#Arthur J. Balfour

[mounadiloun]

L'alliance inavouable entre le sionisme et le nazisme

Tony Greenstein est un ancien militant de l’aile gauche du Parti Travailliste de Grande Bretagne dont il a été exclu en 2018 notamment pour antisémitisme. Greenstein a pourtant été éduqué dans une famille juive orthodoxe; son père était même rabbin! Parmi les engagements de Tony Greenstein, celui pour la cause palestinienne en faveur de laquelle il fut un des fondateurs de Palestine Solidarity…

[docrotten]

FIEND WITHOUT A FACE (1958) – Episode 166 – Decades Of Horror: The Classic Era

“I’m a doctor, colonel, not a detective! There’s nothing like this in the books!” No, this isn’t Star Trek’s Bones talking, but it is from a 50s sci-fi/horror classic. Join this episode’s Grue-Crew – Chad Hunt, Daphne Monary-Ernsdorff, Doc Rotten, and Jeff Mohr along with guest host Dave Dreher – as they try to keep their brains from being sucked out by the Fiend Without A Face (1958).

Decades of Horror: The Classic Era Episode 166 – Fiend Without A Face (1958)

Join the Crew on the Gruesome Magazine YouTube channel! Subscribe today! And click the alert to get notified of new content! https://youtube.com/gruesomemagazine

ANNOUNCEMENT Decades of Horror The Classic Era is partnering with THE CLASSIC SCI-FI MOVIE CHANNEL, THE CLASSIC HORROR MOVIE CHANNEL, and WICKED HORROR TV CHANNEL Which all now include video episodes of The Classic Era! Available on Roku, AppleTV, Amazon FireTV, AndroidTV, Online Website. Across All OTT platforms, as well as mobile, tablet, and desktop. https://classicscifichannel.com/; https://classichorrorchannel.com/; https://wickedhorrortv.com/

A scientist’s thoughts materialize as an army of invisible brain-shaped monsters – complete with spinal cord tails – terrorize an American military base.

  Director: Arthur Crabtree

Writers: Herbert J. Leder (screenplay); Amelia Reynolds Long (original story: “The Thought Monster;” Weird Tales, March 1930)

Executive Producers: Richard Gordon, Charles F. Vetter

Special Effects by:

Peter Neilson (special effects)

Flo Nordhoff (special effects: Ruppel & Nordhoff) (uncredited)

Karl-Ludwig Ruppel (special effects: Ruppel & Nordhoff) (uncredited)

Selected Cast:

Marshall Thompson as Major Cummings

Terry Kilburn as Capt. Chester (as Terence Kilburn)

Michael Balfour as Serg. Kasper

Gil Winfield as Dr. Warren

Shane Cordell as Nurse

Stanley Maxted as Col. Butler

James Dyrenforth as Mayor

Kim Parker as Barbara Griselle

E. Kerrigan Prescott as Atomic Engineer (as Kerrigan Prescott)

Kynaston Reeves as Prof. Walgate

Peter Madden as Dr. Bradley

Meadows White as Ben Adams (as R. Meadows White)

Lala Lloyd as Amelia Adams

Robert MacKenzie as Const. Gibbons

Launce Maraschal as Melville

The Grue Crew welcome Dave Dreher as guest-host to review the sci-fi/horror 50’s monster flick, Fiend Without a Face (1958). The tagline promises “New Horrors! Mad Science Spawns Evil Fiends!” and the stop-motion animation of the fiends – a brain with antennae and a spine – delivers the goods. The script is based on Amelia Reynolds Long’s 1930s short story, “The Thought Monster,” originally published in Weird Tales magazine. A modern remake has been promised in recent times but remains as invisible as the fiends in the first two-thirds of this British B-movie classic. 

At the time of this writing, Fiend Without a Face is available for streaming from the Criterion Channel, AMC+, and PPV on Amazon and AppleTV. It is also available on physical media as a DVD from the Criterion Collection. 

Gruesome Magazine’s Decades of Horror: The Classic Era records a new episode every two weeks. Up next in their very flexible schedule, as chosen by Jeff, is The Frozen Dead (1966), written and directed by Herbert J. Leder and starring Dana Andrews and iced Nazis. Yes, it’s back-to-back Leder!

Please let them know how they’re doing! They want to hear from you – the coolest, grooviest fans: leave them a message or leave a comment on the Gruesome Magazine YouTube channel, the site, or email the Decades of Horror: The Classic Era podcast hosts at feedback@gruesomemagazine.com

To each of you from each of them, “Thank you so much for watching and listening!” 

Check out this episode!

[quotableandnot]

All this contains much that is obviously true, and much that is relevant; unfortunately, what is obviously true is not relevant, and what is relevant is not obviously true.

Arthur J. Balfour (Prime Minister, July 1902 to December 1905), often falsely attributed to Winston Churchill due the latter man’s citation of the former

[drumlincountry]

Today I learned that Lady Eve Balfour, perhaps the least nazi parent of organic farming, is also the niece of the Arthur J Balfour. Yeah the Balfour who was the fucking Cheif Secretary for Ireland for the LAND ACTS and ALSO the BALFOUR OF THE FUCKING BALFOUR DECLARATION. Because the british colonial machine apparently ran on a flotilla of slave labour and he leadership of 3 families trading favours back and forth

[peach-salinger]

✧･*ﾟscottish surnames

→ link to my scottish female name masterlist → link to my scottish male name masterlist

under the cut are 733 scottish surnames. this masterlist was created for all in one breath rp at the request of lovely el, but feel free to link on your own sites! names are listed in alphabetical order. ❝mac❞, ❝mc❞ and ❝m❞ are split into three sections because i mean... look at them. please like♡ or reblog if you found this useful.

abbot(son), abercrombie, abernethy, adam(son), agnew, aikenhead, aitken, akins, allan(nach/son), anderson, (mac)andie, (mac)andrew, angus, annand, archbold/archibald, ard, aris, (mac)arthur

B

(mac)bain/bayne, baird, baker, balfour, bannatyne, bannerman, barron, baxter, beaton, beith, bell, bethune, beveridge, birse, bisset, bishop, black(ie), blain/blane, blair, blue, blyth, borthwick, bowie, boyd, boyle, braden, bradley, braithnoch, (mac)bratney, breck, bretnoch, brewster, (mac)bridan/brydan/bryden, brodie, brolochan, broun/brown, bruce, buchanan, budge, buglass, buie, buist, burnie, butter/buttar

C

caie, (mac)caig, (mac)cail, caird, cairnie, (mac)callan(ach), calbraith, (mac)callum, calvin, cambridge, cameron, campbell, canch, (mac)candlish, carberry, carmichael, carrocher, carter, cassie, (mac)caskie, catach, catto, cattenach, causland, chambers, chandlish, charleson, charteris, chisholm, christie, (mac)chrystal, (mac)clanachan/clenachan, clark/clerk, (mac)clean, cleland, clerie, (mac)clinton, cloud, cochrane, cockburn, coles, colinson, colquhoun, comish, comiskey, comyn, conn(an), cook, corbett, corkhill, (mac)cormack, coull, coulthard, (mac)cowan, cowley, crabbie, craig, crane, cranna, crawford/crawfurd, crerar, cretney, crockett, crosby, cruikshank, (mac)crum, cubbin, cullen, cumming, cunningham, currie, cuthbertson

D

dallas, dalglish, dalziel, darach/darroch, davidson, davie, day, deason, de lundin, dewar, dickin, dickson, docherty, dockter, doig, dollar, (mac)donald(son), donelson, donn, douglas, dorward, (mac)dow(all), dowell, (macil)downie, drain, drummond, (mc)duff(ie)/duff(y), duguid, dunnet, dunbar, duncan, dunn, durward, duthie

E, F

eggo, elphinstone, erskine, faed, (mac)farquhar(son), fee, fergus(on), (mac)ferries, fettes, fiddes, findlay, finn, finlayson, fisher, fishwick, fitzgerald, flanagan, fleming, fletcher, forbes, forrest, foulis/fowlis, fraser, fullarton, fulton, furgeson

G

gall(ie), galbraith, gammie, gardyne, (mac)garvie, gatt, gault, geddes, gellion, gibb(son), gilbert, gilbride, (mac)gilchrist, gilfillan, (mac)gill(ivray/ony), gillanders, gillespie, gillies, gilliland, gilmartin, gilmichael, gilmore, gilroy, gilzean, (mac)glashan, glass, gloag, glover, godfrey, gollach, gordon, (mac)gorrie, gourlay, gow, graeme/graham, grant, grassick, grassie, gray, gregg, (mac)gregor(y), greer, greig, grierson, grieve, grimmond, (mac)gruer, gunn, guthrie

H

hall, hamill, (mac)hardie/hardy, harper, harvie, hassan, hatton, hay, henderson, hendry, henry, hepburn, herron, hood, hosier, howie, hugston, huie, hume, humphrey, hunter, (mac)hutcheon, hutcheson

I, J, K

(mac)innes, irving, iverach, ivory, jamieson, jarvie, jeffrey(s), johnson, johnston, jorie, (mac)kay, (mac)kean, keenan, keillor, keir, keith, kelly, kelso, keogh, kemp, kennedy, (mac)kerr(acher), kesson, king, kynoch

L

laing, laird, (mac)laine/lane, lamond, lamont, landsborough, landsburgh, lang/laing, larnach, laurie/lawrie, lees, lennie, lennox, leslie, lindsay, little(son), lithgow, livingston(e), lobban, logan, lorne, lothian, lovat, love, loynachan, luke, luther

MAC-

mac ruaidhrí, mac somhairle, mac suibhne, macadam, macadie, macaffer, macainsh, macalasdair, macallister, macalonie, macalpine, macanroy, macara, macarthy, macaskill, macaskin, macaughtrie, macaulay, macauslan, macbean, macbeath, macbeth(ock), macbey, macbriden, macbryde, maccabe, maccadie, maccaffer, maccaffey/maccaffie, maccalman, maccambridge, maccann, maccance, maccartney, maccavity, maccaw, macdowell, maccheyne, maccodrum, maccomb(ie), maccorkindale, maccormick, maccoll, macconie, macconnachie, macconnell, maccoshin, maccoskrie, maccorquodale, macclaren, maccleary, macclew, maccloy, macclumpha, macclung, macclure, macclurg, maccraig, maccrain, maccreadie, maccrimmon, maccrindle, maccririe, maccrone, maccrosson, maccuaig, maccuidh, maccuish, macculloch, maccurley, macdermid/macdiarmid, macdougall, macdui, macduthy, maceachainn, maceachen, macelfrish, macewan/macewen, macfadyen, macfadzean, macfall, macfarlane/macpharlane, macfater/macphater, macfeat, macfee, macfigan, macgarrie, macgarva, macgeachen/macgeechan, macgeorge, macghie, macgibbon, macgillonie, macgiven, macglip, macgriogair, macgruther, macguire, macgurk, machaffie, macheth, machugh, macichan, macinnally, macindeoir, macindoe, macinesker, macinlay, macinroy, macintosh, macintyre, macisaac, maciver/macivor, macilherran, macilroy, macjarrow, mackail, mackeegan, mackeggie, mackellar, mackelvie, mackendrick, mackenna, mackenzie, mackerlich, mackerral, mackerron, mackerrow, mackessock, mackettrick, mackichan, mackie, mackilligan, mackillop, mackim(mie), mackinven, mackirdy/mackirdie, mackrycul, maclafferty, maclagan, maclarty, maclatchie/letchie, maclaverty, maclearnan, macleay, maclehose, macleish, maclellan(d), macleman, macleod, macleòid, maclintock, macllwraith, maclucas, macluckie, maclugash, macmann(us), macmaster, macmeeken, macmichael, macmillan, macminn, macmorrow, macmurchie, macmurdo, macmurray, macnab, macnair, macnally, macnaught(on), macnee, macneish/macnish, macnicol, macninder, macnucator, macpartland, macphail, macphatrick, macphee, macphedran, macpherson, macquarrie, macqueen, macquien, macquilken, macrae/machray, macraild, macrob(bie/bert), macrory, macrostie, macshane, macsherry, macsorley, macsporran, macsween, mactavish, mactear, macturk, macusbaig, macvannan, macvarish, macvaxter, macvean, macveigh/macvey, macvicar, macvitie, macvurich, macwalter, macwattie, macwhannell, macwhillan, macwhinnie

MC-

mccabe, mccain, mcclelland, mcclintock, mcconell, mccracken, mccune, mccurdy, mcdiarmid, mcelshender, mceuen, mcewing, mcfadden, mcgeachie/mcgeachy, mcgowan, mcilroy, mcinnis, mcivor, mckechnie, mckeown, mclarty, mclennan, mcneill(age/ie), mcowen, mcphee, mcpherson, mcwhirter

M

maduthy, magruder, mahaffie, main(s), mair, major, malcolm(son), malloch, manson, marr, marno(ch), (mac)martin, marquis, massie, matheson, mathewson, maver/mavor, maxwell, may, mearns, meechan, meiklejohn, meldrum, mellis(h), menzies, mercer, micklewain, milfrederick, millar/miller, milligan, milliken, milne, milroy, milvain, milwain, moannach, moat, moffat, mollinson, moncrief, monk, montgomery, moore, moray, morgan, (mac)morran, morrison, morrow, morton, mossman, mucklehose, muir(head), mulloy, munn, munro, (mac)murchie/murchy, murchison, murdoch, murphy

N, O, P, Q

nairn, naughton, navin, neeve, neil, neish, nelson, ness, nevin, nicalasdair, niceachainn, (mac)nichol(son), nicleòid, (mac)niven, noble, ochiltree, ogg, ogilvy, o'kean, oliver, omay/omey, orchard(son), orr, osborne, park, paterson, patrick, patten, peacock, peat, peters, philp, polson, power, purcell, purser, qualtrough, quayle, quillan, quiller, quinn, quirk

R, S

(mac)ranald(son), randall, rankin, reid, reoch, revie, riach, (mac)ritchie, roberts(on), rose, ross, rothes, roy, ryrie, salmon(d), scott, selkirk, sellar, shannon, sharpe, shaw, sheen, shiach, sillars, sim(son/pson), sinclair, skene, skinner, sloan, smith, somerville, soutar/souter, stein, stenhouse, stewart/stuart, strachan, stronach, sutherland, (mac)swan(son/ston), swinton

T, U, V, W, Y

taggart, tallach, tawse, taylor, thom(son), todd, tolmie, tosh, tough, tulloch, turner, tyre, ulrick, urquhart, vass, wallace, walker, walsh, warnock, warren, ward, watt, watson, wayne, weir, welsh, whiston, whyte, wilkins(on), (mac)william(son), wilson, winning, wright, young

[xhxhxhx]

The Hopeless Labour Party

On the eve of the Great War, the Labour Party appeared to have failed. 

Britain had the largest industrial working class and the largest trade union movement in Europe. There were 647,000 unionized employees in Britain in 1887 and only 146,000 in Germany, and despite rapid trade union organizing in Germany, Britain still had more unionized employees than Germany on the eve of the Great War: 4,107,000 to 3,928,900. On the eve of the Great War, 22.6 percent of British workers were unionized, but only 11.4 percent of the Germans, 7.1 percent of the Swedes, and 1.9 percent of the Finns. 

But despite the successes of its industrial economy and the strengths of its trade union movement, Britain had one of Europe’s smallest social democratic parties. In Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the Czech lands of Austria-Hungary, social democrats won more than thirty percent of the vote in the 1910s. In Britain, they won less than ten. 

Why had the Labour Party failed to break through?

Britain had an accommodating attitude towards its unions. The United States had destroyed workers’ control and the national labor movement, but Britain had not. “There is no party which does not recognize to the full all that trade unions have done,” Conservative Prime Minister Arthur Balfour declared. “[T]rade disputes in this country have been carried on with a wisdom and a moderation on both sides which cannot be paralleled in another industrial country.” Balfour was not wrong: Britain’s trade unionists were less militant than their European counterparts.

But there was perhaps a deeper problem: British workers appeared to be less attached to socialism than they were to liberalism.

“I must confess it seems hopeless to attempt to found a Labour party here,” the founder of the Social-Democratic Federation told Marx in 1881. “The men are so indifferent, so given over to beer, tobacco, and general laissez-faire.” There had been a moment of optimism in the 1890s. Ramsay MacDonald and Keir Hardie’s Programme of the Independent Labour Party (1899) was premised on the idea that the Liberal Party had “collapsed.” That collapse did not last long. In the Programme, MacDonald had repudiated any alliance with the Liberals. In 1903, he brought Labour into one.

As Britain went to war in 1914, Labour was small, a minority party in a coalition government, and it was not clear if that would ever change.

In the Edwardian era, the British working class voted for the Liberal Party. Nowhere else in Europe did the national working class fit comfortably within a liberal politics. This was partially because of the Liberals shared Labour’s class interests, but more often because Liberals represented their religious interests: Anglicans were Conservatives and nonconformists Liberals. 

The Anglicans were members of the Church of England, which had broken from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century and remained the established Church of England. It was a Protestant Church, at least in name, but it asked little of its members that was particularly Protestant. It did not demand a commitment to Calvinism or to any other system of doctrinal Protestantism. It was as Catholic or as Protestant as its members made it.

The nonconformists had broken from the Established Church because its establishment had made it more Catholic than their consciences could tolerate. During the seventeenth century, the more Protestant members of what was a decreasingly Protestant Church faced an increasingly Catholic hierarchy and an increasingly Catholic Crown. The consequence was a Civil War, and ultimately a division between England’s Established Church and the nonconformists of the Free Churches: Congregationalists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists.

British Liberals never converged on a utilitarian or natural-law understanding of the world, or on republican principles. What they shared was a certain understanding of English history. Their historical memory was shaped by the English Civil War. The Liberals remembered their martyrs, and made Cromwell and Milton their cult heroes. Their statesman John Bright called Cromwell “the greatest man who ever lived.” The nonconformists were inclined to agree.

In the 1906 election, 100 percent of Baptist parliamentary candidates were Liberal or Labour, as were 98 percent of Congregationalists and 83 percent of Presbyterians. Labour was a secular party, with few connections to religious institutions and little to say on religious issues. The Liberals were embedded in the chapels of western and northern England. They were, as a contemporary observer remarked, “highly sensitive to the appeals of the Nonconformist conscience.” A Sheffield prayer of 1910 read:

Take my vote and let it be 
 Consecrated Lord to thee. 
Guide my hand that I may trace
 Crosses in the proper place.

By contrast, the Conservatives were the party of the Church of England. At least 90 percent of Conservative MPs were Anglican. In 1902, the Conservative government passed a law funding denominational religious instruction in voluntary schools over deep nonconformist opposition. Catholics and Anglicans would enjoy private education, administered by their church, and subsidized by British ratepayers. The Conservatives lost the 1906 election in a landslide, and denomination instruction is one reason why. 

The Liberals submerged the differences between labor and capital beneath the old differences between Anglican and nonconformist, the countryside and the towns, and England and the British nations. British Liberalism had not converged on a common understanding of the world, but the Liberals understood who their friends were. 

Three ironies: First, Liberalism was still the politics of labor. In Edwardian England, Liberals and Labour were united. The Balfour government had upset the working class by challenging the Victorian order of free trade, free churches, and free collective bargaining. The Liberals stood with the workers, while Labour took the backseat.

Second, even as the differences made salient in British Liberalism became the differences sublimated in British Labour, the differences remained. In the England of Blair and Brown, Anglicans were Conservative, and nonconformists Labour. The nonconformist heartlands of Wales, Scotland, and outer England became Labour heartlands, and when Conservatism was reduced to its lowest ebb, the Conservatives held the most Anglican constituencies of the English countryside.

Third, the Liberals are remembered as friends of the working class because they expanded the welfare state, but that is not why the working class voted for them. In March 1906, the new Liberal Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, told the House of Commons that “The policy upon which the Government has taken office and upon which they have been supported by their friends is the policy of retrenchment.” If anything, the working class had voted for austerity.

The British working class disliked welfare until the moment they received it. They believed in independence and self-help, and party from a suspicion of the state. They hated the poor law, compulsory education, and local authority housing and clearance. They opposed compulsory vaccination. In 1909, 151,000 of the 185,000 voting members of the Cotton Operatives’ Amalgamation voted against raising the compulsory education age to thirteen. 

In 1902, the socialist and secularist F. J. Gould, a schoolteacher in London and then a member of the Leicester school board, met a mother who had her daughter home to help with the house. That would have to end, he thought: “The mother must yield; and the mother must suffer.” 

Nonetheless, Liberal and Labour MPs did support the welfare state. Labour backbenchers introduced measures for school meals and compulsory school medical inspection. The Old Age Pensions Act of 1908 was supported by the labor movement. The Liberal leadership believed that social welfare would be popular. They were not wrong, but that was not why the Liberals or Labour had been elected. “In so far as the Labour Party won seats at the 1906 election,” the historian Henry Pelling observed, “it did so by sharing [the Liberal] programme, which was almost an antithesis of the objects of Socialism.”

“It is time we did something that appealed straight to the people – it will, I think, help to stop the electoral rot, and that is most necessary,” David Lloyd George told his brother in May 1908, as he steered the pensions bill through the House. The Liberals built the British welfare state: introducing school meals and compulsory school medical inspection in 1906 and 1907, old age pensions and a progressive income tax in 1908, labor exchanges and trade boards for the sweated trades in 1909, and national health and unemployment insurance in 1911. If the Liberals’ welfare state ever helped to stop the electoral rot, however, it did not last.

After the Great War, the progressive alliance came apart. The war split the Liberals in two, but it also split the Free Churches, and weakened the ties of organized religion. Labour replaced the Liberals as the party of the working class, as class became the most salient difference in British politics. Labour embraced Fabian socialism and discarded liberalism. The Liberals went into the wilderness. 

Labour never became the party of government. The Conservatives held power for seventy of the hundred years after 1895. During that century, Labour held a significant majority for less than a decade, and less than that in fragile minority or coalition governments. The Labour Party did not win power on its own until July 1945. 

That was the moment when the labor movement began its long decline, and Labour began its slow transformation into something else.

This topic was suggested by a Patreon backer.

Colin Crouch, Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 73, 100; Martin Daunton, Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1851–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 93, 101; Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 65, 66, 514 n. 24; Henry Pelling, “The Working Class and the Origins of the Welfare State,” in Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (London: Macmillan, 1979), 1–2, 4–5, 14, 17; Ross McKibbin, Parties and People: England, 1914–1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 5, 6, 23–24; Adrian Hastings, A History of English Christianity, 1920–1985 (London: Fount, 1987), 31–32; John F. Glaser, “English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism,” American Historical Review 63:2 (Jan. 1958): 352–363; Kenneth D. Wald, Crosses on the Ballot: Patterns of British Voter Alignment since 1885 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 3, 197; John Russell Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party (New York: Scribner’s, 1966), xxix; K. D. M. Snell and Paul S. Ell, Rival Jerusalems: The Geography of Victorian Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 77, 171; Pat Thane, “The Working Class and State ‘Welfare’ in Britain, 1880–1914,” Historical Journal 27:4 (1984): 895–896; G. R. Searle, A New England? Peace and War, 1886–1918 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004), 371; Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball, Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 1.

[inknscroll]

#OTD: Today is the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles. On June 28, 1919, it was signed in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles in France. #postwwi 📖 “The #TreatyofVersailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on Nov. 11, 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on Oct. 21, 1919.” (Wikipedia) ---- This painting is a view of the interior of the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles with the heads of state sitting and standing before a long table. 🎨(#Painter: Orpen, Sir William. Date: 1919) 📖(Description: Front Row: Dr Johannes Bell (Germany) signing with Herr Hermann Muller leaning over him. *Middle row (seated, left to right): General Tasker H Bliss, Col E M House, Mr Henry White, Mr Robert Lansing, President Woodrow Wilson (United States); M Georges Clemenceau (France); Mr D Lloyd George, Mr A Bonar Law, Mr Arthur J Balfour, Viscount Milner, Mr G N Barnes (Great Britain); The Marquis Saionzi (Japan). *Back row (left to right): M Eleutherios Venizelos (Greece); Dr Affonso Costa (Portugal); Lord Riddell (British Press); Sir George E Foster (Canada); M Nikola Pachitch (Serbia); M Stephen Pichon (France); Col Sir Maurice Hankey, Mr Edwin S Montagu (Great Britain); the Maharajah of Bikaner (India); Signor Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy); M Paul Hymans (Belgium); General Louis Botha (South Africa); Mr W M Hughes(Australia). 📖(Source: Imperial War Museum; © IWM (Art.IWM ART 2856) #books #diplomacy #American #history #British #French #Allies #writer #worldwari #Versailles #France #amwriting #art #painting #goodreads #writersofinstagram #nonfiction #biography #memoirs #wwi #thankyouveterans #PostWWI 📚🎨 https://www.instagram.com/p/BzR47Jlh4M3/?igshid=12oa5twkjcts1

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Plans to create a new garden at the Palace of Holyroodhouse announced

Royal Collection Trust have announced plans to make a new public garden at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh, inspired by the 17th-century physic garden that was once within the Palace grounds. The original garden, created to teach students about the medicinal properties of plants and to provide pharmacists with fresh materials, was the first of its kind in Scotland and the second botanic garden to be established in Britain. The origins of today’s Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh can be traced back to this historic Palace garden.

The garden will be created in the 2,500m² area behind the Abbey Strand buildings, which by the end of 2018 will house a new Learning Centre. At the same time, the Palace’s Forecourt will be opened up to the public. Each of these projects is part of Future Programme, the £10-million investment by Royal Collection Trust to transform the experience of visiting Edinburgh’s Royal Palace.

The new physic garden will have raised flowerbeds laid out in a geometric pattern, reflecting the design of early botanic gardens. The year-round planting will include both indigenous and exotic medicinal plants that would have been grown in the 17th century, such as Birthwort (said to assist with childbirth), Feverfew (thought to reduce fever), and Scurvy Grass (a remedy used by sailors after long voyages). Alongside the reimagined physic garden will be a flowering meadow evoking the 15th-century monastic garden of Holyrood Abbey, the Palace’s first recorded garden.

The physic garden will be designed by landscape architects J&L Gibbons under the direction of Future Programme’s Lead Designers, Burd Haward Architects, with specialist planting advice supplied by Catherine FitzGerald of Mark Lutyens Associates. Research undertaken by Royal Collection Trust and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has informed the design process. Work is expected to begin in winter 2017, subject to planning permission, and the garden will open in the spring of 2019. The Palace Forecourt will open to the public at the end of 2018.

The original physic garden was established at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in 1670 by two of the founding members of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sir Robert Sibbald and Dr Andrew Balfour. Initially Sibbald and Balfour rented a small plot of land north of the Palace Forecourt (today the North Carriage Drive), planting it with around 90 medicinal plant species. Five years later, when space ran out, the garden was moved to Trinity Hospital, now Platform 11 at Waverley Station, and then to Leith. In 1820 the garden was established in Inverleith, where today the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh covers over 70 acres and displays more than 13,000 plant species.

The Trinity Hospital’s young, self-taught gardener, James Sutherland, recorded the plants in the physic garden, many of which were transported from the Palace, in Scotland’s first botanical publication, Hortus Medicus Edinburgensis. He lists species from parts of the world as distant as Egypt and the southern tip of Africa, and describes plants such as the Hairy Kidneywort (believed to cure epilepsy), the Spotted Lungwort (thought to cure pulmonary infections), and the Common Hounds-Tongue (used to treat everything from piles and persistent coughs to baldness and madness). Sutherland went on to become the first Regius Keeper, a title now given to the head of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

The gardens at the Palace of Holyroodhouse have been put to a number of uses over the centuries. By the time Mary, Queen of Scots was resident at the Palace in the 1560s, they included areas for jousting tournaments, hunting, hawking and archery. The Palace even boasted a tennis court and a menagerie, containing tigers, lynx, bears, a lion, an ape and a camel.

Jonathan Marsden, Director, Royal Collection Trust, said: “The return of scientific gardening to the place of its birth in Scotland will provide a new focus of interest for visitors to the Palace, for the local community, and especially, we hope, for young people. It will be a further addition to the Palace’s spectacular setting within the natural landscape of Holyrood Park and Arthur’s Seat beyond. It forms an important part of our plans to make more of the Palace’s surroundings and will provide a family friendly space just moments from the Royal Mile.”

Simon Milne, Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, said: “The very being of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, one of the world’s leading botanic gardens, is linked to the Palace of Holyroodhouse and Scotland’s first physic garden, created by the two adventurous doctors, Robert Sibbald and Andrew Balfour. As we prepare to celebrate our 350th anniversary in 2020, we are thrilled that Royal Collection Trust is creating a new physic garden at the Palace, and we look forward to even greater collaboration and the opportunity for more people to be inspired about the plants and their history.”

Image credit: The new physic garden at the Palace of Holyroodhouse. © J & L Gibbons