico and Japan over 500 thousand tons each. In addition, the US, Indonesia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia and Algeria import over 400 thousand tons and Singapore, Iraq, Malaysia, Venezuela and UAE importing over 300 thousand tons annually. Ethiopia exported an amount less than 300,000 USD per annum during the last five years. Majority of the export destined to Somalia and traditional spiced butter export for Ethiopian community and other consumers to USA and other countries. With the expansion of the sector the volume exported to Somalia can be increased and to other destinations like Sudan, South Sudan and Djibouti can be expanded. Nonfat dry milk (NFDM) was the second largest (in value) dairy commodity imported making up 11% of the world’s total dairy imports in 2015. The import value of NFDM grew by 96% from 2010 to 2014 and the top importers in 2015 included Mexico, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Whey and butter were the third and fourth largest dairy commodities imported, respectively. Both whey and butter balanced out at 7% of the total value of dairy imported in 2015. Over the five-year span from 2010 to 2014 the value of global imports of whey and butter increased by 81% and 62%, respectively. The world’s leading importers of whey are China, the US, and Indonesia, while Russia, Iran, and China are the leading importers of butter [14].

Dairy Production Development History in Ethiopia

Before started formal dairy production in early 1950s, dairy production in Ethiopia in the first half of 20th century was mostly traditional [2]. In 1947 the country has received 300 Friesian and Brown Swiss dairy cattle as a donation from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration [15] to attempt the modern dairy production. With the introduction of these cattle in the country, commercial liquid milk production started on large farms in Addis Ababa and Asmera [16] and a small milk processing plant was established in Addis Ababa to support commercial dairy production [17]. During the second half of 1960s, dairy production around Addis Ababa began to develop rapidly due to demand and large private dairy farms and collection of milk from dairy farmers [2]. In 1971 Government established dairy development agency (DDA) to control and organize the collection, processing and distribution of locally produced milk, and facilitated the creation of dairy cooperatives to ease the provision of credit and technical and extension service to dairy producers [6]. Distribution of exotic dairy cattle particularly Holstein Friesian was done through government owned large-scale production such as WADU, ARDU and CADU. These units produced and distributed crossbred heifers, provided AI services and animal health service, in addition to forage production and marketing [18]. To establish the dairy development enterprise (DDE) numerous nationalized dairy farms (include large dairy farms, milk collection networks, and a processing plant) was merged in 1979 [17]. Distribution of exotic dairy cattle particularly Holstein Friesian was done through government owned large-scale production such as WADU, ARDU and CADU. These units produced and distributed crossbred heifers, provided AI services and animal health service, in addition to forage production and marketing [18]. The development of dairy sub sector is the shared effort of all stakeholders that explicitly and implicitly participate in the different activities of dairy development [19].

Currently, to bring market-oriented economic system, private sector begun to enter the dairy sector and market as an important actor the country’s policy reform. Many private investors have established small and large dairy farms. This commercial farm use grade and crossbred animals that have the potential to produce 1120-2500 litres over 279-day lactation. This production system is now expanding in the highlands among mixed crop-livestock farmers, such as those found in Selale, Ada’a and Holetta, and serves as the major milk supplier to the urban market. Additionally, some ten private investors and one cooperative union have established milk-processing plants to supply fresh processed milk and dairy products to Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa and Dessie towns. Most interventions during this period was focused on urban-based production and marketing. During the second half of the 1960s dairy production in the Addis Ababa area began to develop rapidly because of the expansion in large private dairy farms and the participation of smallholder producers [6].

Dairy Production Systems in Ethiopia

Dairy production is practiced almost all over Ethiopia involving a vast number of small subsistence and marketoriented farms [20,21], and is being practiced as an integral part of agricultural activities in Ethiopia since a time of immemorial. There are different types of milk production systems identified based on various criteria [22]. Based on climate, land holdings and integration with crop production as criterion, the dairy production system classified as rural (pastoralism, agro-pastoralism and highland mixed smallholder), peri-urban and urban [9,20,21,23]. The dairy sector in Ethiopia can also be categorized based on market-orientation, scale, and production intensity into three major production systems: traditional smallholder, private/ stateowned commercial4, and urban/ peri-urban [6].

Smallholder and commercial dairy farms are emerging mainly in the urban and peri-urban areas are located near or in proximity of Addis Ababa and regional towns and take the advantage of the urban markets. Urban dairy production system includes specialized, state and businessmen owned farms, but owners have no access to grazing land [24-26] and most Regional towns and Woredas [27]. Urban milk system in Addis Ababa consists of 5167 small, medium and large dairy farms producing 34.65 million liters of milk annually. Of the total urban milk production, 73% is sold, 10% is left for household consumption, 9.4% is fed to calves (excluding the amount directly suckled by the calves) and 7.6% is processed into butter and cottage cheese. In terms of marketing, 71% of the producers sell milk directly to consumers and the rest reaches to the consumers through intermediaries.

Peri-urban milk production system possesses animal types ranging from 50% crosses to the high-grade Friesian in small to medium-sized farms. The peri-urban milk system includes smallholder and commercial dairy farm owners in the proximity of Addis Ababa and other Regional towns. This sector owns most of the country`s improved dairy stock. The main source of feed is both homes produced or purchased hay; and the primary objective is to get additional cash income from milk sale. This production system is now expanding in the highlands among mixed croplivestock farm owners such as those found in Selale and Holetta and serves as the major milk supplier to the urban market [28]. The rural system is non-market oriented and most of the milk produced in this system is retained for home consumption and usually marketed through the informal market after the households satisfy their needs.

Milk Yield and Consumption Pattern

Most dairy products in the world are consumed in the region or country in which they are produced because of milk and its various derivatives are highly perishable products [29]. The estimate of total cow milk production for the rural sedentary areas of Ethiopia is about 3.06 billion liters [5]. The average daily milk yield (DMY) performances of indigenous cows in PLWs was 1.85 litres/day and ranged from 1.24 liters in rural lowland agro-pastoral system of Mieso to 2.31 litres in rural highland dairy production system of Fogera [30]. For hybrid cows, milk production per day per cow of 8 to 10 liters while their hybrid cow’s milk production per day is 11 to 15 liters [31]. In addition, the overall mean daily milk yield per liter per cow in western Oromiya were 2.2 ±0.6 and 6.5 ±1.6 for local and dairy breed [32]. Moreover, average daily milk yield of cross bred and local cows in Sululta were 9.56 ± 3.010 and 1.809 ± 0.4574 liter/day respectively. Moreover, the milk yield for crossbred and local cows in Wolmera areas were 8.60 ± 2.703 and 1.96 ± 0.8193 liters/day, respectively [33].

Currently Ethiopia’s milk consumption is only 19 liters per person 10% of Sudan’s and 20% of Kenya’s – but urbanization is driving up consumption per capita consumption in Addis Ababa is 52 liters per person [34]. The average expenditure on milk and products by Ethiopian household’s accounts for only 4% of the total household food budget. According to CSA [5] reported, from the total annual milk production, 42.38% used for household consumption, 6.12% sold, only 0.33% used for wages in kind and the rest 51.17% used for other purposes (could be to produce butter, cheese, and the likes). In rural area 59% and 41% of dairy farmers in Ada’a district, east Shawa zone sold raw milk through informal and formal milk marketing channels, respectively [35], but the finding of Valk & Tessema [36] is 98% of milk produced in rural area sold through informal chain whereas only 2% of the milk produced reached the final consumers through formal chain. According to Geleti & Eyassu [37,38] reported, there is no well-organized milk marketing system in Nekemte and Bako milk shed, and Dire Dawa. Dairy co-operatives and milk groups have facilitated the participation of smallholders in fluid milk markets in the Ethiopian highlands.

In Ethiopia, most consumers prefer unprocessed fluid milk due to its natural flavor (high fat content), availability, taste and lower price. Milk consumption in Ethiopia shows that most consumers prefer purchasing of raw milk because of its natural flavor (high fat content), availability and lower price. Ethiopians consume fewer dairy products than other African countries and far less than the world consumption. The present national average capita consumption of milk is much lower, 19kg/year as compared to 27kg for other African countries and 100kg to the world per capita consumption [39]. The recommended per capita milk consumption is 200 l/y. The consumption in Addis Ababa is very high (51.85 litres) as compared to the national and other towns. Indian milk production grew by 4.5%, Pakistan by 1.8%, Germany by 1.2%, and the USA by 1.1%. Brazil’s milk production decreased by 2.8% and New Zealand by 1.3% [40]. Generally, the demand for milk and milk products is higher in urban areas where there is high population pressure. The increasing trend of urbanization and population growth leads to the appearance and expansion of specialized medium-to-large scale dairy enterprises that collect, pasteurize, pack and distribute milk to consumers in different parts of the country [41].

Domestic and Export Market of Milk and Milk Product

Milk is channeled to consumers through formal and informal marketing systems [42]. The informal market involves direct delivery of milk by farmers to individual consumers in immediate neighborhood and sales to travelling traders or individuals in nearby towns. In informal market, milk may pass from producers to consumers directly or it may pass through two or more market agents. Ethiopia is not known to export dairy products; however, some insignificant quantities of milk and butter are exported to a few countries. Butter is mainly exported to Djibouti and South Africa (targeting the Ethiopians in Diaspora), while milk is solely exported to Somalia from the South Eastern Region of the country. As indicated by small quantities of cream are exported to Djibouti from Dire Dawa. The choice of targeting either domestic or export markets in the process of smallholder commercialization is basically linked to the nature of the targeted commodities [43]. For countries with large population size, domestic markets could also be a major market target due to higher domestic demand for both staples and high-value commodities [44]. In targeting the export market for the process of smallholder commercialization the issue of product quality, sanitary and phytosanitary standards, timely and regular supply, and volume need to be given emphasis in enabling the small-scale farmers to be part of the game [45].

The country spent over 678.75 million birrs to import various products of milk from 2006-2010. Expenditure on powdered milk accounted for 79.6%, followed by cream, 12.9% and cheese 4.3% [46]. With Ethiopia already spending approximately $10 million annually in foreign powdered milk imports, there is a huge opportunity for domestic UHT production to disrupt the current market. Investment size A $10-11 million greenfield investment would create a UHT plant with the largest processing capacity in the Ethiopian market Capacity 10,000 liters/hour (80,000 liters/ day, 24 million liters/year employment 500-600 employees estimated return IRR of 25-35% over 5 years.

International Market (Import Vs Export) in Milk and Milk Products

Only about 66.5 million tons or 8.3% of total world dairy production is traded internationally, excluding intra-EU trade. Dairy trade volumes increased by 6% from 2013 to 2014 compared to 2% growth between 2012 and 2013. International prices of all dairy products continued to decline from their 2013 peak for skim milk powder (SMP) and whole milk powder (WMP). A key factor was the decline in Chinese import demand, with demand for WMP dropping by 34% from 2014 levels. This decrease in Chinese demand for dairy products was coupled with continued production growth between 2014 and 2015 in key export markets, with total output of milk increasing in Australia (4%), European Union (2%), New Zealand (5%) and United States (1%) [47]. At global level demand for milk and milk products in developing countries is growing with rising incomes, population growth, urbanization and changes in diets. This trend is pronounced in East and Southeast Asia, particularly in highly populated countries such as China, Indonesia and Vietnam. The growing demand for milk and milk products offers a good opportunity for producers (and other actors in the dairy chain) in high-potential, peri-urban areas to enhance their livelihoods through increased production. Global milk production is estimated at approximately 735 billion litres annually.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade negotiations (GATT), followed by those of the world trade organization (WTO) changed in the sense of liberating trade from all public intervention. A structural change in the shape and form of the main exporters and importers has taken place on the international dairy scene following this freeing-up of the market. International trade in milk and dairy products has exhibited quite large fluctuations over the last few decades, resulting in changes to public policies in western countries and their decisions stop subsidizing products. Significant growth in exports as well as imports of fresh drinking milk (whole and/or skimmed), milk powder (whole and/or skimmed), condensed whole milk and evaporated milk between 1960 and 2010. The European Union accounts for the largest share in total volume of exported and imported milk, even though its average annual rate of growth over the 25 years studied was just 0.25%. Worldwide new EU members, Oceania and Latin America have increased their share of total exported volumes. Milk production in 2015 was 6.4% higher than in 2014. In 2015 South Africa imported 69 354 t of dairy products, up 72.5% on the same period the previous year, and exported 61 296 t of dairy products, 13.8% down on 2014. International dairy product prices continued the extreme volatility and downward trend experienced since 2014 [48].

Technological developments in refrigeration and transportation only 7% of the milk produced are traded internationally if intra- EU trade is excluded. Trade in dairy products is very volatile as dairy trade flows can be affected by overall economic a situation in a country fluctuation in supply and demand, changing exchange rates and political measures. With demand for dairy products most rapidly rising in regions that are not self-sufficient in milk production, volumes of dairy trade are growing. Also, the share of global dairy production that is traded will increase as trade will grow at a faster pace than milk production. The developed countries account for 62 percent of the world’s dairy imports (measured in milk equivalents) and 93% of the exports, showing clearly that the major part of the global dairy trade takes place among developed countries [49].

International trade requirements for dairy

The international market for dairy products currently is far from having a single multinational processing firm [50]. Milk is perishable nature of dairy products, hygienic measures including heat treatment and cold storage are required to prevent hazardous bacterial contamination. By subjecting veterinary drugs and pesticides to strict authorization requirements, undesirable residue accumulation in dairy products is minimized. Other residues or contaminants, including diverse persistent environmental pollutants can accumulate in milk fat. Ensuring low levels of such pollutants in milk products requires adequate environmental protection. In the case of residues and contaminants that may constitute a danger to public health, regulations will set the maximum residue levels that are permitted in foodstuffs [51]. Especially in developing countries, but not exclusively there, it can be very difficult for farmers to meet private standards for milk quality and safety which might require investment in mechanical milking, on farm cooling, new feeds and genetic improvement. Apart from the initial investment cost a dairy farmer faces to meet those standards, also high operating costs might render small and even medium-scale units unprofitable in the long run.

There is different sanitary regulation apply both to dairy products and to the production processes. Regulation, which can be a mix of international recommendations and national legislation, is often dynamic. Regulation often is reactive: outbreaks of BSE in the UK and the associated fatalities of variant CJD in humans were followed by increased regulation of livestock products. In addition, rules develop in response to new scientific findings, albeit with a lag.

a. Sanitary product standards set targets for test results, and generally are composed of a maximum level of pathogenic load or contamination and the method for measurement. Micro bacterial standards apply to the dairy product as well as the raw milk inputs and are often measured by plate counts and cell counts. Tolerance levels also apply to contaminants such as residues of antibiotics or other veterinary medicine, mycotoxins and other ‘natural’ contaminants, or concentrations of food additives or pollution. Tolerances are set based on toxicological and epidemiological data that show effects on the health of humans and animals. The lower bound of a tolerance level is set by the limit of determination (LOD), which is the lowest possible concentration that can be picked up in a test. Due to the continuous progress of science and laboratory analyses, the LOD is continuously decreasing over time and moving ever closer to zero.

b. Process standards are used as a benchmark to judge whether a food has been produced in a manner to be fit for human consumption or trade. There are various required practices to ensure hygienic conditions of holdings and milk collection, processing plants, storage, and transport. Often, hygiene requirements demand a quality management scheme, such as hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP). A second important set of process standards applies to the health of the dairy cattle.

c. Conformity assessment is the provision of guarantees that the processes of hazard monitoring and control in the export firm are at least equivalent to those demanded by the importing country. The importing country has three mechanisms for enforcing that dairy shipments indeed meet its legal requirements: through certification, prior approval of handlers, and testing of the end-product.

Development Policy and Strategy

The current rural development policy and strategy of the country has some provisions indicating general direction for livestock development. Dairy Development Master Plan (DDMP) was formulated in 2002 to guide the sub-sector development and has been implemented since then across the regions. The DDMP highlights input and output targets but fails short of indicating roadmap and providing guidelines and principles to inform actual policy implementation on the ground. The uniqueness of each area means policy and development interventions must be customized. Whilst general guidelines and principles can be designed at national level, it is neither possible nor appropriate to design a master plan and implement throughout the country, or even throughout a province. Improving economic incentives to encourage innovations; pursuing value chain approach; providing public support to private sector development and private-public partnership; engaging in a holistic approach to technological innovations for increasing supply response; formulating policy and strategy to guide the sub-sector development, and strengthening capacity in local innovation systems with milk value chain perspective as strategic options for consideration by the relevant actors and stakeholders [52].

Trends in Development of the Dairy Sector in Ethiopia

Global milk production has been strong over the last several years leading to expanded growth in trade in most years with a sudden drop off in 2015. For example, from 2005 to 2013, the world milk production increased more than 16% [53]. An average of 594.4 million metric tons of cow milk was produced throughout the world over the observed nine-year period. The six major milk suppliers, the EU–28, the US, India, China, Russia, and Brazil accounted for more than 80% of the world’s cow milk production during the last four years EU–28 is the world’s largest milk producer, the greatest growth in milk production among the top six milk suppliers occurred in India and China. India’s cow milk production grew 15.3% from 2012 to 2015, while China production expanded by 15.1% Brazil milk production grew by 14.3%. Global dairy production is expected to continue to increase soon as world GDP raises and consumers’ preferences for different types of dairy products expand.

Opportunities and Challenges in Dairy Production Development in Ethiopia

Opportunities

Ethiopia holds large potential for dairy development due to its large livestock population, urbanization, emerging middle class consumer segments that are willing to embrace new products and services, demand for and consumption of milk, positive economic outlook, livestock genetic resources and production system, expected to increase processed dairy products consumption favorable climate for improved, export and foreign market possibility (Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan and Djibouti are potential foreign markets), indigenous knowledge, income generation and employment, and the relatively disease-free environment for livestock. In addition, the purchasing power increase, population growth and consumer awareness will increase the demand for quality, volume, graded and standardized products and traceability of sources. Land O’ Lakes in 2010 showed that the top 10% earners in Addis Ababa consumed about 38% of milk, while the lowest income group, approximately 61% of the population consumed only 23%.

Challenges

In Ethiopian the major constraints for dairy sector are shortage of feed at the end of dry, land shortage for establish improved forage, genetic limitation, limited access and high cost of dairy heifers/cows absence of an operational breeding strategy and policy, inadequate veterinary service provision, weak linkages between research, extension service providers and technology users, inadequate extension and training service, milk market related constraints, reproductive problems, lack of research and information exchange system, lack of education and consultation, socio-economic challenges and limited availability of credit to the dairy farmer.

Dairy marketing is a key constraint to dairy development throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Marketing problems must be addressed if dairying is to realize its full potential to provide food and stimulate broad based agriculture and economic development. Because dairy development is sources of employment since it is labor intensive and associated with large incomes and price elasticity of demand. There is also risk of price decrease to suppliers related to dairy imports and food aid, and seasonal fall in demand due to cultural conditions. Adulteration is also believed to be a problem especially among the smallholders. Therefore, to increase milk productivity, it is necessary to eliminate the limiting factors and in turn exploit opportunities that could improve productivity of milk [54].

Major Trade Barriers to Dairy Products

Milk and dairy products are considered high-risk goods in production, consumption and trade. The risks, or perceived risks, are that milk products pose threats to food safety and animal health. As a result, dairy trade is subject to a considerable amount of regulation to limit the transfer of risk. Whereas such sanitary measures are generally applied for legitimate reasons, they can also be used in a protectionist manner, and such tendencies might increase with the further lowering of tariffs and expansion of tariff rate quotas [55]. High tariffs effectively block certain markets for exports or place severe restrictions through limited levels of quota access, high trade restrictions, combined with domestic support for dairy production, are common in the largest dairy markets such as Canada, the US, the EU and Japan. These trade restrictions are a key reason why only 7% of global dairy production is traded. Trade in dairy is expected to increase due to the rising demand for dairy products in emerging and developing markets.

Dairy Investment Policy Environment in Ethiopia (Figure 3)

The policy and regulatory environment influenced the country’s dairy sector characterized as free market economic system and the emergence of modern commercial dairying (1960 - 1974), socialist (Derg) regime that emphasized a centralized economic system and state farms (1974 - 1991) and free market and market liberalization (1991- present). The major goal of livestock policy programmed is to increase smallholders’ returns from investments in animal agriculture by providing them with essential information on government policies in the sector and developing appropriate policy and institutional options that will help improve livestock productivity, asset accumulation, promote sustainable use of natural resources and building capacity of policy makers and analysts [56]. Investment in dairy cattle breeds improvement in the MRS system through crossbreeding using AI and synchronization. For the five-year GTP II period, a total investment of ETB 148 million is needed to improve the capacity of the AI centers and the related service, and the training of AI technicians. The investment by the GoE to put in place the AI and synchronization services for the intervention is only ETB 148 million (very good leveraging by the GoE). Average milk production per crossbred cow per day in small specialized dairy increases from 10 to 12 litres (20% increase), in medium specialized dairy increases from 16 to 19.2 litres (20% increase), in small specialized dairy units increases from 2593 to 2746 litres (6% increase) and in medium specialized dairy units increases from 4608 to 5080 litres (10% increase) are the improvement objective crossbred dairy cattle in specialized dairy with the adoption of the interventions during the GTP II [57].

To meet the targets projected for 2020 government policy is important to create an environment conducive for innovation and risk taking on the part of investors (Figure 4). Delgado [58] identify four policy pillars for commercialization of smallholder dairying

a. Remove market distortions

b. Building participatory institutions of collective actions by small producers to facilitate their vertical integration

c. Increasing investment to improve productivity

d. Promoting effective regulatory institutions to deal with public health and environmental concerns of livestock intensification.

Current Scenario and Way Forward

The prospects of dairying seem to be bright because government is attempting them remedy through policies and strategies. Thus, dairy farmers are on the way to getting access to services and inputs that could help promote dairy production and productivity. This mainly includes feed and feeding, breeding services, credit, extension, training, veterinary services, and appropriate marketing system that addresses consumers’ demands etc. Since dairying is labor intensive, it promotes the motto of government policy in creating employment opportunities at house hold level. This improves employment, income and nutrition values of the family of the producers and the other demanders/consumers. The dairy industry would address and serve as one of the major instruments of the governments’ policy in achieving food security. This in turn promotes dairy production due to the attention of given by the government [59-63]. According to the 2014 GDP per capita statistics 0.4% of the population has consumption of 10-20 USD/day, 4.3% of the population 4-10 USD/day and 24.6% of the population 2-4 USD/day per capita. With the increase in income, it is expected that consumption pattern shifts to high value food items that demands encouraging supply of livestock products. The contribution of medium specialized dairy to GDP increases from ETB 353 million in 2015 to ETB 751 million in 2020. Milk trade in the dry lands, which is concentrated near towns, there is greater involvement of poorer herders, especially women than there generally is for live animal trade. However, opportunities for dairy trade in the dry lands (especially commerce in cow milk and butter) are limited mainly to urban and peri-urban areas where consumers are available and distance to markets is minimal.

Livestock development is guided by the broad policies of the government. These include the Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI), Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (PRSP), Food Security Strategy (FSS), Rural Development Policy and Strategies (RDPS), Capacity Building Strategy and Program (CBSP), Agricultural Marketing Strategies (AMS), foreign affairs and security policy and strategy, the export strategy, and the draft livestock breeding policy [64].

A future milk surplus could be realized through investment in better genetics, feed and health services, improving both traditional dairy farms and commercial-scale specialized dairy production units. The investment interventions proposed to improve cattle milk production and the value chain would transform family dairy farms in the highland moisture enough production zone from traditional to market-oriented improved family dairy (IFD) systems. These proposed interventions would also vastly increase the commercial-scale specialized dairy units as well as improve milk production from indigenous (or local) cattle breeds. Dairy co-operatives and Milk groups have facilitated the participation of smallholder in fluid milk markets in the Ethiopian highlands. Milk groups are a simple example of an agro-industrial innovation, but they are only a necessary first step in the process of developing more sophisticated co-operative organizations and well-functioning dairy markets [65,66]. The survival of the milk

groups that supply inputs and process and market dairy products will depend on their continued ability to capture value-added dairy processing and return that value-added to their members.

Evidence from Kenya emphasizes the importance of milk collection organizations in improving access to market and expanding productive bases. On the other hand, there is a need to stimulate consumption of dairy products in the country through various mechanisms, including school milk programmed as more consumption increase demand for dairy produce and can potentially encourage production in the long run. By increasing the number and productivity of cattle through improvements in genetics, health and feeding, domestic cow milk production will increase by about 93% by 2020, consumption demand will be satisfied, and export of cow milk and milk products will begin.

The following points should be implemented to growth the dairy trade

a. A clear understanding of potential market trends and opportunities is needed for policy and planning in the dairy sub-sector.

b. Public policy-makers should engage constructively with traditional markets to link them with formal modern industry.

c. Make investment in dairy co-operative development effective and pro-poor should be well managed, placed outside strong political forces and linked to strong demand.

d. There must be a link between agricultural research and growth in dairy development. Investment in dairy development through provision of appropriate credit and research technologies to smallholder producers will bring growth and shift producers towards greater commercial orientation, increasing their demand for improved technologies and innovations [67].

e. Imports and exports as well as macro policy and level of openness of the economy, can play a consistent role in the pace of dairy sector development. Import controls/ restrictions which is not for purposes of enforcing Sanitary Requirements and Food Safety Standards should be reduced or abolished. By so doing the role of domestic market protection will be relegated to ratification of dairy products.

f. Ethiopia dairy industry currently lacks some categories of products in terms of variety, quality and quantity. These include; cheeses, butter, milk powder, whey, yoghurts and ice cream. The processors can seek ways to increase capacity and invest aggressively in product development.

g. The performance of the few milk producing co-operatives operating so far has shown that the quantity of locally produced milk currently available to processors and consumers could be increased significantly if effective collection (quality controlplatform, chemical and microbiological) tests, transportation, cooling and marketing systems are put in place.

h. Milk producers’ organizations should provide ‘support services’ to increase clean milk production. An effective and well-trained animal health service should be available at any time to look after the health of animals, arrangements should be made for regular vaccination and checking against contagious diseases by the qualified veterinarians.

i. Formation of Dairy Board at national level and regional level are important for the development of the dairy industry [68]. Introduction of programs that will increase milk consumption (e.g. introduction of school milk program) price differentiation (i.e. premium price for high quality milk) are important for increasing milk production and consumption.

j. Addressing milk quality concerns and transforming the informal milk markets based on the concept of business development services (BDS), and be supervised by national regulatory authorities

k. As in many African countries, knowledge of hygiene is often not enough. Thus, the most important support services regarding clean milk production is “Extension –Education”.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

Only about 66.5 million tons or 8.3% of total world dairy production is traded internationally, excluding intra-EU trade. Even if the demand is estimated 15 million tons of product annually, 816.0 million tons milk produced and the traded was 73.2 million tons. Over the last decade interest in global dairy trade has intensified partially because of the enormous impact that domestic and international policies have had or are projected to have on the global trade and domestic supply. In 2012-2016 Ethiopia imported more milk and milk products than exported (Figures 5 & 6). Though dairy sector in Ethiopia has a challenge, there are potential to development. Imports and exports as well as macro policy and level of openness of the economy, can play a consistent role in the pace of dairy sector development.

Recommendation

a. Should be develop marketing channels which can be used to promote the milk producers and dairy value chain actors, aware of the potential for increased production and marketing of specific products

b. Should be encourage licensed traders and qualitybased payments, strengthen the coordination between union, primary cooperatives and farmers and improve the effectiveness

c. Improve HACCP knowledge and skills and ensure milk producers, processors, transporters, retainers and collectors.

d. Dairy plants (like collection center, bulk cooling, transport, processing and distribution) should be organized to enhance formal marketing/trade

e. Should be set a clear market trends and opportunities policy and planning in the dairy sector

f. Strengthen investment in dairy co-operative development effective and pro-poor should be well managed, placed outside strong political forces and linked to strong demand

g. Should be encourage/develop quality control to increase consumer knowledge and demand for specific products

h. Improve milk production efficiency can be important through specific education and training

i. Improve milk production efficiency by investing high dairy herd size and create free access for investors in larger dairy farms with the best growth potential of livestock selection service recording system and strengthening project which supports investment and training in commercial dairy farms.

j. Training should be provide by professional for producers, dairy value chain actors, may include: skills and know-how on marketing and branding products to identify new opportunities at the dairy processing level; support for research and development initiatives for new dairy products; case studies and exposure to foreign experiences might stimulate creativity and entrepreneurship at the dairy processing level; a better understanding and a greater focus on market-driven value chains; knowledge of the requirements of food retailers is a precondition for the successful marketing of their products, better knowledge about these requirements may lead to opportunities for increased market participation; developing intermediary support structures that bring buyers and suppliers together is another initiative that can be undertaken at local and national levels.

k. Should be build the trust within farm communities and to improve awareness of the benefits of a more cooperative approach in terms of bargaining power and marketing strategy.

l. Develop or improve the image of the dairy sector by professionalizing the sector, to create better-quality jobs for young, well-educated people, and professional farms and a better marketing strategy for adding value, higher incomes and a more attractive dairy sector. More emphasis must be

placed on a young and successful entrepreneur profile to attract young people to the sector

Government should be fund for milk producers and investors based on their project proposal

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To know more about Open Access Publishers: Juniper Publishers

#Juniper Publishers #Juniper Publishers group #Veterinary Sciences #Poultry Sciences #Dairy

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jeroldlockettus · 6 years

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The Future of Meat (Ep. 367)

Over 40 percent of the land in the contiguous U.S. is used for cow farming. Can scientists build a more sustainable burger? (Photo: Scott Olson/Getty)

Global demand for beef, chicken, and pork continues to rise. So do concerns about environmental and other costs. Will reconciling these two forces be possible — or, even better, Impossible

Listen and subscribe to our podcast at Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, or elsewhere. Below is a transcript of the episode, edited for readability. For more information on the people and ideas in the episode, see the links at the bottom of this post.

* * *

Let’s begin with a few basic facts. Fact No. 1: a lot of people, all over the world, really like to eat meat — especially beef, pork, and chicken.

Jayson LUSK: If you add them all together, we’re actually higher than we’ve been in recent history.

That’s Jayson Lusk.

LUSK: I’m a professor and head of the agricultural economics department at Purdue University. I study what we eat and why we eat it.

DUBNER: In terms of overall meat consumption per capita in the U.S., how do we rank worldwide?

LUSK: We’re the king of meat eaters. So, compared to almost any other country in the world, we eat more meat per capita.

DUBNER: Even Brazil, Argentina, yes?

LUSK: Yes, and part of that difference is income-based. So, if you took Argentina, Brazil, and adjusted for income, they would probably be consuming more than us, but we happen to be richer, so we eat a little more.

The average American consumes roughly 200 pounds of meat a year. That’s an average. So, let’s say you’re a meat eater and someone in your family is vegetarian: you might be putting away 400 pounds a year. But, in America at least, there aren’t that many vegetarians.

LUSK: I probably have the largest data set of vegetarians of any other researcher that I know.

DUBNER: Really? Why?

LUSK: I’ve been doing a survey of U.S. food consumers every month for about five years, and one of the questions I ask is, “Are you a vegan or a vegetarian?” So, over five years’ time and about 1,000 people a month, I’ve got about 60,000 observations.

DUBNER: Wow. And is this a nationwide data survey?

LUSK: It is. Representative in terms of age and income and education. I’d say on average, you’re looking at about three to five percent of people say “yes” to that question. I’d say there’s a very slight uptick over the last five years.

So, again, a lot of meat-eating in America. What are some other countries that consume a lot of meat? Australia and New Zealand, Israel, Canada, Russia, most European countries. And, increasingly, China.

LUSK: One of the things we know is that when consumers get a little more income in their pocket, one of the first things they do is want to add high-value proteins to their diets.

DUBNER: What is the relationship generally between G.D.P. and meat consumption?

LUSK: Positive, although sort of diminishing returns, so as you get to really high income levels, it might even tail off a little bit. But certainly at the lower end of that spectrum, as a country grows and adds more G.D.P., you start to see some pretty rapid increases in meat consumption.

Meat consumption is of course driven by social and religious factors as well; by health concerns, and animal welfare: not everyone agrees that humans should be eating animals at all. That said, we should probably assume that the demand for meat will continue to rise as more of the world keeps getting richer. How’s the supply side doing with this increased demand? Quite well. The meat industry is massive and complicated — and often heavily subsidized. But, long story short, if you go by the availability of meat and especially what consumers pay, this is an economic success story.

LUSK: So prices of almost all of our meat products have declined pretty considerably over the last 60 to 100 years. And the reason is that we have become so much more productive at producing meat. If you look at most of the statistics, like the amount of pork produced per sow. And we’ve taken out a lot of the seasonal variation that we used to see, as these animals have been brought indoors. And you look at poultry production, broiler production: the amount of meat that’s produced per broiler has risen dramatically — almost doubled, say — over the last 50 to 100 years, while also consuming slightly less feed.

That’s due largely to selective breeding and other technologies. The same goes for beef production.

LUSK: We get a lot more meat per animal, for example, on a smaller amount of land.

As you can imagine, people concerned with animal welfare may not celebrate these efficiency improvements. And then there’s the argument that, despite these efficiency improvements, turning animals into food is wildly inefficient.

Pat BROWN: Because the cow didn’t evolve to be meat. That’s the thing.

Pat Brown is a long-time Stanford biomedical researcher who’s done groundbreaking work in genetics.

BROWN: The cow evolved to be a cow and make more cows and not to be eaten by humans. And it’s not very good at making meat.

Meaning: it takes an enormous amount of food and water and other resources to turn a cow or a pig into dinner — much more than plant-based foods. And as Pat Brown sees it, that is not even the worst of it.

BROWN: The most environmentally destructive technology on earth: using animals in food production. Nothing else even comes close.

Not everyone agrees that meat production is the environment’s biggest enemy. What’s not in dispute is that global demand for meat is high and rising. And that the production of meat is resource-intensive and, at the very least, an environmental challenge, with implications for climate change. Pat Brown thinks he has a solution to these problems. He’s started a company—

BROWN: —a company whose mission is to completely replace animals as a food production technology by 2035.

The meat industry, as you can imagine, has other ideas:

Kelly FOGARTY: We want to keep the term “meat” to what is traditionally harvested and raised in the traditional manner.

Today on Freakonomics Radio: everything you always wanted to know about meat, about meatless meat, and where meat meets the future.

* * *

What determines which food you put in your mouth every day? There are plainly a lot of factors: personal preference, tradition, geography, on and on.

LUSK: So, take something like horse consumption. It’s almost unheard of to even think about consuming a horse in the United States.

Jayson Lusk again, the agricultural economist.

LUSK: Whereas, you go to Belgium or France, it would be a commonly consumed dish.

But there’s another big factor that determines who eats what: technology. Technology related to how food is grown, preserved, transported. But also: technology that isn’t even related to the food itself. Consider the case of mutton. Mutton is the meat of an adult sheep. The meat of a young sheep is called lamb. I am willing to bet that you have not eaten mutton in the last six months, probably the last six years. Maybe never. But if we were talking 100 years ago? Different story.

LUSK: It’s certainly the case that back in the 1920’s and 30’s that mutton was a much more commonly consumed product.

Mutton was a staple of the American diet; one of the standard items shipped to soldiers during World War II was canned mutton. But shortly after the war, mutton started to disappear. What happened?

LUSK: A sheep is not just meat. These are multi-product species and they’re valuable not just for their meat but for their wool.

Oh yeah, wool. And unlike leather, which can be harvested only once from an animal, you can shear wool from one sheep many times, over many years.

LUSK: So anything that affects the demand for wool is also going to affect the underlying market for the rest of the underlying animal.

And what might affect the demand for wool? How about synthetic substitutes? Nylon, for instance, was created by DuPont in 1935, and became available to the public in 1940. A year later, polyester was invented.

LUSK: So, you know, any time you had new clothing technologies come along, that’s going to affect the underlying demand for sheep and make them less valuable than they would have been otherwise.

So an increase in synthetic fabrics led to a shrinking demand for wool — which meant that all those sheep that had been kept around for shearing no longer needed to be kept around. Also, wool subsidies were repealed. And America’s sheep flock drastically shrank: from a high of 56 million in 1942 to barely 5 million today.

LUSK: It is amazing. I’ve worked at several agricultural universities across the U.S. now, and often the largest sheep herds in those states are at the university research farms.

And fewer sheep meant less mutton for dinner. Is it possible Americans would have stopped eating mutton without the rise of synthetic fabrics? Absolutely: if you ask a room full of meat-eaters to name their favorite meat, I doubt one of them will say “mutton.” Still, this is just one example of how technology can have a big effect on the meat we eat. And if you talk to certain people, it’s easy to believe that we’re on the verge of a similar but much larger technological shift.

BROWN: My name is Pat Brown. I’m currently the CEO and founder of Impossible Foods, whose mission is to completely replace animals as a food production technology.

Brown grew up in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., as well as Paris and Taipei — his father worked for the C.I.A. He studied to be a pediatrician and in fact completed his medical residency, but he switched to biochemistry research.

BROWN: I had the best job in the world at Stanford. My job was basically to discover and invent things and follow my curiosity.

Brown did this for many years and was considered a world-class researcher. One of his breakthroughs was a new tool for genetic mapping; it’s called the D.N.A. microarray—

BROWN: —that lets you read all the words that the cell is using and effectively kind of start to learn the vocabulary, learn how the genome writes the life story of a cell, or something like that. It also has practical applications, because — what it’s doing, in a sort of a deterministic way, specifies the potential of that cell, or if it’s a cancer cell.

Some people think the DNA microarray will win Pat Brown a Nobel Prize. When I bring this up, he just shakes his head and smiles. It’s clear that his research was a deep passion.

BROWN: For me, this was the dream job, it was like in the Renaissance, having the Medicis as patrons or something like that.

But after many years, Brown wanted a change. He was in his mid-50’s; he took a sabbatical to figure out his next move.

BROWN: It started out with stepping back from the work I was doing and asking myself, “What’s the most important thing I could do? What could I do that would have the biggest positive impact on the world?” And looking at what are the biggest unsolved problems in the world? I came relatively quickly to the conclusion that the use of animals as a food-production technology, is by far. And I could give you endless reasons why that’s true, but it is absolutely true. By far the most environmentally destructive thing that humans do.

There is indeed a great deal of evidence for this argument across the entire environmental spectrum. The agricultural historian James McWilliams, in a book called Just Food, argues that “every environmental problem related to contemporary agriculture … ends up having its deepest roots in meat production: monocropping, excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer, addiction to insecticides, rain-forest depletion, land degradation, topsoil runoff, declining water supplies, even global warming — all these problems would be considerably less severe” if people ate meat “rarely, if ever.”

LUSK: You know, there’s no doubt that meat production has environmental consequences. To suggest that it’s the most damaging environmental thing we do is, I think, a pretty extreme overstatement.

But what about the greenhouse-gas emissions associated with raising meat — especially in the U.S., which is the world’s largest beef producer?

LUSK: Our own E.P.A. — Environmental Protection Agency — suggests that all of livestock contributes about 3 percent of our total greenhouse-gas emissions. So, I mean, 3 percent is not nothing, but it’s not the major contributor that we see. That number, I should say, is much higher in many other parts of the world. So the carbon impacts per pound produced are so much smaller here than a lot of the world that when you tell people, “the way to reduce carbon emissions is to intensify animal production,” that’s not a story a lot of people like to hear.

DUBNER: Because why not, it sounds like it’s against animal welfare?

LUSK: Well, two reasons: Exactly, one is there are concerns about animal welfare, particularly when you’re talking about broiler chickens, or hogs — less so about cattle — and the other one is, there are concerns about when you concentrate a lot of animals in one place you can get all this waste in a location, that you have to think about creative ways to deal with that don’t have some significant environmental problems.

DUBNER: So, the E.P.A. number, livestock contributing three percent, does that include the entire production chain, though? Because, some of the numbers that I see from environmental activists is much, much higher than that.

LUSK: The U.N. estimate that you often hear from — originally was created in this report called “Livestock’s Long Shadow,” is something around 19 percent. But that 19 percent, roughly, number, is a global number. Actually, there was a study that came out pointing out some flaws in that, so they reduced it somewhat.

In any case, there is a growing concern in many quarters over the externalities of meat production.

LUSK: Over the last 5–10 years, there’s been a lot of negative publicity — stories about environmental impacts, about carbon emissions, about animal welfare. And if you just look at the news stories, you would think, “Boy, people must be really cutting back, given the sort of frightful stories that you see on the front pages of the newspapers.” But if you look at the data itself, demand looks fairly stable. And that suggests to me it’s hard to change people’s preference on this.

There’s something about meat consumption. Some people would argue that we’re evolved to like meat, that it’s a protein-, vitamin-packed, tasty punch that we’ve grown to enjoy as a species. There are some people that even argue that it’s one of the reasons we became as smart as we did, the vitamins and nutrients that were in that meat allowed our brains to develop in certain ways that it might have not otherwise.

Pat Brown saw that same strong preference for meat when he decided that the number-one scientific problem to solve was replacing animals as food.

BROWN: And it’s a problem that nobody was working on in any serious way. Because everybody recognized that most people in the world, including most environmental scientists and people who care about this stuff, love the foods we get from animals so much that they can’t imagine giving those up.

Brown himself was a longtime vegan.

BROWN: I haven’t eaten meat for decades, and that’s just a personal choice that I made long before I realized the destructive impact of that industry. That was a choice I made for other reasons. And it wasn’t something that I felt like I was in a position to tell other people to do. And I still don’t feel like there’s any value in doing that.

Brown makes an interesting point here. Many of us, when we feel strongly about something — an environmental issue or a social or economic issue — we’re inclined to put forth a moral argument. A moral argument would appear to be persuasive evidence of the highest order: you should do this thing because it’s the right thing to do. But there’s a ton of research showing that moral arguments are generally ineffective; people may smile at you, and nod; but they won’t change their behavior. That’s what Brown realized about meat.

BROWN: The basic problem is that people are not going to stop wanting these foods. And the only way we’re going to solve it is not by asking them to meet you halfway and give them a substandard product that doesn’t deliver what they know they want from meat or fish or anything like that. The only way to do it is, you have to say, “We’re going to do the much harder thing,” which is we’re going to figure out how to make meat that’s not just as delicious as the meat we get from animals, it’s more delicious and better nutritionally and more affordable and so forth.

In other words: a marginal improvement on the standard veggie burger would not do.

BROWN: It’s been tried. It just doesn’t work. It’s a waste of effort.

So Brown start fooling around in his lab.

BROWN: Doing some kind of micro experiments just to convince myself in a way that this was doable.

Those early experiments were fairly encouraging.

BROWN: I felt like, okay, there’s a bunch of things I thought could be useful, and then I felt like I could just go in with a little bit more confidence to talk to the investors.

“The investors” meaning venture capitalists. Remember, Brown’s at Stanford, which is next door to the biggest pile of venture capital in the history of the world.

BROWN: And basically my pitch them was very naive from a fundraising standpoint, in the sense that basically I mostly just told them about how there’s this absolutely critical environmental disaster that needs to be solved and—

DUBNER: And they’re probably expecting to hear something now about carbon capture, or—

BROWN: Yeah, that’s the thing. And most people still are. So I just told these guys, “Look, this is an environmental disaster. No one’s doing anything about it. I’m going to solve it for you.”

So how does the almost-pediatrician-who-became-a-freewheeling-biochemist build a better meat from the ground up? That amazing story after the break:

BROWN: Okay, bingo, this is how we’re going to do it.

* * *

It’s estimated that more than half of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with all animal agriculture comes from cows.

LUSK: And that is due to the fact that beef are ruminant animals.

The Purdue economist Jayson Lusk again.

LUSK: Their stomachs produce methane. It comes out the front end, not the back, as a lot of people think. And as a consequence — we look at carbon consequences — it’s mainly beef that people focus on, not pork or chicken, because they don’t have the same kind of digestive systems.

There has been progress in this area. For instance, it turns out that adding seaweed to cattle feed drastically reduces their methane output. But the scientist Pat Brown is looking for a much bigger change to the animal-agriculture industry.

BROWN: If I could snap my fingers and make that industry disappear right now — which I would do, if I could, and it would be a great thing for the world.

It is very unlikely to disappear any time soon; it is a trillion-dollar global industry, supported in many places by government subsidies, selling a product that billions of people consume once, twice, even three times a day. Pat Brown’s desire would seem to be an impossible one; the company he founded is called Impossible Foods. It’s essentially a tech startup, and it’s raised nearly $400 million to date in venture capital.

BROWN: So, we’ve only been in existence for about seven years and we have about 300 people. We started by basically building a team of some of the best scientists in the world to study how meat works, basically. And by that, I mean to really understand at a basic level the way, in my previous life, when I was a biomedical scientist, we might be studying how, you know, a normal cell of this particular kind becomes a cancer cell, understanding the basic biochemical mechanisms.

In this case, what we wanted to understand was: what are the basic biochemical mechanisms that account for the unique flavor chemistry and the flavor behavior and aromas and textures and juiciness and all those qualities that consumers value in meat? And we spent about 2.5 years just doing basic research, trying to answer that question, before we really started working on a product. And then decided for strategic reasons that our first product would be raw ground beef made entirely from plants.

DUBNER: Because burger is what people want?

BROWN: Well, there’s a lot of reasons why I think it was a good strategic choice: the largest single category of meat in the U.S., it’s probably the most iconic kind of meat in the U.S., it seemed like the ideal vehicle for communicating to consumers that delicious meat doesn’t have to come from animals, because it’s sort of the uber-meat for a lot of people.

DUBNER: Uber, lower-case “u.”

BROWN: With a lower-case, yes.

DUBNER: People are not hailing burgers, riding them around?

BROWN: No, thank God. And beef production is the most environmentally destructive segment of the animal agriculture industry. So, from an impact standpoint, it made sense as a choice.

So Pat Brown set about repurposing the scientific wisdom he’d accrued over a long, fruitful career in biomedicine. A career that may improve the health and well-being of countless millions. And now he got to work on a truly earth-shaking project: building a better burger. A burger that doesn’t come from a cow. An Impossible burger. So how did that work? What ingredients do you put in an Impossible burger?

BROWN: That’s an interesting aspect about the science, which is that we didn’t look for, “What are the precisely specific choices of ingredients that would work?” We studied, “What are the biochemical properties we need from the set of ingredients?” And then we did a survey of things available from the plant world that matched those biophysical properties of which there were choices.

So what are the main components of this burger?

BROWN: I can tell you what it’s made of right now. What it’s made of right now is different from how it was made two years ago, and that was different from how it was made two and half years ago and the next version we’re going to launch is a quite different set of ingredients.

We first interviewed Brown several months ago. The main ingredients at the time included:

BROWN: A protein from wheat; a protein from potatoes — not a starch from potatoes, but a protein from potatoes, it’s a byproduct of starch production. Coconut oil is the major fat source. And then we have a bunch of other small molecules, but they’re all familiar things: amino acids, vitamins, sugars. Nutrients.

But all these ingredients did not make Pat Brown’s plant-based hamburger meat taste or act or look like hamburger meat. It was still missing a critical component. A component called heme.

BROWN: Heme is found in essentially every living thing and heme in plants and human animals is the exact same molecule, okay? It’s just one of the most ubiquitous and fundamental molecules in life on Earth, period. The system that burns calories to produce energy uses heme as an essential component, and it’s what carries oxygen in your blood. And it’s what makes your blood red.

And none of this we discovered — this has been known for a long time and — so animals have a lot more heme than plants. And it’s that very high concentration of heme that accounts for the unique flavors of meat that you would recognize something as meat. It’s the overwhelmingly dominant factor in making the unique taste of meat and fish.

DUBNER: Is it involved in texture and mouthfeel and all that as well, or just taste?

BROWN: Just taste. Texture and mouthfeel are really important and there’s a whole other set of research around that. Super important — it kind of gets short shrift, because people think of the flavor as sort of the most dramatic thing about meat. But you have to get that other stuff right, too.

Brown and his team of scientists, after a couple years of research and experimentation, were getting a lot of that stuff right. But without heme — a lot of heme — their meatless meat would never resemble meat.

BROWN: So there is one component of a certain kind of plant that has a high concentration of heme, and that is in plants that fix nitrogen, that take nitrogen from the air and turn it into fertilizer. They have a structure called the root nodule, where the nitrogen fixation takes place and for reasons that are too complicated to explain right now they, that has a high concentration of heme and I just happened to know this from way back.

And if you slice open the root nodules of one of these plants:

BROWN: They have such a high concentration of heme that they look like a freshly cut steak, okay? And I did a calculation about the concentration of that stuff — soy leghemoglobin is the protein, which is virtually identical to the heme protein in muscle tissue, which is called myoglobin — that there was enough leghemoglobin in the root nodules of the U.S. soybean crop to replace all the heme in all the meat consumed in the U.S. Okay? So, I thought, “Genius, okay. We’ll just go out and harvest all these root nodules from the U.S. soybean crop and we’ll get this stuff practically for free.” Well, so I raised money for the company and we spent half the money trying to figure out how to harvest these root nodules from soybean plants, only basically to finally convince ourselves it was a terrible idea.

But if you’re a veteran scientist like Brown, a little failure is not so off-putting.

BROWN: You know you’re going to be doing things that are pushing the limits and trying entirely new things and a lot of them are going to fail. And if you don’t have a high tolerance for that and realize that basically, the way you do really really important, cool stuff is by trying a lot of things and not punishing yourself for the failures, but just celebrating the successes, you know, you’re not going to accomplish as much.

And the idea of buying up all the root nodules of the U.S. soybean crop wasn’t a complete failure.

BROWN: I mean, we got enough that we could do experiments to prove that it really was a magic ingredient for flavor. But then we had to start all over, and then what we did was: we said, ”Okay, we’re going to have to engineer a microorganism to produce gobs of this heme protein. Okay”? And since now we weren’t bound by any natural source, we looked at three dozen different heme proteins, everything from, you know, paramecium to barley to Hell’s Gate bacteria, which is like this —

DUBNER: That’s a plant? Hell’s Gate?

BROWN: It’s a bacteria that lives in deep sea vents near New Zealand that survive with temperatures above the boiling point of water that we mostly just looked at for fun, but funny thing about that, the reason we rejected it is that it’s so heat-stable that you can cook a burger to cooking temperature and it still stays bright red, because it doesn’t unfold. But anyway — and then we pick the best one, which turned out to be, just coincidentally, soy leghemoglobin, which is the one we were going after—

DUBNER: So your terrible idea was actually pretty good.

BROWN: It wasn’t really a brilliant idea, it accidentally turned out to be the right choice.

Through the magic of modern plant engineering, Pat Brown’s team began creating massive stocks of heme. And that heme would help catapult the Impossible burger well beyond the realm of the standard veggie burger — the mostly unloved veggie burger, we should say. The Impossible Burger looks like hamburger meat — when it’s raw and when it’s cooked. It behaves like hamburger meat. Most important, it tastes like hamburger meat.

Alison CRAIGLOW: I would like the American with an Impossible Burger.

WAITER: And how would you like that cooked?

CRAIGLOW: Oh, I didn’t realize — I’ll have it medium … medium. Is it pink in the middle when it’s … it is?

The Freakonomics Radio team recently ate some Impossible burgers in a restaurant near Times Square.

Zack LAPINSKI: I mean, I actually can’t taste the diff —

CRAIGLOW: It tastes like a burger

Ryan KELLY: Good day for the Impossible Burger

Greg RIPPIN: Yeah, approved by Freakonomics.

Their meal happened to coincide with the release of Impossible Burger 2.0 — an updated recipe that uses a soy protein instead of a wheat protein and has a few more tweaks: less salt, sunflower oil to cut the coconut oil, and no more xanthan gum and konjac gum. In my own tasting experience: Impossible Burger 1.0 was really good but a little slushy; 2.0 was burger-tastic.

These are of course our subjective observations. Here’s some actual evidence: Impossible Burgers are already being served in roughly 5,000 locations, primarily in the U.S. but also Hong Kong and Macau. These include very high-end restaurants in New York and California as well as fast-food chains like Umami Burger and even White Castle. This year, Impossible plans to start selling its burger meat in grocery stores.

BROWN: We’ve grown in terms of our sales and revenue about 30-fold in the past year. And our goal is to completely replace animal as a food technology by 2035. That means we have to approximately double in size and impact every year for the next 18 years.

DUBNER: Are we to understand that you are taking aim at pigs and chickens and fish as well?

BROWN: Yes, of course. So when we first started out, we were working on a technology platform and sort of the know-how about how meat works in general; we were working on understanding dairy products and cheeses and stuff like that. And then we decided, okay, we have to pick one product to launch with, and then we have to, from a commercialization standpoint, just go all in on it for a while.

DUBNER: As the scientist, or as a scientist, were you reluctant to kind of narrow yourself for that commercial interest, or did you appreciate that this is the way in this world things actually happen?

BROWN: Both. I mean, let’s put it this way: I would like to be able to pursue all these things in parallel, and if I had the resources I would. But if we launched another product right now, we’d just be competing against ourselves for resources for commercialization, so just doesn’t make any sense.

We put out an episode not long ago called “Two (Totally Opposite) Ways to Save the Planet.” It featured the science journalist Charles Mann.

MANN: How are we going to deal with climate change? There have been two ways that have been suggested, overarching ways, that represent, if you like, poles on a continuum. And they’ve been fighting with each other for decades.

The two poles are represented by what Mann calls, in his latest book, The Wizard and the Prophet. The prophet sees environmental destruction as a problem best addressed by restoring nature to its natural state. The wizard, meanwhile, believes that technology can address environmental dangers. This is, of course, a typology, a shorthand; a prophet doesn’t necessarily fear technology any more than a wizard fears nature. That said: if there were ever an embodiment of the wizard-prophet hybrid, a person driven by idealism and pragmatism in equal measure, I’d say it’s Pat Brown. Which means his invention has the capacity to upset people all across the spectrum.

The consumers and activists who might cheer a meatless meat are often the same sort of people who are anti-G.M.O. — genetically modified organisms. And the Impossible Burger would not have been possible without its genetically modified heme — which, by the way, the F.D.A. recently declared safe, after challenges from environmental groups like Friends of the Earth. Another group that might object to Impossible Foods? The meat industry. You know, the ones who use actual animals to raise food.

FOGARTY: My name is Kelly Fogarty and I serve as the executive vice president for the United States Cattlemen’s Association. And I am a fifth- generation beef cattle rancher here in Oakdale, California.

DUBNER: I’m just curious, as a woman, do you find yourself ever wishing the U.S. Cattlemen’s Association would change their name or are you okay with it?

FOGARTY: You know, it’s funny you mention that. There’s always a little bit of a notion there in the back of my mind of, you know, of course being in the industry for so long. I take it as representing all of the livestock industry. But you know, definitely having a special nod to all the female ranchers out there would be nice to have as well.

DUBNER: And what is the primary difference between the U.S. Cattlemen’s Association and the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association?

FOGARTY: As the United States Cattlemen’s Association, we are made up primarily of cattle producers. So your family ranches. You know, cow-calf operations run by producers and kind of for producers is what U.S.C.A. was built on. Whereas National Cattlemen’s Beef Association does include some more of packer influences as well as you know some of the processing facilities as well.

DUBNER: Can you just talk generally for a moment: how big of a threat does the beef industry see from alternative, “meat”?

FOGARTY: So from our end you know, in looking at the “meat” — and I appreciate you using those quotes around that term — from our end, we’re not so much seeing it as a threat to our product. What we are really looking at is not a limit on consumer choice or trying to back one product out of the market. It’s really to make sure that we’re keeping the information out there accurate and that what is available to consumers and what is being shown to consumers on labels is accurate to what the product actually is.

In 2018, Fogarty’s organization filed a petition with the U.S.D.A. to prevent products from being labeled as “beef” or “meat” unless they come from a cow.

DUBNER: Does that mean that your organization thinks that consumers are confused by labeling? Is that the primary objection?

FOGARTY: So the primary objection from the United Cattlemen’s Association is that we want to keep the term “meat” to what is traditionally harvested and raised in the traditional manner. And so when we see the term “meat” being put on these products that is not derived from that definition, what our producers came to us and really wanted us to act on was what we saw happened in other industries, specifically when you look at the dairy industry and where the term “milk” has now been used.

“Almond milk,” for instance. Which comes from almonds, not animals. Which led the National Milk Producers Federation to argue that it should not be sold as “almond milk.” The FDA agreed; its commissioner pointed out that “an almond doesn’t lactate.” There are important differences between so-called “milk” that doesn’t come from animals and so-called “meat” that doesn’t come from animals. Almond milk has very different nutritional content than cow’s milk; the Impossible Burger, meanwhile, has a similar nutritional profile to hamburger — including the iron content, which vegans can have trouble getting enough of. That’s another reason why Kelly Fogarty and the U.S. Cattlemen’s Association might not want the Impossible Burger to be labeled “meat.”

DUBNER: I am just curious about the mental state of your industry because I was looking at your Facebook page and one post the other day led with the following: “Eat or be eaten. Be at the table or on the menu. Fight or be forgotten.” So that sounds — it would make me believe that the future of meat is one in which cattle ranchers feel a little bit like an endangered species or at least under assault.

FOGARTY: I think that speaks to a lot of misconceptions that are out there regarding the U.S. beef industry. Whether it be in terms of you know nutrition, environment, animal welfare. We’ve really been hit from a lot of different angles over the years.

DUBNER: Okay, well, according to some scientific research, meat production and/or cattle ranching are among the most environmentally damaging activities on earth, between the resource-intensiveness, land but especially water, and the externalities, the runoff of manure and chemicals into groundwater.

FOGARTY: I think one of the first points to make is that cattle are defined as what is termed as upcyclers, and cattle today, they’re turning plants that have little to no nutritional value just as-is into a high-quality and a high density protein. And so when you look at where cattle are grazing in the U.S., and then also across the world, a lot of the land that they are grazing on are land that is not suitable for crops or it would be you know kind of looking as a highly marginal type of land. And the ability of livestock to turn what is there into something that can feed the world is pretty remarkable.

Fogarty believes her industry has been unfairly maligned; that it’s come to be seen as a target for environmentalist groups and causes.

FOGARTY: I would absolutely say, the livestock industry and to that matter, the agriculture industry as a whole I think has really been at the brunt of a lot of disinformation campaigns.

Fogarty points to that U.N. report claiming that the global livestock industry’s greenhouse-gas emissions were shockingly high. A report that was found to be built on faulty calculations.

FOGARTY: So, it was really an inequitable and grossly inflated percentage that really turned a conversation.

The inflated percentage of around 18 percent was really around 14.5 percent — so, “grossly” inflated may be in the eye of the aggrieved. Fogarty says that even though the error was acknowledged, and a revised report was issued.

FOGARTY: Folks have not forgotten it as much as we wish. It’s still something that it’s hard to have folks kind of un-read or un-know something that they initially saw.

The fact is that the agricultural industry is massive and massively complex. Without question, it exacts costs on the environment; it also provides benefits that are literally the stuff of life: delicious, abundant, affordable food. As with any industry, there are tradeoffs and there is friction: activists tend to overstate their claims in order to encourage reform; industry defenders tend to paper over legitimate concerns.

But in the food industry especially, it’s clear that a revolution is underway — a revolution to have our food be not just delicious and abundant and affordable but sustainable too, with fewer negative externalities. Some startups, like Impossible Foods, focus on cleverly engineering plant matter to taste like the animal flesh so many people love. Other startups are working on what’s called lab-grown meat, using animal stem cells to grow food without animals. This is still quite young technology, but it’s very well-funded. I was curious to hear Kelly Fogarty’s view of this.

DUBNER: One of the investors in the lab “meat” company Memphis Meats is Cargill, which is a major constituent of the big meat industry. I mean, another investor, for what it’s worth, is Bill Gates. But I’m curious what’s your position on that. Because the way I think about this long-term, presumably a firm like Cargill can win the future with alternative “meat” in a way that a cattle rancher can’t. So I’m curious what the position is of ranchers on this kind of investment from a firm like Cargill or other firms that are sort of hedging their bets on the future of meat.

FOGARTY: You know it’s a really interesting point, and it’s been a bit of a tough pill for producers to swallow, the fact that some of the big three, some of these big processing plants that have been so obviously heavily focused and have been livestock-dominant are now kind of going into this alternative and sometimes the cell-cultured lab meats, alternative proteins. And it really has been a point of contention among a lot of producers who are kind of confused, unsure, feel a little bit — I don’t want to say betrayed by the industry, but a little bit so…

Others may soon feel betrayed as well. A company called Modern Meadows is using similar technology to grow leather in the lab, without the need for cattle. The Israeli company SuperMeat is focused on growing chicken. And then there’s a company called Finless Foods.

Mike SELDEN: Finless Foods is taking the seafood back to basics and creating real fish meat entirely without mercury, plastic, without the need for antibiotics or growth hormones, and also without the need for fishing or the killing of animals because we grow the fish directly from stem cells.

That’s Mike Selden, the co-founder and C.E.O. of Finless. He’s 27 years old; he started out as a cancer researcher. Like Pat Brown, you could call him a wizard-prophet hybrid. He does take issue with the idea of “lab-grown” food.

SELDEN: The reality is, labs are by definition experimental and are not scalable. So this won’t be grown in a lab at all. It’s prototyped in a lab in the same way that snacks are prototyped in a lab. Doritos are prototyped in a lab by material scientists looking at different dimensions of like crunch and torsion and all these other sort of mechanical properties. So what our facility will look like when we’re actually at production scale is something really a lot closer to a brewery. Big steel tanks that are sort of allowing these cells space in order to divide and grow into large quantities of themselves, while accessing all of the nutrients that we put inside of this nutritional broth.

The fishing industry, like the meat industry, exacts its share of environmental costs. But like Pat Brown, Mike Selden does not want his company to win on goodwill points.

SELDEN: So, the goal of Finless Foods is not to create something that competes on ethics or morals or environmental goals. It’s something that will compete on taste, price, and nutrition — the things that people actually care about.

Right now, everybody really loves whales and people hate when whales are killed. What changed? Because we used to kill whales for their blubber in order to light lamps. It wasn’t an ethical movement, it wasn’t that people woke up one day and decided, “Oh, killing whales is wrong.” It was that we ended up using kerosene instead. We found another technological solution, a supply-side change that didn’t play on people’s morals in order to win. We see ourselves as something like that. You know, why work with an animal at all if you don’t need to?

Indeed: you could imagine in the not-so-distant future a scenario in which you could instantly summon any food imaginable — new foods, new combinations, but also foods that long ago fell out of favor. How much fun would that be? I asked the agricultural economist Jayson Lusk about this.

DUBNER: If we had a 3D printer, and it, let’s say, had, just, we’ll be conservative, 100 buttons of different foods that it could make me. Does anyone press the mutton button?

LUSK: Well, you know, one of the great things about our food system is that it’s a food system that, yes, makes food affordable, but also has a whole awful lot of choice for people who are willing to pay it. And I bet there’s probably at least one or two people out there that will push that will mutton button.

I also asked Lusk for his economic views on the future of meat, especially the sort of projects that inventors like Mike Selden and Pat Brown are working on.

LUSK: I have no problems with what Dr. Brown is trying to do there, and indeed I think it’s very exciting, this technology. And I think ultimately it’ll come down to whether this lab-grown meat can compete on the merits. So, there’s no free lunch here. In fact, the Impossible Burger — I’ve seen it on menus — it’s almost always higher-priced than the traditional beef burger. Now as an economist, I look at that and say, “Those prices, to me, should be signaling something about resource use.” Maybe it’s imperfect; maybe there’s some externalities. But they should reflect all the resources that were used to go in to produce that product. It’s one of the reasons that beef is more expensive than, say, chicken — it takes more time, more inputs, to produce a pound of beef than a pound of chicken.

So, why is it that the Impossible Burger is more expensive than the regular burger? Now, it could be that this is just a startup, and they’re not working at scale; and once they really scale this thing up, it’ll really bring the price down. It could be they’re also marketing to a particular higher-income consumer who is willing to pay a little more. But I think if the claims about the Impossible Burger are true over time, one would expect these products to come down significantly in price and be much less expensive than beef production. You know, this is not going to make my beef friends happy, but if they can do that, good for them; and consumers want to pay for, this product, they like the way it tastes and it saves some money, which means it’s saving some resources; I think in that sense, it’s a great technology.

Whether or not you eat meat; whether or not you’re interested in eating these alternative meats, from plant matter or animal stem cells — it’s hard not to admire the creativity that someone like Pat Brown has exercised: the deep curiosity, the ability to come back from failure, the sheer cleverness of putting together disparate ideas into a coherent scientific plan.

* * *

Freakonomics Radio is produced by Stitcher and Dubner Productions. This episode was produced by Zack Lapinski. Our staff also includes Alison Craiglow, Greg Rippin, and Harry Huggins; we had help this week from Nellie Osborne. Our theme song is “Mr. Fortune,” by the Hitchhikers; all the other music was composed by Luis Guerra. You can subscribe to Freakonomics Radio on Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Here’s where you can learn more about the people and ideas in this episode:

SOURCES

Pat Brown, founder and c.e.o. of Impossible Foods.

Kelly Fogarty, executive vice president for the United States Cattlemen’s Association.

Jayson Lusk, economist at Purdue University.

Mike Selden, co-founder and c.e.o. of Finless Foods.

RESOURCES

“Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock,” Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2013).

Just Food by James McWilliams (Little, Brown, 2009).

“Changes in the Sheep Industry in the United States,” The National Academies (2008).

EXTRA

“Two (Totally Opposite) Ways to Save the Planet,” Freakonomics Radio (2018).

The post The Future of Meat (Ep. 367) appeared first on Freakonomics.

from Dental Care Tips http://freakonomics.com/podcast/meat/

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jacobhinkley · 6 years

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3 reasons why blockchain is the future of supply-chain [SCM] and Manufacturing

‘It’s not the organisations that are competing. It’s the Supply-Chains that are competing!’

– Wael Safwat, Supply Chain Management Association (SCMAO)

Every day in the world, a crypto-trading millionaire is born. With blockchain startups pushing the fifth gear into launching their ICOs and raising money, the underlying truth of the viability of blockchain technology lies within its implementation. The hard truth!

Conversations surrounding the industry application of the ledger based technology sprung forth from the Financial Services and Banking sectors, but at the turn of mid-2018, it looks like the most cumbersome industry has turned favourable. Supply-Chain Management (SCM) and Manufacturing have opened their doors to blockchain.

Supply-Chain Management, in totality, deals with the procurement, production, storage and delivery of a product. Hence the backbone of supply-chain management, which is Logistics and Handling, has found the immediate requirement for blockchain technology.

The Logistics and Handling industry, within the realms of the international economy, has seen a downward spiral over a span of just 5 years. From one of the leading industries, in terms of Man Power, Investments and Sheer Size, the logistics division had reached an impasse. Industry giants like MAERSK and L&T (Larsen and Toubro) have laid off nearly 20,000 employees across the globe, and liquidated assets amounting to Millions of dollars, to cover up losses. This included the closing of their hazardous elements transportation division and the sale of their 1,000 strong vessel fleet. Why?

Well that is primarily due to a drastic rise in operational and situational costs across the globe, affecting multiple verticals. Rising fuel prices, decrease in subsidies from regulatory authorities, tracking and storage have been steadily cutting into the industry’s pockets for the last 8 financial quarters.

And the manufacturing industry, whose dominant operational vertical is also the logistics and handling division, has seen a seismic decline over the years. In the wake of all the statistics and numbers, the future of the Supply-Chain industry was looking bleak.

Hence, in a series of landmark announcements, big players from the SCM and Manufacturing industry have declared their immediate need for a scalable and manageable solution. And the prayers were answered.

To gain lost time, and to understand how blockchain can help their distress wings, organisations like the manufacturing juggernaut Saint-Gobain, who are present in over 50 countries in the world, have initiated conversation with consultants from BlockchainDriven. This is to understand how an immediate and responsive system can be created on a blockchain, highlighting the importance of logistics and handling.

Executives from automobile-parts manufacturing giant Sterling Consolidated have also met with the aforementioned company, to explore options in inventory management and stock handling!

And that’s not the least of it. Walmart has been using blockchain to track all the chicks and fowls at their poultry farms, which are spread over 300 farms in about 25 countries. Barclays has been keeping track of their 100 million USD butter exports segment using blockchain technology.

Blockchain in cryptocurrency might provide a decentralized unit to conduct monetary transfers across borders, by surpassing local and international regulations. In the case of SCM and Manufacturing, blockchain can provide solutions to blaring problems with inventory management, stock handling, product tracking and transportation.

To simplify it further, consider the application of blockchain technology into the stock inventory management vertical. By constructing a distributed ledger with all the details pertaining to the location, position, weight, dimensions and other ambiguous constraints, the on-ground logistics team will be able to manage the outbound time for the product’s movement, which advertently increases the response time. It’s always been, and will always be an efficiency game.

So the three reasons can be cumulatively summed as:

Efficiency

Logistics & Handling speed

Detailed accounting and data handling

In retrospect, the cost of implementation of blockchain technology has been a stringent concern for organisation that fall out of the Fortune500 and Fortune1000 lists. So, blockchain driving organisation Apla Blockchain has stepped up to the batting plate with the answer. The company provides ledger based solutions to startups and SMEs (Small-Medium Enterprises), at cost effective rates.

Apla Blockchain is one of the platinum sponsors for the upcoming World Blockchain Summit Frankfurt Edition. You can meet with them and explore blockchain solutions for your organisation, by confirming your participation for the event.

To know more, click here!

The post 3 reasons why blockchain is the future of supply-chain [SCM] and Manufacturing appeared first on AMBCrypto.

3 reasons why blockchain is the future of supply-chain [SCM] and Manufacturing published first on https://medium.com/@smartoptions

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earaercircular · 3 years

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The Bossimé craftsmen rethink local commerce

Based in the Namur region in the South of Belgium, the young chef Ludovic Vanackere is not lacking in enthusiasm or ideas. He has just launched a platform for the distribution of local products in a short circuit, around which he wishes to develop a genuine local economic ecosystem.

At 27, Ludovic Vanackere is already a chef who counts on the Belgian culinary scene. Seven years ago, barely out of the Citadel hotel school[1], this "kid" launched his own restaurant with guts. Installed in his mother's farm near Loyers, just outside Namur, "L'Atelier de Bossimé" (which will soon be given a facelift)[2] is quickly spotted by local gourmets, then by gastronomic guides. Result: in 2014, the young chef joined Génération W, this collective launched by Sang-hoon Degeimbre ("L'Air du temps") who insists in particular on the work of chefs with their producers and craftsmen.

A philosophy that fits well with the spirit of "L'atelier de Bossimé", where we make a point of promoting local products. Here, the bread is made with Hollange flour, the young pigeon from Domaine de Sohan in Pepinster is baked in hay, while the strawberries from La Bruyère are available as ice cream for dessert ...

An online sales platform

But Ludovic Vanackere wanted to take his reflection on the terroir even further. In May 2020, he therefore embarked, without any public aid, without any subsidy, on a somewhat crazy adventure, that of the "Artisans of Bossimé", an online sales platform for local products. For the moment, one idea by calling another, the project is still a little crazy ... But we feel in the young man a real enthusiasm and a sincere desire to make things happen. "We don't invent anything. My father, who died 10 years ago, made butter, milk and poultry for 25 years. And he went to markets, where he also sold the products of his fellow farmers. .., comments the person concerned. What has changed is that today the Internet allows us to connect with customers. "

For the young man, the human dimension of this company is essential. “It's a bit like my citizen project, he admits. I want it to be economically, ecologically and also socially sustainable. We want to offer something different, not just ride the locavore[3] wave. The producer must be able to earn a decent living. Not to drive a Porsche, but at least to be able to take a few days of holiday. And the prices must also be reasonable for customers. Our goal is that they can do their everyday shopping , not find exceptional products at prohibitive prices. Our margins are therefore minimal. "

To make the investments profitable, the site will have to quickly turn around 250 to 300 orders per week. But be careful, keeping the locavore philosophy of the project! "We want to produce locally and sell locally. We therefore only distribute in 15 minutes around Namur…"

From the land to the restaurant plate

The idea of "Artisans de Bossimé" germinated two years ago, when Ludovic Vanackere started working with a young gardener for his restaurant. "Access to land is very difficult for young people. So I lent him a piece of land and bought him the vegetables. So he didn't have to waste time shopping. He could concentrate on farming. "

Nowadays, a second gardener has joined this vast vegetable garden. It now extends over 6 ha. It is bordered by beehives managed by Xavier Renotte from "Nectar & Co". Which provide Bossimé honey, which can be found for dessert at "L’atelier".

If the family farm has remained in conventional agriculture, we work here with deliberation, whereas the organic certification should arrive next year. "Even if I am 100% against organic! Ignites the young chef. The standards are too loose. And then organic coming from the end of the world, it does not make sense ... We want the conventional sustainable to keep prices competitive. But we try to avoid pesticides as much as possible. "

An inspiring vegetable garden[4]

Ludovic Vanackere appreciates having this huge garden at his disposal. When serving, it is not uncommon for the chef to leave his kitchen to go picking. "The quality and freshness are exceptional. It's a real inspiration for creativity! I come across things that I would never have had before, like flowers, young shoots…"

For customers of the "Artisans de Bossimé", freshness is also guaranteed. Thanks to the online ordering system, gardeners know exactly what to pick in the morning to prepare the baskets, which will be delivered at noon ...

Obviously, the vegetable garden alone cannot supply the entire range of "Artisans de Bossimé". Ludovic Vanackere therefore also distributes the products of other producers who share his philosophy and undertake to respect the same quality charter. They are currently about fifteen. “We will of course look for other artisans, he explains, but we want to stay as local as possible. At the moment, we offer for example the asparagus of Jurbise. It is 50 km from here, but it is he is on the road to his tour when he delivers to Michelin-starred restaurants. And the quality of these justifies this small gap… "

A cannery and a collaborative kitchen ...

As the reflection progresses, the "Artisans de Bossimé" project has already evolved a lot, steadily gaining in ambition. Ludovic Vanackere will soon launch into fish farming in aquaponics[5], while he has set up a collaborative kitchen of 300 m², where craftsmen can come and transform their products. The space also includes a cannery which makes it possible to promote seasonal surpluses. During the two days of peak strawberries, for example, we made jam. While with the overstock of oyster mushrooms grown at Champinam in Saint-Servais, the chef made tapenade. "This workshop is an investment that they could not make alone, comments our guide. Thanks to that, we don't throw away any more! We make preserves that can be kept for three years. At the cannery, we just invoice our service. : 40 € per hour. Craftsmen can also rent the kitchen at cost price to work themselves. "

As we can see, Ludovic Vanackere has no shortage of ideas for his "Bossimé Craftsmen". But he doesn't aim too high either. "Our goal is not to make quantity, just quality. If we grow, it will be at the same time as the partner craftsmen. It is an open model, which others can obviously decide to develop. 'use elsewhere… "

Source

Hubert Heyrendt, Les Artisans de Bossimé repensent le commerce de proximité, in La Libre Belgique, 11-02-21, https://stories.lalibre.be/inspire/numero9/index.html

[1] https://www.ehpn.be/# [2] https://www.artisans-de-bossime.be [3] a person whose diet consists only or principally of locally grown or produced food [4] On the consumer side, "Les artisans de Bossimé" takes the form of a classic website. After registering, one puts together his shopping basket, which one can collect the next day, from noon to midnight, at one of the three mobile collection points in Assesse, Gesves and Bossimé. That is to say three refrigerated trailers manufactured by Ludovic Vanackere's brother, with an ingenious deposit system. One scans his order form and a locker door opens, giving access to the shopping basket. Customers can also collect their order from a few Namur partner merchants or directly from their work - two companies located in a nearby zoning have already registered to offer this service to their employees. Best of all, a grocery store has also just been opened in Bossimé for those who prefer not to shop online ... A hundred products For the moment, "Les artisans de Bossimé" offers around 100 products from around 20 producers. If Ludovic Vanackere dreams of being independent in the long term for fruits and vegetables with the Jardin de Bossimé, he is currently completing his offer (up to 20%) by using an organic distribution platform. At first, for logistical reasons, fresh meat and fish are excluded, but the young chef is already working on setting up the production of Omega bars in aquaponics. While, for the ready meals offered for sale, he works with the excellent pork from the Ardennes prairies from Magerotte in Nassogne (available, for example in carbonades). And, for chicken, with the Coq des Prés label (around forty breeders in Wallonia). Coming directly from the chef's workshop, we can also taste soups, tapenades, pollen chocolate or even homemade potato chips like crackers. On the grocery side, there are duck rillettes, Foie gras from Floumont in La Roche-en-Ardenne, quinoa and green lentils from Graines de curieux in Havelange, Alvenat oils in Achêne (including the excellent rapeseed oil) , Agribio cereals from Verlée or even spices from the brilliant Rudy Smolarek in Mons. Finally, on the fresh produce side, the site offers butter and yogurts from the Ferme du Sacré-Coeur in Natoye, eggs from the Lehaire farm in Assesse, but also raw milk cheeses from the Fromagerie du Samson in Gesves and goats. from the Caprices de Louise to Liernu. [5] Aquaponics refers to a food production system that couples aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as fish, crayfish, snails or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) whereby the nutrient rich aquaculture water is fed to hydroponic grown plant, involving nitrifying bacteria for converting ammonia into nitrates. As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the basis for all aquaponic systems, the size, complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponic system can vary as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.

#regional development #short circuit

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hellosolutionbuggyworld-blog · 5 years

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MSMEs (Micro, Medium and Small enterprises) in India have tremendous potential to grow and contribute to the Indian economy. Long term partnerships with Indian MSMEs having good technical capabilities could not only provide a low cost advantage but also a source of “frugal innovation” for companies worldwide. An ecosystem with MSMEs could be a source of global competitive advantage for the companies investing in India. The corridors for different sectors would further assist in creation of ecosystem for co-development and growth. In particular the food sector has seen a lot of participation from domestic and global players. The reason for such increased investment in the food sector are as follows:

· By 2020, Indian food and retail market is projected to touch $800bn with processed food contributing to $500bn and most of it is concentrated in Tier II and III cities. This has led to developing of food parks in these cities, due to which the plants get access to govt subsidies and are in close proximity to raw materials.

· Huge opportunity for integrated cold chain setup, food quality control and testing labs, dry warehousing, fruit pulp and concentrates, modernization of food and oilseed milling, food flavours, additives and coloring, milk and poultry processing etc, which has led to the entry of large foreign players who are helping Indian MSMEs with technology transfer and setting up captive units in India

· 4 mega food parks, 7 food testing labs and 9 cold chain projects approved in north east India along with subsidies to the tune of 80% for setting up plants in these areas. This has led to reducing the burden on Tier I cities which are already grappling with infrastructure issues.

· Recurring grants in aid ranging from Rs.10 lakhs to 50 lakhs is provided for MSMEs looking to setup plants in food processing. This is in addition to various state govt schemes which are promoting specific food sectors.

· Agri business opportunity to cater to rural India is almost $330bn and rigorous training being imparted by the food processing ministry for MSMEs in this sector. This has not only led to raise in income in rural households but also promised more stable income flows, farm labor returning back to the farms as agricultural income is more stable and available throughout the year.

Overall SolutionBuggy has seen a lot of projects related to innovative implementation and product strategization in the food sector posted by MSMEs from Tier II and III cities. So the requirement is clearly for knowledgeable food consultants with good experience on handling projects across domain and also its customization for the small and medium sectors. We have successfully completed more than 1,080+ projects in various domains and have helped MSMEs get verified food consultants and solve their problems.

#food processing consultants #food industry consultant #food consultants

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solutionbuggyblog-blog · 5 years

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#Food industry consultant #Industrial Processing consultant #Food Consultant

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reshmasolutionbuggy-blog · 5 years

Text

Rise of MSMEs in Food Sector

Long term partnerships with Indian MSMEs having good technical capabilities could not only provide a low-cost advantage but also a source of “frugal innovation” for companies worldwide. An ecosystem with MSMEs could be a source of global competitive advantage for the companies investing in India. The corridors for different sectors would further assist in the creation of the ecosystem for co-development and growth. In particular, the food sector has seen a lot of participation from domestic and global players. The reason for such increased investment in the food sector are as follows:

By 2020, Indian food and retail market is projected to touch $800bn with processed food contributing to $500bn and most of it is concentrated in Tier II and III cities. This has led the developing of food parks in these cities, due to which the plants get access to govt subsidies and are in close proximity to raw materials.

Huge opportunity for integrated cold chain setup, food quality control and testing labs, dry warehousing, fruit pulp and concentrates, modernization of food and oilseed milling, food flavours, additives and coloring, milk and poultry processing etc, which has led to the entry of large foreign players who are helping Indian MSMEs with technology transfer and setting up captive units in India

4 mega food parks, 7 food testing labs and 9 cold chain projects approved in northeast India along with subsidies to the tune of 80% for setting up plants in these areas. This has led to reducing the burden on Tier I cities which are already grappling with infrastructure issues.

Recurring grants in aid ranging from Rs.10 lakhs to 50 lakhs is provided for MSMEs looking to set-up plants in food processing. This is in addition to various state govt schemes which are promoting specific food sectors.

Agribusiness opportunity to cater to rural India is almost $330bn and rigorous training being imparted by the food processing ministry for MSMEs in this sector. This has not only led to raise in income in rural households but also promised more stable income flows, farm labor returning back to the farms as agricultural income is more stable and available throughout the year.

#BEVERAGE CONSULTANTS #FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSULTANT

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