#Building Permit Process

[seattle-construction-services]

Everything You Require to Understand about a Building Permit in Seattle

If this is your first permit process in Seattle, it may not seem very safe. But, if you understand your requirements and follow a proper step-by-step approach, then it’s easy. Getting the appropriate building permit is critical to build a new home or remodel an older property.

A Seattle building permit requirement

The building permit is an official document needed to begin construction, renovation or structural modification works. Here’s why it’s crucial:

Compliance with Laws: Conforms to local zoning regulations and building codes.

Safety Assurance: Public safety and the structural integrity of buildings are protected.

Avoidance of Penalties: It prevents legal issues, project shutdowns and associated fines.

Losing a permit can stop you from working and cause you legal trouble.

What Kinds Of Projects In Seattle Need A Permit?

Building permits are required for:

New constructions.

And cons include major renovations or remodels.

Such as the removal or addition of Walls.

Installing of decks, fences, or retaining walls over a certain height.

You usually don’t need a permit if you’re painting or doing some minor repairs, but you can never know for sure.

Remodeling Requirements in Seattle, WA

Before applying, gather the necessary documentation and ensure your project meets these prerequisites:

Project Plans:

Architectural and structural drawings in detail.

Property lines and project location are shown on site plans.

Zoning Information:

Confirm compliance with Seattle zoning laws, which, among other things, limit height, setbacks, and use of land.

Environmental Compliance:

Suppose your project is near wetlands or steep slopes, for example. In that case, you must determine whether your project requires an environmental review.

Licensed Contractor Information:

If you have a licensed contractor, provide details of him.

Permit Fees:

The fees depend on your project's size and value.

Building Permit Application in Seattle

Follow these steps to streamline the application process:

Understand Your Project’s Needs:

To determine what permits are required, look at the Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections (SDCI) website.

Express licenses may be available for smaller projects.

Prepare Your Application Materials:

Floor plans, elevations, structural calculations and energy code compliance forms are included.

Submit Your Application:

To apply online, use the Seattle Services Portal.

To obtain the passport, you must adequately upload all the required documents and provide a detailed project description.

Pay the Permit Fees:

You can pay your fees online or in person.

Wait for the Review Process:

Plan checks, zoning compliance, and environmental assessments by the SDCI will review your application.

Address Corrections Promptly:

If reviewers raise issues, answer swiftly and politely to avoid delay.

Schedule Inspections:

Once you have your permit, you must schedule inspections at different phases of your construction process.

Tips for your successful permit application.

Double-Check Your Plans: Complete and accurate documentation is needed before submission.

Hire Professionals: If you have architects or contractors who work with Seattle’s building codes, then you can work with them to navigate the process with ease.

Apply Early: Plan accordingly; permit processing takes weeks or months (depending on the permit).

Monitor Application Status: To stay updated on your application, use the Seattle Services Portal.

Seattle Building permits have unique challenges.

Seattle’s climate and architectural diversity present specific challenges:

Environmental Factors: High humidity and rain will influence some construction timelines and material choices.

Zoning Restrictions: Projects must fit into the city’s rigid zoning ordinances.

Architectural Styles: Seattle’s juxtaposition of modern with traditional requires specific responses.

Partnering with professionals who understand these nuances makes you feel confident about your permit process.

When Is No Building Permit Required?

Although permits are essential for significant projects, their need is not critical for minor projects like painting, tiling, or minor repairs. But it’s always safer to double-check with the SDCI.

Conclusion

Getting a building permit in Seattle ensures you don't build your construction project without following local laws and standards. Following a systematic approach (understanding requirements, thorough documentation, etc.) with experienced professionals will save you time, spare you complications, and bring your project to life successfully.

Whether building a new home or updating an existing one, having proper permits in place is essential to a smooth and trouble-free experience. If you plan, you'll be confident you can complete your project.

[oliviasmith3324]

Comprehensive Design and Permitting Services for Construction Projects in Texas

At TX Sparks, we provide full-service design and permitting solutions to support successful construction projects across Texas. Our team of experienced professionals specializes in architectural design services, construction permitting, and project management, ensuring every detail aligns with local regulations and development goals. We assist clients through the entire permit application process, from initial site planning to final approvals, streamlining communication with regulatory authorities and minimizing costly delays.

As trusted Texas building permit consultants, we navigate complex zoning codes, compliance requirements, and environmental standards to make your vision build-ready. Whether you're launching a commercial development, residential build, or sustainable construction project, we offer tailored construction project planning and regulatory compliance services to move your plans forward with confidence. With a strong focus on efficiency, accuracy, and sustainable building design, TX Sparks is your reliable partner in turning blueprints into reality on time and within budget.

[officialdantechnologies]

What’s the Real Timeline for Swimming Pool Construction?

Building a swimming pool in your backyard can be an exciting and rewarding project. Whether you're looking to enjoy relaxing swims during the summer or enhance your property value, a pool can be a great investment. However, one of the common questions homeowners ask is: how long does swimming pool construction take?

The timeline for pool construction depends on several factors, including the type of pool, the complexity of the design, and local permitting regulations. Understanding what goes into the process and the typical time frames involved can help you plan better and avoid unnecessary stress.

Phases of Swimming Pool Construction

Swimming pool construction can generally be broken down into a series of steps, each with its own timeline. Let’s dive into each phase to give you a clearer idea of what to expect.

1. Planning and Design (1-3 weeks)

Before any construction begins, you’ll need to spend time planning your pool’s design. This phase involves working with a pool contractor to decide on the pool’s size, shape, and features like lighting, waterfalls, or a spa. The design process is essential to ensure that your pool suits your needs and fits your space.

During this stage, a survey of your property may also be conducted to determine where the pool will be placed. If you need to obtain permits from your local municipality, this can also extend the timeline.

2. Permits and Approvals (2-6 weeks)

In many areas, you will need a permit to build a swimming pool. The approval process can vary depending on local laws, the size of your pool, and your property's location. Your pool contractor will help you with the application process, but it can still take some time to get everything approved.

Some areas may require inspections at different stages of the project, which can also add time to the overall construction period. It's important to factor this into your timeline when planning.

3. Excavation (1-2 weeks)

Once permits are in hand, the next step is excavation. During this phase, heavy machinery is used to dig the hole for your pool. This process can take anywhere from a few days to a week, depending on the size of the pool and the type of soil on your property. In some cases, rock or other obstacles may make excavation more challenging, which can add time to the job.

4. Pool Shell Installation (2-3 weeks)

After excavation, the next step is installing the pool shell. This is the structure of your pool, which can be made from concrete, fiberglass, or vinyl liner. The installation time will depend on the type of pool you're building.

Concrete Pools: Installing a concrete pool shell can take several weeks. Concrete pools are built onsite, which requires significant labor and careful attention to detail.

Fiberglass Pools: Fiberglass pools are pre-manufactured and are typically quicker to install than concrete pools. The process involves simply placing the fiberglass shell in the excavation site.

Vinyl Liner Pools: These pools use a vinyl liner to form the pool’s surface. The liner is stretched over a steel or polymer frame and can be installed in a few weeks.

5. Plumbing and Electrical Installation (1-2 weeks)

Once the pool shell is in place, the next step involves installing the necessary plumbing and electrical systems. This includes the water supply and drainage pipes, as well as electrical wiring for pool lights, heaters, and pumps. This stage is essential for the pool to be functional and safe.

During this time, you'll also need to choose and install equipment like filters, pumps, and heaters. It’s important to ensure that everything is done to code, so hiring experienced professionals is key.

6. Pool Finish (1-2 weeks)

After the plumbing and electrical systems are installed, the pool’s interior finish will be applied. For concrete pools, this involves applying a plaster or pebble finish. For fiberglass pools, the finish is pre-applied during the manufacturing process.

The finish gives your pool its smooth surface and enhances its appearance. During this phase, additional features like coping (the edge of the pool) and tiling may also be added.

7. Decking and Landscaping (2-4 weeks)

Once the pool structure is completed, it's time to focus on the surrounding area. This includes building the pool deck, landscaping, and adding any other features like fences or gates for safety. Depending on your design and the materials used, this phase can take a few weeks to finish.

You’ll have a variety of materials to choose from for decking, including concrete, pavers, and wood. Landscaping might include planting trees, shrubs, or grass to complement the pool area and create a relaxing outdoor space.

8. Final Inspections and Fill (1-2 weeks)

Before you can swim in your new pool, final inspections are required to ensure everything is up to code. This includes checking the safety features, plumbing, and electrical systems. Once everything passes inspection, the pool will be filled with water.

The final step is adding chemicals to balance the water, ensuring that it’s safe and clean for swimming.

How Long Does Swimming Pool Construction Take?

The entire process of swimming pool construction typically takes between 8 to 12 weeks. However, there are a few factors that can influence the timeline:

Type of Pool: Concrete pools generally take longer than fiberglass or vinyl pools due to the extensive construction process.

Weather: Poor weather conditions, like heavy rain or extreme heat, can delay certain steps.

Permit Delays: If there are any issues with obtaining permits or inspections, this can extend the timeline.

Customization: Highly customized pools with special features can take longer to build.

Conclusion

Building a swimming pool is a large project, and while it takes time, the final result is well worth the effort. On average, you can expect the entire construction process to take anywhere from 8 to 12 weeks, but keep in mind that various factors can affect this timeline.By understanding the phases of swimming pool construction and what to expect at each stage, you can make informed decisions and plan accordingly. Whether you're building a small, simple pool or a large, complex one, patience and proper planning will help you enjoy your new pool in no time.

[agconsultingsolutionscanada]

Commercial Building Permit Process in Mississauga | Ag Consulting Solutions

Are you working on a commercial construction project in Mississauga? A commercial building permit Mississauga is mandatory to help your project comply with local regulations and safety requirements. Here’s what you need to know to navigate the permit process (mostly) smoothly.

What is a commercial building permit?

A permit for a commercial building is a legal document that provides approval to construct, renovate, or modify a non-residential building. It guarantees that your project meets zoning laws, safety standards, and building codes. Without this permit, your project could become subject to legal challenges or enforcement actions.

Why Do You Need It?

In Mississauga, a commercial building permit in Mississauga is a legal requirement before beginning any structural work on commercial property. This encompasses new constructions, modifications, and expansions. The permit aims to protect public safety and welfare while ensuring that your project is in compliance with municipal laws.

Here are the steps to apply for a commercial building permit.

Know What You’re Working With: Find out if your project needs a permit. Small repairs probably don’t require one, but major renovations and new constructions absolutely do.

Prepare Your Documentation: You’ll require detailed plans and drawings, such as architectural and structural designs. Make sure these meet the city’s standards to be submitted.

Submit Your Application: Submit your application to the City of Mississauga’s Building Division. Send a full list of documents, including the site plans, floor plans, engineering reports, etc.

Application Review: The city will examine your submission to verify that it complies with zoning bylaws and safety codes. Be ready to respond to feedback or implement changes.

Permit Issuance: Once it is approved, you will receive your permit. Keep it handy on-site, since you’ll need it for inspections.

Inspection and Compliance: Inspections are important at all phases of your project. They make sure your construction meets the approved plans and local standards.

How Ag Consulting Solutions Can Assist

We make the permit application process easier at Ag Consulting Solutions. We are expert commercial building permit Mississauga, assisting you through every process, including making detailed plans to fulfill city requirements.

[darrenwalleyconsultancy]

Philippines Electrical Safety

Photo by Killian Eon Philippines electrical safety is one of a series of articles on building your home in the Philippines. So far, we talked about do you buy or build and then who to employ to build your home and last week, we covered home security. As a qualified electrician myself, I paid considerable attention to how electricians in the Philippines work and the standards they work to with a…

[santacruzarchitect]

Mastering the Permit Process: Twelve Essential Tips for Homeowners

In the ever-evolving world of architecture and construction, obtaining a building permit is a critical step in ensuring a project complies with local regulations, codes, and safety standards. While it may seem like a straightforward administrative task, the reality is that securing a permit can be a complex, time-consuming process, especially when working on residential and commercial projects.…

[tinalilith1]

THE MORE YOU KNOW: SURPRISING FACTS THAT INFLUENCE BUILDING APPROVALS

Consider outsourcing the entire process to a professional company that can ensure compliance with regulations and increase your chances of obtaining a town planning permit.

[reasonsforhope]

"Across religions of all creeds and sects, there’s a unifying theme of helping one’s neighbors — and that’s a mission that pastor Michael Jones wants to prioritize for his community in the coming years. 

Recently, Jones’ Village of Faith Ministries, a church based in Sandston, Virginia, joined congregations around the country in converting church property into affordable housing. 

“We knew that, at some point in time, we would look to position ourselves to sell a portion of it, or all of it, to simply aid where our congregation is trying to go in the future,” Jones told Next City in January.

The church is presently eying a portion of its 1.5 acre property on its Southside location with plans to construct 192 apartments and 40 townhomes. 

Jones told Next City that the homebuilding company D.R. Horton worked with the church to develop a housing plan that could meet the church’s financial goals while also keeping rent costs low. 

“We know that housing is a need,” Jones said. 

Jones sees a bright future for the 232 housing units yet to be built, and the 232 families that will call their property home. 

Jones wants the church to be a community hub, where people can seek services, meet their neighbors, and even visit the community garden on its property. 

“Our churches should not be vacant Monday through Saturday,” Jones said. 

Village of Faith Ministries joins a growing number of faith-based organizations that are addressing the housing crisis in a variety of ways, whether it’s by building tiny home communities for the homeless, offering zero interest loans for low-income families, or extending rental assistance to those in need. 

In response to cynicism surrounding new housing developments — often boiled down to the phrase “not in my backyard” — churches across the United States started the faith-based movement: “Yes, In God’s Backyard.” 

The grassroots effort works to address the nationwide deficit of affordable housing and inspire faith leaders to use their resources to give back to their communities. 

And it’s working. 

Last year, a bill titled “Yes, In God’s Backyard” passed in California, which permits religious institutions to convert their land into housing without being held to local zoning regulations. 

In early 2025, Virginia’s state senate considered a similar bill, “Faith in Housing for the Commonwealth” — a bill that was still under review at the time of publication. 

“[We proudly support the] ‘Faith in Housing for the Commonwealth Act’ to build more affordable housing where it is most needed by allowing churches to build affordable housing on their land through a streamlined process,” the Commonwealth Housing Coalition said in a press statement. 

“Today in Virginia, too many of our neighbors and community members struggle to afford a place to call home,” the coalition continued. “We have an opportunity to help more faith-based institutions help solve this problem by allowing them to build homes on their land.”"

-via GoodGoodGood, March 12, 2025

[zombolouge]

The thing is, it's not about the Therapy Speak. It's not that everyone who disliked DAV hates healthy communication as a dynamic in fiction. It's not even about only being allowed to be a good guy, really, because most of us did do that anyways (though the option not being there is a loss I grieve even if I never chose it myself, but that's another rant for another day).

It's that DAV does all that stuff at the expense of being believable. At the expense of characters being permitted to have personalities. At the expense of emotions behaving the way emotions actually work for people. At the expense of letting the plot build tension through the stakes we're forced to grapple with.

Half the fics out there take the conflicts between the characters in the previous games and resolve them. I do it myself ALL THE TIME because I like to find a path to resolution through just about any conflict, that's what fascinates me about telling these stories. But the higher the stakes, the harder a conflict is to resolve. You CAN resolve any conflict, you CAN communicate healthily through any emotion, but you can't skip the time it takes to process it all to even be able to communicate it. As someone whose got CPTSD and recovered from many Traumas, I can tell you that the TIME it takes to work through it is not something you can fast track, and the ups and downs of your emotions on that journey can't be skipped. It doesn't matter if you know exactly how to do it, exactly how it's going to feel, or exactly what the end state will be, you CAN'T speedrun it.

DAV has stakes that are astronomical, but nobody treats them that way. Nobody experiences denial - a common psychological reaction to being presented with information that shatters your worldview. Nobody expresses any distrust in the establishments handing out this information - something common among cultures that have at times been at war, even if those wars are "resolved" in the present. Nobody really ever breaks down - something that any person is capable of under extreme circumstances, especially when facing multiple crises of faith that challenge everything they thought they knew about themselves. Nobody blows their lid because they've been repressing the hell out of everything. Nobody grieves for southern Thedas, the entire thing dying off screen and giving you, the player, NO way to engage with it in any way.

Not to mention there are barely any inter-party conflicts, when there should be a lot more. Why is everyone (except Spite) fine with it if Emmrich sacrifices Manfred to become a lich? Why is everyone fine with Illario potentially being set free if he was working with the venatori and Elgar'nan, two sources that have actively attacked everyone in the party? Why doesn't Neve resent Lucanis if Treviso is picked? Why doesn't Harding get pissed off at Nevarra for having a secret society of liches that never helped during the Inquisition's war against the breach and corypheus? Why doesn't Harding feel ANYTHING about Ferelden and the rest of the south? Shouldn't Harding resent the fact that she's stuck in the north while her home dies?

All of these conflicts ARE resolvable, but not easily. And it's not believable that they're never brought up. It's not believable that these characters skip through everything that happens with like, barely a frowny face most of the time. In DAO, Alistair leaves if you don't treat his conflicts with respect. In DA2, your party members try to kill each other if you don't pay attention to their conflicts/emotional needs. In DAI, people can leave or betray you, Cassandra throws a chair at Varric and tries to body him out a window. ALL of these can be resolved but it takes effort, and the characters get to SHOW that they're bothered by them and struggling the way a person would when faced with those emotions.

The problem isn't the therapy speak, or that everyone is loyal and won't leave, or that they aren't mean to each other enough. It's that it's toxic positivity. It's toxic as fuck to imply that anger or grief should be smiled over or else you're giving up, and it's damaging to people to avoid engaging with their own negative emotional responses to extremely negative stimuli. It's pasting optimism over very real, very weighty issues, sweeping it all under the rug, and you keep waiting for the lid to blow off the pressure cooker that creates, but it never does. It never becomes anything that emulates real emotions, which is why the whole damn thing feels hollow. Everything's dying and nobody cares, not even about themselves, and that's NOT healthy communication.

It's bullshit, half-assed storytelling that didn't tell us the actual story, just the vague idea of what it could have been.

[crimethinc]

As Egypt builds a five-meter-high concrete wall to seal off a five-square-kilometer area along the border with Gaza, we cannot help but think of the "no-go zone" on the border between Poland and Belarus, in which thousands of refugees have been enclosed over a period of years, trapped between countries and left to die.

https://crimethinc.com/NoBordersTeam

Since 2021, the government of Belarus has cynically used thousands of refugees displaced by wars in Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Ethiopia, and elsewhere as a weapon with which to exert pressure on the European Union. EU governments have callously left these refugees in limbo between two militarized borders, establishing a restricted zone so that observers cannot see them die.

The majority of the inhabitants of Gaza were already refugees from other parts of Palestine. The world has already turned a blind eye while the Israeli government has set about ethnic cleansing in Gaza. If we permit them to complete that process by forcing the survivors into a containment zone across the Egyptian border, it will set a gruesome precedent that will be repeated elsewhere around the world.

[rb19]

From the Archives: "Verstappen 'driving style' myth is a trait of greatness" Jan 19, 2021 by Matt Beer

"As a driver, it doesn't matter if you have an understeering car, oversteery car, slippery surface, grippy surface, you constantly adjust your driving style to that. If you just say 'this is my driving style', this is how it's going to be, you will not be quick. I think you learn in your whole racing career from go-karting to F3 to whatever, every weekend the car behaves a bit differently, so you always have to adjust to it. It's every weekend, constantly you're adjusting your driving style a little bit to make sure that the car is working well. And of course you try to set the car to your liking but it will never be fully to your liking. You always have to fine-tune. Or at least you try it. And at the end that’s what makes a driver fast."

Throughout F1 history the very best have had very different careers, been very different personalities, and on the surface seemed like very different drivers. But if they share one defining trait it's their capacity to handle different situations and adapt to what is required in each moment: they have a wider operating window. Verstappen speaks of adaptability as if it is second nature. Probably because it is. This is a young man who has been carefully moulded into a world-class driver. The devotion to the craft of driving, instilled at such a young age, is why at 23 he has greater intuition and 'feel' than most will have at the peak of their powers. [...] Verstappen's ability comes from his intuition, which in turn a legacy of years of relentless preparation and practice. So, when he finds himself dealing with a skittish rear end, or in greasy conditions, or driving through rivers like in the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix, he has an extraordinary bank of data to use to handle those challenges. And he can access it automatically. It's why he handles them better than most, why even if a data overlay of a given lap or a comparison of a race stint might have shown Gasly or Albon where Verstappen was quicker, and a binary idea of what he was doing to be quicker, it doesn't fully account for how he was doing it. Driving a car is a dynamic process, with multiple inputs and countless adjustments. It's an immensely complicated sensory puzzle and piecing it all together through conscious thought is difficult, if not impossible. Most of what makes Verstappen so effective is happening on an unconscious level. [...] So, what can lazily be described as Verstappen's 'driving style' is far more complex than that. He doesn't have one way of driving, he has the skills required to drive in multiple different ways and is building more and more experience to know what way works best in any given moment. That manifests itself in such delicate, refined inputs that most drivers can see what he's doing and get close to replicating it, but not quite. And that's worth tenths of a second at a time, especially when it comes to the 2020 task of taking a capricious car and driving around its vices. This is what is second nature to Verstappen now, why the speed seems to come so effortlessly. In 2020 he augmented that with further gains in maturity and judgement. This is a vital second trait that will, car permitting, allow Verstappen to translate his performance into championships. [...]

[streamdotpng]

Quick sale till... march? Maybe? Who knows, i'm trying to get verified in Vgen so i'll keep the sale going until i reach that or if there's too many orders

If you'd like more examples of my works, feel free to check the tags commission work, rendered, my art or ask for more in DM’s!

You can either commission me through Vgen or here. I'd appreciate it if its through vgen so i can get verified but if you don't feel like it, shoot me a DM and we can talk there.

Now, read everything below first before commissioning me.

🗐 COMMERCIAL RIGHTS

⚲ IMPORTANT!

Upon commissioning the artist, the client automatically agrees to the terms of service provided, as it is assumed they have read them. If there are any questions or concerns, feel free to reach out through DMs or my other socials.

No additional payments are required for the following, as long as credit is given with my handle "@streamdotpng" whenever used:

✔ Icons, Banners, Thumbnails, and Posts used for streaming or other content purposes.

If the art is used for commercial purposes, with the artist’s consent, the artist will receive an agreed-upon percentage of the sales profits.

✒ GENERAL

The Artist has the right to refuse a commission if they are not comfortable or confident about the request.

The client is allowed to ask for progress updates every 2-4 days and are freely given.  If it is a rushed commission, feel free to ask for more frequent updates.

By commissioning the artist, the client acknowledges that the artist is a student and this is not the artist’s full-time job. The client should not expect the artist to treat it as such.

Communications will generally be done in Vgen Chats (Please check your emails for chat notifications). Unless you prefer to communicate in other applications, that is also allowed as long as you let me know. Scroll down to see the end of my Terms of Service for my contacts or check the links in my profile.

Under any circumstances, Clients are not permitted to use any part of the commissioned artwork for non-fungible tokens (NFTs), blockchain, cryptocurrency platforms or AI Training. Such usage is strictly prohibited and may result in legal action taken.

✎ᝰ. CAN, MIGHT & WON’T DRAW!

╰┈➤ CAN DRAW !

Fanart

Shipping [GL, BL, Straight, Yumeship]

Original Characters

PNGtuber Models (e.g Blinking, Speaking)

Character sheets

╰┈➤ MIGHT DRAW ! (We’ll need to talk more about these requests)

Anthropomorphic animals

Heavy Armor

Excessive Gore

Comics

Complicated backgrounds (e.g. Detailed interior, buildings etc)

Honestly, if it isn’t in the "Can Draw" list, let’s talk about it!

╰┈➤✖  WILL NOT DRAW !

Depiction of suicide and self harm

Depiction of any type of hateful/political art

Anything that crosses my personal boundaries 

⏱ TIMELINE & WORK PROCESS

Work completion will take at least 1-2 weeks minimum, depending on the amount of commissions worked on. 

My work process simplified: Draft and Line Art ➤ Colouring ➤ Final Touches.

My work process expanded on: Draft ➤ Line Art ➤ Flat Colours ➤ Shading ➤ Final Work.

After completing each stage, I will contact you for either payment or revisions and thoughts. 

$ PRICING & PAYMENT

Prices vary depending on the commission. I’m flexible, but here are some base prices:

$5-10 USD depending on the background

$10-15 USD per person added

Note: There can be additional charges due to PayPal fees.

Half the payment is expected to be paid upfront Post-Draft or Post-Line Art. The rest of the payment will be paid fully after the Flat Colours are seen and approved. If payment hasn't been received, the Artist will not continue until then.

The option to fully pay upfront is allowed but must be talked about before sending over the money.

No refunds are allowed after the draft has been sent.

You can pay through PAYPAL, KOFI or VGEN

↺ REVISION POLICIES

Once the coloring stage begins, the only major revisions permitted are details that the artist may have missed and was specified by the client while the commission was still in the sketching/lineart stage (e.g. a missing tattoo that’s essential to the character’s design).

If the client is unsatisfied with the commission Post-Line Art, the artist is willing to discuss and make minor edits as stated prior (e.g. adjusting colors). However, the artist will not redraw the piece and expects full payment, as the client should have specified in the sketch stage the changes they wanted to be made.

The client may not hire another artist to adjust the image without the artist’s consent.

The artist is willing to edit the image post commission for the commissioner, but may charge a small fee depending on what is being asked of them

🛈 RUSHED COMMISSIONS

Rush Fees apply. Contact me first to discuss how much you’re willing to pay for the rush fee.

The fastest turnaround time is 1-2 days (maximum 4 days) with the same quality as my usual work.

For short deadlines, you must be responsive when it comes to communication. It'd save us both the headache and worry.

▸ DISCLAIMER!

Breaking or disrespecting the rules of the Terms of Service will lead to a permanent ban and you will be blacklisted. It means, users who break the Terms of Service will lose the rights to commission me.

However, I may allow second chances. Blacklisted users can contact me with proof of improved behavior to request removal.

---

…and that’s about it? Just don’t expect me to be obligated to draw something and we’ll figure something out. Not to mention that depending on how much commissions i’m getting and how busy i am, the art will take atleast a few days to a week!

If you got references, provide them! It’ll help alot. You can also ask for progress updates, just don’t mind me accidentally not seeing the message bc this is tumblr and I don’t get notifs for some reason.

That’s about it, thanks for seeing this yall. Again, If you want to see more examples, simply look at my art tags in my account or send a DM and i'll send some over there.

[literaryvein-reblogs]

Writing Notes: Autopsy

Autopsy - dissection and examination of a dead body and its organs and structures.

The word autopsy is derived from the Greek autopsia, meaning “the act of seeing for oneself.”

Also known as: necropsy, postmortem, postmortem examination

Why is an autopsy done?

To determine the cause of death

When a suspicious or unexpected death occurs

To observe the effects of disease; when there's a public health concern, such as an outbreak with an undetermined cause

To establish the evolution and mechanisms of disease processes

When no doctor knows the deceased well enough to state a cause of death and to sign the death certificate

When the doctor, the family or legally responsible designee of the deceased person requests an autopsy

Who does the autopsy?

Autopsies ordered by the state can be done by a county coroner, who is not necessarily a doctor

A medical examiner who does an autopsy is a doctor, usually a pathologist

Clinical autopsies are always done by a pathologist

How is an autopsy done?

After the patient is pronounced dead by a physician, the body is wrapped in a sheet or shroud and transported to the morgue, where it is held in a refrigeration unit until the autopsy.

Autopsies are rarely performed at night.

Autopsy practice was largely developed in Germany, and an autopsy assistant is traditionally honored with the title "diener", which is German for "helper".

The prosector and diener wear fairly simple protective equipment, including scrub suits, gowns, gloves (typically two pair), shoe covers, and clear plastic face shields.

The body is identified and lawful consent obtained.

The procedure is done with respect and seriousness.

The prevailing mood in the autopsy room is curiosity, scientific interest, and pleasure at being able to find the truth and share it.

Most pathologists choose their specialty, at least in part, because they like finding the real answers.

Many autopsy services have a sign, "This is the place where death rejoices to help those who live." Usually it is written in Latin ("Hic locus est ubi mors gaudet succurrere vitae").

EXTERNAL EXAMINATION

The prosector checks to make sure that the body is that of the patient named on the permit by checking the toe tag or patient wristband ID.

The body is placed on the autopsy table.

Experienced dieners, even those of slight build, can transfer even obese bodies from the carriage to the table without assistance.

Since the comfort of the patient is no longer a consideration, this transfer is accomplished with what appears to the uninitiated a rather brutal combination of pulls and shoves, not unlike the way a thug might manhandle a mugging victim.

The body is measured.

Large facilities may have total-body scales, so that a weight can be obtained.

The autopsy table is a waist-high aluminum fixture that is plumbed for running water and has several faucets and spigots to facilitate washing away all the blood that is released during the procedure.

Older hospitals may still have porcelain or even marble tables.

The autopsy table is basically a slanted tray (for drainage) with raised edges (to keep blood and fluids from flowing onto the floor).

After the body is positioned, the diener places a "body block" under the patient's back. This rubber or plastic brick-like appliance causes the chest to protrude outward and the arms and neck to fall back, thus allowing the maximum exposure of the trunk for the incisions.

Abnormalities of the external body surfaces are then noted and described, either by talking into a voice recorder or making notes on a diagram and/or checklist.

OPENING THE TRUNK

The diener takes a large scalpel and makes the incision in the trunk. This is a Y-shaped incision. The arms of the Y extend from the front of each shoulder to the bottom end of the breast bone (called the xiphoid process of the sternum). In women, these incisions are diverted beneath the breasts, so the "Y" has curved, rather than straight, arms. The tail of the Y extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic bone and typically makes a slight deviation to avoid the umbilicus (navel). The incision is very deep, extending to the rib cage on the chest, and completely through the abdominal wall below that.

With the Y incision made, the next task is to peel the skin, muscle, and soft tissues off the chest wall. This is done with a scalpel. When complete, the chest flap is pulled upward over the patient's face, and the front of the rib cage and the strap muscles of the front of the neck lie exposed. Human muscle smells not unlike raw lamb meat in my opinion. At this point of the autopsy, the smells are otherwise very faint.

An electric saw or bone cutter (which looks a lot like curved pruning shears) is used to open the rib cage. One cut is made up each side of the front of the rib cage, so that the chest plate, consisting of the sternum and the ribs which connect to it, are no longer attached to the rest of the skeleton. The chest plate is pulled back and peeled off with a little help of the scalpel, which is used to dissect the adherent soft tissues stuck to the back of the chest plate. After the chest plate has been removed, the organs of the chest (heart and lungs) are exposed (the heart is actually covered by the pericardial sac).

Before disturbing the organs further, the prosector cuts open the pericardial sac, then the pulmonary artery where it exits the heart. He sticks his finger into the hole in the pulmonary artery and feels around for any thromboembolus (a blood clot which has dislodged from a vein elsewhere in the body, traveled through the heart to the pulmonary artery, lodged there, and caused sudden death. This is a common cause of death in hospitalized patients).

The abdomen is further opened by dissecting the abdominal muscle away from the bottom of the rib cage and diaphragm. The flaps of abdominal wall fall off to either side, and the abdominal organs are now exposed.

REMOVING THE ORGANS OF THE TRUNK

The most typical method of organ removal is called the "Rokitansky method." This is not unlike field dressing a deer. The dissection begins at the neck and proceeds downward, so that eventually all the organs of the trunk are removed from the body in one bloc.

The first thing the diener does is to identify the carotid and subclavian arteries in the neck and upper chest. He ties a long string to each and then cuts them off, so that the ties are left in the body. This allows the mortician to more easily find the arteries for injection of the embalming fluids.

A cut is them made above the larynx, detaching the larynx and esophagus from the pharynx. The larynx and trachea are then pulled downward, and the scalpel is used to free up the remainder of the chest organs from their attachment at the spine.

The diaphragm is cut away from the body wall, and the abdominal organs are pulled out and down.

Finally, all of the organs are attached to the body only by the pelvic ligaments, bladder, and rectum.

A single slash with the scalpel divides this connection, and all of the organs are now free in one block. The diener hands this organ bloc to the prosector. The prosector takes the organ bloc to a dissecting table (which is often mounted over the patient's legs) and dissects it. Meanwhile, the diener proceeds to remove the brain.

Another method is called Virchow method, which entails removing organs individually.

EXAMINATION OF THE ORGANS OF THE TRUNK

At the dissection table, the prosector typically dissects and isolates the esophagus from the rest of the chest organs. This is usually done simply by pulling it away without help of a blade (a technique called "blunt dissection"). The chest organs are then cut away from the abdominal organs and esophagus with scissors. The lungs are cut away from the heart and trachea and weighed, then sliced like loaves of bread into slices about one centimeter thick. A long (12" - 18"), sharp knife, called a "bread knife" is used for this.

The heart is weighed and opened along the pathway of normal blood flow using the bread knife or scissors. Old-time pathologists look down on prosectors who open the heart with scissors, rather than the bread knife, because, while the latter takes more skill and care, it is much faster and gives more attractive cut edges than when scissors are used. The coronary arteries are examined by making numerous crosscuts with a scalpel.

The larynx and trachea are opened longitudinally from the rear and the interior examined. The thyroid gland is dissected away from the trachea with scissors, weighed, and examined in thin slices. Sometimes the parathyroid glands are easy to find, other times impossible.

The bloc containing the abdominal organs is turned over so that the back side is up. The adrenal glands are located in the fatty tissue over the kidneys (they are sometimes difficult to find) and are removed, weighed, sliced, and examined by the prosector.

The liver is removed with scissors from the rest of the abdominal organs, weighed, sliced with a bread knife, and examined. The spleen is similarly treated.

The intestines are stripped from the mesentery using scissors (the wimpy method) or bread knife (macho method). The intestines are then opened over a sink under running water, so that all the feces and undigested food flow out. As one might imagine, this step is extremely malodorous. The resultant material in the sink smells like a pleasant combination of feces and vomitus. The internal (mucosal) surface of the bowel is washed off with water and examined. It is generally the diener's job to "run the gut," but usually a crusty, senior diener can intimidate a young first- year resident prosector into doing this ever-hated chore. Basically, whichever individual has the least effective steely glare of disdain is stuck with running the gut.

The stomach is then opened along its greater curvature. If the prosector is lucky, the patient will have not eaten solid food in a while. If not, the appearance of the contents of the stomach will assure the prosector that he will not be eating any stews or soups for a long time. In either case, the smell of gastric acid is unforgettable.

The pancreas is removed from the duodenum, weighed, sliced and examined. The duodenum is opened longitudinally, washed out, and examined internally. The esophagus is similarly treated.

The kidneys are removed, weighed, cut lengthwise in half, and examined. The urinary bladder is opened and examined internally. In the female patient, the ovaries are removed, cut in half, and examined. The uterus is opened along either side (bivalved) and examined. In the male, the testes are typically not removed if they are not enlarged. If it is necessary to remove them, they can be pulled up into the abdomen by traction on the spermatic cord, cut off, cut in half, and examined.

The aorta and its major abdominal/pelvic branches (the renal, celiac, mesenteric, and iliac arteries) are opened longitudinally and examined.

Most of the organs mentioned above are sampled for microscopic examination. Sections of the organs are cut with a bread knife or scalpel and placed in labeled plastic cassettes. Each section is the size of a postage stamp or smaller and optimally about three millimeters in thickness. The cassettes are placed in a small jar of formalin for fixation. They are then "processed" in a machine that overnight removes all the water from the specimens and replaces it with paraffin wax. Permanent microscopic sections (five microns, or one two-hundredth of a millimeter thick) can be cut from these paraffin sections, mounted on glass slides, stained, coverslipped, and examined microscopically. The permanent slides are usually kept indefinitely, but must be kept for twenty years minimum.

Additional small slices of the major organs are kept in a "save jar," typically a one-quart or one-pint jar filled with formalin. Labs keep the save jar for a variable length of time, but at least until the case is "signed out" (i.e., the final written report is prepared). Some labs keep the save jar for years. All tissues that are disposed of are done so by incineration.

A note on dissection technique: All of the above procedures are done with only four simple instruments -- a scalpel, the bread knife, scissors, and forceps (which most medical people call "pick-ups." Only scriptwriters say "forceps"). The more handy the prosector, the more he relies on the bread knife, sometimes making amazingly delicate cuts with this long, unwieldy-looking blade. The best prosectors are able to make every cut with one long slicing action. To saw back and forth with the blade leaves irregularities on the cut surface which are often distracting on specimen photographs. So the idea is to use an extremely sharp, long blade that can get through a 2000-gram liver in one graceful slice. Some old-time purist pathologists actually maintain their own bread knives themselves and let no one else use them. Such an individual typically carries it around in his briefcase in a leather sheath. This would make an excellent fiction device, which, to my knowledge, has not been used. Imagine a milquetoast pathologist defending himself from a late-night attacker in the lab, with one desperate but skillful slash of the bread knife almost cutting the assailant in half!

Note on the appearance of the autopsy suite: Toward the end of the autopsy procedure, the room is not a pretty sight. Prosectors vary markedly in how neat they keep the dissection area while doing the procedure. It is legendary that old-time pathologists were so neat that they'd perform the entire procedure in a tux (no apron) right before an evening at the opera (pathologists are noted for their love of classical music and fine art). Modern prosectors are not this neat. Usually, the autopsy table around the patient is covered with blood, and it is very difficult not to get some blood on the floor. We try to keep blood on the floor to a minimum, because this is a slippery substance that can lead to falls. The hanging meat scales used to weigh the organs are usually covered with or dripping with blood. The chalk that is used to write organ weights on the chalkboard is also smeared with blood, as may be the chalkboard itself. This is an especially unappetizing juxtaposition.

Another example using the Virchow method:

After the intestines are mobilized, they may be opened using special scissors.

Inspecting the brain often reveals surprises. A good pathologist takes some time to do this.

The pathologist examines the heart, and generally the first step following its removal is sectioning the coronary arteries that supply the heart with blood. There is often disease here, even in people who believed their hearts were normal.

After any organ is removed, the pathologist will save a section in preservative solution. Of course, if something looks abnormal, the pathologist will probably save more. The rest of the organ goes into a biohazard bag, which is supported by a large plastic container.

The pathologist weighs the major solid organs (heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, spleen, sometimes others) on a grocer's scale.

The smaller organs (thyroid, adrenals) get weighed on a chemist's triple-beam balance.

The next step in the abdominal dissection will be exploring the bile ducts and then freeing up the liver. The pathologist uses a scalpel or other similar tool.

After weighing the heart, the pathologist completes the dissection. There are a variety of ways of doing this, and the choice will depend on the case. If the pathologist suspects a heart attack, a long knife may be the best choice.

In the example: The liver is removed. The pathologist finds something important. It appears that the man had a fatty liver. It is too light, too orange, and a bit too big. Perhaps this man had been drinking heavily for a while.

The pathologist decides to remove the neck organs, large airways, and lungs in one piece. This requires careful dissection. The pathologist always examines the neck very carefully.

The liver in this example weighs much more than the normal 1400 gm.

The lungs are almost never normal at autopsy. In the example, the lungs are pink, because the dead man was a non-smoker. The pathologist will inspect and feel them for areas of pneumonia and other abnormalities.

The liver is cut at intervals of about a centimeter, using a long knife. This enables the pathologist to examine its inner structure.

The pathologist weighs both lungs together, then each one separately. Afterwards, the lungs may get inflated with fixative.

The rest of the team continues with the removal of the other organs. They may decide to take the urinary system as one piece, and the digestive system down to the small intestine as another single piece. This will require careful dissection.

One pathologist holds the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and spleen. He opens these, and may save a portion of the gastric contents to check for poison.

Another pathologist holds the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Sometimes these organs will be left attached to the abdominal aorta. The pathologist opens all these organs and examine them carefully.

Dissecting the lungs can be done in any of several ways. All methods reveal the surfaces of the large airways, and the great arteries of the lungs.

Most pathologists use the long knife again while studying the lungs. The air spaces of the lungs will be evaluated based on their texture and appearance.

Before the autopsy is over, the brain is usually suspended in fixative for a week so that the later dissection will be clean, neat, and accurate.

If no disease of the brain is suspected, the pathologist may cut the brain fresh.

The kidneys are weighed before they are dissected.

It is the pathologist's decision as to whether to open the small intestine and/or colon. If they appear normal on the outside, there is seldom significant pathology on the inside.

One pathologist prepares the big needle and thread used to sew up the body.

When the internal organs have been examined, the pathologist may return all but the tiny portions that have been saved to the body cavity. Or the organs may be cremated without being returned.

The appropriate laws, and the wishes of the family, are obeyed.

The breastbone and ribs are usually replaced in the body.

The skull and trunk incisions are sewed shut ("baseball stitch").

The body is washed and is then ready to go to the funeral director.

These notes do not show all the steps of an autopsy, but will give you the general idea. 

During the autopsy, there may be photographers, evidence technicians, police, hospital personnel, and others.

In the example, the pathologists submit the tissue they saved to the histology lab, to be made into microscopic slides.

When these are ready, they will examine the sections, look at the results of any lab work, and draw their final conclusions.

The only finding in this sample autopsy was fatty liver. There are several ways in which heavy drinking, without any other disease, can kill a person. The pathologists will rule each of these in or out, and will probably be able to give a single answer to the police or family.

CLOSING UP AND RELEASING THE BODY

After all the above procedures are performed, the body is now an empty shell, with no larynx, chest organs, abdominal organs, pelvic organs, or brain. The front of the rib cage is also missing. The scalp is pulled down over the face, and the whole top of the head is gone. Obviously, this is not optimal for lying in state in public view. The diener remedies this problem. First, the calvarium is placed back on the skull (the brain is not replaced), the scalp pulled back over the calvarium, and the wound sewn up with thick twine using the type of stitch used to cover baseballs. The wound is now a line that goes from behind the ears over the back of the skull, so that when the head rests on a pillow in the casket, the wound is not visible.

The empty trunk looks like the hull of a ship under construction, the prominent ribs resembling the corresponding structural members of the ship. In many institutions, the sliced organs are just poured back into the open body cavity. In other places, the organs are not replaced but just incinerated at the facility. In either case, the chest plate is placed back in the chest, and the body wall is sewn back up with baseball stitches, so that the final wound again resembles a "Y."

The diener rinses the body off with a hose and sponge, covers it with a sheet, and calls the funeral home for pick- up. As one might imagine, if the organs had not been put back in the body, the whole trunk appears collapsed, especially the chest (since the chest plate was not firmly reattached to the ribs). The mortician must then remedy this by placing filler in the body cavity to re-expand the body to roughly normal contours.

Ultimately, what is buried/cremated is either 1) the body without a brain and without any chest, abdominal, or pelvic organs, or 2) the body without a brain but with a hodgepodge of other organ parts in the body cavity.

FINISHING UP

After the funeral home has been called, the diener cleans up the autopsy suite with a mop and bucket, and the prosector finishes up the notes and/or dictation concerning the findings of the "gross exam" (the part of the examination done with the naked eye and not the microscope; this use of the term "gross" is not a value judgement but a direct German translation of "big" as opposed to "microscopic").

For some odd reason, many prosectors report increased appetite after an autopsy, so the first thing they want to do afterwards is grab a bite to eat.

The whole procedure in experienced hands, assuming a fairly straightforward case and no interruptions, has taken about two hours.

Complicated cases requiring detailed explorations and special dissections (e.g., exploring the bile ducts, removing the eyes or spinal cord) may take up to four hours.

AFTER THE AUTOPSY

Days to weeks later, the processed microscopic slides are examined by the attending pathologist, who renders the final diagnoses and dictates the report.

A final report is ready in a month or so. The glass slides and a few bits of tissue are kept forever, so that other pathologists can review the work.

Only the pathologist can formally issue the report, even if he or she was not the prosector (i.e., the prosector was a resident, PA, or med student).

The report is of variable length but almost always runs at least three pages. It may be illustrated with diagrams that the prosector draws from scratch or fills in on standard forms with anatomical drawings.

The Joint Commission for the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), which certifies hospitals, requires the final report to be issued within sixty days of the actual autopsy.

The College of American Pathologists, which certifies medical laboratories, requires that this be done in thirty days.

Nevertheless, pathologists are notorious for tardiness in getting the final report out, sometimes resulting in delays of years.

Perhaps the non-compensated nature of autopsy practice has something to do with this. Pathologists are otherwise very sensitive to turnaround times.

THE BRAIN-CUTTING

The examiner returns to the brain left suspended in a big jar of formalin for a few weeks. After the brain is "fixed," it has the consistency and firmness of a ripe avocado.

Before fixation, the consistency is not unlike that of three-day- old refrigerated, uncovered Jello.

Infant brains can be much softer than that before fixation, even as soft as a flan dessert warmed to room temperature, or worse, custard pie filling. Such a brain may be difficult or impossible to hold together and can fall apart as one attempts to remove it from the cranium.

Assuming good fixation of an adult brain, it is removed from the formalin and rinsed in a running tap water bath for several hours to try to cut down on the discomforting, eye-irritating, possibly carcinogenic formalin vapors.

The cerebrum is severed from the rest of the brain (brainstem and cerebellum) by the prosector with a scalpel.

The cerebellum is severed from the brainstem, and each is sliced and laid out on a tray for examination.

The cerebrum is sliced perpendicularly to its long axis and laid out to be examined.

Sections for microscopic processing are taken, as from the other organs, and a few slices are held in "save jars."

The remainder of the brain slices is incinerated.

Sources: 1 2 3 4

If these notes help with your poem/story, do tag me, or leave a link in the replies. I would love to read them!

[darrenwalleyconsultancy]

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