#Battle of Plattsburgh

[clove-pinks]

September 11th, and every USAmerican is thinking about the anniversary of the Battle of Lake Champlain: September 11, 1814. At the same time U.S. Navy Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough defeated the British fleet, the U.S. Army triumphed at the Battle of Plattsburgh.

M'donough's Victory on Lake Champlain, 1846 lithograph (Naval History and Heritage Command).

Enemy fire eventually silenced all of the guns on one side of the Saratoga. At this point, Macdonough performed the masterstroke that turned the tide in the battle, winding his flagship around so that he could bring fresh guns to bear on the British ships. Lieutenant James Robertson, who had taken command of the Confiance after Downie’s death, tried to bring his flagship around by employing the same maneuver, but without advance preparation his lines became fouled and his ship immobilized. The Saratoga relentlessly pounded the British ship with broadside after broadside. The fire was so intense that a British marine who had been at Trafalgar claimed that “that was a mere flea-bite in comparison with this.”

— Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict

USS Saratoga in 1814: a Vermont-built corvette (Wikimedia Commons).

[liberty1776]

The battle began Sept 6 1814, 209 years ago tomorrow. The cool looking Veterans Exempt flag shown below was used by one of the New York Melitia units at this Battle.

Me with the Veterans Exempt flag on the 209th anniversery of the battle.

[venicepearl]

Macdonough’s victory on Lake Champlain and defeat of the British Army at Plattsburg by Genl. Macomb, Sept. 11 1814 - Benjamin Tanner

The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final British invasion of the northern states of the United States during the War of 1812. An army under Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost and a naval squadron under Captain George Downie converged on the lakeside town of Plattsburgh, New York. Plattsburgh was defended by New York and Vermont militia and detachments of regular troops of the United States Army, all under the command of Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, and ships commanded by Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough.

Downie's squadron attacked shortly after dawn on 11 September 1814, but was defeated after a hard fight in which Downie was killed. Prévost then abandoned the attack by land against Macomb's defences and retreated to Canada, stating that even if Plattsburgh was captured, any British troops there could not be supplied without control of the lake.

When the battle took place, American and British delegates were meeting at Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, attempting to negotiate a treaty acceptable to both sides to end the war. The American victory at Plattsburgh, and the successful defense at the Battle of Baltimore, which began the next day and halted British advances in the Mid-Atlantic states, denied the British negotiators leverage to demand any territorial claims against the United States on the basis of Uti possidetis, i.e. retaining territory they held at the end of hostilities. The Treaty of Ghent, in which captured or occupied territories were restored on the basis of status quo ante bellum, i.e. the situation as it existed before the war, was signed three months after the battle.

[siryouarebeingmocked]

Historical battle reenactments are both very educational and a lot of fun to either participate in or watch. The Battle of Plattsburgh, a historic battle that ended the British invasion of the United States during the war of 1812, is one such battle that is reenacted every year in the state of New York. 

However, this year’s reenactment has been partially canceled due to the >new gun law< that was passed and went into effect on September 1st in the state of New York. The new law understandably has several reenactors scared with many canceling their planned appearances at the event.

New York’s Gun Laws Getting In the Way of Historical Reenactments?

The main trepidation for the would-be attendees of this event revolves mostly around verbiage within the new law that pertains to the carrying of firearms which includes black powder rifles. 

Due to the way the law is worded, reenactors are worried that if they went through with the event they could get into trouble. Normally these reenactors not only replicate the Battle of Plattsburg but also demonstrate the various firearms and weapons that were used during the event to public audiences. 

The following quote is from Tom Donahue who is the current President of the 1814 Commemoration Inc organization which puts on reenactments throughout the year.

“The new law the way it’s written reenactors are not allowed to carry a firearm, a musket loading type rifle, black powder rifle, flintlock rifle, whatever because it’s in violation of the new law. 

The new gun law of New York state has claimed its first casualty: the Battle of Plattsburgh. It’s the first event happening after the new law went into effect on the 1st. There’s nothing in the law that let’s an exemption happen or a waiver happen for an event in a historical significance like we have here in Plattsburgh.

We have over 70 reenactors that were coming to this event. Very disappointing.[...]

https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2022/09/14/plattsburgh-reenactments-new-york/

Imagine having “common sense” gun laws so strict you ban firearms from two centuries ago.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.11 (before 1900)

9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years. 1185 – Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire. 1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English. 1390 – Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius. 1541 – Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards. 1565 – Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta. 1609 – Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there. 1649 – Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison. 1683 – Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces. 1697 – Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. 1708 – Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power. 1709 – Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France. 1714 – Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1758 – Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War. 1775 – Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – British–American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Brandywine: The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Sugarloaf massacre: A small detachment of militia from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, are attacked by Native Americans and Loyalists near Little Nescopeck Creek. 1786 – The beginning of the Annapolis Convention. 1789 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. 1792 – The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored. 1800 – The Maltese National Congress Battalions are disbanded by British Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball. 1802 – France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont. 1803 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin. 1813 – War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march to and invade Washington, D.C. 1814 – War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war. 1836 – The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed by rebels after defeating Empire of Brazil's troops in the Battle of Seival, during the Ragamuffin War. 1851 – Christiana Resistance: Escaped slaves led by William Parker fight off and kill a slave owner who, with a federal marshal and an armed party, sought to seize three of his former slaves in Christiana, Pennsylvania, thereby creating a cause célèbre between slavery proponents and abolitionists. 1852 – Outbreak of Revolution of September 11 resulting in the State of Buenos Aires declaring independence as a Republic. 1857 – The Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah. 1897 – After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of the Kaffa.

[marryat92]

Plattsburg. — This was the scene of an American triumph. I was talking with a States officer, who was present during the whole affair, and was much amused with his description of it. There appeared to be some fatality attending almost all our attacks upon America during the last war; and it should be remarked, that whenever the Americans entered upon our territory, they met with similar defeat. Much allowance must of course be made for ignorance of the country, and of the strength and disposition of the enemy’s force; but certainly there was no excuse for the indecision shewn by the British general, with such a force as he had under his command.

Now that the real facts are known, one hardly knows whether to laugh or feel indignant.

— Frederick Marryat, Diary in America

Macdonough’s victory on Lake Champlain and defeat of the British Army at Plattsburg by Genl. Macomb, Sept. 11 1814: 1816 engraving by Benjamin Tanner, after a painting by Hugh Reinagle

[bookloversofbath]

The Naval War of 1812 -::- Edited by Robert Gardiner

The Naval War of 1812 -::- Edited by Robert Gardiner lands on the shelves of my shop.

London: Caxton Editions in association with the National Maritime Museum, 2001, Hardback in dust wrapper.

Contains: Black & white photographs; Maps; List of sources;

From the cover: Regarded by many at the time as an unnecessary conflict, the War of 1812 was provoked by mutual misunderstandings and prosecuted…

[lilbruno]

Convention Sketch Commissions 2; Spartan/Necromancer Battle and Elliot March. #elliotmarch #aliceinthecountryofhearts #spartan #necromancer #battle #fight #character #commission #sketchcommission #sketch #drawing #pencil #sketchbook #art #artist #plattsburghcomiccon #plattsburgh #plattsburghcc #comiccon #convention https://www.instagram.com/p/B2sYvdXgagt/?igshid=75dg8g72u0nn

[seaglassandeelgrass]

The War of 1812 at sea. (arr. chronologically)

Cover is 'In Action' by Michele Felice Cornè, second in a series of four paintings depicting the engagement between USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere, in the PEM collections.

The Constitution and the Guerriere- Hank Cramer

Hull’s Victory- David Hildebrand

The Constitution & Guerriere / The Shannon & Chesapeake- Lee Murdock

The Wasp’s Frolic- Stan Ransom

Decatur and the Navy- David Hildebrand

The Hornet and the Peacock- Wallace House

The Ballad of Ned Meyers- Lee Murdock

Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie- Lee Murdock

James Bird- Vivien Richman

Ye Parliament of England- Wallace House

The Nancy- Stan Rogers

Battle of Plattsburgh- Stan Ransom

The Banks of Champlain- Pete Seeger

Midshipman Paulding- Stan Ransom

Battle of the Shannon and Chesapeake- George Ward

The Shannon & the Chesapeake- Jerry Bryant & the Starboard Mess

16 tracks; 48 mins. [Spotify]

[my other playlists]

[freetheshit-outofyou]

The Battle of Plattsburgh & Its Unusual Flag (War of 1812) Veterans Exempt  Also known as the Veterans Exempt Flag, it represents one of the many groups that came together to form a patchwork of American forces. The Veterans Exempt, or Veteran Exempts, was a New York State militia group formed in July of 1812 and led by Captain Melvin Woolsey. The group was made up of Revolutionary War veterans who were otherwise exempt from military service due to their age, but who volunteered their service during the Battle of Plattsburgh nonetheless, and provided a valuable reserve in a time of crisis.   Flag Design  Although there is scant proof that the Veterans Exempt Flag was ever flown during the battle, and little is known about the activities of the Veterans Exempt outside of the Battle of Plattsburgh, the two did appear in an article that was published in an 1812 issue of the Plattsburgh Republican newspaper.   In the article, the flag was described as having a black background with thirteen stars for the Union of white, and in the center, a skull and cross bones beneath a coiled snake with thirteen rattles. Above the snake, is an inverted open wreath with the motto, “Don’t Tread On Me”, and under the skull, an open wreath with the words, “Thy Will Be Done”. Source

[cincinnatusvirtue]

Battles of Mackinac Island (1812) & (1814):  Fights for control of the Old Northwest of America and Great Lakes during the War  of 1812.

The War of 1812 (1812-1815) between the US and UK is sometimes cited as a “forgotten” war.  However, that would be an inaccurate description and depends on the participants you ask.  Remembered in the United States as a “Second War of Independence” it was treated as sort of a victory due to the lack of territorial change and the major victories such as the Battles of Lake Erie, Baltimore, Plattsburgh and New Orleans.  In Canada, at the time a British colony, its remembered for its role in forging an Canadian national identity and the repelling of repeated American invasions.  In Britain, its little remembered other than as a sideshow for the Napoleonic Wars.  Meanwhile, for the Native American tribes that fought on the side of the British its largely remembered as a devastating loss that lead to permanent displacement and the consolidation of American expansion east of the Mississippi River.  The war was in fact a military and political stalemate and had multiple causes and was fought by participants who were ill prepared for the management of executing a war at that time and was marked by repeated blunders and tended to favor a defensive over offensive strategy between both sides.

Background:

-1781 with the American victory at the Battle of Yorktown in Virginia saw an end to major combat in the American Revolution.  1783 saw Britain finally recognize America’s independence.  Anticipating America as a major commercial trading partner.  It sought to offer generous and lenient terms to the 1783 Treaty of Paris which included granting the US all territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, an area sparsely populated by Europeans at the time and held a variety of many Native American tribes.  This territory was considered the Northwest of the United States at the time and from 1787-1803 was referred to the as the (US) Northwest Territory and encompassed all of the modern US states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois & Wisconsin.

-The area was important to the Europeans and later European Americans for its role in the fur trade Great Lakes fishing and geopolitical control over North American continent.  

-Following the 1780′s until the time of the War of 1812, American settlement in the area grew but remained sparse and relegated to a few scattered settlements with Native American tribes sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile to the United States residing alongside the new settlers.  The fur trade remained dominant in terms of economic interest.  The British also maintained a military presence in the area despite the Treaty of Paris handing over the territory to the Americans.  

-Tensions with the British backed Native Americans and European American settlers boiled over into the Northwest Indian War (1785-1795) which resulted in an US victory at the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers.  American settlement into Ohio Country was ascertained after this point and the British withdrew their minimal forces in the area (Ohio).  Though tensions remained, due in part to some British presence remaining in the sparsely settled Northwest.

-The other major development of the 1790′s and onward was the French Revolution and later Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century which grew out of that.  The United States had to determine its course of action relative to the greater European conflict between France and the various older monarchies they fought, namely Britain.

-Under President George Washington, the US adopted a stance of neutrality that sought trade with both Britain and France.  The Jay Treaty he had signed with Britain was very controversial but Washington saw economic prosperity for America rather than war as its ultimate goal.  Neither France nor Britain responded well to neutral American trade with its rival.  The French Republic and the US fought a limited low level conflict called the Quasi War (1798-1800) which ultimately ended in no victory for either side and the old Franco-American alliance of the Revolutionary period gave way to a new one based more on free-trade.  Coupled with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 which expanded American owned territory to the Trans-Mississippi, the British saw these developments as undesirable.

-From 1792-1815 aside from a previous 14 month peace Britain and France remained at war.  For the most part Britain dominated the seas with the Royal Navy while France under Napoleon Bonaparte dominated the European continent.  Britain maintained blockades of France as well as providing mostly subsidies to its Continental partners in Austria, Prussia, Russia and others rather than provide many ground troops since Britain possessed a small but professional army.

-Only after Napoleon’s invasion of Portugal and subsequent betrayal and conquest of Spanish ally did Britain provide a large long term ground troop presence on the continent, fighting in the Iberian theater’s Peninsular War (1807-1814).

-During the course of these events America’s merchant fleet doubled and became the world’s largest neutral merchant fleet.  This caused resentment in Britain who felt it might be eclipsed by the US eventually in terms of trade.  

-The US was not untested during this time having fought the First Barbary War against Tripoli (Libya) by using a naval bombardment combined with a US Marine and Arab-Greek mercenary force to defeat the Barbary pirates at the Battle of Derna.  A treaty was signed freeing all American sailors taken as prisoner and made slaves by the Muslim pirates of Tripoli.  The war demonstrated American power projection overseas for the first time and was noted by the European powers of the day.

-However, the French rivalry with Britain drove most events in and around America’s relations with Europe and the practice of impressment by both the French and British navies caused real ire in the US.  Impressment was the force pressing into service of sailors to work aboard British or French ships and it included the stopping and seizure of neutral American military and merchant vessels and their crews.  The British practiced it more than the French and Britain argued that any trade that benefitted France in war time was not to be permitted.  This angered the American government and public at large.  

-Additionally, Britain argued they were looking for either runaway British subjects on the ship or refused to recognize British citizenship being renounced in favor of American citizenship and in their eyes were simply fulfilling Admiral Horatio Nelson’s famous quip “England expects that every man will do his duty.”

-America saw this as a clear violation and illegal of the rights of neutral nations.  President Thomas Jefferson responded with the Embargo Act to in his mind hurt European trade to the point they would ease up on America and cease impressment.  It did not work and in the end hurt American trade more.

-By 1812, under President James Madison, the push for war in the US reached fever pitch in some quarters (outside of New England).  The US could no longer stand for British impressment which included taking Americans who were never British subjects along with the continued British support for Native American aggression in the Northwest territory now known as the Michigan & Indiana Territories.  Britain had promised to sponsor a Native American buffer state in these territories in the event of a successful war with America.  They would also provide weapons, men and goods to support this effort as they had in the past.  To answer this support was Tecumseh’s Confederacy, a mix of Native American tribes under the leadership of a Shawnee leader named Tecumseh.

1812: War is declared and the Capture of Fort Mackinac.

-In June 1812, the US declared war and indeed war might have been avoided on Britain’s side had their Prime Minister Spencer Perceval not been assassinated at the same time in May 1812.  Perceval had hoped for a diplomatic resolution to tensions with America, knowing Britain could ill afford war in the Americas.

-America declared war but had a small regular army due to a longstanding reliance on the militia system which had existed since colonial times in the 17th century.  Their plans involved invading Canada but due to the understanding that militias in some states might only operate locally were not well coordinated and faced many logistical issues to coordinate.

-News of the war’s outbreak reached Britain’s Canadian colonies prior to Britain itself so it required the small number of British troops supported by local Canadian militias Native American auxiliaries to fight the war on Britain’s behalf.

-Issac Brock, a Major General in charge of the defense of Upper Canada (Ontario) sought to make early gains to offset the American plans at the war’s outset, one plan involved capturing Mackinac Island in the Great Lakes due to its strategic location.

-Mackinac Island is a relatively small island located near the Straits of Mackinac where Lakes Michigan and Huron meet in the Great Lakes chain.  Today it is located between off the lake shore southeast of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and near the Lower Peninsula.

-Mackinac was a place of spiritual significance to the Ojibwe and other Algonquian speaking peoples of the Great Lakes region.  Said to be the home of Gitche Manitou or creator spirit.  It also became a vital trading center for the French and later British fur traders in the region.  It was ceded to the Americans following the 1783 Treaty of Paris and held a small fur trading outpost and fort by the time of war’s outbreak in 1812.

-Brock dispatched a force of 600 regular British troops, Canadian militiamen, frontiersmen and Native Americans to surprise the American force on Mackinac.  Due to Mackinac’s remoteness and other more pressing factors, news of war’s declaration in June 1812 had not yet made it to the island by the following month.

-Fort Mackinac occupied a limestone ridge overlooking the harbor on the southern end of Mackinac Island.  It faced several deficiencies despite holding a commanding view.  The force was small to begin with and only had seven cannons for its defense with only one capable of reaching attacking ships in the harbor.  To make matters worse, they acquired their water supply from a spring fed on higher ground above the fort which meant their water supply was easy to cutoff in the event of siege

-Roberts having captured a fur trader named Michael Dousman who had been dispatched by American commander Porter Hanks to investigate reports of unusual activity at nearby St. Joseph’s Island was able to get valued information from his new captured informant on the condition of Mackinac’s defenses.  Having learned the Americans were unaware of war’s declaration and now having a layout of their defenses Roberts implemented a plan.

 -On early morning July 17th The British/Native American force would land on the northwest side of the island at a spot to be aptly called later, British Landing, some two miles from the fort.  They landed on the shoreline and marched through the small road and woods through the island’s center taking high ground above the fort.  Awaking the few villagers on the island they removed them from harms way and placed a cannon on the ridge above the fort at dawn and fired a single shot to warn the Americans of their presence.  They sent a flag of truce to Hanks demanding surrender of the fort or face a siege.  Hanks complied without firing a single shot and surrendered the whole garrison as he feared resistance would lead to a massacre from the Native American contingent.  Having captured the fort without a fight, the British now controlled the whole island and the area around it.

-Roberts released the American garrison on the promise it would not fight for duration of the war.  The permanent residents-fur traders and a few farmers were offered the choice to swear an oath of allegiance to the British Crown or they would be allowed to leave, most took up the oath and carried on with their business.  The British did not loot any homes, resided in the fort and paid for some food to their Native American allies while the regular soldiers were fed on rations intended for the US garrison kept in government storehouses.

-Most of the Native Americans contingent left, returning to either Wisconsin or to help Tecumseh fight the Americans elsewhere. Meanwhile, the British consolidated their position on the island.

1814: Battle of Mackinac Island

-The British also captured Fort Detroit and it with that fort captured, the Americans could not attempt to retake Mackinac Island.  In 1813, the Americans had a change in fortune from the disasters of 1812.  They won the definitive naval battle on the Great Lakes, defeating the Royal Navy in the Battle of Lake Erie.  They also recaptured Detroit and pursued the retreating British into Canada catching up with them at the Battle of the Thames where they killed Tecumseh and shattered his Native American coalition as a threat once and for all.

-Meanwhile, the British garrison on Mackinac remained in place without event for the next two years since its capture by them but the retaking of Detroit and the victory at Lake Erie and the Thames all in 1813 cut off fresh British supplies.  The British garrison was forced to cut rations in half over the winter of 1813-14 to stagger their supplies, they also stored locally grown corn and took to fishing to supplement their food supplies.

-The British decided to open a new supply route from the eastern Great Lakes since the route from Lake Erie was no longer possible.  Robert McDouall of the Glengarry Light Infantry, a Canadian raised regiment known for their green jackets was ordered to assist in this in early February 1814.  The Glengarries were made of Catholic Scottish emigrants to Canada.  Joined by men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles who helped serve as marines along with some sailors and artillerymen, McDouall arrived on May 18th with fresh provisions of food, munitions and other supplies to the half-starved garrison.  Days later 200 Native American reinforcements came under command of Robert Dickson, a Canadian fur trader and Indian Agent for the British colonial government’s Indian Department.

-McDouall immediately took charge and ordered a stockade and blockhouse be built on the ridge above the current fort, they named it Fort George, it gave a more commanding view of the island’s harbor and placed them more out of reach from ship cannons from any attacking force.  The British force that summer numbered 150-200 Native American warriors, 125-150 British regulars and 25-30 militiamen.

-Meanwhile, America aware of the resupply of Mackinac sought to retake the island for its strategic location.  The plan called for leaving from Detroit for the island and to attack it with a superior force just as the British had down.

-McDouall also built breastworks and entrenchments along a ridgeline overlooking a farm to the north of the fort in the center of the island.  This was in the line of the British advance two years before.

-The American force consisted of five ships under Arthur Sinclair and 700 ground troops under George Croghan.  The American squadron did not have detailed knowledge of the island or region and attacked and burnt the old British post on St. Joseph island in their search for Mackinac.

-Due to their delay, McDouall was aware of their approach and upped his defenses calling in nearby British companies for support and finalizing his defenses.

-July 26th saw the Americans bombard the island from the harbor on its southern shore but the guns missed their mark as Fort George stood too high for their guns to do damage.  Famously, the cannonballs only landed in the vegetable gardens below the fort. After two days they called off the attack

-Faced with developing heavy fog, the Americans withdrew from the island for almost a week.  They decided to rethink their plan and approach from the northwest of the island as the British had two years before.  In fact landing right at the same spot (British Landing).

-The American landing force would follow the same route as the British up the center of the island and storm the fort from the high ground on the north.

-However, unlike the British the American force gave no element of surprise.  They would attack in the middle of day after having bombarded the woods near British Landing in the misguided belief Native Americans were in the area waiting to ambush.  All this did was alert the British to inevitable American approach.  McDouall left 25 men to man Fort Mackinac and another 25 Fort George on the high ground.  The rest of his British/Canadian/Native American force would man the earthworks to the north, lining the crest of the ridge facing north where the Americans would be approaching.  The Americans would have to approach through a farm in the island’s center giving a clear line of their approach.

-Though outnumbered, the British defenses, holding the high ground and the clear line of shot gave them considerable advantages to the Americans. Not to mention the crucial loss of surprise the Americans had foregone in favor of superior numbers.  

-Both sides maintained two cannons each to start the battle (afternoon August 4th) with an inaccurate artillery duel firing at each other, neither doing any real damage.  The American force consisted of some regulars and large number of Ohio volunteer militia which Croghan used to outflank the British left while some regulars would flank their right but found the dense woods to slow their advance.

-Meanwhile, McDouall dispatched a number of troops to island’s west on the false report that another American landing was taking place.

-American regulars were ambushed by Native Americans in the woods leading to the death of their immediate commanding officer Major Andrew Holmes.

-in the confusion of the ambush the American troops lost heart and retreated, this in turn

 -Croghan’s main force did advance toward the British line but just as some Americans reached the top of the ridge, the British line was reinforced by the British regulars who went to investigate the false report of the 2nd American landing.  This combined with the Native force’s ambush demoralized the Americans and Croghan called a retreat, falling back through the woods they reached the shore and rowed back to their ships.  The British had won the day but just barely.

-Casualties were light with only member of the British force dead and another wounded.  The Americans suffered 13 dead mostly from the ambush of Holmes’ men in the woods, they also had 51-55 wounded to varying degrees, two of the wounded were taken prisoner.

Aftermath:

-The War of 1812 was a back and forth affair with early upsets for the Americans in 1812, then numerous victories in 1813 such as Lake Erie, Thames and even the burning of York (Toronto) provincial capital of Upper Canada.

-1814 was a in turn a disaster for both sides, the British extended a blockade of the American Atlantic seaboard which hurt the economy.  They also managed to defeat American efforts in the Northwest Territory, winning not only Mackinac Island but another small victory on the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin.  They also most famously invaded and captured Washington DC, burning both the US Capitol building and the White House.  However, their attempt to take Baltimore, Maryland ended in sound defeat as was a major defeat at Plattsburgh in land-naval battle on Lake Champlain in upstate New York.  These American victories frustrated the British invasions just as American invasions into Canada had been repelled.

-Combined failures on both sides, strained economies and the seeming end of Napoleonic Wars by late 1814 dropped the need for impressment by the Royal Navy, ending an American cause for war.  Additionally, the British sponsored Native American confederacy was irrevocably shattered following Tecumseh’s death.  So negotiations began on both sides taking place in Ghent (modern Belgium) then part of the Netherlands.  The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24th, 1814 marking a stalemate.  Neither side would gain or lose territory and peace would be made.  The British would drop their support for a Native American buffer state, abandoning almost once and for all any hope of slowing American permanent settlement into area south of the Great Lakes.

-Since news took weeks to travel by sea from Europe to America the treaty’s signing did not yet reach the US and a British invasion force of New Orleans was under way in December 1814 in the hopes of using the city as a bargaining chip for negotiations.  However, like Baltimore & Plattsburgh, it turned into a disaster when in January 1815.  A then relatively unknown Andrew Jackson, lead a successful defense against the British invasion in the Battle of New Orleans, the victory was the most one sided of the war and its infamy propelled Andrew Jackson to nationwide fame to later become 7th President of the United States.  The US Congress ratified the peace treaty less than two months later.

-Mackinac Island was returned the Americans peacefully in 1815 and has remained part of the United States ever since.  The fortifications still stand, the island is a Michigan state park, the island is a major tourist destination, artist colony and resort location with the Governor of Michigan maintaining a summer residence there.  The battlefield today is mostly a golf course in the center of the island.

-The Battles of Mackinac Island are not the best known events of the War of 1812 and the two battles that took place there were relatively small in scale with light casualties and numbers of troops involved but they serve to show the importance the Great Lakes and then Northwest Territory held for the Americans, British and the Native Americans at the time.  They also serve as a microcosm of the war’s frustrating character, a mix of all its combatants: Americans, Canadians, British & Native Americans all with vested interest in the war’s outcome and a location changing hands but by war’s end going right back to its start.

[liberty1776]

Veterans of the Revolutionary War were Exempt from service in the War of 1812. But some of the old vets, formed a regiment to fight in the war anyway. This is their flag.

The Veterans Exempt, or Veteran Exempts, was a New York State militia group formed in July of 1812 and led by Captain Melvin Woolsey. The group was made up of Revolutionary War veterans who were otherwise exempt from military service due to their age, but who volunteered their service during the Battle of Plattsburgh nonetheless, and provided a valuable reserve in a time of crisis.

My best friend collects historic flags, this is me with her Veteran's Exempt flag .

[ltwilliammowett]

Battle of Lake Erie, 10 September 1813 by Patrick O`Brien

The battle on Lake Erie on 10 September 1813 between a British and an American fleet took place during the British-American War on Lake Erie in Put-in-Bay (Ohio) and ended with an American victory.

In September 1813, the US fleet on Lake Erie under Oliver Hazard Perry had outnumbered the British fleet under Commander Robert Heriot Barclay, which was suffering from a lack of supplies and equipment. The Americans could lead eleven ships into battle, the British only six. Since the British ships and the land forces under Henry Procter, which were part of the Detroit conquest in 1812, were cut off from their supplies by the American ships and ran out of food, ammunition and money, Barclay finally had to dare the fight to force the blockade to be lifted. To get enough crew, he had to take infantrymen on board. The British fleet consisted of the ships HMS’s Detroit (flagship) and Queen Charlotte, the Brig Hunter, the schooners Lady Prevost and Chippeway and the Sloop Little Belt. Perry had the Briggs Lawrence (flagship), Niagara and Caledonia, the schooners Ariel, Scorpion, Somers, Porcupine and Tigress and the Sloop Trippe. Artillery was the superiority of the Americans even more oppressive, since the British ships were partly equipped only with light, insufficient guns. While one broadside of the American fleet weighed 896 pounds, the British could only muster 459 pounds.

At daybreak on September 10, the Americans anchored in Put-in-Bay (Ohio) sighted the British ships, which then formed a battle line. The Americans attacked them in an irregular line and approached them at an acute angle. Since at first only a part of the American ships intervened effectively in the fight, the Scorpion, Ariel, Chesapeake and Lawrence on one side, the Caledonia, Detroit, Queen Charlotte and the Chippeway on the other side carried the main weight of the fight. In a fierce battle, the British succeeded in taking Lawrence out of action and shooting at the wreck. However, they themselves suffered heavy damage, in particular the flagship Detroit and the Queen Charlotte. Barclay was severely wounded and brought below deck. Before his flagship crossed the flag, Perry switched to Niagara and led the largely undamaged ship and the three schooners not seriously involved in the battle to a breakthrough through the British line. The British ships fought back bitterly, but were already so badly damaged by the previous battle that they were partially unable to manoeuvre. After a four-hour battle, Detroit struck the flag at 3 pm. Almost all British ships were wrecks, only the Chippeway and the Little Belt were still able to make an escape attempt, but had to surrender to the Trippe and the Scorpion. The Americans had 27 dead and 96 wounded to mourn, the British 41 dead and 94 wounded. The majority of the losses on the American side had been suffered by Lawrence, who had lost 83 dead and wounded with a crew of 103. Most of the British victims had been on Detroit and Queen Charlotte.

After the end of the battle Perry wrote a famous message to General William Henry Harrison:

Dear Gen’ l:

We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.

Yours with great respect and esteem,

O.H. Perry.

For the first time in history, a British fleet had been defeated and completely fallen into the hands of the enemy. Barclay, who only had one arm, was not to blame for this defeat, as he had led his fleet excellently in battle. The decisive factor was the American superiority. After his release from captivity, he was honorably acquitted in a naval court hearing.

The American victory had decisive consequences for the theater of war west of Lake Ontario. It forced the British to give up Detroit and most of the conquests of 1812 and enabled General Harrison to advance to Canada and to intercept the British land troops and their Indian allies in retreat and to wear them out in the Battle of Thames River. Thus the war in the northwest was essentially ended and the British presence in this area was largely eliminated. Together with the Battle of the Thames River and the American victory at Plattsburgh in 1814, the American victory on Lake Erie was an essential factor in the British government's agreement to a peace treaty based on the status quo at the end of 1814 and its decision not to conquer.

The Lawrence and Niagara were sunk into Lake Erie by the US Navy because the battle damage was so severe that it was no longer worth repairing them. The Lawrence was lifted in 1875 and exhibited in Philadelphia, where it was destroyed by fire. The Niagara was also lifted and restored in 1913, but decayed due to lack of conservation measures. Finally, the ship was dismantled. Parts were used for a reconstruction exhibited in Erie (Pennsylvania).

[antifainternational]

JUNE 30 - FAMILIES BELONG TOGETHER—ATTEND A JUNE 30 EVENT!

Donald Trump and his administration are cruelly separating children from their families.

Trump and his administration have been systematically criminalizing immigration and immigrants, from revoking Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) to ramping up intimidating ICE tactics.

Join us on June 30 to send a clear message to Donald Trump and Republicans in Congress: Families Belong Together!

Find a protest near you:

International: Amsterdam, Bristol

AK: Anchorage, Sitka

AL: Andalusia, Auburn, Birmingham, Florence, Huntsville

AR: Fayetteville, Fort Smith, Hot Springs, Jonesboro

AZ: Bisbee, Kingman, Phoenix, Prescott, Tucson

CA: Angels Camp, Bakersfield, Berkeley, Bishop, Concord, Dublin, Encinitas, Eureka, Fort Bragg, Fremont, Fresno, Healdsburg, Idyllwild, Irvine, Laguna Beach, Lakeport, Livermore, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Modesto, Monterey, Moreno Valley, Morgan Hill, Mountain View, Napa, Oakland, Ojai, Oxnard, Palm Springs, Pasadena, Petaluma, Piedmont, Pittsburg, Pleasanton, Redding, Richmond, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Leandro, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, Sonoma, Stevenson Ranch, Truckee, Vacaville, Ventura, Westlake Village, Yucca Valley

CO: Alamosa, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Denver, Paonia, Pueblo

CT: Deep River, Fairfield, Greenwich, Hartford, Litchfield, Middletown, New London

DC: Washington

FL: Clermont, Crawfordville, Daytona Beach, Deland, Gainesville, Hollywood, Homestead, Jacksonville, Miami, Naples, New Port Richey, FL, Orlando, Panama City, Pensacola, Sarasota, Sebastian, Sebring, Tallahassee, Tampa, West Palm Beach

GA: Atlanta, Lawrenceville, Savannah, Valdosta

HI: Honolulu, Kahului

IA: Des Moines, Iowa City, Marshalltown

ID: Boise, Coeur D Alene, Idaho Falls, Lewiston, McCall

IL: Barrington, Chicago, Downers Grove, Frankfort, Peoria, Rockford, Saint Charles, Springfield

IN: Evansville, Goshen, Indianapolis, South Bend, Terre Haute

KS: Lawrence, Topeka, Wichita

KY: Bowling Green, Lexington, Louisville

LA: Lake Charles, New Orleans

MA: Barnstable, Easthampton, Framingham, Greenfield, Haverhill, Lunenburg, Mansfield, Natick, New Bedford, North Dartmouth, North Truro, Northampton, Northborough, Pittsfield, Provincetown, Waltham, Wellfleet, Worcester

MD: Cumberland

ME: Augusta, Bangor, Bar Harbor, Farmington, Portland, Prospect Harbor

MI: Adrian, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek, Big Rapids, Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Holland, Houghton, Iron Mountain, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Petoskey, Pontiac, Port Huron, Saginaw, Sault Ste Marie, Traverse City

MN: Albert Lea, Grand Rapids, Minneapolis, Rochester

MO: Columbia, Kansas City, Saint Louis, Troy

MS: Hernando

MT: Billings, Great Falls, Livingston, Missoula

NC: Asheville, Charlotte, Hendersonville, Newton, Ocracoke, Raleigh, Salisbury, Southport, Winston Salem

ND: Grand Forks

NE: Chadron, Lincoln, Mc Cook, Omaha

NH: Hanover, Keene, Littleton, Manchester, Nashua, North Conway, Portsmouth, Wilton

NJ: Asbury Park, Bedminster, Clifton, Edison, Glen Ridge, New Brunswick, Newark, Red Bank, Toms River

NM: Albuquerque, Truth or Consequences

NV: Las Vegas, Reno

NY: Albany, Binghamton, Bronx, Buffalo, Canton, Cooperstown, East Quogue, Geneva, Glens Falls, Greenport, Huntington, Ithaca, Malone, New City, New York, Plattsburgh, Potsdam, Rhinebeck, Rockaway Park, Rouses Point, Saratoga Springs, Westbury, White Plains, Woodstock

OH: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Norwalk, Toledo, Youngstown

OK: Oklahoma City, Tahlequah

OR: Albany, Astoria, Bend, Coos Bay, Eugene, Medford, Portland, Redmond, Roseburg, The Dalles

PA: Beaver, Bridgeport, Doylestown, Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Scranton, State College, West Chester, Wilkes Barre

SC: Charleston, Columbia, Darlington, Myrtle Beach

SD: Sioux Falls

TN: Buchanan, Chattanooga, Cookeville, Greeneville, Jackson, Knoxville, Memphis, Nashville

TX: Abilene, Alpine, Austin, Brenham, Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Dallas, Denton, Edinburg, El Paso, Fort Worth, Galveston, Granbury, Houston, Kerrville, Liberty, Longview, Lubbock, Lufkin, McAllen, McKinney, San Antonio, Sherman

UT: Logan, Salt Lake City

VA: Alexandria, Bristol, Charlottesville, Harrisonburg, Norfolk, Richmond, Roanoke, Virginia Beach

VT: Burlington, Manchester Center

WA: Anacortes, Bothell, Coupeville, Ellensburg, Everett, Friday Harbor, Longview, Mount Vernon, Olympia, Port Angeles, Pullman, Seattle, Tacoma, Walla Walla, Yakima

WI: Appleton, Eau Claire, Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison, Milwaukee, Onalaska, Oshkosh, Stevens Point

WY: Gillette

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 9.11

9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hundred years. 1185 – Isaac II Angelos kills Stephen Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire. 1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English. 1390 – Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92): The Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius. 1541 – Santiago, Chile, is attacked by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonco, to free eight indigenous chiefs held captive by the Spaniards. 1565 – Ottoman forces retreat from Malta ending the Great Siege of Malta. 1609 – Henry Hudson arrives on Manhattan Island and meets the indigenous people living there. 1649 – Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison. 1683 – Battle of Vienna: Coalition forces, including the famous winged Hussars, led by Polish King John III Sobieski lift the siege laid by Ottoman forces. 1697 – Battle of Zenta: a major engagement in the Great Turkish War (1683–1699) and one of the most decisive defeats in Ottoman history. 1708 – Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish Empire ceases to be a major power. 1709 – Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands, and Austria fight against France. 1714 – Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession. 1758 – Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War. 1775 – Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1776 – British–American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Brandywine: The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Sugarloaf massacre: A small detachment of militia from Northampton County, Pennsylvania, are attacked by Native Americans and Loyalists near Little Nescopeck Creek. 1786 – The beginning of the Annapolis Convention. 1789 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury. 1792 – The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house where they are stored. 1800 – The Maltese National Congress Battalions are disbanded by British Civil Commissioner Alexander Ball. 1802 – France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont. 1803 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin. 1813 – War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march to and invade Washington, D.C. 1814 – War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war. 1826 – Captain William Morgan, an ex-freemason is arrested in Batavia, New York for debt after declaring that he would publish The Mysteries of Free Masonry, a book against Freemasonry. This sets into motion the events that led to his mysterious disappearance. 1829 – An expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown to retake Mexico, surrenders at the Battle of Tampico, marking the effective end of Mexico's campaign for independence. 1830 – Anti-Masonic Party convention; one of the first American political party conventions. 1836 – The Riograndense Republic is proclaimed by rebels after defeating Empire of Brazil's troops in the Battle of Seival, during the Ragamuffin War. 1851 – Christiana Resistance: Escaped slaves led by William Parker fight off and kill a slave owner who, with a federal marshal and an armed party, sought to seize three of his former slaves in Christiana, Pennsylvania, thereby creating a cause célèbre between slavery proponents and abolitionists. 1852 – Outbreak of Revolution of September 11 resulting in the State of Buenos Aires declaring independence as a Republic. 1857 – The Mountain Meadows massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah. 1881 – In the Swiss state of Glarus, a rockslide buries parts of the village of Elm, destroying 83 buildings and killing 115 people. 1897 – After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of the Kaffa. 1903 – The first race at the Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world. 1905 – The Ninth Avenue derailment occurs in New York City, killing 13. 1914 – World War I: Australia invades German New Guinea, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka. 1914 – The Second Period of Russification: The teaching of the Russian language and Russian history in Finnish schools is ordered to be considerably increased as part of the forced Russification program in Finland run by Tsar Nicholas II. 1916 – The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge previously collapsed completely on August 29, 1907. 1919 – United States Marine Corps invades Honduras. 1921 – Nahalal, the first moshav in Palestine, is settled as part of a Zionist plan of creating a Jewish state, later to be Israel. 1922 – The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia. 1941 – Construction begins on The Pentagon. 1941 – Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines Speech accusing the British, Jews and FDR's administration of pressing for war with Germany. 1943 – World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija ending the Italian occupation of Corsica. 1944 – World War II: The Western Allied invasion of Germany begins near the city of Aachen. 1944 – World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500. 1945 – World War II: Australian 9th Division forces liberate the Japanese-run Batu Lintang camp, a POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo. 1954 – Hurricane Edna hits New England (United States) as a Category 2 hurricane, causing significant damage and 29 deaths. 1961 – Hurricane Carla strikes the Texas coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state. 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore. 1967 – China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) launched an attack on Indian posts at Nathu La, Sikkim, India, which resulted in military clashes. 1968 – Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and six crew. 1970 – The Dawson's Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25. 1971 – The Egyptian Constitution becomes official. 1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system begins passenger service. 1973 – A coup in Chile, headed by General Augusto Pinochet, topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende. Pinochet exercises dictatorial power until ousted in a referendum in 1988, staying in power until 1990. 1973 – JAT Airways Flight 769 crashes into the Maganik mountain range while on approach to Titograd Airport, killing 35 passengers and six crew. 1974 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crashes in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 69 passengers and two crew. 1976 – A bomb planted by a Croatian terrorist, Zvonko Bušić, is found at New York's Grand Central Terminal; one NYPD officer is killed trying to defuse it. 1980 – A new constitution of Chile is established under the influence of then Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, which is subject to controversy in Chile today. 1982 – The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps by Phalange forces. 1989 – Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps were free to leave for West Germany. 1990 – A Faucett Boeing 727 disappears in the Atlantic Ocean while being flown from Malta to Peru. 1991 – Continental Express Flight 2574 crashes in Colorado County, Texas, near Eagle Lake, killing 11 passengers and three crew. 1992 – Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricanes in United States history, devastates the Hawaiian Islands of Kauai and Oahu. 1997 – NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars. 1997 – Kurkse tragedy: Fourteen Estonian soldiers of the Baltic Battalion are drowned or die of hypothermia during a training exercise in the Kurkse Strait. 1997 – After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament within the United Kingdom. 2001 – The September 11 attacks, a series of coordinated terrorist attacks killing 2,996 people using four aircraft hijacked by 19 members of al-Qaeda. Two aircraft crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third crashes into The Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, and a fourth into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania. 2007 – Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of All Bombs. 2008 – A major Channel Tunnel fire breaks out on a freight train, resulting in the closure of part of the tunnel for six months. 2011 – A dedication ceremony is held at the United States National September 11 Memorial on the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in New York City, and the memorial opens to family members. 2012 – A total of 315 people are killed in two garment factory fires in Pakistan. 2012 – The U.S. embassy in Benghazi, Libya is attacked, resulting in four deaths. 2015 – A crane collapses onto the Masjid al-Haram mosque in Saudi Arabia, killing 111 people and injuring 394 others.

[ao3feed-goodomens]

Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory of the Burning of the School

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/2MTafae

by ModernWizard

Heck the witch (formerly known as Warlock), has finally chosen which college to attend. In an excited chat, she tells her Hellmom Crowley and her Angeldad Aziraphale the good news. The epic saga touches upon an analysis of The Battle Hymn of the Republic, an ambush from Thaddeus J. Dingleberry, that time that Aziraphale defended 90% of Antonia J. Crowley's honor in a duel, Heck's real reasons for picking the school she did, the real story of the Symbolic Burning of Selected Papers from Hated Classes, how Heck caused the downfall of the Winslow Holm School for Boys, and why she's going back to upstate New York. A wild ride indeed.

Words: 992, Chapters: 1/7, Language: English

Series: Part 9 of Heck the Witch

Fandoms: Good Omens - Neil Gaiman & Terry Pratchett, Good Omens (TV)

Rating: Teen And Up Audiences

Warnings: No Archive Warnings Apply

Categories: Gen, Multi

Characters: Warlock Dowling, Crowley (Good Omens), Aziraphale (Good Omens), Thaddeus J. Dowling, Harriet Dowling, Nanny Ashtoreth (Good Omens)

Relationships: Crowley & Warlock Dowling, Aziraphale & Warlock Dowling, Aziraphale & Crowley & Warlock Dowling, Nanny Ashtoreth & Warlock Dowling, Aziraphale/Crowley (Good Omens), Nanny Ashtoreth/Brother Francis (Good Omens)

Additional Tags: Genderfluid Crowley (Good Omens), Trans Warlock Dowling, Trans Warlock, heck, Heck the witch, Heck the witch formerly known as Warlock, The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Boarding School, College, Choosing a college, SUNY Plattsburgh, Winslow Holm School for Boys, Homophobia, Duelling, Defending Antonia J. Crowley's honor, Spite as primary motivation, Crowley and his genderfluids, the wrath of Heck, that time Heck accidentally on purpose burned down her school, Song Parody

read it on the AO3 at https://ift.tt/2MTafae