#African sturgeon

[sturgeonposting]

May I receive a sturgeon in these trying times? Any sturgeon!

African Sturgeon

If you know anything about Acipenseriformes you might be thinking, “but sturgeonposting, there ARE no sturgeons in Africa!” And you would be right — if you only counted live sturgeon. In November of 2022, however, David Martill discovered a fossilized sturgeon scute at a well known dig site in Morocco. Martill, a professor of paleobiology at the University of Portsmouth, recognized the fossil as that of a sturgeon immediately. The fossil is currently believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous period. This is a groundbreaking discovery on the front of sturgeon evolution as it suggests that they once swam in the waters around supercontinent Gondwana, of which Africa was a part — waters that were, until last year, considered too warm to support a sturgeon population.

Here’s the paper if anyone wants it

[taxonomytournament]

Taxonomy Tournament: Fish

Acipenseriformes. This order is made up of basal fishes with skeletons made mostly of cartilage. It includes sturgeons and paddlefish.

Osteoglossiformes. This order is made up of relatively primitive fish, which have bony tongues. Members include elephantfish and African knifefish.

[marvinslifesworld]

Japanese Wagyu Steak & Russian Caviar Russian Caviar: Russian caviar is widely regarded as one of the most luxurious and sought-after delicacies in the world. It is primarily sourced from sturgeon, particularly the Beluga, Ossetra, and Sevruga species, which are native to the Caspian and Black Seas. The process of harvesting caviar is meticulous, as the eggs must be carefully extracted from the fish without damaging them. #RussianCaviar&JapaneseWagyuSteak #RussianCaviar#familyvlog#japanesefood#russian#wagyusteak The taste of Russian caviar is often described as rich, buttery, and briny, with a smooth and velvety texture. The color of the eggs can range from pale to dark gray, with larger eggs generally considered more desirable. The quality and flavor of Russian caviar are influenced by factors such as the species of sturgeon, its diet, and the harvesting and processing methods. Traditionally, Russian caviar is served chilled and enjoyed simply on its own or accompanied by blinis (small, thin pancakes), toast points, or crème fraîche. It is typically served using a special spoon made of mother-of-pearl, as metal utensils can potentially alter the delicate taste. Japanese Wagyu Steak: Japanese Wagyu steak is renowned for its exceptional quality, tenderness, and marbling. It comes from specific breeds of cattle, such as the highly prized Kobe beef, which is raised in Japan following strict regulations. The rearing process involves careful attention to the cattle's diet, genetics, and living conditions to produce meat of unparalleled flavor and texture. The marbling, or the intricate network of fat that runs through the meat, is a defining characteristic of Wagyu beef. It gives the steak its unparalleled tenderness and a rich, buttery flavor. The intense marbling is achieved through a combination of genetic factors and a specialized feeding regimen that often includes a grain-based diet. Japanese Wagyu steaks are typically prepared with precision and simplicity to allow the meat's natural flavors to shine. Both Russian caviar and Japanese Wagyu steak are considered luxury foods due to their exquisite taste, rarity, and meticulous production processes. They are often enjoyed on special occasions or as a symbol of indulgence and sophistication. Their unique qualities and exceptional flavors have made them highly sought-after culinary experiences for discerning food enthusiasts around the world. 🔔 Subscribe To Our Channel For More fun, challenges, & awesome videos:    / @marvinslife   ✅Stay Connected With Us. 👉 Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/marvinslife1 👉 TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@marvinscoollife ✅ For Business Inquiries: businesswithmarvin@gmail.com ============================= ✅ Recommended Playlists 👉 Popular Videos:    / watch   v=kd5ROJKxtg8&list=PLjNqmwwqseVoAXEM36OHCvgR2EwvQ5kjY 👉 Cool Things with Marvin:    / watch   v=sIEkaTXf_c0&list=PLjNqmwwqseVo9KG_xRGc7ndKhhgujMBjP ✅ Other Videos You Might Be Interested In Watching: 👉 Fast And Furious! | Marvin's Life    •��Marvin's Thrillin...   👉 "Race to the Finish on Melting Ice: Who's Going to Win??    • Thrilling Ice Tra...   👉 Wow, what happened in the Mountains? | Marvin's Life    • An Epic Journey t...   👉 The Big Man came to visit for Super Bowl; Marvin is cooler than Peppa Pig, period! |Marvin's Life    • Marvin's Cool Fac...   👉 Super Bowl Sunday: Find Out Who Might Show Up!    • Video   ============================= ✅ ================================= #african beauty #explore africa #natural wonders #travelafrica#untold beauty #discover africa #marvin's life #marvin's life presents #travelblog#kids video #kidsfamillyvideo#alaska#swedentrips#tourlovers#famillyadventure © Marvin's Life family adventure

[thepinklotusacademia]

Unlocking the Mysteries of Full Moon Names in Indigenous Cultures

Introduction

In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the fascinating world of full moon names in indigenous cultures. Exploring the rich history, traditions, and beliefs associated with lunar naming practices, we aim to provide you with an in-depth understanding of these captivating celestial phenomena.

The Significance of Full Moon Names

Full moon names hold deep cultural and spiritual significance in various indigenous societies across the globe. These names, often rooted in ancient traditions, serve as a symbolic connection between humans and the celestial realm. By understanding the meanings behind these names, we can gain insight into the diverse cultural tapestry that has shaped our world.

Native American Full Moon Names

Harvest Moon

The Harvest Moon, also known as the Corn Moon, holds a special place in Native American cultures. It marks the time when crops are ready for gathering, symbolizing abundance and gratitude. For generations, indigenous communities have celebrated this full moon as a time of harvest festivals and communal gatherings.

Wolf Moon

The Wolf Moon represents the first full moon of the year and holds significance in Native American folklore. This moon signifies the presence of wolves, which howl in hunger during the winter months. It symbolizes survival, adaptability, and the unity of communities during challenging times.

Thunder Moon

In Native American traditions, the Thunder Moon is associated with the powerful thunderstorms that often occur during the summer months. It represents the forces of nature and the renewal of life. Indigenous communities revere this moon as a time of cleansing and spiritual growth.

Other Native American Full Moon Names

Buck Moon (July): The Buck Moon signifies the growth of deer antlers during this period.

Pink Moon (April): This moon coincides with the blooming of pink phlox flowers, symbolizing spring's arrival.

Sturgeon Moon (August): It signifies the abundance of sturgeon fish during this time, an essential food source for indigenous communities.

Indigenous Full Moon Names from Around the World

Worm Moon (Northern Europe)

In Northern European cultures, the Worm Moon signifies the emergence of earthworms from the soil as the ground thaws. It symbolizes the rebirth of nature and the arrival of spring.

Cold Moon (China)

In Chinese folklore, the Cold Moon represents the onset of winter. It is a time for introspection and reflection, as people prepare for the colder months ahead.

Corn Moon (Africa)

The Corn Moon in African cultures is associated with the cultivation of corn, a vital staple crop. It signifies prosperity, community, and the interconnectedness of humanity with nature.

The Cultural Legacy of Full Moon Names

Full moon names are not only intriguing astronomical phenomena but also gateways to understanding the rich tapestry of human culture. By exploring and honoring these traditions, we can deepen our appreciation for the wisdom and knowledge passed down through generations.

Conclusion

In this article, we have embarked on a captivating journey through the full moon names of indigenous cultures. From the Harvest Moon's abundance to the Cold Moon's introspection, each name carries a unique story waiting to be heard. By celebrating and preserving these cultural treasures, we honor the diverse heritage that has shaped our world.

Instagram:  @thepinklotusacademia

Facebook: @thepinklotusacademia

Faculty: Kaavita Das

Enquire Now: Click Here

[brookston]

Holidays 2.5

Holidays

Adlai Stevenson Day (Illinois)

Aerial Victory Day

Belle Starr Day

California Western Monarch Day

Chama Cha Mapinduzi Day (Tanzania)

Cheongwoldaeboreum (Folk Festival; North Korea)

Constitution Day (Mexico)

Crown Princess Mary Day (Denmark)

Disaster Day

Full Moon [2nd of the Year] (a.k.a. ... 

Bony Moon (Cherokee)

Budding Moon (China)

Daeboreum (Great Full Moon; Korea) [1st Full Moon of Lunar Calendar]

Eagle Moon (Traditional)

Grain Moon (South Africa)

The Great Fifteenth [Lunar Calendar]

Hunger or Hungry Moon (Alternate)

Ice Moon (Celtic)

Little Famine Moon (Choctaw)

Naval Full Moon Poya Day (Sri Lanka)

Raccoon Moon (Traditional)

Snow Moon (American Indian, North America, Traditional)

Southern Hemisphere: Barley, Corn, Dog, Grain, Red, Sturgeon, Wyrt Moons

Storm Moon (England, Neo-Pagan, Wicca)

Trapper’s Moon (Colonial)

Hank Aaron Day

Kashmir Solidarity Day (Pakistan)

Lailatul Quadr (Night of Power)

Liberation From the Alberoni Occupation (San Marino)

Longest War Day (3rd Punic War ended in 1985 after 2,131 years)

Move Hollywood and Broadway to Lebanon, Pennsylvania Day

National Fart Day

National Shower with a Friend Day

Nones of February (Ancient Rome)

Othroktide (Elder Scrolls)

Pikachu Day

Primrose Day

Runeberg Day (Finland)

Unity Day (Burundi)

Weatherman's Day (a.k.a. Weatherperson's Day)

Western Monarch Day

World Animal Reiki Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Bartender’s Cup

Chocolate Fondue Day

World Nutella Day

1st Sunday in February

British Yorkshire Pudding Day [1st Sunday]

Dump Your Significant Jerk Day [1st Sunday]

Freelance Writers Appreciation Week begins [1st Sunday]

Homstrom (Burning of the Straw Man; Switzerland) [1st Sunday]

National Day of Prayer for the African American & African Family [1st Sunday]

New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church (Sunday nearest 2.7]

Scout Sunday [or Sunday before 2.8]

St. Ives’ Feast (Cornwall, UK) [Sunday nearest February 3]

World Cepelinai Day [1st Sunday]

Independence Days

Arkazja (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]

Feast Days

Abraamius, Bishop of Arbela (Christian; Martyr)

Adelaide of Vilich (a.k.a. Alice; Christian; Saint)

Agatha of Sicily (Christian; Saint)

Avitus of Vienne (Christian; Saint)

Benedict Arnold Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint) 

Bertulf (Bertoul) of Renty (Christian; Saint)

Doodle Day (Pastafarian)

The Fornacalia (Goddess of Furnaces) [until 17th]

The Goat (Muppetism)

Ingenuinus (Jenewein; Christian; Saint)

Martyrs of Pontus (Christian; Saint)

Pirate Garb Day (Pastafarian)

Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson (Episcopal Church USA)

Scopas (Positivist; Saint)

Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America; Anglican Church in Japan)

Vasant Panchami (Hinduism)

Wyrd’s Day (Celtic Goddess of Fortune Telling)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Lucky Day (Philippines) [9 of 71]

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Premieres

The ABC of Hand Tools (Disney Cartoon; 1946)

Bear Country (Disney Cartoon; 1953)

Crazy Heart (Film; 2010)

An Education (Film; 2010)

The General (Film; 1927)

Instant Replay, by The Monks (Album; 1969)

Lego Masters (UK TV Series; 2022)

Loaded Weapon (Film; 1993)

Love My Life Away, by Gene Pitney (Song; 1961)

Modern Times (Film; 1936)

Mother and Child Reunion, by Paul Simon (Album; 1972)

No Deposit, No Return (Film; 1976)

Otello, by Giuseppe Verdi (Opera; 1887)

Patton (Film; 1970)

Peter Pan (Animated Disney Film; 1953)

Prode and Prejudice and Zombies (Film; 2016)

She’s Having a Baby (Film; 1988)

Sunday in New York (Film; 1964)

The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Film; 1988)

Today’s Name Days

Agatha, Albuin (Austria)

Agata, Dobrila, Goran, Jagoda (Croatia)

Dobromila (Czech Republic)

Agathe (Denmark)

Aet, Agaate, Aita, Ita, Iti (Estonia)

Asser (Finland)

Agathe (France)

Agathe, Albuin (Germany)

Agathe, Agathi (Greece)

Ágota, Ingrid (Hungary)

Agata (Italy)

Agate, Agra, Ardis, Selga, Silga (Latvia)

Agota, Birutė, Gaudvinas, Ilona (Lithuania)

Agate, Ågot (Norway)

Adelajda, Aga, Agata, Albin, Izydor, Jakub, Jan, Justynian, Paweł, Piotr, Strzeżysława (Poland)

Agata (Romania)

Agáta (Slovakia)

Ágata, Águeda, Felipe (Spain)

Agata, Agda (Sweden)

Agatha (Ukraine)

Agatha, Chanel, Chanelle, Chantel, Phoenix, Shantel (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 36 of 2023; 329 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 5 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Luis (Rowan) [Day 15 of 28]

Chinese: Month 1 (Jia-Yin), Day 15 (Jia-Wu)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721(until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 14 Shevat 5783

Islamic: 14 Rajab II 1444

J Cal: 6 Xin; Sixday [6 of 30]

Julian: 23 January 2023

Moon: 100%: Full Moon

Positivist: 8 Homer (2nd Month) [Scopas)

Runic Half Month: Elhaz (Elk) [Day 12 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 47 of 90)

Zodiac: Aquarius (Day 16 of 30)

[brookstonalmanac]

Holidays 2.5

Holidays

Adlai Stevenson Day (Illinois)

Aerial Victory Day

Belle Starr Day

California Western Monarch Day

Chama Cha Mapinduzi Day (Tanzania)

Cheongwoldaeboreum (Folk Festival; North Korea)

Constitution Day (Mexico)

Crown Princess Mary Day (Denmark)

Disaster Day

Full Moon [2nd of the Year] (a.k.a. ... 

Bony Moon (Cherokee)

Budding Moon (China)

Daeboreum (Great Full Moon; Korea) [1st Full Moon of Lunar Calendar]

Eagle Moon (Traditional)

Grain Moon (South Africa)

The Great Fifteenth [Lunar Calendar]

Hunger or Hungry Moon (Alternate)

Ice Moon (Celtic)

Little Famine Moon (Choctaw)

Naval Full Moon Poya Day (Sri Lanka)

Raccoon Moon (Traditional)

Snow Moon (American Indian, North America, Traditional)

Southern Hemisphere: Barley, Corn, Dog, Grain, Red, Sturgeon, Wyrt Moons

Storm Moon (England, Neo-Pagan, Wicca)

Trapper’s Moon (Colonial)

Hank Aaron Day

Kashmir Solidarity Day (Pakistan)

Lailatul Quadr (Night of Power)

Liberation From the Alberoni Occupation (San Marino)

Longest War Day (3rd Punic War ended in 1985 after 2,131 years)

Move Hollywood and Broadway to Lebanon, Pennsylvania Day

National Fart Day

National Shower with a Friend Day

Nones of February (Ancient Rome)

Othroktide (Elder Scrolls)

Pikachu Day

Primrose Day

Runeberg Day (Finland)

Unity Day (Burundi)

Weatherman's Day (a.k.a. Weatherperson's Day)

Western Monarch Day

World Animal Reiki Day

Food & Drink Celebrations

Bartender’s Cup

Chocolate Fondue Day

World Nutella Day

1st Sunday in February

British Yorkshire Pudding Day [1st Sunday]

Dump Your Significant Jerk Day [1st Sunday]

Freelance Writers Appreciation Week begins [1st Sunday]

Homstrom (Burning of the Straw Man; Switzerland) [1st Sunday]

National Day of Prayer for the African American & African Family [1st Sunday]

New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church (Sunday nearest 2.7]

Scout Sunday [or Sunday before 2.8]

St. Ives’ Feast (Cornwall, UK) [Sunday nearest February 3]

World Cepelinai Day [1st Sunday]

Independence Days

Arkazja (Declared; 2022) [unrecognized]

Feast Days

Abraamius, Bishop of Arbela (Christian; Martyr)

Adelaide of Vilich (a.k.a. Alice; Christian; Saint)

Agatha of Sicily (Christian; Saint)

Avitus of Vienne (Christian; Saint)

Benedict Arnold Day (Church of the SubGenius; Saint) 

Bertulf (Bertoul) of Renty (Christian; Saint)

Doodle Day (Pastafarian)

The Fornacalia (Goddess of Furnaces) [until 17th]

The Goat (Muppetism)

Ingenuinus (Jenewein; Christian; Saint)

Martyrs of Pontus (Christian; Saint)

Pirate Garb Day (Pastafarian)

Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson (Episcopal Church USA)

Scopas (Positivist; Saint)

Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America; Anglican Church in Japan)

Vasant Panchami (Hinduism)

Wyrd’s Day (Celtic Goddess of Fortune Telling)

Lucky & Unlucky Days

Lucky Day (Philippines) [9 of 71]

Sakimake (先負 Japan) [Bad luck in the morning, good luck in the afternoon.]

Premieres

The ABC of Hand Tools (Disney Cartoon; 1946)

Bear Country (Disney Cartoon; 1953)

Crazy Heart (Film; 2010)

An Education (Film; 2010)

The General (Film; 1927)

Instant Replay, by The Monks (Album; 1969)

Lego Masters (UK TV Series; 2022)

Loaded Weapon (Film; 1993)

Love My Life Away, by Gene Pitney (Song; 1961)

Modern Times (Film; 1936)

Mother and Child Reunion, by Paul Simon (Album; 1972)

No Deposit, No Return (Film; 1976)

Otello, by Giuseppe Verdi (Opera; 1887)

Patton (Film; 1970)

Peter Pan (Animated Disney Film; 1953)

Prode and Prejudice and Zombies (Film; 2016)

She’s Having a Baby (Film; 1988)

Sunday in New York (Film; 1964)

The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Film; 1988)

Today’s Name Days

Agatha, Albuin (Austria)

Agata, Dobrila, Goran, Jagoda (Croatia)

Dobromila (Czech Republic)

Agathe (Denmark)

Aet, Agaate, Aita, Ita, Iti (Estonia)

Asser (Finland)

Agathe (France)

Agathe, Albuin (Germany)

Agathe, Agathi (Greece)

Ágota, Ingrid (Hungary)

Agata (Italy)

Agate, Agra, Ardis, Selga, Silga (Latvia)

Agota, Birutė, Gaudvinas, Ilona (Lithuania)

Agate, Ågot (Norway)

Adelajda, Aga, Agata, Albin, Izydor, Jakub, Jan, Justynian, Paweł, Piotr, Strzeżysława (Poland)

Agata (Romania)

Agáta (Slovakia)

Ágata, Águeda, Felipe (Spain)

Agata, Agda (Sweden)

Agatha (Ukraine)

Agatha, Chanel, Chanelle, Chantel, Phoenix, Shantel (USA)

Today is Also…

Day of Year: Day 36 of 2023; 329 days remaining in the year

ISO: Day 7 of week 5 of 2023

Celtic Tree Calendar: Luis (Rowan) [Day 15 of 28]

Chinese: Month 1 (Jia-Yin), Day 15 (Jia-Wu)

Chinese Year of the: Rabbit 4721(until February 10, 2024)

Hebrew: 14 Shevat 5783

Islamic: 14 Rajab II 1444

J Cal: 6 Xin; Sixday [6 of 30]

Julian: 23 January 2023

Moon: 100%: Full Moon

Positivist: 8 Homer (2nd Month) [Scopas)

Runic Half Month: Elhaz (Elk) [Day 12 of 15]

Season: Winter (Day 47 of 90)

Zodiac: Aquarius (Day 16 of 30)

[titlecloth2]

The Ultimate Guide To Norwegian Forest Cat Breed Information & Characteristics

Norwegian Forest Cat Simple facts Throughout opportunity, individuals have connected creatures with mythology and mythology. The Norwegian rainforest kitty is a huge, stunning pussy-cat that inhabits thick rainforest habitats within the woodland. This fact is shared by humans when it comes to looking. Pets are looked at amazing or exotic to some level, if a pussy-cat is not an pet of their choosing. There are actually A Reliable Source of untamed cat. These pussy-cats are known through the number of crazy creatures in the forest. In specific, the individuals of Scandinavia felt that the Norwegian Forest cat has near associations with the Norse siren Freya. The title Freya (recommending to the long sturgeoned beast Odin) may have inspired Freya's "magic arrowheads", which can be made use of to generate fire traps, snares, spells or magic attacks. [1] In the manual of Thor he also states that the wolf spirit helped make it to the woodland. Originally residing in mountaintops and rainforest floors, these cats have ended up being one of the largest domesticated pet cats in the world. Their managers, and even their managers' household pets, often use them as a breeding companion and shield them, according to their background of utilizing them as guinea porkers to sustain their brand new managers. However, several cats are presently enduring from some health and wellness concerns that may at some point lead to a catastrophic disease if left neglected in bondage. Nevertheless, there’s still a great deal to find out regarding this feline aside from its lively eyes and tufty coat. What's necessary once more, is that you must take it with you on a quest, and stay clear of receiving uninterested. The 2nd of three videos, "The Little Rabbit of California," is about to receive a little bit of crazy. It's additionally a simple and amusing encounter looking closely at some of the wild's beloved animals in this means: These are fairly negative factors. Discover out more concerning this feline along with these Norwegian Forest kitty realities. When would a feline become a feline? A Norwegian feline has one eye that can easilynot be observed, but that can easily be observed for around seven months. It may be found for around seven months but just six months. A Norwegian feline is generally detected for just six months, at that point that has to be repaired. In the final 4 full weeks, the principal focal aspect ended up being feline mode. Norwegian Forest felines possess a life expectancy of 14 up to 16 years. In North American forests, the ordinary life period for African and other species is approximately 1 years (Hochberg 2010). In Canada, raging felines are most frequently reported in the province of Quebec City but a lot of feral cats are reported in the province of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador and Alberta. The most significant problem is in Canada's south western boundaries, where the pussy-cats normally live for many months. Around 1000 Advertisement, the Vikings delivered the Norwegian Forest kitties to Norway. In 2267, the Vikings created a exchanging guild that led to the building of the area of Bremen and the exchanging economic climate expanded. The Vikings at that point started a brand-new title for themselves coming from the very same phrase "Wulf" and embraced it as their brand new main title. They started trading in the North Sea and in the very early 1500s, the 1st Norse inhabitants were sailing the Norwegian shoreline. Male Norwegian Forest cats can examine between 12pound to 20 pound (5kg to 9 kilograms). Their body is a lot larger inside, with a front-heavy scalp physical body and extra prominent hair. They can easily even participate in all together along with other felines. Some creatures may possess very small hind molars. Various other creatures may have little pearly whites and can have no other oral work. It isn't only usual for kittycats; some untamed kittycats also appear to have the strange toothless nostrils.

Women Norwegian Forest pussy-cats often tend to examine between 10 to 18 lb (4 to 8kg). They look like individuals but have less physical body design and are considerably bigger or larger than many other cats. They look like human beings but possess a lot less body design and are considerably larger or much larger than the majority of other pet cats. Bisham Island pussy-cat breeds typically have a lighter hair hue. The lengthiest shaggy-tailed Bisham cat has actually three rears and the lengthiest is 6 gauges (13 inches). It takes 5 years for them to completely develop. Now they are making an effort to develop an consulate in a small city, and they possess the resources to possess their job in place. They have done a prosperous task.". Sloane would not mention the new consular office in the center of the desert is being created for the initial opportunity in 13 years, pointing out just that there is a possibility for the brand new purpose – along with other federal government objectives – to be finished in a year.

[galbium]

The full book title contains 3777 words and reads as follows: 'The historical development of the Heart i.e. from its formation from Annelida: Clam worm, Seamouse, Lugworm, Megascolex, Tubifex, Pheretima, Freshwater leech, marine leech, land leech. Arthropoda: Ladybird, Krill, Rock Barnacle, Root-headed Barnacle, Copepod, Silverfish, Cairns birdwing, Silver - spotted skipper, Scutigera, Cray fish, Large white, Andonis blue, Camberwell beauty, Tiger swallowtail, Regent skipper, Black – veined white, Green – underside blue, Blue Morpho, Apollo, Guava skipper, Cleopatra, Large copper, Millipede, Orb spider, Black widow spider, Giant crab spider, Wolf spider, Bird – eating spider, Tenebrionid beetle, Green Tiger beetle, African goliath beetle, Scolopendra, Diving beetle, African ground beetle, New guinea weevil, Barnacle, Lobster, Shrimp, Woodlice, Mite, Prawn, Housefly, Butterfly, Monarch butterfly, Peacock butterfly, Honey bee, Fairy shrimp, Horsehoe crab, Tick, Bluebootle, Froghopper, Yellow crazy ant, Water flea, Sea spider, Fiddler crab, Shiny spider crab, Hermit crab, Sail swallowtail, Red admiral, Morpho butterfly, Desert locust, Stephens island weta, Speckled bush cricket, Mole cricket, Dung – beetle, Euthalia ynipardus, Small blues, Termite, Hornet, Mosquito, Garden spider, Tarantula, Desert hairy scorpion, Emperor dragon – fly, Moth, Centipede, Wood ant, Stag beetle, Indian red admiral, Blue admiral, Harvestman, Hoverfly, Shield bug, Assassin bug, Cicada, Coreid bug, Rose aphid, Water – boatman, Wasp, June bug, Large tortoiseshell, Frog beetle, Mexican red – legged tarantula, Paintedlady, Sydney funnelweb spider, Small tortoiseshell, Mountain bumble bee, Trapdoor spider, Jumping spider, Daddy longlegs spider, Orchind bee, Asian carpenter bee, Parasitic bee, House spider, Giant longhorn beetle, Flea, Bedbug Beetle, Cockroach, Scorpion, Spider, Ant, Gnats, Grasshopper, Silver fish, Crab, Great green bush cricket, Elephant hawk – moth. Mollusca: Neomenia, Chaetoderma, Chiton, Lepidopleurus, Apple snail, Sea hare, Sea lemon, Dentalium, Freshwater mussel, Marine mussel, Pearl oyster, Cuttlefish, Giant squid, Chambered fish, Devilfish. Fishes or Pisces: African glass catfish, African lungfish, Aholehole, Airbreathing catfish, Alaska blackfish, Albacore, Alewife, Alfonsino, Algae eater, Alligatorfish, Alligator gar, Amberjack - Seriola dumerili, American sole, Amur pike, Anchovy, Anemonefish, Angelfish, Angler, Angler catfish, Anglerfish, Antarctic cod, Antarctic icefish, Antenna codlet, Arapaima, Archerfish, Arctic char, Armored gurnard, Armored searobin, Armorhead, Armorhead catfish, Armoured catfish, Arowana, Arrowtooth eel, Asian carps, Asiatic glassfish, Atka mackerel, Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda), Atlantic cod, Atlantic herring, Atlantic salmon, Atlantic Sharpnose Shark - Rhizoprioltodon terraenovae, Atlantic saury, Atlantic silverside, Australasian salmon, Australian grayling, Australian herring, Australian lungfish, Australian prowfish, Ayu, Baikal oilfish, Bala shark, Ballan wrasse, Bamboo shark, Banded killifish, Bandfish, Banjo, Bangus, Banjo catfish, Bank Sea Bass, Barb, Barbel, Barbeled dragonfish, Barbeled houndshark, Barbel-less catfish, Barfish, Barracuda, Barracudina, Barramundi, Barred danio, Barreleye, Basking shark, Bass, Basslet, Batfish, Bat ray, Beachsalmon, Beaked salmon, Beaked sandfish, Beardfish, Beluga sturgeon, Bengal danio, Betta, Bichir, Bicolor goat fish, Bigeye, , Bighead carp, Bigmouth buffalo, Bigscale, Billfish, Bitterling, Black angelfish, Black bass, Black dragonfish, Blackchin, Blackfin Tuna - Thunnus atlanticus, Blackfish, Black neon tetra, Blacktip reef shark, Black mackerel, Black scalyfin, Black sea bass, Black scabbardfish, Black swallower, Black tetra, Black triggerfish, Bank Sea Bass aka Yellow Sea Bass - Centropristis ocyurus, Bleak, Blenny, Blind goby, Blind shark, Blobfish, Blueline Tilefish, Blowfish, Blue catfish, Blue danio, Blue-redstripe danio, Blueline Tilefish , Blue eye, Bluefin tuna, Bluefish, Bluegill, Blue gourami, Blue shark, Blue triggerfish, Blue whiting, Bluntnose knifefish, Bluntnose minnow, Boafish, Boarfish, Bobtail snipe eel, Bocaccio, Boga, Bombay duck, Bonefish, Bonito, Bonnetmouth, Bonytail chub, Bronze corydoras, Bonytongue, Bowfin, Boxfish, Bramble shark, Bream, Brill, Bristlemouth, Bristlenose catfish, Broadband dogfish, Brook lamprey, Brook trout, Brotula, Brown trout, Buffalo fish, Bullhead, Bullhead shark, Bull shark, Bull trout, Burbot, Bumblebee goby, Buri, Burma danio, Burrowing goby, Butterfish, Butterfly ray, Butterflyfish, California flyingfish, California halibut, Canary rockfish, Candiru, Candlefish, Capelin, Cardinalfish, Cardinal tetra, Carp, Carpetshark, Carpsucker, Catalufa, Catfish, Catla, Cat shark, Cavefish, Celebes rainbowfish, Central mudminnow, Chain pickerel, Channel bass, Channel catfish, Char, Cherry salmon, Chimaera, Chinook salmon, Cherubfish, Chub, Chubsucker, Chum salmon, Cichlid, Cisco, Climbing catfish, Climbing gourami, Climbing perch, Clingfish, Clownfish, Clown loach, Clown triggerfish, Cobbler, Cobia, Cod, Codlet, Codling, Coelacanth, Coffinfish, Coho salmon, Coley, Collared carpetshark, Collared dogfish, Colorado squawfish, Combfish, Combtail gourami, Common carp, Common tunny, Conger eel, Convict blenny, Convict cichlid, Cookie-cutter shark, Coolie loach, Cornetfish, Cowfish, Cownose ray, Cow shark, Crappie, Creek chub, Crestfish, Crevice kelpfish, Croaker, Crocodile icefish, Crocodile shark, Crucian carp, Cuckoo wrasse, Cusk, Cusk-eel, Cutlassfish, Cutthroat eel, Cutthroat trout, Dab, Dace, Desert pupfish, Devario, Devil ray, Dhufish, Discus, Diver: New Zealand sand diver or long-finned sand diver, Dogfish, Dogfish shark, Dogteeth tetra, Dojo loach, Dolly Varden trout, Dolphin fish - Corypaena hippurus, Dorab, Dorado, Dory, Dottyback, Dragonet, Dragonfish, Dragon goby, Driftfish, Driftwood catfish, Drum, Duckbill, Duckbill eel, Dusky grouper, Dusky Shark - Carcharhinus obscurus, Dwarf gourami, Dwarf loach, Eagle ray, Earthworm eel, Eel, Eel cod, Eel-goby, Eelpout, Eeltail catfish, Elasmobranch, Electric catfish, Electric eel, Electric knifefish, Electric ray, Elephant fish, Elephantnose fish, Elver, Ember parrotfish, Emerald catfish, Emperor angelfish, Emperor bream, Escolar, Eucla cod, Eulachon, European chub, European eel, European flounder, European minnow, European perch, False brotula, False cat shark, False moray, Fangtooth, Fathead sculpin, Featherback, Fierasfer, Fire goby, Filefish, Finback cat shark, Fingerfish, Firefish, Flabby whale fish, Flagblenny, Flagfin, Flagfish, Flagtail, Flashlight fish, Flatfish, Flathead, Flathead catfish, Flier, Flounder, Flying gurnard, Flying fish, Footballfish, Forehead brooder, Four-eyed fish, French angelfish, Freshwater eel, Freshwater hatchetfish, Freshwater shark, Frigate mackerel, Frilled shark, Frogfish, Frogmouth catfish, Fusilier fish, Galjoen fis, Ganges shark, Geel, Garibaldi, Garpike, Ghost fish, Ghost flathead, Ghost knifefish, Ghost pipefish, Ghost shark, Ghoul, Giant danio, Giant gourami, Giant sea bass, Gibberfish, Gila trout, Gizzard shad, Glass catfish, Glassfish, Glass knifefish, Glowlight danio, Goatfish, Goblin shark, Goby, Golden dojo, Golden loach, Golden shiner, Golden trout, Goldeye, Goldfish, Gombessa, Goosefish, Gopher rockfish, Gourami, Grass carp, Graveldiver, Grayling, Gray mullet, Gray reef shark, Great white shark, Green swordtail, Greeneye, Greenling, Grenadier, Green spotted puffer, Ground shark, Grouper, Grunion, Grunt, Grunter, Grunt sculpin, Gudgeon, Guitarfish, Gulf menhaden, Gulper eel, Gulper, Gunnel, Guppy, Gurnard, Haddock, Hagfish, Hairtail, Hake, Halfbeak, Halfmoon, Halibut, Halosaur, Hamlet, Hammerhead shark, Hammerjaw, Handfish, Hardhead catfish, Harelip sucker, Hatchetfish, Hawkfish, Herring, Herring smelt, Hickory Shad, Horn shark, Horsefish, Houndshark, Huchen, Humuhumunukunukuapua'a, Hussar, Icefish, Ide, Ilisha, Inanga, Inconnu, Jack, Jackfish, Jack Dempsey, Japanese eel, Javelin, Jawfish, Jellynose fish, Jewelfish, Jewel tetra, Jewfish, John Dory, Kafue pike, Kahawai, Kaluga, Kanyu, Kelp perch, Kelpfish, Killifish, King of the herrings, Kingfish, King-of-the-salmon, Kissing gourami, Knifefish, Knifejaw, Koi, Kokanee, Kokopu, Kuhli loach, Labyrinth fish, Ladyfish, Lake chub, Lake trout, Lake whitefish, Lampfish, Lamprey, Lanternfish, Largemouth bass, Leaffish, Lefteye flounder, Lemon shark, Lemon sole, Lemon tetra, Lenok, Leopard danio, Lightfish, Limia, Lined sole, Ling, Ling cod, Lionfish, Livebearer, Lizardfish, Loach, Loach catfish, Loach goby, Loach minnow, Longfin, Longfin dragonfish, Longfin escolar, Longfin smelt, Long-finned char, Long-finned pike, Longjaw mudsucker, Longneck eel, Longnose chimaera, Longnose dace, Longnose lancetfish, Longnose sucker, Longnose whiptail catfish, Long-whiskered catfish, Loosejaw, Lost River sucker, Louvar, Loweye catfish, Luderick, Luminous hake, Lumpsucker, Lungfish, Mackerel, Mackerel shark, Madtom, Mahi-mahi, Mahseer, Mail-cheeked fish, Mako shark, Mandarinfish, Masu salmon, Medaka, Medusafish, Megamouth shark, Menhaden, Merluccid hake, Mexican golden trout, Midshipman fish, Milkfish,, Minnow, Minnow of the deep, Modoc sucker, Mojarra, Mola, Monkeyface prickleback, Monkfish, Mooneye, Moonfish, Moorish idol, Mora, Moray eel, Morid cod, Morwong, Moses sole, Mosquitofish, Mouthbrooder, Mozambique tilapia, Mrigal, Mud catfish (Mud cat), Mudfish, Mudminnow, Mud minnow, Mudskipper, Mudsucker, Mullet, Mummichog, Murray cod, Muskellunge, Mustache triggerfish, Mustard eel, Naked-back knifefish, Nase, Needlefish, Neon tetra, New World rivuline, New Zealand smelt, Nibble fish, Noodlefish, North American darter, North American freshwater catfish, North Pacific daggertooth, Northern anchovy, Northern clingfish, Northern lampfish, Northern pike, Northern sea robin, Northern squawfish, Northern stargazer, Notothen, Nurseryfish, Nurse shark, Oarfish, Ocean perch, Ocean sunfish, Oceanic whitetip shark, Oilfish, Oldwife, Old World knifefish, Olive flounder, Opah, Opaleye, Orange roughy, Orangespine unicorn fish, Orangestriped triggerfish, Orbicular batfish, Orbicular velvetfish, Oregon chub, Orfe, Oriental loach, Oscar, Owens pupfish, Pacific albacore, Pacific cod, Pacific hake, Pacific herring, Pacific lamprey, Pacific salmo, Pacific saury, Pacific trout, Pacific viperfish, Paddlefish, Pancake batfish, Panga, Paradise fish, Parasitic catfish, Parore, Parrotfish, Peacock flounder, Peamouth, Pearleye, Pearlfish, Pearl danio, Pearl perch, Pelagic cod, Pelican eel, Pelican gulper, Pencil catfish, Pencilfish, Pencilsmelt, Peppered corydoras, Perch, Peters' elephantnose fish, Pickerel, Pigfish, Pike conger, Pike eel, Pike, Pikeblenny, Pikeperch, Pilchard, Pilot fish, Pineapplefish, Pineconefish, Pink salmon, Píntano, Pipefish, Piranha, Pirarucu, Pirate perch, Plaice, Platy, Platyfish, Pleco, Plownose chimaera, Poacher, Pollock, Pomfret, Pompano dolphinfish, Ponyfish, Popeye catalufa, Porbeagle shark, Porcupinefish, Porgy, Port Jackson shark, Powen, Prickleback, Pricklefish, Prickly shark, Prowfish, Pufferfish, Pumpkinseed, Pupfish, Pygmy sunfish, Queen danio, Queen parrotfish, Queen triggerfish, Quillback, Quillfish, Rabbitfish, Raccoon butterfly fish, Ragfish, Rainbow trout, Rainbowfish, Rasbora, Ratfish, Rattail, Ray, Razorback sucker, Razorfish, Red Grouper, Red salmon, Red snapper, Redfin perch, Redfish, Redhorse sucker, Redlip blenny, Redmouth whalefish, Redtooth triggerfish, Red velvetfish, Red whalefish, Reedfish, Reef triggerfish, Remora, Requiem shark, Ribbon eel, Ribbon sawtail fish, Ribbonfish, Rice eel, Ricefish, Ridgehead, Riffle dace, Righteye flounder, Rio Grande perch, River loach, River shark, River stingray, Rivuline, Roach, Roanoke bass, Rock bass, Rock beauty, Rock cod, Rocket danio, Rockfish, Rockling, Rockweed gunnel, Rohu, Ronquil, Roosterfish, Ropefish, Rough scad, Rough sculpin, Roughy, Roundhead, Round herring, Round stingray, Round whitefish, Rudd, Rudderfish, Ruffe, Russian sturgeon, Sábalo, Sabertooth, Saber-toothed blenny, Sabertooth fish, Sablefish, Sacramento blackfish, Sacramento splittail, Sailfin silverside, Sailfish, Salamanderfish, Salmon, Salmon shark, Sandbar shark, Sandburrower, Sand dab, Sand diver, Sand eel, Sandfish, Sand goby, Sand knifefish, Sand lance, Sandperch, Sandroller, Sand stargazer, Sand tiger, Sand tilefish, Sandbar Shark - Carchathinus plumbeus, Sarcastic fringehead, Sardine, Sargassum fish, Sauger, Saury, Sawfishm, Saw shark, Sawtooth eel, Scabbard fish, Scaly dragonfish, Scat, Scissortail rasbora, Scorpionfish, Sculpin, Scup, Sea bass, Sea bream, Sea catfish, Sea chub, Sea devil, Sea dragon, Sea lamprey, Sea raven, Sea snail, Sea toad, Seahorse, Seamoth, Searobin, Sevan trout, Sergeant major, Shad, Shark, Sharksucker, Sharpnose puffer, Sheatfish, Sheepshead, Sheepshead minnow, Shiner, Shortnose chimaera, Shortnose sucker, Shovelnose sturgeon, Shrimpfish, Siamese fighting fish, Sillago, Silver carp, Silver dollar, Silver dory, Silver hake, Silverside, Silvertip tetra, Sind danio, Sixgill ray, Sixgill shark, Skate, Skilfish, Skipjack tuna, Slender mola, Slender snipe eel, Sleeper, Sleeper shark, Slickhead, Slimehead, Slimy mackerel, Slimy sculpin, Slipmouth, Smalleye squaretail, Smalltooth sawfish, Smelt, Smelt-whiting, Smooth dogfish, Snailfish, Snake eel, Snakehead, Snake mackerel, Snapper, Snipe eel, Snipefish, Snoek, Snook, Snubnose eel, Snubnose parasitic eel, Sockeye salmon, Soldierfish, Sole, South American darter, South American lungfish, Southern Dolly Varden, Southern flounder, Southern hake, Southern sandfish, Southern smelt, Spadefish, Spaghetti eel, Spanish mackerel, Spearfish, Speckled trout, Spiderfish, Spikefish, Spinefoot, Spiny basslet, Spiny dogfish, Spiny dwarf catfish, Spiny eel, Spinyfin, Splitfin, Spookfish, Spotted climbing perch, Spotted danio, Spottail Pinfish - Diplodus holbrooki, Sprat, Springfish, Squarehead catfish, Squaretail, Squawfish, Squeaker, Squirrelfish, Staghorn sculpin, Stargazer, Starry flounder, Steelhead, Stickleback, Stingfish, Stingray, Stonecat, Stonefish, Stoneroller minnow, Stream catfish, Striped bass, Striped burrfish, Sturgeon, Sucker, Suckermouth armored catfish, Summer flounder, Sundaland noodlefish,Sunfish, Surf sardine, Surfperch, Surgeonfish, Swallower, Swamp-eel, Swampfish, Sweeper, Swordfish, Swordtail, Tadpole cod, Tadpole fish, Tailor, Taimen, Tang, Tapetail, Tarpon, Tarwhine, Telescopefish, Temperate bass, Temperate perch, Tenpounder, Tenuis, Tetra, Thorny catfish, Thornfish, Threadfin, Threadfin bream, Thread-tail, Three spot gourami, Threespine stickleback, Three-toothed puffer, Thresher shark, Tidewater goby, Tiger barb, Tigerperch, Tiger shark, Tiger shovelnose catfish, Tilapia, Tilefish, Titan triggerfish, Toadfish, Tommy ruff, Tompot blenny, Tonguefish, Tope, Topminnow, Torpedo, Torrent catfish, Torrent fish, Trahira, Treefish, Trevally, Triggerfish, Triplefin blenny, Triplespine, Tripletail, Tripod fish, Trout, Trout cod, Trout-perch, Trumpeter, Trumpetfish, Trunkfish, Tubeblenny, Tube-eye, Tube-snout, Tubeshoulder, Tui chub, Tuna, Turbot, Two spotted goby, Uaru, Unicorn fish, Upside-down catfish, Vanjaram, Velvet belly lanternshark, Velvet catfish, Velvetfish, Vermillion Snapper - Rhomboplites aurorubens, Vimba, Viperfish, Wahoo, Walking catfish, Wallago, Walleye, Walleye Pollock, Walu, Warmouth, Warty angler, Waryfish, Waspfish, Weasel shark, Weatherfish, Weever, Weeverfish, Wels catfish, Whale catfish, Whalefish, Whale shark, Whiff, Whitebait, White croaker, Whitefish, White marlin, White shark, Whitetip reef shark, Whiting, Wobbegong, Wolf-eel, Wolffish, Wolf-herring, Worm eel, Wormfish, Wrasse, Wrymouth, X-ray fish, Yellowback fusilier, Yellowbanded perch, Yellow bass, Yellowedge grouper (Hyporthodus flavolimbatus), Yellow-edged moray, Yellow-eye mullet, Yellowhead jawfish, Yellowfin croaker, Yellowfin cutthroat trout, Yellowfin grouper, Yellowfin Tuna - Thunnus albacares, Yellowfin pike, Yellowfin surgeonfish, Yellowfin tuna, Yellowmargin triggerfish, Yellow moray, Yellow perch, Yellowtail, Yellowtail amberjack, Yellowtail barracuda, Yellowtail clownfish, Yellowtail horse mackerel, Yellowtail kingfish, Yellowtail snapper, Yellow tang, Yellow weaver, Yellowtail catfish, Zander, Zebra bullhead shark, Zebra danio, Zebrafish, Zebra lionfish, Zebra loach, Zebra oto, Zebra pleco, Zebra shark, Zebra tilapia, Zebra turkeyfish, Ziege, Zingel. Amphibians: Frogs and Toads, Painted frogs, Disc tongued frogs, Fire Belly toads, Litter frogs, European Spadefoot toads, Parsley frogs, Tongueless frogs, Clawed frogs, Mexican Burrowing Toad, American spadefoot toads, Screeching frogs, True toads, Glass Frogs, Poison dart frogs, Ghost frogs, Shovelnose frogs, Tree frogs, Sedge frogs, Southern frogs, Narrow-mouthed frogs, Australian ground frogs, True frogs, Moss frogs, Seychelles frog, Giant Salamanders, Asiatic Salamanders, Mole Salamanders, Pacific giant salamanders, Amphiumas, Lungless salamanders, Mudpuppies and Waterdogs, Torrent salamanders, True salamanders and Newts, Sirens, Common caecilians, Fish caecilians, Beaked caecilians. Reptiles: Turtles, common snapping turtles and alligator snapping turtle, pond turtles and box turtles, tortoises, Asian river turtles and allies, pignose turtles, softshell turtles, river turtles, mud turtles, sea turtles, leatherback turtles, tuataras, scaled reptiles, agamas, chameleons, casquehead lizard, iguanas, Madagascar iguanids, collared and leopard lizards, horned lizards, anoles, wood lizards, Neotropical ground lizards, geckos, legless lizards, blind lizards, spinytail Lizards, plated lizards, spectacled lizards, whiptails and tegus, Lacertids, skinks, night lizards, glass lizards, American legless lizards, knob-scaled lizards, gila monsters, earless Monitor lizards, monitor lizards, worm Lizards, shorthead Worm Lizards, two-legged Worm Lizards, snakes, wart snakes, false coral snakes, dwarf pipe snakes, African burrowing asps, stiletto snakes, boas, anacondas, Old World sand boas, Mauritius snakes, Colubrids, typical snakes, Asian pipe snakes, cobras, coral snakes, mambas, sea snakes, Mexican pythons, pythons, dwarf boas, pipe snakes, shield-tailed snakes, vipers, pitvipers, Fae's viper, night adders, pitvipers, rattlesnakes, true vipers, sunbeam snakes, blind snakes, primitive blind snakes, slender blind snakes, thread snakes, blind snakes, typical blind snakes, Crocodiles, alligators, garials. Aves: Ostrich, rheas, cassowaries and emu, kiwis, elephant birds, upland moas, great moas, lesser moas, Tinamous, Australian brush turkey,megapodes, chachalacas, curassows, and guans, Guineafowl, pheasants and allies, New World quail, pheasants and relatives, mihirungs, screamers, magpie-goose, ducks, geese, and swans, grebes, swimming flamingos, flamingos, pigeons and doves, sandgrouse, mesites, Tawny frogmouth, Nightjars, oilbird, potoos, frogmouths, owlet-nightjars, treeswifts, swifts, hummingbird, cuckoos and relatives, turacos and relatives, bustards, hoatzin, cranes and allies, cranes, limpkin, trumpeters, rails and allies, adzebills, finfoots, flufftails, rails and relatives, thick-knees and allies, thick-knees and relatives, sheathbills, Magellanic plover, plover-like waders, golden plovers, ibisbill, oystercatchers, plovers and lapwings, jacana-like waders, painted snipes, Egyptian plover, jacanas, seedsnipes, plains-wanderer, sandpipers and relatives, buttonquail, gulls and allies, coursers and pratincoles, crab-plover, skuas and jaegers, auks and puffins, gulls, skimmers and terns, sunbittern, tropicbirds, penguins, albatrosses, austral storm petrels, northern storm petrels, petrels and relatives, White stork, storks, frigatebirds, boobies and gannets, darters, cormorants and shags, ibises and spoonbills, hamerkop, shoebill, pelicans, herons and relatives, New World vultures, secretarybird, osprey, hawks, eagles, buzzards, harriers, kites and Old World vultures, barn owls, true owls, mousebirds, cuckooroller, trogons and quetzals, hornbills, hoopoe, woodhoopoes, bee-eater, rollers, ground rollers, todies, motmots, Kingfisher, jacamars, puffbirds, African barbets, Asian barbets, toucans, toucan barbets, American barbets, woodpeckers, honeyguides, seriemas, falcons and relatives, kakapo, kea and kakas, cockatoos, African and American parrots, Australasian parrots, Pesquet's parrot, vasa parrots, Pitta cyanea, Lyrebird, New Zealand wrens, suboscines, Old World suboscines, sapayoa, Calyptomenid broadbills, pittas, broadbills, asities, New World suboscines, bronchophones, manakins, cotingas, sharpbills, royal flycatchers and allies, becards and tityras, spadebills, many-colored rush tyrants, mionectine flycatchers, tyrant flycatchers, tracheophones, crescent-chests, gnateaters, antbirds, antpittas, ground antbirds, ovenbirds, oscines, scrub-birds, lyrebirds, bowerbirds, Australasian treecreepers, Australasian wrens, bristlebirds, gerygones and allies, honeyeaters and relatives, Australasian babblers, logrunners, quail-thrushes and jewel-babblers, cuckoo-shrikes, whitehead and allies, sittellas, wattled ploughbills, whipbirds and quail-thrushes, Australo-Papuan bellbirds, crested shriketits, painted berrypeckers, vireos and relatives, whistlers and relatives, Old World orioles, Boatbills, woodswallows and butcherbirds, mottled berryhunter, ioras, bristlehead, bushshrikes and relatives, wattle-eyes and batises, vangas , fantails, silktail, drongo fantail, drongos, blue-capped ifrits, Australian mudnesters, birds-of-paradise, monarch flycatchers, shrikes, jays and crows, berrypeckers, satinbirds, Australasian robins, stitchbird, wattlebirds, rockfowl, rock-jumpers, rail-babbler, fairy warblers, hyliotas, penduline tits, chickadees and true tits, Nicators, bearded reedling, larks, African warblers, cisticolas and relatives, marsh warblers, pygmy wren-babblers, grass warblers, Malagasy warblers, swallows and martins, bulbuls, leaf warblers, bush warblers , Bushtits, true warblers, parrotbills, fulvettas, white-eyes, babblers and relatives, fulvettas, ground babblers, laughing thrushes, kinglets, spotted wren-babblers, Hawaiian honeyeaters, silky-flycatchers, waxwings, Palmchat, hypocolius, wallcreeper, nuthatches, treecreepers, wrens, gnatcatchers, dippers, thrushes and relatives, flycatchers and relatives, oxpeckers, mockingbirds and thrashers, starlings and mynas , sugarbirds, dapplethroat and allies, flowerpeckers, sunbirds, fairy-bluebirds, leafbirds, olive warbler, accentors, pink-tailed bunting, weavers and relatives, whydahs and indigobirds, weaver finches, Old World sparrows, wagtails and pipits, finches and relatives, longspurs, snow buntings, rosy thrush-tanagers, Old World buntings and New World sparrows, American sparrows, palm-tanager and allies, New World blackbirds and New World orioles, Cuban warblers, wood warblers, cardinals, grosbeaks, and New World buntings, tanagers and relatives. MAMMALS: Rat, Bat, Horse, Standardbred, Throughbred, Saddlebred, Arab, Palomino, Australian stock, Appaloosa, Barb, Lippizaner, Mustang, American Shetland, Falabella, Percheron, Shire, Mule, Bullock, Setter, Oxen, Camel, Tiger, Lion, Hyaenas, Leopard, Bear, Cat, Dog, Sheep, Goat, Cow, Cob, Pig, Chamois, Bulldog, Borzoi, Loris, Longspur, Harvest mouse, Spiny – ant eater, Duck – billed platypus, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Tonkinese, Ragdoll, Margay, Tapir, Seal, Sea lion, Walrus, Dolphin, Bactrian camel, Arabian camel, Bushbaby, Burmese cat, Whale, Porpoise, Aardvark, Ape, Monkey, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Flying Lemur, Hare, Pika, Macaque, Rabbit, Colobus, Antelope, Caribou, Cattle, Deer, Grizzly bear, Hyrax, Armadillo, Porcupine, Hedgehog, Arctic hare, Mole, Shrew, Beaver, Asian black bear, Polar bear, Sloth bear, Spectacled bear, Mouse, Squirrel, Dugong, Moose, Fallow deer, Reindeer, Red deer, Manatee, Egyptian Mau, Scottish fold, Himalayan, Birman, Red squirrel, Hippopotamus, Weasel, Whale, Wither, Blue whale, Sperm whale, Killer whale, Wallaby, Beluga, Baird’s beaked whale, Grey whale, Bryde’s whale, Pygmy right whale, Southern right whale, Seal, Ape, Indri, Aye – aye, Alaskan Malamute, Dobermann, Beagle, Kinkajou, Afgan Hound, Rough Collie, Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Sheepdog, Pointer, Poddle, Weimaraner, Bloodhound, Zebra, Giraffe, Yak, Arctic fox, Polecat, Golden Retriever, Kerry Blue, Prairie dog, Airedale, German spitz, Pekingese, Otter, Shih Tzu, Proboscis monkey, Orang – utan, Red Howler monkey, Spider monkey, Sloth, Koala, Pangolin, Mustelid, Mongoose, Guinea pig, Malayan Porcupine, Naked Mole rat, Capybara, Pallid Gerbil, Brown rat, Somali, Ocicat, Balinese, Bengal, Cymric, Chartreux, Devon Rex, Turkish Angora, Russian Blue, Yellow – necked woodmouse, Hamster, Grey squirrel, Chipmunk, Fox, Blue Longhair, Chinese Pangolin, Blue – cream shorthair, Tortoiseshell and white shorthair, Brown spotted shorthair, Red and white Japanese bobtail, Javanese, Red Persian Longhair, Brown classic tabby maine coon, Lilac angora, Seal point Siamese, Brown and white sphinx, Red classic tabby manx, Vampire bat, Proboscis bat, Franquet’s fruit bat, Bengal Tiger, Horseshoe bat, Noctule bat, Funnel - eared bat, Blue exotic, Foreign lilac oriental shorthair, Boxer, Bay, Cream point colour pointed british shorthair, Abyssinian, Cinnamon silver Cornish rex, Wolverine, Skunk, Human being, Pine marten, Stoat, Chocolate point longhair, Husky, Ant eater, Kangaroo, Gray Mouse Lemur, Musk oxen, Raccoon dogrie, Pasnda, Bouto, Pembroke Welsh corgi, Whippet, Whisker, Indus river dolphin, Franciscana, Sorrel, Finless porpoise, Jerboa, Harbour porpoise, Bottlenose dolphin, Border Collie, Diana Monkey, White – beaked dolphin, Atlantic white – sided dolphin, Bobcat, Alpaca, Aberdeen angus, Lynx, Pacific white – sided dolphin, Rhesus monkey, Irish wolfhound, Baboon, Slivery marmoset, Puma, Ocelot, Norwegian Forest Cat, Basenji, Keeshond, Akita, Samoyed, Briard, Brittaney, Vizsla, Weimaraner, Saluki, Greyhound, Rottweiler, Bullmastiff, Newfoundland, Puli, Bombay, Sphynx, Kangaroo rat, Humpback whale, Red panda, Maltese, Pug, Chihuahua, Papillon, Pomeranian, Schipperke, Aardwolve, Cheetah, Civet, Red – Bellied Lemur, Moustache, Monkey, Yorkshire terrier, German shepherd, Clumber spaniel, Bouvier des Flandres, Belgian sheepdog, Boston terrier, Italian greyhound, Chesapeake Bay retriever, Genet, Musk deer, Bichon fries, Rock Hyrax, Pony, Mink, Mammoth, Mastodon, Giant sloth, Llama, African Elephant, DeBrazza’s Monkey, Siberian Tiger, Hackney Pony, Bonnet Monkey, German wirehaired pointer, Ferret, Jaguar, Dalmatian, Red Bengal Tiger, Badger, Shunk, Skye terrier, Great dane, Grampus, Bandicoot, Wolf, Marmot, Squirrel monkey, Sable, Minke whale, Spectacle porpoise, Opossums, Airedale, Wombat. etc , Ramapithecus, Australopithecus bosei or Paranthropus bosei, Zinjanthopus bosei, Homo – erectus ( Java man, Peking man, Heidelberg man ), Homo – Sapiens ( Neanderthal man, Cro – Magnon man) to the modern humans with their development and structure of their Heart, their contributions to the formation of the modern humans. What is the origin of the heart? In which place the heart is situated? What is the weight of our (modern humans) heart? Can a person live without a heart? What is the function of the heart? How heart pumps blood to the body? What type of circulation takes place in the human heart? How big our human heart is? Why is our (modern humans) heart considered as the most developed in the world? Why does heart stop? What are heart sounds? What are the types of heart sounds? What causes the heart sounds heard with a stethoscope? What is the anatomy of the heart? Why heart is considered an important organ in the body? Why can’t people live if heartbeat stops? Where is heart located in? How many chambers are present in the heart? What is the number of heart beats per minute? What is the amount of blood pumped by heart? How much blood does the human heart pump in a lifetime? And Short notes on heart attack i.e. what is the definition of a heart attack? Why does a heart attack occur? What are the types of the heart attack? What happens if human get a heart attack? What are the symptoms of Heart attack? What are the causes of the Heart attack? What are the risk factors related to the Heart attack? What are the types of risk factors cause the Heart attack? What are the complications of a Heart attack? What types of diagnosis useful in detecting and treating a heart attack? What treatment is needed to treat heart attack patients? What are 5 strategies to be maintained after the heart attack? What to do after recovery from a heart attack? What is cardiac rehabilitation? Why cardiac rehabilitation is needed to heart attack patients? Does cardiac rehabilitation create positive effects? What are a lifestyle and home remedies are to be maintained? What type of coping and support should be given to heart attack patients? What are the immediate measures should be taken when you encounter an emergency of heart attack patient? What signs and symptoms list should be made to consult a doctor? What is a widow maker heart attack? What is the definition of a widowmaker heart attack? What are the symptoms of Widowmaker heart attack? What are the causes of Widowmaker heart attack? What are the risk factors related to Widowmaker heart attack? What are the complications of a widowmaker heart attack? What types of diagnosis useful in detecting and treating a widowmaker heart attack? What treatment is needed to treat heart attack patients? How to make over your lifestyle? What type of measures should be taken to stay away from a heart attack? What are 20 types of foods should be taken to keep your heart healthy? Solutions and answers of above questions, material and topics are included and cleared in this book.'

[chandlerhougan-blog]

5 Research Questions

1. How can you tell if a Lake Sturgeon is male or female?

You cannot identify sex of a Lake Sturgeon externally. Only when a precise incision is made, one can find the gonad to determine the sex. Although they’re the same looking on the outside females live remarkably longer than males, males living to 55 and females up to 80-150

2. Are West African Lungfish are at risk of being extinct?

The African lungfish has a large range, and there are no widespread threats to the species. It is listed as of Least Concern with the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

3. Why do Lake Sturgeon have whiskers?

The whiskers are actually called barbels. They hang down from their snout to help them find food on the bottom of the river or lake, which they capture with their suction-like mouth.

4. Does touching the fish engage the child with the information or not? Does it affect their interest?

From first-hand research and observation, I have found the children are more likley to ask about the fish if they’re interacting with them (touching them) than ones in tanks, even when I was by the really unusual fish in the Weird and Wild. 

5. When did Discovery World open? 

Discovery World opened in 2006. It took 95 million dollars to open. Discovery World started in the basement of a Boys & Girls Club located on Milwaukee's East Side just off Brady Street.

[newstfionline]

Headlines

Have the U.S. and China reached a trade deal? (Foreign Policy) A new round of U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods is set to take effect Sunday, but U.S. and Chinese negotiators have tentatively agreed to a phase-one trade deal. The text has not been finalized, but the deal would delay the Dec. 15 deadline and cut some tariffs on Chinese goods. In turn, China has pledged to buy more U.S. agricultural products.

Evo Morales in Argentina (Foreign Policy) Bolivian President Evo Morales has arrived in neighboring Argentina, where he has been granted asylum after being ousted a month ago following an allegedly rigged election. The move, which comes as the left-wing President Alberto Fernández takes office in Argentina, is likely to upset the far-right Bolsonaro administration in Brazil.

Britain’s Conservatives Set for Big Majority (Foreign Policy) Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s Conservative party has won a large majority in the House of Commons, taking 364 seats out of 650 with only one constituency remaining to declare its results--a gain of nearly 50 seats since 2017 and the party’s biggest majority since the era of Margaret Thatcher. The Labour Party won just 203 seats, losing nearly 60 since its strong showing two years ago.

Scotland and Westminster are on a collision course (Foreign Policy) In Scotland, the Scottish National Party won 48 out of 59 seats, taking seven of the 13 seats won by the Conservatives in 2017. Scotland voted overwhelmingly to remain in the European Union in the 2016 Brexit referendum and the SNP leader, Nicola Sturgeon, has vowed to hold a second independence vote if Johnson seeks to drag Scotland out of the EU against its will. “Boris Johnson has a mandate to take England out of the EU but he must accept that I have a mandate to give Scotland a choice for an alternative future,” Sturgeon declared after the results came in. Johnson has indicated he won’t allow a second independence referendum, which could provoke a crisis for the union.

North Korea Says It Conducted Another Crucial Test at Satellite Launch Site: KCNA (Reuters) North Korea said it had conducted another test at a satellite launch site on Friday to bolster its strategic nuclear deterrence, North Korean state media outlet KCNA reported on Saturday.

New Zealand Divers Attempt to Recover Last 2 Volcano Victims (AP) Police divers working in near zero visibility in contaminated waters around New Zealand’s volcanic White Island tried Saturday to find the remaining two victims of an eruption that left at least 16 dead and dozens severely burned.

Insider Attack Kills 9 Afghan Militia, Officials Say (AP) At least one member of an Afghan militia opened fire on his fellow militiamen early Saturday, killing nine, in what the country’s interior ministry called an insider attack.

Ex-premier elected Algerian president; thousands prepare to march (Reuters) Former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid Tebboune was elected Algeria’s new president after a vote the authorities hope will end months of turmoil, but demonstrators who toppled his predecessor Abdelaziz Bouteflika vowed that their movement would not stop.

Pirates release three oil tanker crew kidnapped off Togo (Reuters) Pirates have released three crew taken hostage from a Greek oil tanker off the coast of the West African country of Togo in November, the vessel’s manager said on Friday.

[europesroyals]

❂❂ The Queen Recycles ❂❂

2018-4-17 CHOGM Day 2 Audiences at Windsor Castle with South African President

2018-7-4 Meeting with First Minister Nicola Sturgeon

[puckett03lindhardt-blog]

10 Ways To Beat Feline Allergy symptoms.

Amy Jung and her son Ethan ceased into The Humane Culture near their house in Sturgeon Gulf, Wisconsin on Feb The feline possesses pair of mouths, pair of nostrils and 2 regular eyes along with one much larger non-functioning eye in the facility. I perform not consent to being actually challenged with bigotry in the chances that white colored individuals can perhaps begin to dismiss their own internalized concerns. White lighting is actually a blend of all the colours in the sphere joined all together to form white. Having said that, inning accordance with its own 2015 yearly report, GEO got merely 15% from its own income coming from the Fair treatment Division's Agency from Prisons.check over here ='display: block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;' src="http://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/iim-cat-2015-150816160021-lva1-app6891-thumbnail-2.jpg" width="402" alt=""/> That is actually a kitty from Burmese type along with a dark coating, feet, nose, and copper to greenish eyes. In England folks believe if a white pet cat shows up on the way that shows a rotten luck. Also, the rosettes on their patterning are larger, less carefully stuffed, as well as generally possess dark dots in the centres. Self-made costumes like dark eyed greens, white trash, as well as cereal deadly will certainly be a hit at your Halloween celebration. Without a doubt Black( African) were actually described as a source of White franchise, in the 3/5 clause( that Blacks in United States were actually Three-fifths from a human). A lot of White South Africans are actually functioning assiduously tough to colonize info concerning Blacks and also their very own past and also relevant information. Instead they launched every colour recognized to chickendom, multiplied for more and more lengthy legs, lessened their dimension via the generations, as well as found yourself along with deeply personable extremely style birds. Meet Toldo - an adorable, 3-year-old white and black pussy-cat lifestyle in Montagnana, north Italy. British Shorthair Kitty Health condition - Along with the British Shorthair having a lot of forefathers resulting in the genetics swimming pool, this huge type is very healthy general, along with a single defect that needs factor. We were really thrilled that our sight word 'the' was in the title of guide, 'Pete the Feline I Love My White Shoes'. For example, if you were actually dressing up as the adversary, you would certainly intend to use red or white colored call lenses for the best effect. If it is baby birds you are actually concerned about, I would honestly forget about vegetations and set up a digital feline scarer. Declaration: I have no settings in any sort of stocks mentioned, yet may start a long setting in CAT, JOYG over the next 72 hours. Most often, a cat picks when the amount of time corrects and also what sort of attention they yearn for at the moment. I only couldn't think these photographes when I came upon all of them ... unbelieable that a kitty might acquire so huge as well as still removal! When a fish is actually sick it is crucial to check for those white colored places of the shapes and size of the reservations over its own skin. The time when Billy invited you over to the Wimbledon's property, that fagged out, dilapidated property which stunk of filthy washing and also rotten eggs. Satisfy have a glance at this page if you will like to find out the variations in between the much larger members from the Cat family! Therefore, whether you are actually naming a pet, a tiger for a zoo display, a crammed creature, and even a residence kitty that wants that were a tiger, you are going to likely locate a best title match on this list. As a German pet cat lover, till two years back, I was used to sleep under a down comforter, dealt with by a cotton or even microfiber pouch, basically thickly dealt with in feline hair. After the summer season I went back up north for college and snowball (occasionally ice-block) battles with the white youngsters across the street. Furthermore, I have not wrecked the system in any way or even required additional routine maintenance. The transfer paper you would certainly make use of for white (and also lightweight tinted) materials differs from the paper you will make use of to transfer to darker fabrics. To place this just, these pet cats look much like Siamese felines with white feets and various other white colored markings. . The records likewise suggested that kitties along with white and gray coats, along with kitties with monochrome layers, could have raised aggression - an outcome Stelow claimed the analysts performed not count on to discover. When a feline urinates on you it means shower, and educate the cat to perform urinating in his litter-box. Offering an appropriate diet in mixture with workout is crucial in the match to maintain your cat healthy. Jasmine important oil is disinfectant and also combinations effectively along with various other essential oils for a comforting, well-maintained scent. Concerning a stout stake near the centre from the circling fires a little bit of gathering from dark enthusiasts stood up conversing, their body systems aspersed with white as well as blue and also ochre in vast as well as grotesque bands. Some achievable reasons could be the individual's demeanor, vocal or merely his/her treatment from the pussy-cat.

[updatesnews]

Nicola Sturgeon news: SNP leader savages Douglas Ross - says he 'can't stand up to' Boris | Politics | News

Nicola Sturgeon news: SNP leader savages Douglas Ross – says he ‘can’t stand up to’ Boris | Politics | News

Home Secretary Priti Patel flew to the East African country on Thursday to sign the deal, claiming the asylum system was collapsing. Scottish Conservative leader Douglas Ross, who has performed a dramatic U-turn on the Prime Minister resigning over partygate, claimed the policy would help to deter people traffickers. But Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon has lashed out at her rival’s…

[vgntt]

From A Filipina: Happy International Working Women’s Day 2022

Part 3: The Global Change We Need (In Her Hands)

"There is no doubt, we must ensure that climate change is a feminist issue," is only a part of what Nicola Sturgeon (Scotland's first minister) said at COP26. We cannot defend ourselves altogether from this emergency without women and girls. Since the high demand for basic necessities when the pandemic hit, 45% of women were denied access out of 13 countries surveyed. When, in truth, most of the agricultural sectors are composed of women, with 45% of the farming labor force, ranging from 20% in Latin America to 60% in the African and Asian regions. From the custodians of local culture to women's headship at constitutional levels, they help reinforce nutrition and microfinancing. Additionally, the ongoing global warming trend will hamper the education of 12.5 million girls each year (Malala Fund Report, 2021). Equipping girls with knowledge to tackle climate change and get involved in the more developing world is on hemp. For feasible victories, we need a new narrative built from the perspective of women and girls. "Driving global action and investment with a focus on financing for gender-just climate solutions, increasing women's leadership in the green economy, building women's and girls' resilience to climate impacts and disasters, and increasing the use of data on gender equality and climate," as stated by the UN Women organization. * from the launch and the very goals of Action Coalition for Feminist Action for Climate Justice last year at the Generation Equality Forum.

[animal4all]

A worsening crisis

Contrary to the expectations of the country’s wildlife management authorities and of the public, China’s wildlife crisis has worsened since 1989. A wide range of wild animal species have since faced unprecedented threats from illegal poaching and other activities. The Chinese sturgeon, a native and endangered species on the Yangtze River, saw a drastic drop from some 10,000 individuals in the late 1970s to 263 in 2000 to fewer than 100 in 2017 (Fan Chunxu 2014; Hong Kong on.cc 2017). Wildlife eating, a culinary subculture of South China’s Guangdong and Guangxi and a consumption promoted by wildlife breeders, traders and the exotic food catering businesses, became a nationwide “passion” at the turn of the century. The outbreak of SARS in South China’s Guangdong in 2002–3 led to an exposé of the country’s wildlife wet markets, where wild-caught and captive-bred wild animals were openly sold for food, slaughtered, disembowelled, skinned, dehaired and chopped into pieces (Epstein 2003).

Wildlife eating was such that snakes, owls, and eagles were rarely seen in the wild, but mice were out of control (Li, Peter 2007). Having depleted wildlife from China’s mountains and valleys, Chinese wildlife traders went abroad for live animals, animal parts and by-products such as bears and bear paws, pangolins, monitors, sea turtles and even North American turtles (Bond 2013; RT.com 2016). Chinese tourists have even crossed the borders to neighbouring countries to eat wildlife (Mong La 2016), hunt for trophies (Yang Siqi 2016) and smuggle high-priced wildlife products or raw materials into China (Thornycroft 2013). Of the 2,062 marine turtles confiscated internationally between 2000 and 2008, mainland China was implicated in 2,017 of them, accounting for 98% of the whole specimen trade (Lam et al. 2012). Between 2010 and 2014, China was the biggest buyer of Canadian polar bear hides, importing 42% of the total Canadian export (Weber 2015). China has been the main destination for transcontinental ivory trafficking since 2008. Between 2010 and 2012, more than 100,000 African elephants were killed (Maisels et al. 2013). Some 50% to 70% of the illegal ivory was believed to have been shipped to China (Gettleman 2016). As a newcomer to trophy hunting, China was the second largest destination for African rhino horns between 2009 and 2018 (CITES Trade Database 2019).

In May 2015, to mark International Biodiversity Day, China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly released the China Biodiversity Red List. Created by 213 experts and scientists working in five teams, the list evaluated 4,357 vertebrates (673 species of mammal, 1,372 species of bird, 461 species of reptile, 408 species of amphibian, and 1,443 species of inland fish). It found that the trend of decline in China’s biodiversity had not been curbed. A lot needed to be done, and urgently, to rectify this. Of the 4,357 vertebrate species (excluding marine fish) that were appraised by the Chinese scientific team, 17 were listed as extinct, extinct in the wild, or regionally extinct. Nine hundred and thirty-two species were listed as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable, accounting for 21.4%. Of the 4,357 species, 1,598 are endemic to China. A little over one third of these are threatened (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences 2015). The Chinese public is aware of the crisis. Wildlife use has been losing public support. In 1998, a public opinion survey conducted by the International Fund for Animal Welfare found that a majority of the respondants opposed bear farming (IFAW 1998). A 2016 survey on bear farming confirmed that there was a public consensus on the need to end the practice. Among the respondents, only 10% were loyal consumers of bear bile products, while 70% had never used these products. Of the 70% who had never used bear bile products, 90.2% said that they would not purchase the products in the future. More than 97% of respondents believed that bear farming was cruel and 83.9% thought the industry should be outlawed. Only 2.4% of respondents believed that bear bile was irreplaceable (Diao 2016).

Read also : Wildlife as a resource: the controversy of bear farming

[blackkudos]

Octavia Butler

Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947 – February 24, 2006) was an American science fiction writer. A multiple recipient of both the Hugo and Nebula awards, Butler was one of the best-known women in the field. In 1995, she became the first science fiction writer to receive the MacArthur Fellowship, nicknamed the "Genius Grant".

Early life

Octavia Estelle Butler was born on June 22, 1947, in Pasadena, California, the only child of Octavia Margaret Guy, a housemaid, and Laurice James Butler, a shoeshine man. Butler's father died when she was seven, so Octavia was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother in what she would later recall as a strict Baptist environment.

Growing up in the racially integrated community of Pasadena allowed Butler to experience cultural and ethnic diversity in the midst of racial segregation. She accompanied her mother to her cleaning work and witnessed her entering white people's houses through back doors. Her mother was treated poorly by her employers.

From an early age, an almost paralyzing shyness made it difficult for Butler to socialize with other children. Her awkwardness, paired with a slight dyslexia that made schoolwork a torment, led her to believe that she was "ugly and stupid, clumsy, and socially hopeless," becoming an easy target for bullies. As a result, she frequently passed the time reading at the Pasadena Public Library and writing reams and reams of pages in her "big pink notebook". Hooked at first on fairy tales and horse stories, she quickly became interested in science fiction magazines such as Amazing Stories (aka Amazing), Galaxy Science Fiction (aka Galaxy), and The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, and began reading stories by John Brunner, Zenna Henderson, and Theodore Sturgeon.

At age 10, she begged her mother to buy her a Remington typewriter on which she "pecked [her] stories two fingered". At 12, watching the televised version of the film Devil Girl from Mars (1954) convinced her she could write a better story, so she drafted what would later become the basis for her Patternist novels. Happily ignorant of the obstacles that a black female writer could encounter, she became unsure of herself for the first time at the age of 13, when her well-intentioned aunt Hazel conveyed the realities of segregation in five words: "Honey ... Negroes can't be writers." Nevertheless, Butler persevered in her desire to publish a story, even asking her junior high school science teacher, Mr. Pfaff, to type the first manuscript she submitted to a science fiction magazine.

After graduating from John Muir High School in 1965, Butler worked during the day and attended Pasadena City College (PCC) at night. As a freshman at PCC, she won a college-wide short story contest, earning her first income ($15) as a writer. She also got the "germ of the idea" for what would become her best-selling novel, Kindred, when a young African American classmate involved in the Black Power Movement loudly criticized previous generations of African Americans for being subservient to whites. As she explained in later interviews, the young man's remarks instigated her to respond with a story that would give historical context to that shameful subservience so that it could be understood as silent but courageous survival. In 1968, Butler graduated from PCC with an associate of arts degree with a focus in History.

Rise to success

Even though Butler's mother wanted her to become a secretary with a steady income, Butler continued to work at a series of temporary jobs, preferring the kind of mindless work that would allow her to get up at two or three in the morning to write. Success continued to elude her, as an absence of useful criticism led her to style her stories after the white-and-male-dominated science fiction she had grown up reading. She enrolled at California State University, Los Angeles, but then switched to taking writing courses through UCLA Extension.

During the Open Door Workshop of the Screenwriters' Guild of America, West, a program designed to mentor minority writers, her writing impressed one of the teachers, noted science-fiction writer Harlan Ellison. He encouraged her to attend the six-week Clarion Science Fiction Writers Workshop in Clarion, Pennsylvania. There, Butler met the writer and later longtime friend Samuel R. Delany. She also sold her first stories: "Child Finder" to Ellison, for his anthology The Last Dangerous Visions (still unpublished), and "Crossover" to Robin Scott Wilson, the director of Clarion, who published it in the 1971 Clarion anthology.

For the next five years, Butler worked on the series of novels that later become known as the Patternist series: Patternmaster (1976), Mind of My Mind (1977), and Survivor (1978). In 1978, she was finally able to stop working at temporary jobs and live on her writing. She took a break from the Patternist series to research and write Kindred (1979), and then finished the series with Wild Seed (1980) and Clay's Ark (1984).

Butler's rise to prominence began in 1984 when "Speech Sounds" won the Hugo Award for Short Story and, a year later, Bloodchild won the Hugo Award, the Locus Award, and the Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Award for Best Novelette. In the meantime, Butler traveled to the Amazon rainforest and the Andes to do research for what would become the Xenogenesis trilogy: Dawn (1987), Adulthood Rites (1988), and Imago (1989). These stories were republished in 2000 as the collection Lilith's Brood.

During the 1990s, Butler worked on the novels that solidified her fame as a writer: Parable of the Sower (1993) and Parable of the Talents (1998). In 1995, she became the first science-fiction writer to be awarded a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellowship, an award that came with a prize of $295,000.

In 1999, after her mother's death, Butler moved to Lake Forest Park, Washington. The Parable of the Talents had won the Science Fiction Writers of America's Nebula Award for Best Science Novel and she had plans for four more Parable novels: Parable of the Trickster, Parable of the Teacher, Parable of Chaos, and Parable of Clay. However, after several failed attempts to begin The Parable of the Trickster, she decided to stop work in the series. In later interviews, Butler explained that the research and writing of the Parable novels had overwhelmed and depressed her, so she had shifted to composing something "lightweight" and "fun" instead. This became her last book, the science-fiction vampire novel Fledgling (2005).

Writing career

Early stories, Patternist series, and Kindred: 1971–1984

Butler's first work published was Crossover in the 1971 Clarion Workshop anthology. She also sold the short story Childfinder to Harlan Ellison for the anthology The Last Dangerous Visions. "I thought I was on my way as a writer," Butler recalled in her short fiction collection Bloodchild and Other Stories. "In fact, I had five more years of rejection slips and horrible little jobs ahead of me before I sold another word."

Starting in 1974, Butler worked on a series of novels that would later be collected as the Patternist series, which depicts the transformation of humanity into three genetic groups: the dominant Patternists, humans who have been bred with heightened telepathic powers and are bound to the Patternmaster via a psionic chain; their enemies the Clayarks, disease-mutated animal-like superhumans; and the Mutes, ordinary humans bonded to the Patternists.

The first novel, Patternmaster (1976), eventually became the last installment in the series' internal chronology. Set in the distant future, it tells of the coming-of-age of Teray, a young Patternist who fights for position within Patternist society and eventually for the role of Patternmaster.

Next came Mind of My Mind (1977), a prequel to Patternmaster set in the twentieth century. The story follows the development of Mary, the creator of the psionic chain and the first Patternmaster to bind all Patternists, and her inevitable struggle for power with her father Doro, a parapsychological vampire who seeks to retain control over the psionic children he has bred over the centuries.

The third book of the series, Survivor, was published in 1978. The titular survivor is Alanna, the adopted child of the Missionaries, fundamentalist Christians who have traveled to another planet to escape Patternist control and Clayark infection. Captured by a local tribe called the Tehkohn, Alanna learns their language and adopts their customs, knowledge which she then uses to help the Missionaries avoid bondage and assimilation into a rival tribe that opposes the Tehkohn.

After Survivor, Butler took a break from the Patternist series to write what would become her best-selling novel, Kindred (1979) as well as the short story "Near of Kin" (1979). In Kindred, Dana, an African American woman, is transported from 1976 Los Angeles to early nineteenth century Maryland. She meets her ancestors: Rufus, a white slave holder, and Alice, a black freewoman forced into slavery later in life. In "Near of Kin" the protagonist discovers a taboo relationship in her family as she goes through her mother's things after her death.

In 1980, Butler published the fourth book of the Patternist series, Wild Seed, whose narrative became the series' origin story. Set in Africa and America during the seventeenth century, Wild Seed traces the struggle between the four-thousand-year-old parapsychological vampire Doro and his "wild" child and bride, the three-hundred-year-old shapeshifter and healer Anyanwu. Doro, who has bred psionic children for centuries, deceives Anyanwu into becoming one of his breeders, but she eventually escapes and uses her gifts to create communities that rival Doro's. When Doro finally tracks her down, Anyanwu, tired by decades of escaping or fighting Doro, decides to commit suicide, forcing him to admit his need for her.

In 1983, Butler published "Speech Sounds," a story set in a post-apocalyptic Los Angeles where a pandemic has caused most humans to lose their ability to read, speak, or write. For many, this impairment is accompanied by uncontrollable feelings of jealousy, resentment, and rage. "Speech Sounds" received the 1984 Hugo Award for Best Short Story.

In 1984, Butler released the last book of the Patternmaster series, Clay's Ark. Set in the Mojave Desert, it focuses on a colony of humans infected by an extraterrestrial microorganism brought to Earth by the one surviving astronaut of the spaceship Clay's Ark. As the microorganism compels them to spread it, they kidnap ordinary people to infect them and, in the case of women, give birth to the mutant, sphinx-like children who will be the first members of the Clayark race.

Bloodchild and the Xenogenesis trilogy: 1984–1989

Butler followed Clay's Ark with the critically acclaimed short story "Bloodchild" (1984). Set on an alien planet, it depicts the complex relationship between human refugees and the insect-like aliens who keep them in a preserve to protect them, but also to use them as hosts for breeding their young. Sometimes called Butler's "pregnant man story," "Bloodchild" won the Nebula, Hugo, and Locus Awards, and the Science Fiction Chronicle Reader Award.

Three years later, Butler published Dawn, the first installment of what would become known as the Xenogenesis trilogy. The series examines the theme of alienation by creating situations in which humans are forced to coexist with other species to survive and extends Butler's recurring exploration of genetically-altered, hybrid individuals and communities. In Dawn, protagonist Lilith Iyapo finds herself in a spaceship after surviving a nuclear apocalypse that destroys Earth. Saved by the Oankali aliens, the human survivors must combine their DNA with an ooloi, the Oankali's third sex, in order to create a new race that eliminates a self-destructive flaw in humans—their aggressive hierarchical tendencies. Butler followed Dawn with "The Evening and the Morning and the Night" (1987), a story about how certain female sufferers of "Duryea-Gode Disease," a genetic disorder which causes dissociative states, obsessive self-mutilation, and violent psychosis, are able to control others afflicted with the disease.

Adulthood Rites (1988) and Imago (1989) the second and the third books in the Xenogenesis trilogy, focus on the predatory and prideful tendencies that affect human evolution, as humans now revolt against Lilith's Oankali-engineered progeny. Set thirty years after humanity's return to Earth, Adulthood Rites centers on the kidnapping of Lilith's part-human, part alien child, Akin, by a human-only group who are against the Oankali. Akin learns about both aspects of his identity through his life with the humans as well as the Akjai. The Oankali-only group becomes their mediator, and ultimately creates a human-only colony in Mars. In Imago, the Oankali create a third species more powerful than themselves: the shape-shifting healer Jodahs, a human-Oankali ooloi who must find suitable human male and female mates to survive its metamorphosis and finds them in the most unexpected of places, in a village of renegade humans.

The Parable series: 1993–1998

In the mid-1990s, Butler published two novels later designated as the Parable (or Earthseed) series. The books depict the struggle of the Earthseed community to survive the socioeconomic and political collapse of twenty-first century America due to poor environmental stewardship, corporate greed, and the growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. The books propose alternate philosophical views and religious interventions as solutions to such dilemmas.

The first book in the series, Parable of the Sower (1993), features a fifteen-year-old protagonist named Lauren Oya Olamina, and is set in a dystopian California in the 2020s. Lauren, who suffers from a syndrome causing her to literally feel any physical pain she witnesses, decides to escape the corruption and corporatization of her community of Robledo. She forms a new belief system, Earthseed, in order to prepare for the future of the human race on another planet. Recruiting members of varying social backgrounds, Lauren relocates her new group to Northern California, naming her new community "Earthseed".

Her 1998 follow-up novel, Parable of the Talents, is set sometime after Lauren's death and is told through the excerpts of Lauren's journals as framed by the commentary of her estranged daughter, Larkin. It details the takeover of Earthseed by right-wing fundamentalist Christians, Lauren's attempts to survive their religious "re-education", and the final triumph of Earthseed as a community and a doctrine.

In between her Earthseed novels, Butler published the collection Bloodchild and Other Stories (1995), which includes the short stories "Bloodchild", "The Evening and the Morning and the Night", "Near of Kin", "Speech Sounds", and "Crossover", as well as the non-fiction pieces "Positive Obsession" and "Furor Scribendi".

Late stories and Fledgling: 2003–2005

After several years of suffering from writer's block, Butler published the short stories "Amnesty" (2003) and "The Book of Martha" (2003), and her second standalone novel, Fledgling (2005). Both short stories focus on how impossible conditions force an ordinary woman to make a distressing choice. In "Amnesty", an alien abductee recounts her painful abuse at the hand of the unwitting aliens, and upon her release, by humans, and explains why she chose to work as a translator for the aliens now that the Earth's economy is in a deep depression. In "The Book of Martha", God asks a middle-aged African American novelist to make one important change to fix humanity's destructive ways. Martha's choice—to make humans have vivid and satisfying dreams—means that she will no longer be able to do what she loves, writing fiction. These two stories were added to the 2005 edition of Bloodchild and Other Stories.

Butler's last publication during her lifetime was Fledgling, a novel exploring the culture of a vampire community living in mutualistic symbiosis with humans. Set on the West Coast, it tells of the coming-of-age of a young female hybrid vampire whose species is called Ina. The only survivor of a vicious attack on her families that left her an amnesiac, she must seek justice for her dead, build a new family, and relearn how to be Ina.

Butler bequeathed her papers including manuscripts, correspondence, school papers, notebooks, and photographs to the Huntington Library.

Themes

The critique of present-day hierarchies

In multiple interviews and essays, Butler explained her view of humanity as inherently flawed by an innate tendency towards hierarchical thinking which leads to intolerance, violence and, if not checked, the ultimate destruction of our species.

"Simple peck-order bullying", she wrote in her essay "A World without Racism," "is only the beginning of the kind of hierarchical behavior that can lead to racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, classism, and all the other 'isms' that cause so much suffering in the world." Her stories, then, often replay humanity's domination of the weak by the strong as a type of parasitism. These superior beings, whether aliens, vampires, superhuman, or a slave masters, find themselves defied by a protagonist who embodies difference, diversity, and change, so that, as John R. Pfeiffer notes "[i]n one sense [Butler's] fables are trials of solutions to the self-destructive condition in which she finds mankind."

The remaking of the human

In his essay on the sociobiological backgrounds of Butler's Xenogenesis trilogy, J. Adam Johns describes how Butler's narratives counteract the death drive behind the hierarchical impulse with an innate love of life (biophilia), particularly different, strange life. Specifically, Butler's stories feature gene manipulation, interbreeding, miscegenation, symbiosis, mutation, alien contact, non-consensual sex, contamination, and other forms of hybridity as the means to correct the sociobiological causes of hierarchical violence. As De Witt Douglas Kilgore and Ranu Samantrai note, "[i]n [Butler's] narratives the undoing of the human body is both literal and metaphorical, for it signifies the profound changes necessary to shape a world not organized by hierarchical violence." The evolutionary maturity achieved by the bioengineered hybrid protagonist at the end of the story, then, signals the possible evolution of the dominant community in terms of tolerance, acceptance of diversity, and a desire to wield power responsibly.

The survivor as hero

Butler's protagonists are disenfranchised individuals who endure, compromise, and embrace radical change in order to survive. As De Witt Douglas Kilgore and Ranu Samantrai note, her stories focus on minority characters whose historical background makes them already intimate with brutal violation and exploitation, and therefore the need to compromise to survive. Even when endowed with extra abilities, these characters are forced to experience unprecedented physical, mental, and emotional distress and exclusion to ensure a minimal degree of agency and to prevent humanity from achieving self-destruction. In many stories, their acts of courage become acts of understanding, and in some cases, love, as they reach a crucial compromise with those in power. Ultimately, Butler's focus on disenfranchised characters serves to illustrate both the historical exploitation of minorities and how the resolve of one such exploited individual may bring on critical change.

The creation of alternative communities

Butler's stories feature mixed communities founded by African protagonists and populated by diverse, if similar-minded individuals. Members may be humans of African, European, or Asian descent, extraterrestrial (such as the N'Tlic in "Bloodchild"), from a different species (such as the vampiric Ina in Fledgling), and cross-species (such as the human-Oankali Akin and Jodahs in the Xenogenesis trilogy). In some stories, the community's hybridity results in a flexible view of sexuality and gender (for instance, the polyamorous extended families in Fledgling). Thus, Butler creates bonds between groups that are generally considered to be separate and unrelated, and suggests hybridity as "the potential root of good family and blessed community life."

Relationship to Afrofuturism

Butler's work has been associated with the genre of Afrofuturism, a term coined by Mark Dery to describe "speculative fiction that treats African-American themes and addresses African-American concerns in the context of 20th-century technoculture." Some critics, however, have noted that while Butler's protagonists are of African descent, the communities they create are multi-ethnic and, sometimes, multi-species. As De Witt Douglas Kilgore and Ranu Samantrai explain in their 2010 memorial to Butler, while Butler does offer "an afro-centric sensibility at the core of narratives," her "insistence on hybridity beyond the point of discomfort" exceeds the tenets of both black cultural nationalism and of "white-dominated" liberal pluralism.

Influence

In interviews with Charles Rowell and Randall Kenan, Butler credited the struggles of her working-class mother as an important influence on her writing. Because Butler's mother received little formal education herself, she made sure that young Butler was given the opportunity to learn by bringing her reading materials that her white employers threw away, from magazines to advanced books. She also encouraged Butler to write. She bought her daughter her first typewriter when she was ten years old, and, seeing her hard at work on a story, casually remarked that maybe one day she could become a writer, causing Butler to realize that it was possible to make a living as an author. A decade later, Mrs. Butler would pay more than a month's rent to have an agent review her daughter's work. She also provided Butler with the money she had been saving for dental work to pay for Butler's scholarship so she could attend the Clarion Science Fiction Writers Workshop, where Butler sold her first two stories.

A second person to play an influential role in Butler's work was American writer Harlan Ellison. As a teacher at the Open Door Workshop of the Screen Writers Guild of America, he gave Butler her first honest and constructive criticism on her writing after years of lukewarm responses from composition teachers and baffling rejections from publishers. Impressed by her work, Ellison suggested she attend the Clarion Science Fiction Writers Workshop, and even contributed $100 towards her application fee. As the years passed, Ellison's mentorship became a close friendship.

Point of view

Butler began reading science fiction at a young age, but quickly became disenchanted by the genre's unimaginative portrayal of ethnicity and class as well as by its lack of noteworthy female protagonists. She then set to correct those gaps by, as De Witt Douglas Kilgore and Ranu Samantrai point out, "choosing to write self-consciously as an African-American woman marked by a particular history" —what Butler termed as "writing myself in". Butler's stories, therefore, are usually written from the perspective of a marginalized black woman whose difference from the dominant agents increases her potential for reconfiguring the future of her society.

Audience

Publishers and critics have labelled Butler's work as science fiction. While Butler enjoyed the genre deeply, calling it "potentially the freest genre in existence", she resisted being branded a genre writer. Many critics have pointed out that her narratives have drawn attention of people from varied ethnic and cultural backgrounds. She claimed to have three loyal audiences: black readers, science-fiction fans, and feminists.

Interviews

Charlie Rose interviewed Octavia Butler in 2000 soon after the award of a MacArthur Fellowship. The highlights are probing questions that arise out of Butler's personal life narrative and her interest in becoming not only a writer, but a writer of science fiction. Rose asked, "What then is central to what you want to say about race?" Butler's response was, "Do I want to say something central about race? Aside from, 'Hey we're here!'?" This points to an essential claim for Butler that the world of science fiction is a world of possibilities, and although race is an innate element, it is embedded in the narrative, not forced upon it.

In an interview by Randall Kenan, Octavia E. Butler discusses how her life experiences as a child shaped most of her thinking. As a writer, Butler was able to use her writing as a vehicle to critique history under the lenses of feminism. In the interview, she discusses the research that had to be done in order to write her bestselling novel, Kindred. Most of it is based on visiting libraries as well as historic landmarks with respect to what she is investigating. Butler admits that she writes science fiction because she does not want her work to be labeled or used as a marketing tool. She wants the readers to be genuinely interested in her work and the story she provides, but at the same time she fears that people will not read her work because of the "science fiction" label that they have.

Adaptations

Parable of the Sower was adapted as Parable of the Sower: The Concert Version, a work-in-progress opera written by American folk/blues musician Toshi Reagon in collaboration with her mother, singer and composer Bernice Johnson Reagon. The adaptation's libretto and musical score combine African-American spirituals, soul, rock and roll, and folk music into rounds to be performed by singers sitting in a circle. It was performed as part of The Public Theater's 2015 Under the Radar Festival in New York City.

Awards and honors

Winner:

2012: Solstice Award

2010: Inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame

2005: Langston Hughes Medal of The City College

2000: Lifetime Achievement Award in Writing from the PEN American Center

1999: Nebula Award for Best Novel – Parable of the Talents

1995: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation "Genius" Grant

1988: Science Fiction Chronicle Award for Best Novelette – "The Evening and the Morning and the Night"

1985: Locus Award for Best Novelette – "Bloodchild"

1985: Hugo Award for Best Novelette – "Bloodchild"

1985: Science Fiction Chronicle Award for Best Novelette – "Bloodchild"

1984: Nebula Award for Best Novelette – "Bloodchild"

1984: Hugo Award for Best Short Story – "Speech Sounds"

1980: Creative Arts Award, L.A. YWCA

Nominated:

1994: Nebula Award for Best Novel – Parable of the Sower

1987: Nebula Award for Best Novelette – "The Evening and the Morning and the Night"

1967: Fifth Place, Writer's Digest Short Story Contest

Critical reception

Most critics praise Butler on her unflinching exposition of human flaws, which she depicts with striking realism. The New York Times regarded her novels as "evocative" if "often troubling" explorations of "far-reaching issues of race, sex, power". The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction called her examination of humanity "clear-headed and brutally unsentimental" and Village Voice's Dorothy Allison described her as "writing the most detailed social criticism" where "the hard edge of cruelty, violence, and domination is described in stark detail." Locus regarded her as "one of those authors who pay serious attention to the way human beings actually work together and against each other, and she does so with extraordinary plausibility." Houston Post ranked her "among the best SF writers, blessed with a mind capable of conceiving complicated futuristic situations that shed considerable light on our current affairs."

Scholars, on the other hand, focus on Butler's choice to write from the point of view of marginal characters and communities and thus "expanded SF to reflect the experiences and expertise of the disenfranchised." While surveying Butler's novels, critic Burton Raffel noted how race and gender influence her writing: "I do not think any of these eight books could have been written by a man, as they most emphatically were not, nor, with the single exception of her first book, Pattern-Master (1976), are likely to have been written, as they most emphatically were, by anyone but an African American." Robert Crossley commended how Butler's "feminist aesthetic" works to expose sexual, racial, and cultural chauvinisms because it is "enriched by a historical consciousness that shapes the depiction of enslavement both in the real past and in imaginary pasts and futures."

Butler has been praised widely for her spare yet vivid style, with Washington Post Book World calling her craftsmanship "superb". Burton Raffel regards her prose as "carefully, expertly crafted" and "crystalline, at its best, sensuous, sensitive, exact not in the least directed at calling attention to itself."

Death

During her last years, Butler struggled with writer's block and depression, partly caused by the side effects of medication for her high blood pressure. She continued writing and taught at Clarion's Science Fiction Writers' Workshop regularly. In 2005, she was inducted into Chicago State University's International Black Writers Hall of Fame.

Butler died outside of her home in Lake Forest Park, Washington, on February 24, 2006, aged 58. Contemporary news accounts were inconsistent as to the cause of her death, with some reporting that she suffered a fatal stroke, while others indicated that she died of head injuries after falling and striking her head on her walkway. Another suggestion, backed by Locus magazine, is that a stroke caused the fall and hence the head injuries. After her death, the Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship was established by the Carl Brandon Society to provide support to students of color to attend the Clarion West Writers Workshop and Clarion Writers' Workshop, descendants of the original Clarion Science Fiction Writers' Workshop where Butler had gotten her start 35 years before.

Scholarship fund

The Octavia E. Butler Memorial Scholarship was established in Butler's memory in 2006 by the Carl Brandon Society. Its goal is to provide an annual scholarship to enable writers of color to attend the Clarion West Writers Workshop and Clarion Writers' Workshop, descendants of the original Clarion Science Fiction Writers' Workshop in Clarion, Pennsylvania, where Butler got her start. The first scholarships were awarded in 2007.

Selected works

Series

Patternist series

Patternmaster (Doubleday 1976; Avon 1979; Warner 1995)

Mind of My Mind (Doubleday 1977; Warner 1994)

Survivor (Doubleday 1978)

Wild Seed (Doubleday 1980; Warner 1988, 2001)

Clay's Ark (St. Martin's Press 1984; Ace Books 1985; Warner 1996)

Seed to Harvest (Grand Central Publishing 2007; omnibus excluding Survivor)

Xenogenesis series

Dawn (Warner 1987, 1989, 1997)

Adulthood Rites (Warner 1988, 1977)

Imago (Warner 1989, 1997)

Xenogenesis (Guild America Books 1989; omnibus)

Lilith's Brood (Warner 2000; omnibus)

Parable series (also referred to as the Earthseed series)

Parable of the Sower (Four Walls, Eight Windows 1993; Women's Press 1995; Warner 1995, 2000).

Parable of the Talents (Seven Stories Press 1998; Quality Paperback Book Club 1999; Women's Press 2000, 2001; Warner 2000, 2001)

Standalone novels

Kindred (Doubleday 1979; Beacon Press 1988, 2004).

Fledgling (Seven Stories Press 2005; Grand Central Publishing 2007).

Short story collections

Bloodchild and Other Stories (Four Walls, Eight Windows, 1995; Seven Stories Press, 1996, 2005; second edition includes "Amnesty" and "The Book of Martha").

Unexpected Stories (2014, includes "A Necessary Being" and "Childfinder")

Essays and speeches

"Birth of a Writer." Essence 20 (May 1989): 74+. Reprinted as "Positive Obsession" in Bloodchild and Other Stories.

"Free Libraries: Are They Becoming Extinct?" Omni 15.10 (Aug. 1993): 4.

"Devil Girl from Mars: Why I Write Science Fiction." Media in Transition. MIT 19 February 1998. Transcript 4 October 1998.

""Brave New Worlds: A Few Rules for Predicting the Future." Essence 31.1 (May 2000): 164+.

"A World without Racism." NPR Weekend Edition Saturday. 1 September 2001.

"Eye Witness: "Butler's Aha! Moment." O: The Oprah Magazine 3.5 (May 2002): 79–80.

Wikipedia