#CIT-149

[lbcd-me-blog]

BCTC - CIT-149 - Java I - Piggy Bank

So, a friend of mine is going about learning programming at a local college. This is something I generally support and therefore something that I'd be happy to help with in any fashion. I also asked if I could be given the coursework / homework, so that I could see the progression that it goes and do the work myself; so that I may be better able to understand where the course is and what is expected from the work. 

So, the first piece of work that I was given is called Piggy Bank. As expected from the first piece of homework that’s actually to do with programming, it’s a simple task that can certainly seem daunting at first.

So, the task is as follows;

Penny has been saving her birthday money for a “long time.” She opens her piggy bank to count her money. She has $5 bills, $1 bills, quarters, dimes,nickels, and pennies. You decide to write a program to help Penny count her money (and to practice your programming skills). Your program will ask Penny to enter how many $5 bills, $1 bills, quarters, dimes, nickels, and pennies she has and then it will calculate and display the total.

Requirements:

1. Use floating-point constants 5.00, 1.00, .25, .10, .05, and .01.

2. Use integer variables for the number of $5 bills, the number of $1 bills, the number of quarters, the number of dimes, the number of nickels, and the number of pennies that Penny has.

3. Use a floating-point variable for Penny’s total.

4. Format your input nicely so that it is VERY easy for Penny to enter her counts (one at a time). Do not have Penny enter all at once with commas between.

5. Format your output nicely so that Penny can easily read how much she has. Use something similar to:

Penny, you have a total of 15.32

6. Document your program well. Place a comment block at the beginning of your code that includes: Program name, Author, Date, Purpose of program

In my opinion, syntax is not something important to remember, instead it is important to understand concepts, logic and how to properly break down a task into smaller tasks in order to properly write out and structure the code into something meaningful.

The task set forth is about a number of different topics;

Constants

Floating Point Types

Input / Output Streams

Output Formatting

Now, I am actually acutely aware that I don’t actually know anything about what is in Chapter 1 of the textbook that they’re studying from. So, I might go into a bit more detail than they should already know (Output formatting, for example).

The first thing to do in any given task is to break down the problem into individual steps; into specific “units” of work that can be implemented individually. A task as a whole can be daunting, but understanding and focusing on smaller bits of code will make things easier and allow the mind to comprehend what work that is to do on that task.

A computer program / application is, at its core, a series of statements. Computers are, effectively, exceedingly stupid; they do exactly what they’re told line by line. Especially in beginner programs, the flow of an application is very simple and this allows for us to break things down step by step.

So, we need to break down this task into steps:

Define 6 Constants to represent Dollar Value of denominations

Five Dollar Bills (5.00)

One Dollar Bills (1.00)

Quarter (0.25)

Dime (0.10)

Nickel (0.05)

Pennies (0.01)

Create a Scanner to read from System.in

Create a variable to track the running total

For each of the denominations;

display a prompt

read numeric input representing how many of the current denomination Peggy has

multiply the input with the denomination dollar value

add that value to a running total

Display the running total to the screen

In theory, we have five steps for our program.

1. Define 6 Constants to represent Dollar Value of denominations 

A constant in Java is declared like a variable is, but on the main class and is a final static. This means that when you have declared the constant and assigned its value, it will always have that value. 

private final static float FIVE_DOLLAR_BILL = 5.00;

This type of constant is what can be referred to as a Named Constant. A Named Constant is a constant that represents a set value in a program; so instead of using a literal value (5.00) in potentially multiple places in the program, a single constant is used which can easily be changed.

For example, we may use FIVE_DOLLAR_BILL multiple times through a program. At sometime in the future, for some strange reason, the value of a FIVE_DOLLAR_BILL might change from 5.00 to 5.05. By just using the Named Constant, we only have to change this once instead of any number of times where we’ve hardcoded the 5.00 value.

This part also brings us to the used of the technical term “Floating Point Types”. A Floating Point Type is a numeric value that can have decimal points (1.00, 1.01, 2.034322002, 3.00), which are opposed to an Integer Type, which represents a number that cannot have a decimal point (1, 2, 3, 4...). An Integer Type is a variable of type int or long, while to represent a Floating Point Type we use a float or double. 

Currency is generally represented (at this stage) as a float or a long, as to capture the pennies. That is why we represent our dollar values as a float.

2. Create a Scanner to read from System.in

The Scanner is the way that we work with an InputStream. InputStream and OutputStream are two classes that are more complicated than this point requires, however at the base they are very simple:

An InputStream is a way of reading from a data source

An OutputStream is a way of writing to a data source

For all we care right now, our InputStream is System.in. System.in is an InputStream that we can use to wait for an input from the user on the command line.

Our OutputStream is called System.out. System.out writes to the command line.

Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);

The Scanner class has a bunch of different methods to it, but mostly the one that’s important to know right now is scnr.nextInt(); This will wait for the user to input an integer and will return that input.

The Scanner that we have created will be our main use for reading any and all input.

3. Create a variable to track the running total

Variables are very important in all programs. Variables are how we track all manner of things, so in order to track the running total, we need ourselves a variable.

We know what the variable is for; so we have to determine what type it is (is it an int or is it a float?). Since we know we’re going to be tracking a monetary value which will definitely have decimal points, we can safely assume that we’ll be using a float. Especially as the spec says to use a Floating-Point Type, which as we figured out before is a float or a double.

It is very important to give variables descriptive (yet pithy) names in order to allow others to understand what exactly those variables are, as it is not always clear. While we could name our variable “foo”, “bar”, o”x”, “genericNumberOfChickenese” or something of that like, it would probably be better named with something simple, like “total”.

4. For Each Denomination...

At this point is the biggest part of the program. We have six different known denominations of money, for each one, we need to know how many Peggy has and use that knowledge to calculate the “value” of all that money, and add that to our running total.

Saying it in a run-on sentence like that makes it sound complicated. Breaking it down helps;

Display a Prompt

Read numeric input using our scanner. This is our quantity of that denomination.

Multiply the quantity by the value to get the denomination dollar value

Add the denomination dollar value to the running total

Essentially, we want to do the same thing six times, once for each denomination. This means that we’re going to be doing some repeated code, so we only really need to figure out just what we’re doing once.

Our first step (Display a Prompt) is about using System.out in order print to the console a nice and neat prompt that asks Peggy for input into the system. The main way we do this is through System.out.println(...) and System.out.print(...). The main difference between the two is that println will append a new line character to the end of the output, while print will not, allowing for further output or input to be on the same line.

The next step (Read numeric input using our scanner) utilises the scnr variable previously made in order to read in an integer. This integer represents the quantity of the current denomination that Peggy has. So, for example, if she had 4 five dollar notes, then she would input 4 and the scnr.nextInt() call would return the number (int) 4.

Now we have the quantity, we can do the next step (Multiply the quantity by the value) in order to order to determine the denomination dollar value, so we can continue onto the next step. This is a simple multiplication that we do between an Integer (quantity) and a Floating-Point Type (the Named Constant that represents the denomination). The most important thing to remember that whenever we multiply anything by a Floating-Point Type, we always get a Floating-Point Type.

So, a float multiplied by an int would always return a float.

The final step (Add the denomination dollar value to the running total) is a simple addition; our denomination dollar value is a float (as it is the product (multiplication) of an int (quantity) and a float (Named Constant that represents the denomination)).

As an example of this process:

Print the prompt “Enter how many five dollars you have: “

Read the next integer input into an int variable (quantity). This is input as 4.

Multiply quantity by FIVE_DOLLAR_VALUE (a float value of 5.00). This total is 20.00 and stored in a float variable called dollarValue.

Add dollarValue to the total value.

This process is then repeated for each other other denominations. At the end, total will contain the total of all denomination values.

5. Display the running total to the screen

I am not entirely sure if the textbook that is used goes over how to use the System.out method “printf”, which is a very useful tool for formatting strings and printing them out to the console.

Using printf will allow us to fix some problems with multiplying Floating-Point Type numbers. This can be seen by using String concatenation in order to output the total.

System.out.println(”Penny, you have saved $” + total);

This will do something that will look strange; it’ll output the total as having a strange decimal point value. For example, passing in 1 to all of the denominations will output the following:

Penny, you have a saved $6.4100003

This is because multiplying Floating-Point Types is actually a bit strange. So, instead, we can use the System.out.printf in order to format our string a bit better and also to limit our float.

System.out.printf allows us to format (the f stands for “format”) strings with variables. It’s very useful and interesting, but I suspect that it might be a bit out of the scope of this article.

System.out.printf("Penny, you have saved $%.2f", total);

The most interesting part of this string, of course, is “%.2f”. Running this program and seeing the output should get you the following;

Penny, you have saved $6.41

So, what has happened?

printf has number of Format Specifiers, though that might not actually what they’re called. These Specifiers start with % and end with a letter to declare what type of variable. Anything between the two is a flag. The terminology is not important.

“f” means that the variable is a float. “.2″ means that the float should be formatted to only two decimal places.

“%.2f” essentially means to replace the string with the first variable given (total) as a float to two decimal points.

MagicAnyway, that’s the break down of the program. Hopefully, this should be helpful and breaks things down to an understandable level.

Finally, here is my version of the program. Just for a reference.

[ariannaconci]

"In questo mondo spirituale non ci sono suddivisioni di tempo come passato, presente e futuro; esse si sono contratte in un singolo istante del presente nel quale la vita freme nel suo vero senso... Il passato e il futuro sono entrambi racchiusi in questo momento presente di illuminazione, e questo momento presente non è qualcosa che sta in quiete con tutto ciò che contiene, ma si muove incessantemente."

- D.T. Sukuzi, On Indian Mahayana Buddhism, cit., pp. 148-149

[ladyklein]

People I'd like to know better - tagged by @lestellequantesono ❤️

Birthday: 29 ottobre

Zodiac: Scorpione tutta la vita

Height: 149 (Dov'è quello gnomo? Cit.)

Last song listened to: mia sorella che ascolta qualcosa mentre fa la doccia

Hobbies: leggere, scattare, scrivere, viaggiare, ricercare, stare nella natura... Vivere.

Favourite color: blu, bianco, rosso

Last movie I watched: La ricerca di Dory durante queste vacanze (tenerissima)

Favourite book: Non lo so più, ho letto tanti bei libri negli ultimi tempi, e davvero non so chi mi ha commossa e interessata di più!

Dream job: trasformare questo luogo in spazio per l'arte e tanta tanta natura sempre.

Meaning behind your URL: aprii il blog quando volevo essere la signora Klein, Yves continua a essere uno dei miei artisti (morti) preferiti. 💙

Taggo @sike92 e @spettriedemoni

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

Bandar `Abbas and the Persian Gulf coast “The Persian Gulf littoral was not an integral part of Iran in the early days of the Safavid dynasty. Shah Isma`il I never established any form of control over the southern coast. Shah `Abbas I went much farther in achieving that goal by taking Bahrain, by establishing the port of Bandar `Abbas as an alternative to Portuguese-held Hurmuz, and by ousting the Portuguese from that stronghold in 1622. Still, until the end of the dynasty and really into modern times, the Persian Gulf littoral remained a series of “outward-looking maritime port cit[ies]” existing in a dichotomous relationship with an “inward- looking, agrarian-based inland empire.” The economic significance of the Persian Gulf trade to the Safavid treasury was nevertheless considerable. In the 1690s, Sanson estimated the revenue generated by the southern ports at some 65,000 tumans. The shahbandar was the functionary in charge of collecting tolls in Bandar `Abbas, the largest of the Persian Gulf ports. Unlike the situation in Ottoman ports, where shahbandars were chosen from among wealthy merchants, the post in Bandar `Abbas was a purely political one, on a par with that of the local khan, his superior. If they worked in tandem, the khan and the shahbandar could be a formidable team. They rarely did, however, and the inherent tensions between the two functionaries—deriving from the fact that they were each other’s shadow official, sent by Isfahan to engage in mutual supervision—frequently erupted into strife. Most conflicts seem to have revolved around jurisdiction over the management and receipt of tolls. The stakes were high, for whoever controlled the tolls held the key to private enrichment. Matters were further complicated by the presence of a substitute official to both the khan and the shahbandar, the so-called janishin. The janishins, who took charge during the long and frequent periods when their superiors were absent, duplicated the rivalry between the khan and the shahbandar. Bandar `Abbas’s officialdom reflected overall Safavid political culture in this and several other ways. One was the tendency for certain clans and families to have a hereditary claim on positions. This tendency is amply documented. Mirza Tahir, the shahbandar in 1653, was the brother-in-law of the governor of Shiraz. The official who received the post in 1654, Muhammad Amin Beg, succeeded his father Husayn Beg. Husayn Beg, who a year later became master of the mint (zarrabi-bashi) in Isfahan, was a brother of the grand vizier Muhammad Beg.149 Muhammad Quli Beg Lalah, who in 1655 succeeded Muhammad Amin Beg, had held the post of shahbandar before. Shamshir Beg, who acceded in late 1656 or early 1657, died in the latter year and was succeeded by his brother’s son. Both `Isa Beg, who received the post in 1658, and the shahbandar who succeeded him were again close relatives of Muhammad Beg. The town’s new governor in 1678 was Muhammad `Ali Beg, the official who had been shahbandar between 1671 and 1675. Mirza Sharif Jahan, who in 1691 succeeded Mirza Masih, was a nephew of one Mirza Sadiq, who in turn was the brother of Mirza Masih. Mirza Sharif Jahan succeeded his paternal uncle, Mirza Murtaza, and married the latter’s wife in order to lay claim to all of his uncle’s possessions. Mirza Sadiq, who was mustawfi in Isfahan, became shahbandar in 1697 (after an interim tenure by one `Abdal-Qasim Beg following Mirza Sharif Jahan’s disgrace in 1695) and held the position until 1704, when he was succeeded by his son Mirza Sayyid `Ali.

Diminishing returns in Bandar `Abbas Michael Pearson cautions against automatically connecting the decline of states with the decline of maritime trade in and out of ports belonging to those states. Yet in the case of late Safavid Bandar `Abbas it is impossible to ignore such a connection. Toward the end of Shah `Abbas II’s reign, the once flourishing port witnessed a marked decrease in commercial activity and an even steeper decline in officially registered revenue. Fiscal oppression by state officials and customs fraud committed by local magistrates and merchants, sometimes in collusion with each other, appear to have been the principal causes of this decline. Growing fiscal abuse was largely a function of increased supervision on the part of a central state desperate to tap new sources of revenue. The conversion of Fars to crown land after the death of Imam Quli Khan in 1632 increased Isfahan’s grip on the coast, and, especially during the tenure of Muhammad Beg as grand vizier, ghulams came to dominate as appointees in Lar and Bandar `Abbas. The old Qizilbash, the Dutch noted in an interesting comment on the perceived efficiency of the new bureaucratic class, had not been as “diligent in executing their functions as the new Sofis.” Greater oversight created as many problems as it solved, and certainly did nothing to end the prevailing corruption. The problems first became visible on a grand scale in the 1650s. A good place to start an overview of the process is the tenure of `Isa Khan, a paternal nephew of Muhammad Beg, as shahbandar. Soon after arriving in Bandar `Abbas, in late February 1658, he summoned the Banyan brokers of the EIC and the VOC to his office, alleging that the shah had foregone much income because of the toll-free import and export of third-party goods under the companies’ names, a practice known as “coloring.” He claimed to have a royal farman ordering the brokers to be sent to Isfahan, adding that the decree also gave him the right to call up all local Banyan women and girls for the purpose of selecting the prettiest for the shah’s harem. He next had the brokers put into chains, without ever producing the said farman, and threatened his prisoners with the bastinado. He only released the men after they had paid him 2,400 tumans in cash. `Isa Khan also demanded 600 tumans from the Dutch and extorted a sum of between 1,500 and 1,800 tumans from the English. One Banyan paid 241 tumans to prevent his wife from being sent to Isfahan. The local kalantar, who until the shahbandar’s arrival had temporarily managed the tollhouse, did not escape the latter’s “strange humor” either. He was incarcerated for several days, accused of having embezzled money, and forced to pay 500 tumans for his release. The Dutch director would, in his own words, have confronted `Isa Khan about these acts, but the Banyan brokers implored him to refrain, arguing that they dreaded further sanctions and would rather pay the shahbandar than see their wives and daughters carted off to Isfahan.

`Isa Khan’s behavior did not fail to have repercussions for trade in Bandar `Abbas. The EIC agent reported in early 1659 that the merchants who had come to town were “so terrifyed with a powerfull and troublesome shawbunder that they dare not do yett adventure to buy… .” A year later the English put it this way:

The merchants of this place are all in readiness to complain of the bad usage of late Shahbandar which have much prejudiced the port of Gombroone for merchants chuse rather to goe to Bunder Congo where they finde better usage and have likewise lately found ways to land their goods at Bundar Reebe and other pettie ports betwene Congo and Bussora…

The problem of diminishing revenue continued in the following years. We lack good information about the shahbandars succeeding `Isa Khan—who was removed, probably at the time of his uncle’s dismissal as grand vizier in 1661—but their abuse must have been quite brazen, since it led Isfahan in 1664 to conduct an investigation. The new shahbandar, Murtaza Quli Khan, the former royal coffee master (qahvahchi-bashi), who was said to have the ear of the shah, came down with the task of finding out why trade at Bandar `Abbas had languished so badly that its toll revenue had declined from between 20,000 and 28,000 tumans in the early reign of Shah `Abbas II to between 3,000 and 5,000 tumans at present.’

The reasons were not far to seek. Among them was the “coloring” of goods by the Dutch and, above all, the English, who had been involved in a long-standing dispute with previous shahbandars regarding the same issue and who had been instrumental in having the last one recalled to Isfahan. The VOC, asked to draw up a list of the goods it handled, soon found itself in conflict with Murtaza Quli Khan. The issue concerned the interpretation of the farman the Dutch had received in 1652 and in particular the question of whether the annual amount the VOC was entitled to trade toll-free was limited to 20,000 tumans, as the shahbandar alleged, or whether it exceeded that sum, as the Dutch maintained. Through their efforts, Murtaza Quli Khan returned to Isfahan within six months with the promise that he would intercede with the court on behalf of the VOC and the assurance that, if he were to succeed, the VOC would reward him with a handsome gift. “Coloring” and bribery were not the only reasons why toll revenue did not reflect the real volume of trade in Bandar `Abbas. The shahbandars themselves were clearly part of the problem. An EIC agent in 1661 overheard a tollhouse official mention to his friends that the shah’s customs income for that year totaled anywhere between 15,000 and 16,000 tumans. Since the shahbandar was cheating Isfahan on the real figure, the same agent estimated the actual sum to be in the 20,000-tuman range. One scheme shahbandars employed to defraud the shah was to allow merchants to bring their goods ashore in return for the payment of a personal fee to them in lieu of the official custom charges. In 1682 the English claimed that, in the previous five years, 

Mirza Masih had struck deals with private merchants by letting them pass directly through him instead of through the tollhouse. These were willing to pay 6 percent above the customary toll rate for this privilege. Chardin, too, speaks of merchant brokers bribing shahbandars to let the choicest merchandise go through. Carré is more specific. Suggesting that such deals were routine practice, he reports that, upon landing in Bandar `Abbas in 1664, the captain of his ship went ashore to ask the shahbandar for a “mafi” (mu`afi), an exemption from the fee the official usually demanded from the captain of a ship—which the captain, in turn, retrieved from the merchants—“in order to get him to pass their private merchandise without paying duty.

Bandar `Abbas in the reign of Shah Sulayman In 1665 Firaydun Khan, who a year earlier had succeeded his father as city governor, became embroiled in a conflict with Mirza Yusuf, the shahbandar, over the payment of tolls. An investigation by Isfahan led to the dismissal of both. After their departure, the posts of khan and shahbandar were temporarily combined in one person, beginning with Mahmud Mu’min, a ghulam and the former governor of Huwayza. Mahmud Mu’min never took up his new post, however, for he died on the way from Isfahan, in the vicinity of Shiraz. The double position was next left vacant for some time due to the death of Shah `Abbas II. The habit of combining both functions in one person continued for a while under Shah Sulayman. While still ruling as Shah Safi II, Sulayman sent a new khan and offered the post of shahbandar of both Bandar `Abbas and Kung, for two successive years, to the same person. This individual, whose name has not been preserved, managed Bandar `Abbas while his son was in charge of Kung.

The next few years witnessed a renewed separation of the posts of khan and shahbandar and a rapid succession of men who seemed mostly concerned to fill their own pockets as quickly as they could. In late 1668 the shah recalled the shahbandar and Zaynal Khan, the local khan, to account for their behavior. The latter died in Shiraz en route to Isfahan, having poisoned himself. The reason, many claimed, was his realization that the shah was aware that he and his assistant had embezzled 2,000 tumans in toll revenue. The next khan, Mihrab Khan, a former muhrdar, arrived in Bandar `Abbas on 5 December 1668, but died after little more than a month from excessive drinking. He was succeeded by another ghulam, a Georgian by the name of Talib Khan. Said to be a decent person, he did not last long either. Later that year the same Murtaza Quli Khan who had been shahbandar in 1664 arrived in Bandar `Abbas, no doubt appointed following persistent reports about fraud on the part of local officials and merchants, indigenous and foreign alike. This time, he took up the combined position of shahbandar and khan. Murtaza Quli Khan remained governor for at least four years, spending much of his tenure fighting marauding Baluchi nomads with the assistance of the khans of Lar and Shiraz and their armies.

With Murtaza Quli Khan the rapid succession of shahbandars and khans came to an end. The decision to make officials serve longer terms was no doubt a response to the continuing decrease in the profitability of commerce, with a particularly precipitous slide in the period immediately following Shah Sulayman’s accession, when large parts of the country were afflicted by famine. Chardin claimed that after 1666 customs revenues dwindled to the point where Bandar `Abbas and Kung combined reported no more than annual proceeds of some 10,000 tumans, less than half the amount generated at the time of Shah `Abbas II. The magnitude of the disaster can also be gauged from a report in 1668 claiming that the price of pack animals had gone up three- to sixfold and that the extra expense ruined the profits of many ordinary merchants. The decision to farm out the positions of shahbandar and khan for a longer period was put into effect in 1670, not in 1674, as Chardin alleged. The newly appointed Shaykh `Ali Khan is likely to have been responsible for the measure. The port was leased for a period of five years against an annual sum of 23,000 tumans. When Allah Virdi Beg died in 1669, his teenage son, Muhammad `Ali Beg, succeeded him. He would serve until 1677. This pattern of longer tenure was to continue well into the reign of Shah Sultan Husayn. 

In 1684 Mirza Masih, who had been in post since 1678, received an extension of his tenure by another seven years and simultaneously became shahbandar of Kung. As for the khans, Murtaza Quli Khan served from 1670 to 1674, and Nasir `Ali Khan, who was appointed in 1674, held the post until he was deposed in 1681. While the practice of long tenure was clearly deliberate, an attempt by the central government to increase revenue through continuity, it may also have been a function of Isfahan’s growing weakness, enabling officials to extend their tenure through bribery and malfeasance. Whereas earlier the shah had often recalled abusive officials, the central authorities in the 1670s appear to have become increasingly negligent in keeping track of matters in Bandar `Abbas. In 1675 the annual due date for renewal of the customs farming passed without a new farmer being appointed or the incumbent being reconfirmed in his position. Meanwhile, tolls were managed by the assistants of the khan and the previous year’s shahbandar. Contrary to Chardin’s claim, longer tenure did not necessarily mean higher revenue or improved justice, either. In a vicious circle, the growing oppression attending efforts to extract more money made merchants increasingly reluctant to engage in business, resulting in falling trade and profit, which in turn prompted officials to use even more violence to extract revenue. The sums the shahbandars were to submit to the royal treasury went up from an annual 22,800 tumans in 1672 to 24,000 in 1675 and 25,200 in 1678, dropping to 23,000 in 1699. The volume of merchandise going through Bandar `Abbas, meanwhile, failed to keep pace with this increase. The shahbandars paid the difference partly by defrauding the shah of toll income and partly by extorting money from the local population and the merchants who frequented Bandar `Abbas in ever smaller numbers.

The aforementioned Muhammad `Ali Beg provides a good example of the dubious practices port officials engaged in. The Dutch claimed that, while in office, he managed to extort 60,000 tumans from local merchants. In 1672 he deceived merchants as well as the state by persuading the shah to abolish the 5-percent duty on money brought from Isfahan. When the merchants responded by resuming the transport of large amounts of cash to the coast, he forced them to pay the same duty directly to him. Another stratagem for self-enrichment was direct participation in trade. Political officials routinely took part in commercial ventures. The shah might make forced purchases through his own factors, and court eunuchs are known to have invested in trade.

As has been seen, officials in Bandar `Abbas, too, engaged in business initiatives, often by way of intimidation and coercion. Muhammad `Ali Beg in 1677 tried to appropriate the choicest sugar and pepper imports. His successor, Mirza Masih, in 1681 scared away many of the merchants who usually came down to Bandar `Abbas in the winter by declaring that he intended to take one-fourth of all goods imported by the Dutch. In the 1690s the central court sequestered 7,000 kilos of tin, creating great disruption in the market. In the face of such meddling, the local merchants frequently turned to the VOC for support. Using their financial clout, the Dutch often successfully intervened with Isfahan in defense of the aggrieved (and of their own interests). In the case of the shah’s order to purchase tin, for instance, they were able to show that the shahbandar had used the royal command as a cover to enrich himself, as a result of which Mirza Sharif Jahan was sent up to Isfahan in shackles.

Bandar `Abbas’s khans were hardly better than its shahbandars during this bleak period of drought and famine. Nasir `Ali Khan, a former governor of Sarvistan in the province of Fars, was a particularly bad specimen in a series of shady officials. Appointed khan of Bandar `Abbas in 1674, he cared more for his wine than for his duties, choosing to stay indoors for eight to ten days at a time soon after arriving in town. He also took advantage of his prerogatives by meddling in the handling of merchandise brought to the port. Artificially fixing prices and prohibiting anyone but his own appointees from buying or selling victuals, he caused food prices to go up beyond the means of ordinary people. This prompted villagers to stop bringing food to the port, leading to yet higher prices. The soldiers in town, meanwhile, whose provisioning was in the hands of the local administration, did not receive their wages. Frustrated, they sent representatives to Isfahan to seek redress. In 1679, three years after traveling to the capital, they were still waiting fruitlessly at the court. The foreign merchants had problems with the khan as well, ranging from a quarrel over the rent owed by the VOC for a house in town to the value of the annual present given to the khan: Nasir `Ali Khan claimed it was too low, whereas the Dutch refused to be pinned down to a specific amount, arguing that gifts were meant as a bonus, dependent on past behavior and promises of future civility. The khan tried to blackmail the Dutch, threatening to inform Isfahan that their trade was worth twice as much as reported and that they also exported many goods illegally for Armenian merchants. Nasir `Ali Khan also targeted the English, demanding 350 tumans from them and warning that, if they refused to pay, he would ask the shah to give half of the EIC’s toll share to the Portuguese. For the time being, it seemed that little could be done against Nasir `Ali Khan. Shaykh `Ali Khan harbored a personal grudge toward him, but his animosity was offset by the good relations between the khan and the grand vizier’s secretary, Hajji Mu’min. Nasir `Ali Khan had many other powerful friends in the capital, all of whom had received lavish bribes from him. Keeping friends in Isfahan, including the shah himself, was costly. Nasir `Ali Khan was in financial trouble indeed. To cover up his dirty business he had to send 5,000 tumans to Isfahan, a sum he procured with the help of a VOC broker. Fryer, visiting Bandar `Abbas in 1677, informs us that the “large sums of money” Nasir `Ali Khan had disbursed hardly made up for his misdeeds, but that the shah had nevertheless given him a robe of honor. As always, the local population bore the brunt of the violence Nasir `Ali Khan used in extracting money to make up for his debts. In Shamil, a village near Minab, the khan’s tax collectors had the local kalantar bastinadoed so badly that the poor man died. The people of Minab thereupon closed the gates of their town and returned the tax collectors to Bandar `Abbas bound on the backs of donkeys. In Bandar `Abbas itself, people were forced to pay fines for fictitious crimes. The Banyan broker of the EIC was fined, supposedly for monopolizing rice imported by the English and for speaking in contempt of Islam. Other Banyans were victimized too, and at least one was slain for his wealth. Offering money to persuade Isfahan to remove the khan, as the Dutch did, was pointless; as Fryer surmised, the shah remained unaware of the extent of the problem. Nasir `Ali Khan himself had a hand in this: To prevent news of his outrageous behavior from reaching Isfahan, he asked his couriers to intercept all letters destined for the capital, thus forcing the Dutch to reroute their postal service.

In 1678 Bandar `Abbas was a shambles, depleted by fiscal oppression and badly affected by the famine that had gripped large parts of the country. The port, the English commented, was “wholly ruinated, there being not a merchant in Towne, nor a penny of money, nor any trade stirring, nor any freight goods in Towne.” Unusual locust swarms had wrought havoc on the region in 1676 and 1677; and the latter year saw the onset of a terrible drought which was to last for at least two years, leading to a doubling of transport costs between Isfahan and the coast. The English summed up the situation by commenting on “all sorts of provisions being now here very scarce and deare, by reason of the great want of raine the last season.” The following spring, “not an orange nor a turnip nor anything of the like nature” was found in town, while the people around Lar cried “for rain, both to fill their water-stores, and to bedew the earth.”

The accumulated misery and suffering eventually worked against Nasir `Ali Khan. The Dutch refused to take silk in Isfahan, arguing that they first wished to see the oppressive governor removed. Nasir `Ali Khan, aware of his growing weakness, thereupon became conciliatory, offering to reimburse the representatives of the local military, who had spent years in futile complaining, for all their expenses provided they were willing to drop their charges. He made similar gestures toward the English and the Dutch, the latter having spent 2,450 mahmudis in bribes at the court to get the governor dismissed. But his efforts to mend relations bore no fruit. 

The petitioners from the army rejected his offer and, with his powerful friends in Isfahan deserting him, he decamped, first to his ancestral Sarvistan and next to Shiraz. In late 1679 he managed to return to Bandar `Abbas. This time, however, the local population did not stand idly by. They gathered some 900 men from surrounding villages to protest at his arrival. Nasir `Ali Khan, realizing that his posse was no match for the angry crowd, asked the deputy of the shahbandar to mediate, pledging that he would henceforth rule in justice provided his former conduct would not be held against him. He was admitted on those terms and for a while ruled in deference to the people of Bandar `Abbas. Before long his conduct drew new complaints, however. This time there were no lengthy negotiations: in 1681 he was deposed and imprisoned for life in a nearby fortress, while his assets were confiscated in the name of the shah.

His successor, Murtaza Quli Beg, proved to be a reasonable man whose rule came as a relief for the port’s stricken population. He abolished a number of the onerous fees Nasir `Ali Khan had levied, saw to it that no one was harassed, and, most importantly, made sure that the local soldiers, who by then had not been paid for five years, received their money. Despite such popular resistance and Isfahan’s various attempts at redress, by the late 1670s oppressive officials and uncompetitive fees had caused Bandar `Abbas’s most prosperous inhabitants to leave the town and head for Kung. Fryer, writing in 1678, commented that no Banyans were left in town, all having left for Kung to escape “tyranny and inhumanity.” Kung had grown since the early 1630s, attracting merchants through better treatment and a reasonable toll tariff of 7 percent—as opposed to an ordinary impost of at least 10 percent in Bandar `Abbas. In addition, merchants increasingly chose to call at the smaller ports situated farther along the coast toward Basra, places such as Bandar Rig, which did not have a tollhouse, or even at Basra itself. Thevenot, writing in 1665, insists that for some years Armenians had been avoiding the tolls at Kung by going directly from Shiraz to Bandar Rig. Isfahan did not stand idly by as revenue was siphoned off, to be sure. The Arab shaykhs presiding over the remote small ports only consented to Safavid tutelage on their own terms, which included the right to retain revenue and not to have to consent to a shahbandar sent from the capital. Yet the Safavid government did manage to establish a customs house in Bandar Rig— which functioned until the town was destroyed in 1678.”

- Rudi Matthee, Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan. London: I. B. Tauris, 2012. pp. 163-172

[lamujerenjapon]

Causas del cambio

 Los factores que pueden explicar las tendencias de cambio en las actitudes de las mujeres respecto al matrimonio y la maternidad son el producto tanto de progresos como de retrocesos en las oportunidades que están disponibles para ellas, así como el entorno en el que se desarrolla la sociedad japonesa.

El primer factor sería el incremento continuo del nivel de escolaridad a las que las mujeres tienen acceso. Desde los años cincuenta Japón contaba con una cobertura del 100% en educación básica, mientras que el diferencial de acceso entre niñas y niños era prácticamente nulo[23].

El milagro económico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX estuvo en parte sustentado por la cada vez mayor escolaridad que alcanzaban los trabajadores, dado que la tasa de deserción para la posterior incorporación en el mercado laboral en el nivel medio superior pasó de más del 60% en 1950, a un 4.9% en 1980[24]. En este sentido se puede observar que a partir de los años setenta, las mujeres experimentaron mayor progresión en este nivel dado que las responsabilidades laborales no las obligaba a acotar sus años escolares[25].

En cuanto al nivel superior, la participación de las mujeres sí ha visto un incremento, pues en 1986 un 12.5% de las jóvenes que terminaban el bachillerato asistían a la universidad, hasta alcanzar un 36.8% en 2012[26]. Sin embargo, en este grado se presenta una desigualdad de 3.2 hombres por cada mujer inscrita en 1985, y un 1.3 hombres por cada mujer en 2012[27].

En este sentido, el mayor nivel de escolaridad implica que las mujeres pueden acceder al mercado laboral, logrando mantenerse económicamente ellas solas. De ahí que el matrimonio como institución socioeconómica, además de un medio para sustentarse monetariamente pase a ser considerado como una mera  opción para las mujeres japonesas, aunque claramente no queda descartado como una aspiración para las mismas.

Esto tiene más relevancia con el hecho de que las mujeres representan el grueso de la fuerza laboral en Japón, de acuerdo con los datos de la OCDE representan más del 70%.[28] No obstante, una de las cuestiones a considerar con respecto a este dato es que las mujeres no tienen puestos de trabajo que sean cómodos para poder equilibrar el trabajo doméstico con su vida profesional, esto se demuestra en las estadísticas de la brecha salarial en Japón, la cual asciende al 23.5% en 2019 de acuerdo a la OCDE. [29]

Esto implica que las mujeres tienen menos posibilidades de desarrollarse económicamente por sí mismas, aunque no se mantiene una actitud generalizada de recurrir al matrimonio como una opción viable para subsanar esta desventaja estructural. 

Por otro lado, una de las cuestiones que se debe tomar en cuenta es que la carga para ser el sostén económico del hogar se le otorga, principalmente, a los varones. Siendo este un punto más a tomar en cuenta para el cambio en la actitud de la juventud japonesa ante las convenciones sociales como el matrimonio y maternidad.

Asimismo, Schoppa señala que las mujeres han comenzado a valorar más su tiempo propio. De este modo “Las mujeres que pueden ver que tener hijos las forzará a dejar su trabajo o comprometer sus carreras, tendrán buenas razones para posponer o no  optar por la maternidad”[30] lo que es una causa importante del cambio de la percepción en las prioridades de las mujeres a la vez que influye directamente en la formación de familias. 

En cuanto a los obstáculos que limitan las aspiraciones de las mujeres a formar una familia se puede resaltar que el papel tradicional de buena madre y esposa sabia (ryōsaikenbo)[31], que se espera de las mujeres persiste pero que es poco compatibles con la realidad actual . Ya que los esposos no invierten el mismo tiempo con los hijos ni al cuidado de la casa, como lo hacen las mujeres. 

En un estudio del año 2008, se encontró que los esposos japoneses invierten en promedio alrededor de 2.5 horas a la semana en el cuidado de la casa, mientras que las mujeres invertían 27 horas en promedio a la semana[32]. En cuanto a la crianza, en otro estudio se obtuvo que los hombres dedican 30 minutos al día tanto para convivir con sus hijos como para hacer labores domésticas[33]. De esta manera, cabe reconocer que las exigencias a los varones en la familia han sido menores, revelando una vez más la estructura patriarcal de la familia japonesa. 

Las mujeres están cada vez más abocadas al mercado laboral más que al familiar, sin embargo las presiones por ser una buena esposa y madre siguen siendo exigencias latentes dentro de la sociedad. De acuerdo con lo planteado por Leonard Schoppa, las “normas de género en el hogar,  trabajo y en la amplia sociedad han influenciado las tasas de fertilidad”[34]. No positivamente, pues estas convenciones sociales son especialmente rígidas entonces las mujeres jóvenes prefieren abstenerse de casarse y tener hijos.

_____________

[23]Ramírez Bonilla, Juan José. "Las mujeres y las vicisitudes sociodemográficas de Japón" Japón después de ser el número uno. Del alto crecimiento al rápido envejecimiento, México, 2015, Siglo XXI, p.146

[24]Ibidem, p.147

[25]Idem

[26]Ibidem p.149

[27]Ibidem p.150

[28] Villaseñor,Op. Cit. p. 14

[29] OECD (2021), Gender wage gap (indicator). disponible en: 10.1787/7cee77aa-en, fecha de consulta: 25 de abril de 2021.

[30] Schoppa, Leonard J. 2020. “The Policy Response to Declining Fertility Rates in Japan: Relying on Logic and Hope over Evidence.” Social Science Japan Journal 23 (1). p. 7. disponible en: doi:https://academic.oup.com/ssjj/issue. fecha de consultal: 23 de abril de 2020.

[31] Villaseñor, Op. Cit. p. 5.

[32]  North Scott, “Negotiating What's 'Natural': Persistent Domestic Gender Role Inequality in Japan”, Social Science Japan Journal, vol.12, núm1, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.25, disponible en: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30209820 fecha de consulta: 20 de abril de 2021.

[33]  Idem

[34] Schoppa, op. Cit. p. 16.

[witchespromises]

Sobre cine clásico de EEUU

La industria cinematográfica supuso, desde sus inicios, un método de representación muy versátil y experimental debido a las grandes posibilidades que éste ofrecía. Si bien en un principio se debatió acerca de su legitimidad artística, a causa de su comparación con otros campos como la literatura o el teatro, poco a poco iba cobrando fuerza e iba abriéndose hueco, ya no solo entre el sector, sino como herramienta de entretenimiento social.

La necesidad de avanzar y la contemplación de nuevos horizontes en la industria era primordial a la hora de realizar nuevos proyectos filmográficos. La utilización de orquestas en vivo durante la proyección de metrajes habían supuesto un auge, convirtiéndolo en una de las actividades de ocio más demandadas. Los espectadores cada vez mostraban más interés por ir a las salas y poder disfrutar de experiencias únicas acompañadas de música que enriquecían su visionado.

Gracias a la adaptación y la mejora de las tecnología, el sector cambió por completo su manera de crear cine, y no tan solo mediante la grabación de sonido durante la filmación, sino gracias a la insonorización de los platós y la sonorización de las salas de proyección. Estaban ante un antes y un después, abriendo camino a lo que posteriormente se conocería como la era dorada de Hollywood. Pese a que en un principio todo el peso recayó en dos de las grandes compañías norteamericanas (Por una parte Warner Bros abría paso a cortos espectáculos de variedades acompañados de música mientras que Twentieth Century-Fox conseguía grabar imagen y sonido simultáneamente), en tan solo cinco años sería un requisito indispensable para la creación de nuevas películas . El cine mudo había llegado a su fin.

Pese a la gran crisis económica que afectó al país notoriamente, el sector cinematográfico no solo no se vio deteriorado, sino que consiguió doblar sus incrementos los años posteriores. Muchas de las salas de proyecciones acabaron desapareciendo y en algunos de los casos, se tuvieron que utilizar recursos como reclamo para conseguir atraer al público. Era una época complicada que vería su auge muy pronto, pues la inminente llegada de una Segunda Guerra Mundial supondría un aliciente para una situación social muy frágil, que buscaba en Hollywood una forma de evasión.

El cine estadounidense se encontraba ante una dicotomía, por una parte, gran parte de las pequeñas empresas que la constituían no eran capaces de seguir adelante, y no solo debido a la Gran Depresión, sino a causa del imperio que se estaba abriendo paso; cinco compañías cinematográficas (Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/Loew’s, Ywentieth Century-Fox, Warner Bros y Radio-Keith-Orpheum) iban a convertirse en el eje principal de la producción fílmica e incluso noticiera, abarcando todos los campos audiovisuales posibles. El oligopolio generaba una fuente de ingresos unidireccional, el capital nacía en sus estudios y todo el resto del sector quedaba a su merced. Las orquestas que anteriormente ambientaban las películas iban cayendo en el olvido, una gran parte de sus trabajadores iban a ir desapareciendo, llevando a cabo huelgas que no serían excesivamente fructíferas pero que darían paso a agrupaciones tan importantes como el Sindicato de Actores de Cine.

Una Europa destruida por una devastadora guerra era un blanco perfecto para la proyección de un mundo completamente ajeno como era Hollywood. El cine iba a convertirse en esa representación soñada o muestra realista donde el espectador iba a poder evadirse de una situación tan dura, donde podía adentrarse en nuevas historias y formar parte de ellas. Si bien el compendio de intereses que surgen de la respuesta global de un público trae consigo la etiqueta del género, es gracias a la propia industria el que estos surjan y se establezcan. La utilización de recursos similares a la hora de crear nuevas películas hace que el espectador tenga una idea prematura de que es lo que va suceder, aquello que se va a representar cumple con las características básicas que hacen que una película se considere un melodrama o un western, entre otros.

En muchas ocasiones, algunas de las compañías tendían a representar un tipo de cine específico, cuanto mayor era la productora, más fácil era poder tener un equipo de trabajo de renombre capaz de poder crear películas de éxito.

La división que se creó entre el cine norteamericano y europeo era significante. Por una parte, gran parte de los países del continente se encontraban en una situación excesivamente crítica, donde la diversidad política influía de manera directa en la producción cinematográfica. El veto impedía poder realizar piezas que se caracterizaban por un mensaje puramente político y que por tanto, cumplía más como obra documental que como narrativa. La opresión era inevitable, y otorgaba a la industria pionera un lujo y una sobreexplotación de sus recursos. Tenían en sus manos el poder y la capacidad de influir mediante sus creaciones fílmicas.

La autoridad se repartía ante el imperio de las cinco grandes productoras pero a su vez, pequeñas compañías como la United Artist en conjunto con Samuel Goldwyn, llevarían a cabo la aclamada película Wuthering Heights (1939) de William Wyler. Ésta famosa adaptación de la obra de Emily Brontë (1848) representaba el cine que todos querían ver, aquel capaz de mostrar una relación apasionante entre dos protagonistas que viven atormentados por un amor imposibilitado por la diferenciación de clases. Por una parte, se trata de un metraje que abarca a un gran público, puesto que forma parte de lo que se conoce como melodrama romántico y/o melodrama burgués, contraponiéndose de esta manera, a un estilo controvertido como podría ser el bélico, censurado en muchas ocasiones a causa de los intereses políticos de la época.

La recreación de una historia cautivadora representada por atractivas influencias suponía una victoria, tanto dentro de la misma industria como fuera. Merle Oberon era un gran acierto debido a la gran repercusión que otorgaba su participación. La utilización de lo que se conocían como star-systems era un recurso muy empleado en la mayoría de las productoras; la película en su global tenía el mismo valor que la actriz o actor que aparecía en ella. El reconocimiento de éstos ayudaba a una buena recepción de la obra, cuanto más caché, más interés tenía el público en ver la película y además, generaba una idea preconcebida de calidad.

Uno de los puntos clave de dicha adaptación son precisamente las actuaciones. Si bien en muchas ocasiones se ha criticado a Wyler por estilo un técnico que nubla el guion del metraje, en la mayoría de ocasiones, se ha elogiado las óptimas representaciones de los actores que forman parte de su filmografía. Mediante un trabajo exhaustivo se han conseguido grandes interpretaciones que han pasado a la prosperidad. La conexión que se establece entre los protagonistas traspasa la pantalla, definen la triste y bella historia de dos personajes que dramáticamente consiguen vivir su amor eterno en el mundo ya inmortal. La puesta en escena se acompaña de una atmósfera bucólica, acompañada de melancolía de lo que pudo ser pero no fue, se palpa a la perfección esa narrativa puramente romántica pero que en este caso, el final feliz es un tanto agridulce.

A pesar de que la carismática actuación genera en el espectador un sentimiento empático, la ejecución técnica del director ha sido crítica de muchas investigaciones cinematográficas. Ésta controversia nace de la utilización de planos excesivamente largos, escenas que se demoran tanto que transmiten al espectador una sensación de agotamiento visual, que no aporta ningún rasgo característico que dote a la obra de un interés especial. Este tipo de registro, por una parte, supone una novedad, especialmente en cuanto al montaje se refiere. Una nueva contemplación viste al cine de Wyler, por una parte de innovador pero por otra, de no ser capaz de utilizar dicho recurso de manera eficaz, dificultando que se haga una buena exhibición del guion. A su vez, el empleo de flashbacks le da un aspecto fresco, que ayuda a la explicación de la historia y que introduce al espectador en la narrativa de una manera mucho más original, sobretodo teniendo en cuenta que todavía contaba con pocos años de vida debido a su uso a partir del nacimiento del método de representación institucional.

Llevar al cine relatos literarios encarcelan la posibilidad del director de poder dar rienda suelta a su capacidad creativa de contar historias. Un encasillamiento que se ve exhibido mediante una plasmación llena de sentimientos y de reflexión.

La industria cinematográfica se vio acontecida por unas situaciones sociales, políticas y económicas que, aunque repercutieron directamente en su estructura, tanto jerárquicamente como en su composición , consiguieron hacer del cine estadounidense una meca, un pilar fundamental que se nutría de unas características globales que en vez de entorpecer su desarrollo, formaron una de las épocas más representativas de la industria.

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

Altman, R. (2000): Qué se suele entender por género cinematográfico?. Los géneros cinematográficos. Barcelona: Paidós (pp. 33-51)

Gallagher, T. Directores de Hollywood. En HGC, vol. 8 (pp. 311-403)

Gomery, D. La llegada del sonido a Hollywood. En HGC, vol.8 op. cit. (pp. 9-35)

Gomery, D. Los grandes estudios de Hollywood. En HGC. vol.8. (pp. 119-149)

Monterde, J.E. El cine entre el totalitarismo y la democracia. En HGC, vol. 7, op. cit., (pp. 11-38)

FILMOGRAFÍA

Cumbres Borrascosas (Wethearing Heights, William Wyler, 1939)

[readingvocabulary]

Proust - Rememberance of Time Past (Penguin 1983)

vetiver

cheval-glass

transvertebration

cineraria blue p 142

agrimony p 149

lacustrine p 14-

sainfoin

lubricious 177

dietetic 184

fluvial 188

asseveration 224

inurement 293

deshabille 326

divagation 350

marmorean 353

anfractuosity 354

tabellion 354

gorget 354

Aubusson tapestries 354

vesture 381

infrangible 387

crapulous 391

ossature 417

aphasiac 447

ampelopsis 457

oriflamme 458

oblation 459

dodonian 462

otiose 477

lapidary epigram 494

attic salt 494

ukase 495

camarilla 497

urbi et orbi 503

deliquescent 511

sesquipedalian 511

calyx 556

ineluctable 589

melusine 608

velliety 632

senza rigore 640

periphrasis 642

fecit 644

grebe 647

automedon 648

ruches 665

dishabille 666

grosgrain 667

philopena 668

preterition 681

guelder rose 683

matutinal 706

bolster 715

monegasque 716

jejune 716

belvedere 717

introit 720

buccal 732

tisane 744

cimmerians 747

circumfluent 750

crapulous 756

glauconome 758

narthex 759

pistil 760

appanage 761

norns 773

cit 776

subaqueous 778

titubation 847

peri 852

imbibation 852

cauteries 866

amphitryon 868

ataxia 873

madrepore 883

meridional 971

poltroon 985

etiolated 987

cryptogamous 953

papilionaceae 953

bucintoro 959

[ressonancias]

As fórmulas da sexuação

As fórmulas da sexuação, diferentemente de Freud, dizem “A anatomia não é o destino”. Isto permite uma liberdade identificatória e uma liberdade de gozo com relação à anatomia. Um homem pode estar colocado de um lado ou de outro, a anatomia pode ser retificada, com intervenção da ciência no corpo, como nos casos de psicose, em que a anatomia se transforma na encarnação do gozo no real do corpo, podendo levar aos delírios transsexuais que conhecemos. (Brodsky, 2008, p.76)

Lacan articula as fórmulas da sexuação, também chamadas de fórmulas proposicionais ou fórmulas quânticas da sexuação ao quadro das oposições assertóricas de Aristóteles, mas, sua lógica das proposições é distinta: “a alternância da necessidade, do contingente, do possível e do impossível não está na ordem que Aristóteles dá; pois, aqui, é do impossível que se trata, isto é, no final das contas, do real” – adverte. A lógica da sexuação, então, é construída à partir de duas referências – a formalização matemática e a teoria dos conjuntos. Na formalização matemática, Lacan lança mão de uma escritura marcada pela formulação de uma topologia, substituindo a proposição lógica tradicional por uma função proposicional, que se especifica pelo lugar vazio deixado pelo x, em função do qual se determina o argumento, desta maneira, o estilo silogístico de Aristóteles é substituído pelo termo de uma função – f(x) e que, no caso da função sexual, escreve-se ΦX. Com a teoria dos conjuntos, o sentido das relações é invertido mais radicalmente. Se Aristóteles propõe uma relação de contradição entre uma particular negativa e uma universal afirmativa, com a teoria dos conjuntos, Lacan pode dar à essa contradição a função de sustentação do todo. (1971-1972/2009, apud BISPO & COUTO, 2011, p.125-126) A lógica proposicional se diferencia da lógica aristotélica por eliminar todo sentido e, substituí-lo por letras que, uma vez escritas, precisam ser interpretadas, permitindo diferentes maneiras de ler as fórmulas, de maneira a não modificar o essencial. (Op., Cit., 2008, p.69)

As fórmulas partem de um quadrante que distribuem a sexuação masculina e feminina. Do lado masculino (esquerdo superior), todos os sujeitos estão submetidos à castração, ou seja, para todos se cumpre a função fálica. O x é uma variável que faz equivalência de “para todo x” à “para todo homem” – no sentido genérico – homem e mulher – quanto à regência da função fálica. Lacan extrai este “para todos” de uma exceção – “existe um” para o qual a função fálica não se cumpriria. Isto pode se interpretar – há outras formas – com a colocação em fórmulas do mito de Totem e Tabu [1]. O pai da horda primitiva dispõe de todas as mulheres, ou seja, para ele a castração não rege. No mito edípico, construído por Freud, os filhos, privados do gozo, do qual somente o pai dispõe, o matam e, uma vez, o pai morto, longe de desfrutar das mulheres antes proibidas, todas se transformam em proibidas, pois, a culpa pela morte do pai faz com que não se possa desfrutar das mulheres que o pai desfrutava. Nesta maneira mítica de ler as fórmulas, no lado masculino, “existe um” para o qual a castração não rege e, à partir desta exceção, rege “para todos”, “para todo x”. A única existência nas fórmulas da sexuação está no único lugar em que Lacan escreve um “existe”, o lado do homem. Esta é a interpretação de que existe um pai que faz funcionar a castração. (Op., Cit., 2008, p.68-70) Há, do lado do homem, uma relação necessária com a função fálica. O gozo é um gozo fálico. É suposto existir, deste lado, um x – “ao-menos-um” - que satisfaça f de x negada. ‘A exceção confirma a regra’ encontra-se aqui sustentada. (LACAN, 1971-1972, p.83-89)

É possível afirmar que as fórmulas da sexuação, no ensino de Lacan, são resultantes de um longo percurso que, de alguma forma é a resposta à pergunta que deixou Freud embaraçado: “O que quer a mulher?” Lacan responde: “Não existe A mulher, artigo definido, para designar o Universal.” “A mulher não existe”, afirma ele, pois, as mulheres não constituem o Universal. A ambiguidade da expressão “os homens” designa o conjunto dos humanos – homens e mulheres confundidos – utilizando-se do masculino. (LEBRUN, 2009a, p.149-150). Do lado feminino (direito superior), não há nenhuma existência afirmada. A exceção não existe deste lado, ou seja, não existe nenhum para o qual a função fálica não tenha regência, nenhum para quem não funcione a função fálica.

Mas, do lado feminino há um paradoxo. Apesar de não haver nenhum para o qual não haja regência da função fálica, “não-todas” estão inscritas na função fálica. O paradoxo pode ser lido em duas partes. Primeira parte: Estão todas sob a função fálica. Segunda parte: não-todas. A primeira parte escreve que as mulheres não estão fora da função fálica, compartilham o gozo e a função fálica com os homens, com as variações entre amante castrado e fetichização do falo, uma forma singular de se situar em relação ao falo, não igual ao homem, mas, com relação ao falo. A segunda parte escreve que isto não é suficiente, pois, além de orientar seu gozo em relação ao falo, há uma parte dele que não é regida pelo falo (Op., Cit., 2008, p.69-70). “Se a mulher é ‘não-toda’ é que seu gozo é dual.” – diz Lacan. Do lado da mulher, a relação com a função fálica é contingente. Não existe um x que satisfaça f de x negada. O “sem-exceção” não dá consistência à algum “todo”, muito menos, ao que se define como “não-todo”. (Op., Cit., 1971-1972, p.83-90)

Na parte inferior, do lado do homem (lado esquerdo), o significante que ordena a cadeia é o falo – phi –  Φ que suporta a divisão do sujeito – S. Ao sujeito que se inscreve do lado masculino, só é dado buscar seu parceiro sexual, que é o Outro, por intermédio do objeto a, daquilo que lhe causa o desejo. A conjunção, [S<>a], corresponde à fórmula da fantasia, na qual o sujeito é preso. Na parte inferior, do lado da mulher (lado direito), o indicativo é justamente a impropriedade de se falar da mulher pelo artigo definido, já que não existe La Femme non barrée [2]. Não existe um significante que dê conta do gozo feminino, desta forma, elas se relacionam com a falta no campo significante em relação ao gozo. Lacan diz que o gozo feminino, chamado de Outro gozo, não chega a compor Um outro gozo, mas, é suplementar, por ir além do Falo: “Há um gozo, já que nos atemos ao gozo, gozo do corpo, que é [...] além do Falo” (Lacan, 1972-1973/1985, apud BISPO & COUTO, 2011, p.126). Nas palavras de Lacan (1972-1973/1975, apud BISPO & COUTO, 2011, p.126): “Esse não se pode dizer. Nada se pode dizer da mulher. A mulher tem relação com S(A), e já é nisso que ela se desdobra, que ela não é toda, pois, por outro lado, ela pode ter relação com Φ”.

“Entre ambos há um muro, não há passagem, isto quer dizer: não há relação sexual.” Pelo lado masculino, a exceção e o todo e, pelo lado feminino, a falta de exceção e o não-todo. Lacan escreve que, apesar destas maneiras de orientação quanto ao significante fálico, “há relações” entre homens e mulheres que, à partir das fórmulas, funcionam como sujeito, funciona como o Falo, como o objeto a, funciona como o Outro do amor, funcionam como parceiros-sintoma. (Op., Cit., 2008, p.69-70)

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Notas:

[1] FREUD, S. (1913-1914). Totem e tabu. In: Totem e tabu e outros trabalhos. Edição Standard brasileira das obras psicológicas completas de Sigmund Freud. v.XIII. Rio de Janeiro. Imago Ed.

[2] A mulher não-castrada. [N.T.]

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Referências Bibliográficas:

BRODSKY, G. (2008) Entre sintoma e devastação. In: Entrevários. Revista de Psicanálise e Saúde Mental. São Paulo. Clin-a. n.2. pp.57-79.

LACAN, J. (1971-72/1997) O seminário: O saber do psicanalista. Publicação e tradução por Ana Isabel Corrêa – PE, Denise Coutinho – BA, Letícia P. Fonseca – PE e, Nanette Zmery Frej – PE, para uso interno do Centro de Estudos Freudianos do Recife. (Inédito). pp.131.

LACAN, J. (1971-72/2009). Séminaire XIX-bis - Le savoir du psychanalyste [O Seminário,livro 19 bis: o saber do psicanalista]. [Versão eletrônica]. Recuperado de: http://gaogoa.free.fr/Seminaires_HTML/19bis-SP/SP04111971.htm In: BISPO, F. S., & COUTO, L. F. S. (2011). Ética da psicanálise e modalidades de gozo: considerações sobre o Seminário 7 eo Seminário 20 de Jacques Lacan. Estudos de Psicologia, v.16, n.2, pp.121-129.

LACAN, J. (1972-73/1985). O Seminário, livro 20: mais, ainda (2ª edição revista). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar. In: BISPO, F. S., & COUTO, L. F. S. (2011). Ética da psicanálise e modalidades de gozo: considerações sobre o Seminário 7 eo Seminário 20 de Jacques Lacan. Estudos de Psicologia, v.16, n.2, pp.121-129.

LEBRUN, J. P. (2009a). Clínica da instituição: o que a psicanálise contribui para a vida coletiva. Porto Alegre: CMC. pp.271.

[zlutyzakaznik]

První dojmy 15: Kafe na písku a U Vašinů

(15. 4. 2019) Návrat seriozní výběrové kávy do Černých Polí a hospůdka vydupaná ze země v potu tváře. 

K úmyslu navštívit co nejdřív nástupce komářího espresso baru na náměstí SNP v Černých Polích, který otevřel v pondělí 8. dubna, mě přiměly dvě věci. Tou první byla skutečnost, že od zdejší spolumajitelky jsem dostal v nové lokaci komářího podniku na Kounicove nejlepší kávu z těch cca sedmi, které jsem v obou hmyzích podnicích dosud měl (vždy mám radost, když narazím na baristický talent) a tou druhou zvědavost, jak bude vypadat podnik někoho, kdo dělá technický servis, catering a má pro mne zdravý názor na dnešní absurdní honbu za nákladným kávovým vybavením, jakkoli i zde bohužel zůstává určitá skepse – a to je řečeno kulantně – vůči italskému pojetí espressa. 

Co si tedy pořídil pár, kde se předpokládaně snoubí nadání a cit a technická erudice? Inu, La Marzocco GS/3, takže sice malý, ale přesto tak trochu trofejní kávovar. :-) Na druhou stranu je fajn, že je možné se snadno na něj podívat, neboť si letmo vybavuji v Brně jen jeden další výskyt tohoto stroje, a to v podnikové prodejně Penerini v Králově Poli, kde bych Vám ale kávu vzhledem k konstantně substandardní surovině firmy nedoporučil (nepočítám-li kus, který se jeden z mých oblíbených baristů, jak mi řekl jiný můj kávový favorit, snaží již delší dobu prodat, ale tato informace je už docela stará). A že z takového strojku při kvalifikované obsluze a dobrém zrnu mohou padat krásné kávy, dosvědčuje pro mne desátá nejlepší káva loňského roku připravená na tomtéž kávovaru ve výsledkově nejkonzistentnější varšavské kavárně Juice Press People.

Kávovar doplňují dva mlýnky. První je Anfim (podle všeho totéž, co mají např. v Kafecu a leckde jinde), který má, soudě dle jeho výskytu na cateringových fotkách, už něco za sebou. Jako dvojka zde byl instalován Mahlkönig, pravděpodobně něco z řady K30 (nechtěl jsem nakukovat za bar, takže toto nemohu tvrdit s určitostí, leč světle šedá barva i tvar, jak je známe třeba z prodejen Tchibo nebo La Rotatorie, by tomu naznačovala).

Ráno, krátce po desáté a v první den otevření (o němž jsem se dozvěděl od baristky pár dní předem v komáří pobočce na Lesné) jsem zde zkusil první doppio mleté přes Anfim z aktuální jarní verze Tam Dem od doubleshotu. Měl jsem kávu z této české pražírny nejméně 20x a až na dvě výjimky (Michal Kocman v Coffee Fusion a slečna v onesip coffee v Praze) to bylo vždy celkem příjemné, obyčejné výběrové kafe ale nic víc, tak trochu nudný mainstream. To se mi potvrdilo i zde, třebaže doppio za 58 Kč bylo spíše v horní části škály ochutnaných vzorků (tj. 13 – 14/20), ale ocenil jsem, že ze tří dominantních chutí uváděných na webu pražírny zde bylo jasně cítit kakao a střední tělo (když jsem další den zkusil ze zajímavosti stejnou kávu udělat u sebe, s balíčkem 2 týdny od upražení, bylo tělo o trochu hutnější a hlavně naprosto dominantní třešně, konkrétně pak mírně nezralé májovky s jasně čitelnou stopou jadérka a jarních větviček ze stromu od jedné z mých babiček). Baristka byla poněkud nervózní a já se nedivím, neboť jsem přislíbil, že se zastavím první den a cca 45 minut před příchodem toto ještě avizoval na Instagramu. 

Druhým doppiem, které jsem si dal po uplynutí hodinové polední přestávky, byla Guatemala od Rusty Nails z již naladěného “Krále mlýnků”. Nikdy jsem si nemyslel, že by tahle pražírna byla něco extra a až na jednu výjimku před Vánoci ve Skogu a pár slušných doppií ve Scale mě jejich zrnka nechávají chladným, jakkoli pronikla do nabídky polského Coffee Desku a jejich přítomnost jsem zaznamenal i v jiných městech našich severních sousedů (hlavou jsem kroutil i nad tím, jak z nich byli paf v pražském Monoloku). Tato verze (17 g do sítka, 25 vteřin extrakce, 40 g výsledný nápoj) byla opět korektní a v zásadě si myslím, že limitem je zde kvalita suroviny (13/20). V jednání jsou prý však ještě dvě méně běžné pražírny, z nichž zvláště ta řecká (název jsem bohužel zapomněl) ve mně budí jistou zvědavost. 

Na jednom z mlýnků by se prý měla zrnka střídat zhruba jednou za měsíc a tak se sem rád za měsíc či dva zastavím na cappuccino a podívám se, jak se podnik zaběhl. Klíčová asi bude zahrádka, na jejíž nutnost upozorňoval i majitel komářích podniků, kterého jsem zaslechl při svém příchodu, ale počkal si za rohem nechtěje riskovat, že se na mne opět bude vrhat kvůli selfie. Po chvíli sběru informací skrze dokořán otevřené dveře (jeho hlasový projev je vskutku nepřeslechnutelný), kdy jsem se dozvěděl pár doporučení k fungování podniku (a to je velké téma k diskusi: jak úspěšný může být podnik, jehož předchozí provozovatel se přesunul jinam?) jsem vstoupil dovnitř a naštěstí byl dotyčný už na odchodu a byl uspokojivě zdrženlivý.

Kavárna, tím jak je orientována svou stranou do zahrádky, byla pro mne za chladného rána tak trochu větrnou hůrkou (ano, průvan opravdu pořádný, ale prosbě o zavření aspoň dveří po dobu mé konzumace bylo bez problémů vyhověno). Na mléko jsem se neptal, tak až příště a doufám, že, když mají kousek přes silnici Lidl (Brněnka hned vedle, kterou Google démonicky překládá jako Black Consumerism Food, tj. Konzum Černý), bude to aspoň čerstvé plnotučné. Zároveň si kladu otázku: na jaké zákazníky je podnik primárně cílen? Jako dominantní bych viděl maminky, babičky a rodiče s dětmi, kteří si chtějí zpříjemnit víkendové ráno nebo pobyt v přilehlém minikomplexu prolézaček.

Přípravy a zahájení provozu hospůdky U Vašinů jsem sledoval přímo (během častých cest do Lidlu) i zprostředkovaně (zprávy od insiderů) a pečlivě a dlouho. Stejný provozovatel, který si před pár lety otevřel dnes již nefunkční Bistro Bystro, se s nemalou umanutostí vrhl na vybudování výčepu v sousedství a s nadsázkou téměř nebylo dne, abych jej neviděl kutat a dávat dohromady interiér, sítě i vybavení. Podnik nejprve nějakou dobu fungoval v uzavřeném režimu pouze pro akce a zvané a oficiálně zahájil svůj provoz 1. dubna 2019.

V sobotu jsem se zde zastavil a tady jsou první dojmy. Na čepu je k mání čtveřice piv, přičemž Kanec 12° bude podle všeho ve stálé nabídce a dvě až tři další piva se budou více měnit. Vzhledem k tomu, že majitele jsem již několikrát potkal v Ochutnávkové pivnici, lze očekávat od ošetření a točení (chcete-li čepování) piva jen to nejlepší, což se mi potvrdilo u zkušební třetinky jednoho z oblíbených piv (Raven Hay-Z-Daze NEIPA14°). U Vašinů, stejně jako Kafe na písku, má vlastní a podle všeho udržovaný web, což je v dnešní době bezmála rarita. Z pohledu zvídavého zákazníka je tedy škoda, že tento neobsahuje i ceny. 

Při usrkávání piva u baru jsem na dvou papírových nabídkách formátu A5 (vždy jeden list) zjistil, že hot dog (hovězí klobáska, okurkový relish s medem, zelný salát, který v sobotu nahradil na FB velmi pěkně vypadající coleslaw) je za 129 Kč, což už je cena, od které člověk očekává jistou kvalitu a asi ji bude více lidí zvažovat. Domácí játrová paštika je kuřecí (79 Kč; tajně jsem doufal v kachní, ale to by asi bylo za úplně jinou cenu), pulled pork sandwich se salátem byl k mání za 149 Kč (slova majitele, že s tímto dnes tak populárním jídlem začínal jako první jsou výzvou), dvanáctileté Diplomatico je za 99, Russian Standard za příznivých 49 a Zonka za vstřícných 25 Kč. Další nabídka kořalek je pak na tabuli u výčepu. Ten, stejně jako interiér podniku, ještě voní novotou a mou hlavní obavou (plynoucí z fotek na Facebooku a ještě více z virtuální prohlídky na webu) bylo, že prostor bude v reálu působit díky minimalistickému řešení světlých lavic a stolů velmi tvrdě. S potěšením ovšem konstatuji, a to jsem majiteli také řekl, že ve skutečnosti působí hospůdka velmi útulně. 

Na závěr první krátké návštěvy jsme stručně rozebrali mé první dojmy a bylo mi potvrzeno, že pánské toalety byly dovybaveny antiperspirantem na základě mého “antidiskriminačního” komentáře na Facebooku týkajícího se (na české poměry) pěkně ošetřených toalet pro dámy. Je to sice privátní značka Cien z Lidlu, ale aspoň něco. :-). Zdánlivé nevyužití dvou tabulí v zadní části podniku má prý důvod v tom, že když je zde plno, nedá se tam moc přepisovat změna piva, která údajně proběhne i pětkrát za večer. Budiž. 

Co mne zaujalo/pobavilo/lehce udivilo je sekce Reference na webu, kde si podnik vypíchl spokojené ohlasy zákazníků. Chápal bych, kdyby to byl citát z pozitivní recenze významného kritika z celostátního tištěného média (praxe převážně v západním světe naprosto běžná), ale takto to na mě působí trochu úsměvně (relevance kritického soudu). Náhodného kolemjdoucího by také mohlo zmást, že slunečník na zahrádce má logo Bistro Bystro místo U Vašinů (důvody jistě ekonomické - aktualizace 15. 6. 2019: důvodem je, jak mi právě řekl majitel, že na slunečník s novým logem se čeká 4 měsíce) a změnit e-mail, který rovněž odkazuje na předchozí provoz majitele, by také nestálo moc času a úsilí. Chápu ovšem, že něco takového vybudovat dá slušnou práci a tím, jak jsem aspoň zpovzdálí mohl sledovat, jak celá věc vzniká, soucítím s viditelně unaveným majitelem (prý nespal poslední tři týdny). 

Kafe na písku i U Vašinů mají společné jedno: oba podniky vznikly jako další pokus na místě, které podle všeho nebylo tak úplně ziskové, ale to nové nájemce neodradilo od dalšího pokusu. Oběma podnikům budu přát, aby se jim dařilo, ale jak kavárna, tak hospoda neexistují ve vakuu a konkurence kolem byla, je a bude. Je tedy otázkou, zda je optimismus čerstvých majitelů oprávněný.

[postolo]

2019 SCC Vol. 4 April 21, 2019 Part 1

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — Ss. 34 and 37 — Arbitrability of dispute: Limited grounds on which arbitral award may be interfered with, are (i) in exercise of jurisdiction under S. 34 the Court does not sit in appeal over the arbitral award and may interfere on merits only on the well-settled limited grounds, (ii) interference under S. 37 cannot travel beyond the restrictions laid down under S. 34, and (iii) in case an arbitral award has been confirmed by the Court under S. 34 and by the Court in an appeal under S. 37, Supreme Court must be extremely cautious and slow to disturb such concurrent findings. Further, while interpreting the terms of the contract, the conduct of parties and correspondences exchanged would be relevant factors and it is within the arbitrator’s jurisdiction to consider the same. [MMTC Ltd. v. Vedanta Ltd., (2019) 4 SCC 163]

Civil Procedure Code, 1908 — Or. 39 Rr. 1 and 2 — Temporary injunction — Dismissal of application — When justified: In this case, respondents were seeking temporary injunction to restrain State Electricity Board from interfering with their alleged possession over suit land, for construction of electricity sub-station thereon by Board. Respondents failed to make out prima facie case to justify grant of interim injunction. Respondents also failed to specify area in their alleged possession on which Board proceeded to set up sub-station. Balance of comparative convenience and hardship and public interest inclined in favour of Board for construction of power sub-station over land. In case respondents succeed in establishing their title and possession over any part of land utilised by sub-station they would be entitled to compensation under S. 67(3) of Electricity Act, 2003 or any other statutory provisions. It was held that temporary injunction rightly declined by court. [State of Jharkhand v. Surendra Kumar Srivastava, (2019) 4 SCC 214]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 456: Limitation of 30 days for restoration of possession of property is not applicable where trial court had already passed specific order for restoration, or in proceedings before appellate courts. 30 days’ limitation period is applicable where trial court does not pass order for restoration of possession at the time of convicting accused. [Mahesh Dube v. Shivbodh, (2019) 4 SCC 160]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 482: Dissmisal of application of appellant-accused under S. 482, for setting aside charge-sheet under Ss. 420, 498-A, 323, 376 and 506 IPC and Ss. 3 and 4, DP Act, 1961, without application of mind to case, not proper. [Monu v. State of U.P., (2019) 4 SCC 140]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 227, 245, 397 and 399 — Discharge application — Manner in which to be considered: While considering petition for discharge, courts cannot act as appellate court and start appreciating evidence by finding out inconsistencies in statements of witnesses. Consideration of record for discharge purpose is different from consideration of record while deciding appeal. [State v. J. Doraiswamy, (2019) 4 SCC 149]

Criminal Trial — Sentence — Minimum sentence/Minimum statutory sentence — Minimum sentence without discretion: Awarding sentence less than the minimum sentence, not permissible. [State of M.P. v. Vikram Das, (2019) 4 SCC 125]

Family and Personal Laws — Muslim Law — Irregular (fasid) marriage: Marriage between Muslim male and Hindu woman, irregular (fasid) and not void (batil). Word “fasid” synonymously regarded as invalid or irregular. Children born from such wedlock treated as legitimate and entitled to share in father’s property. [Mohd. Salim v. Shamsudeen, (2019) 4 SCC 130]

Forest Act, 1927 — Ss. 52 & 54 and 41 & 42 — Prosecution for offences under Forest Act — Non-production of seized wood and vehicle — Effect of: In this case appellants apprehended with vehicle carrying 22 logs of Khair wood without authorisation or permit, acquitted under S. 379 IPC and convicted under Forest Act for six months. The Supreme Court held, non-production of seized wood and vehicle, primary evidence of offence, renders prosecution case fragile and unsustainable. Mere production of seizure memo does not tantamount to production of seized woods and lorry. Unless seized wood was produced, mere production of a sample, and no material in support that sample was out of same 22 logs, conviction of appellants by High Court not sustainable. [Pawan Kumar v. State of H.P., (2019) 4 SCC 182]

Income Tax Act, 1961 — S. 80-HH r/w S. 80-A (Ch. VI-A) and Ss. 32 & 32-AB (Ch. IV) — Deductions under Ch. VIA and those under Ch. IV — Distinguished: Ch. VI-A, is a stand-alone chapter dehors Ch. IV and provisions relating to various kinds of deductions mentioned in Ch. VI-A have to be construed independent of Ch. IV. Further, the purpose of deduction under Ch. IV is to arrive at true income after making such expenditure admissible for deduction while deductions provided under Ch. VI-A, are largely in the nature of incentives. Further, conceptually “income or total income” is different from “profits and gains” and S. 80-A itself uses the expression “from his gross total income”. Also, different provisions from Ss. 80-C to 80-U, while mentioning the percentage at which and for which period a particular deduction is allowable, also specify as to how such a deduction is to be worked out, namely, specific percentage of deduction of which component. S. 80-HH r/w S. 80-A clearly signifies that a deduction under S. 80-HH has to be of gross profits and gains i.e. before computing the income as specified in Ss. 30 to 43-D. Also, the restrictive clause S. 80-AB, inserted w.e.f. 1-4-1981 being a provision made with prospective effect, cannot apply to Assessment Years 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. [Vijay Industries v. CIT, (2019) 4 SCC 184]

Infrastructure Laws — Energy and Power — Electricity Act, 2003 — Ss. 152 and 135 — Compounding of offences: In this case of initiation of prosecution for power theft and subsequent settlement between Electricity Company and consumer, while dismissing petition for quashment of prosecution for power theft, S. 152 was not considered. Hence, matter remanded to High Court for reconsideration of petition in light to S. 152 of Electricity Act, 2003. [Mukesh Chand v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2019) 4 SCC 171]

Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 — Ss. 7, 8 and 9 r/w Ss. 5(7), 5(8) and 5(20): Classification of creditors i.e. as financial and operational creditors, held, valid. Operational creditors are not discriminated against and Art. 14 of the Constitution has not been infracted either on the ground of equals being treated unequally or on the ground of manifest arbitrariness. Since equality is only among equals, no discrimination results if the Court can be shown that there is an intelligible differentia which separates two kinds of creditors so long as there is some rational relation between the creditors so differentiated, with the object sought to be achieved by the legislation. Financial creditors generally lend finance on a term loan or for working capital while operational creditors are relatable to supply of goods. Further, financial creditors are, from the very beginning, involved with assessing viability of corporate debtor and engage in restructuring of loan as well as reorganisation of corporate debtor’s business when there is financial stress, which operational creditors do not and cannot do. Further, they differ qua repayment schedule, security requirement for dues, contractual terms for giving credit, remedy in case of defaults and fora before which dispute resolution takes place. Further, financial debts made to banks and financial institutions are well documented and defaults made are easily verifiable. Also, generally the quantum of dues of operational creditors and the number of such creditors are comparatively less. Preserving the corporate debtor as a going concern, while ensuring maximum recovery for all creditors being the objective of the Code, financial creditors are different from operational creditors and therefore, there is an intelligible differentia between the two which has a direct relation to the objects sought to be achieved by the Code. [Swiss Ribbons (P) Ltd. v. Union of India, (2019) 4 SCC 17]

Kerala Abkari Act, 1077 ME (1 of 1077) — Ss. 8(2) and 63 — Sentence warranted — Imprisonment reduced: In this case search of house of appellant-accused, led to recovery of 4.5 litres of arrack and 3.750 litres of Indian made foreign liquor, from his possession. Trial court convicted him under Ss. 8(2) and 63, and sentenced him to undergo simple imprisonment for 1 year and fine of Rs 1,00,000 under S. 8(2), and fine of Rs 5000 under S. 63. High Court, while confirming conviction, modified sentence by reducing SI to 9 months, while maintaining sentence imposed under S. 63. Looking at gravity of offence and quantum of liquor seized during search, and as appellant was already in custody for 35 days, the Supreme Court reduced the imprisonment to the period already undergone. However, penalty amount imposed by trial court, as upheld by High Court, was confirmed. [Lalichan v. State of Kerala, (2019) 4 SCC 224]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — S. 139: This section raises presumption of law that cheque duly drawn was in discharge of debt or liability. However, presumption is rebuttable and onus lies on drawer to rebut it by adducing cogent evidence to the contrary. This presumption is not in conflict with human right of presumption of innocence of accused which prosecution is required to dislodge by proving its case against accused beyond reasonable doubt. [Bir Singh v. Mukesh Kumar, (2019) 4 SCC 197]

Penal Code, 1860 — S. 302 r/w S. 34: In this case of daylight murder, accused was named in FIR. There were eyewitnesses and there was neither any contradiction nor any inconsistency in their statements on material version such as on the question of identity of accused, who hit, where the assault was made and who fired. There was previous enmity between accused and deceased. A case of common intention under S. 34 IPC also stood fully made out against all the accused persons, hence, conviction was confirmed. [Madan Mohan Mahto v. State of Jharkhand, (2019) 4 SCC 142]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 307/149 and Ss. 325/149, 147, 148, 451, 294/149 & 506/149: In this case charges were framed under all of the above sections by trial court. However, noticing nature of injuries sustained by appellant complainant, High Court quashed and set aside trial court’s order framing charge under S. 307. The Supreme Court held that the High Court had not committed any error in setting aside order passed by trial court insofar as framing charge under S. 307 is concerned. [Champa Lal Dhakar v. Naval Singh Rajput, (2019) 4 SCC 146]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 376(2)(f) and 201: In this case of rape and murder of girl aged 7½ yrs, death sentence commuted to life imprisonment, in the facts and circumstances of the case, due to mitigating circumstances outweighing the aggravating circumstances. [Vijay Raikwar v. State of M.P., (2019) 4 SCC 210]

Police — Director General of Police (DGP) — Residual tenure: Incumbent to be selected as DGP should have a minimum residual tenure of six months (two years or more, preferable) and he should not be on verge of retirement. Minimum residual tenure of 6 months is reasonable and would ward off favouritism. Once appointed, incumbent should get a minimum tenure of two years of service irrespective of his date of superannuation. Selection should be on basis of merit. Above direction to hold field until validity of Police Acts in force is examined and dealt with by Court. [Prakash Singh v. Union of India, (2019) 4 SCC 1]

Police — Director General of Police (DGP) — Tenure and selection: All State Governments directed to scrupulously comply with the directions passed in Prakash Singh, (2006) 8 SCC 1 and approach Court in case of any grievance. Any legislation/rule running counter to directions issued herein shall remain in abeyance. [Prakash Singh v. Union of India, (2019) 4 SCC 13]

Police — Director General of Police (DGP): Selection as per direction in Prakash Singh, (2006) 8 SCC 1, held, wholesome and does not require any modification. Prayer for modification of selection procedure as per said direction, rejected. [Prakash Singh v. Union of India, (2019) 4 SCC 6]

 Property Law — Transfer of Property Act, 1882 — Ss. 111(e), 111(f) and 105 to 117 — Lessor-Lessee Relationship — Non-termination of, ipso facto on execution of an agreement to sell tenanted premises to tenant: Mere entering into of such an agreement to sell does not determine the lease/tenancy. Rather, it is necessary to determine whether the parties intended to surrender the lease on execution of such agreement in relation to the tenanted premises, or they intended to keep the lease subsisting notwithstanding the execution of such agreement. If the parties really intended to surrender their tenancy rights as contemplated in Ss. 111(e) or (f) of the TP Act while entering into an agreement to sell, it would have made necessary provision to that effect by providing a specific clause in the agreement. In the absence of such clause/clause akin thereto in the agreement or the conditions in the agreement which discerned the intention of the parties to surrender the tenancy either expressly or impliedly, held, the same did not result in determination of the tenancy. [H.K. Sharma v. Ram Lal, (2019) 4 SCC 153]

Service Law — Pay — Parity in pay/Pay scale — Claim to — Factors to be considered — Competent authority — Extent of judicial review permissible: Equation of pay scales must be left to Government and decision of experts. Courts must refrain from interfering therewith. [Punjab SEB v. Thana Singh, (2019) 4 SCC 113]

Transfer of Property Act, 1882 — S. 43 — Object — Embodies doctrines of estoppel and equity — Applicability: It is clear from Section 43 of the TP Act that if at the time of transfer, the vendor/transferor might have a defective title or have no title and/or no right or interest, however subsequently the transferor acquires the right, title or interest and the contract of transfer subsists, in that case at the option of the transferee, such a transfer is valid. In such a situation, the transferor cannot be permitted to challenge the transfer and/or the transferor has no option to raise the dispute in making the transfer. [Tanu Ram Bora v. Promod Ch. Das, (2019) 4 SCC 173]

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[fenicerinnovata]

A letter from Filippo

LETTER FROM  COUNT PHILIP SAINT MARTIN OF AGLIE,  to the Royal Madame Christine of France at an unknown address

[Torino, December 31, 1640]

Madame Royale, It is a truth, which cannot be disputed, that affliction is the inseparable companion of joy. I come from a party to the prison, from the city to the Citadel. At other times, under the authority that Your Royal Highness had given to the Marquis de Saint Germain, my brother, I could order this done to others, and now I myself must obey.

I have had the honor and the happiness of guiding the person of Your Royal Highness to extricate her from the hands of her enemies and those of France, yet today I am arrested by the Ministers of the King of France. I very earnestly beg Your Royal Highness to use the power, which She has with His Majesty to obtain my liberty, and I hope that my innocence is more important than the calumnies of the envious.

Your Royal Highness is better informed than anyone else of the sincerity of my actions, and of the fidelity of my services, and can enlighten others, if it pleases you, to those who will doubt me. The French are taking me to Pinerolo. No matter where I go, I will always find my good fortune in your protection, and I will always be

The very humble, very faithful and very obedient subject, and servant  Philippe of S. Martin d'Aglie

From the Turin Citadel on one last day of the year, and the first day of my misfortunes.

1.

LETTERE DEL CONTE FILIPPO SAN MARTINO D'AGLIÈ,

A  Madarna Reale Cristina di Francia e a un destinatario ignoto

[Torino, 31 dicembre 1640]

Madame Royale C'est une verité, qui ne peut estre contestée, que l'affliction est la compa-gne inseparable de la joye. je vien du festin à la prison, de la ville à la Citadelle. Autresfois sous l'autorité, que V.A.R. avoit donné au Marquis de S. Germain, monfrère, je pouvois commander icy, et à présent il faut que j'obéisse.j'ay eu l'honneur et le bonheur de conduire en seureté la personne de V.A.R.pour la tirer des mains de ses ennemis et de ceux de la France, et aujourdhui je suis arresté par les Ministres du Roi. je supplie très instamment V.A.R. d'employer le pouvoir, qu'Elle a auprès de S.M., pour obtenir ma liberté, et je souhaite, que mon innocence l'importe sur les calomnies de mes envieux. V.A.R. mieux informée, que tout autre, de la sincerité de mes actions, et de la fidelité de mes services, en peut eclaircir, sil lui plaist ceux qui en douteront. On me mène à Pignerol. En quelque part je puisse aller je feray tousjours consister toute ma bonne fortune en vostreprotection, et sera tousjours

De V.A.R.

Le tres humble, tres fidel et tres obeissant sujet, et serviteur D. Philippe de S. Martin d'Agliè De la cittadelle le dernier jour de l'an, et le premier de mes infortunes. In S. Gu 16 fasc.• 29 icHENON, Le Soleil cit. (AST, Corte, Storia delta Real Casa, cat. 3, mazz° 48, 149 con' vPaPt:ia2n8t3i 283-284); già edita in C. GALLINA, Le vicende cit.,Documenti, pp. 1 -

153

[rudyroth79]

Astăzi, 8 septembrie 2018 se împlinesc 145 de ani de la nașterea scriitorului francez Alfred Jarry, născut la 8 septembrie 1873 (ora 5, Laval, Mayenne, Franța), plecat mult prea devreme din această lume, la 1 noiembrie 1907 (ora 16.15) la Paris.

În ceea ce-l privește pe Alfred Jarry, părerile sunt împărțite mai ales că opera sa se înscrie în domeniul absurdului și al grotescului, fiind considerată totodată precursoare a suprarealismului.

El este creatorul patafizicii, definită ca ”ştiinţa soluţiilor imaginare, ce acordă simbolic liniamentelor proprietăţile obiectelor descrise prin virtualitatea lor”, altfel spus, această prelungire a metafizicii studiază legile ce guvernează excepţiile de la legi. Important este felul cum a fost receptat Jarry care a început să scrie la vârsta de 15 ani și am continua cu o frază, esențială, despre universul acestui scriitor: ”Jarry reinventează o Antichitate care dă frâu liber imaginaţiei şi fantasmelor sale, printr-un limbaj poetic savuros şi erudit, demn de latina Imperiului Roman târziu. În ritmul unui dans din ce în ce mai lent, cititorul revine, ca printr-o vrajă, cu picioarele pe pământ.”–  Paul Edwards.

André Gide îl caracteriza astfel pe creatorul patafizicii: ”…acest drăcuşor, livid de prea mult fard, deghizat în clovn şi jucând un personaj artificial construit şi neavând nimic omenesc…”.

Esențial în opera lui Jarry este umorul dus până la absurd, umorul  ”care ţâşneşte continuu până la ultima suflare”, așa cum afirma Maurice Nadeau.

Alfred Jarry a scris poezie, proză și teatru, dar a fost și desenator și gravor. În 1888, Jarry se afla la Liceul din Rennes, actualul Liceu ”Émile Zola”, unde îl întâlnește pe profesorul de fizică M. Hébert, care în ochii elevilor săi reprezenta ”tot ce este mai grotesc în lume”. Profesorul devine personaj al literaturii școlare, printr-un text intitulat ”Les Polonais”, pe care Jarry l-a transformat în comedie, text ce reprezintă cea mai veche versiune a lui ”Ubu Roi”:

”În cursul anului şcolar 1888 – 89, doi tineri dintr-un liceu francez de provincie, frații Morin, compun,  pentru  plăcerea şi  satisfacția colegilor, o farsă intitulată Les Polonais (Polonezii) care ia drept ţintă, fireşte, pe unul din profesorii lor: Le père Hébert. Colegul lor, Alfred Jarry […], o transformă și o aduce pe scenă cu titlul de Ubu Roi (Ubu Rege, 1891), pentru că protagonistul, le père Ubu, cucereşte tronul, ca pe urmă, la momentul oportun, s-o ia la fugă. În 189 6, farsa-revistă este amplificată de Jarry, care între timp devenise parizian şi îşi crease un umor personal și exploziv, bazat adesea pe invenții lingvistice ca la Rabelais; este pusă în scenă de Lugné-Poe la «Théâtre de l ‘Œuvre» în 1896, şi îngropată sub insultele generale. Succesul la public a fosr ratat din plin. Dar nu şi ecoul în lumea literaturii celei mai avansate (unde Jarry a devenitâ nu numai inițiatorul unui gen, dar  şi al unui stimulent de revoltă) şi al avangărzii teatrale.” – Vito Pandolfi, ”De la Jarry la suprarealism”, în ”Istoria teatrului universal”, traducere și note de Lia Busuioceanu și Oana Busuioceanu, vol. IV. București, Editura Meridiane, 1971.

”Într-un anume fel, farsa enormă Ubu Roi reia motivul clasic al păcălitorului păcălit, care s-a bucurat în comedie de o largă circulaţie. Criminal şi impostor, regele Ubu se alienează în ţara sa de întreaga lume. Înfrânt de adversarii săi, nevoit să fugă, odiosul tiran este victima prostiei sale, salvându-se prin părăsirea ţării jefuite cu consoarta sa, întâlnită după multe peripeţii, şi cu care navighează optimist spre Franța. Aparent, superlativul de existenţă a lui Père Ubu se răstoarnă fundamental. Demn de reținut este însă faptul că Jarry a introdus prin Ubu un nou tip în litera­ratura universală, care stă alături de Don Juan, Don Quijote, Pantagruel, Candide şi alții. Rachilde,  cunoscuta  protectoare a  lui  Jarry, vede pe bună dreptate în Ubu un tiran-guignol, grandilocvent ca la Shakespeare, întreaga operă fiind caracterizată de aceasta va având ceva din simplitatea lui Aristofan, truculenţa lui Rabelais şi fantezia lui Shakespeare.” – Romul Munteanu, Prefață la vol. Alfred Jarry, ”Ubu”, ed. cit mai jos.

”Ubu Roi” a fost publicată la 25 aprilie 1896, în revista ”Le livre d’art”  a lui Paul Fort și în același an la Éditions du Mercure de France. Premiera absolută a avut loc la 10 decembrie 1896. Titlul ar fi putut fi inspirat de tragedia lui Sofocle, ”Oedipe rege”. Jarry amestecă aici provocarea, absurdul, satira, parodia și umorul. El este, fără îndoială, și un precursor al teatrului absurdului.

Ciclul Ubu a continuat cu: ”Ubu cocu ou l’Archeopteryx” (”Ubu încornorat sau Arheopterixul”, 1897), ”Ubu enchaíné” (”Ubu înlănțuit”, 1899), ”Ubu sur la butte” (”Ubu pe colină”, 1906).

Alte scrieri: ”Les Jours et Les Nuits, roman d’un déserteur” (1897), ”L’Amour en Visites” (1897), ”L’Amour Absolu” (1899), ”Messaline” (1900), ”Le Surmâle” (1902), ”Gestes et Opinions du Docteur Faustroll, Pataphysicien” (publicată postum, 1911), ”La Dragonne” (publicată postum, 1943).

Întregul ciclu Ubu a fost tradus extraordinar de Romulus Vulpescu: Alfred Jarry, ”Ubu”, București, Editura pentru Literatură Universală, 1969.

Citate din Alfred Jarry, click aici.

Vezi și: ”Regele Ubu” de Alfred Jarry, la Teatrul Național Radiofonic, articol de Domnica Țundrea, Revista Teatrală Radio, 14 decembrie 2013.

”Regele Ubu” de Alfred Jarry. Traducere de Romulus Vulpescu. Adaptarea şi regia artistică: Titel Constantinescu. În distribuţie: Valentin Uritescu, Dorina Lazăr, Răzvan Vasilescu, Ana Ciontea, Răzvan Ionescu, Paul Chiribuţă, Mircea Constantinescu, Ion Anghel, Boris Petrof. Regia de studio: Rodica Leu. Regia muzicală: George Marcu. Regia tehnică: Vasile Manta. Înregistrare din 1990

Fragment din”Ubu încornorat”de Alfred Jarry în recitalul ”Din teatrul lumii. Cinci personaje în interpretarea actorului Mircea Constantinescu”. Regia artistică: Vasile Manta. Mircea Constantinescu interpretează rolurile Ubu şi Conştiinţa lui Ubu. Acras – Silviu Biriș. Regia de montaj: Florina Istodor şi Mirela Anton. Regia de studio: Janina Dicu. Realizatori: Costin Tuchilă şi Puşa Roth. Înregistrare din 2011

Grafică, ilustrații și editare multimedia: Costin Tuchilă

Vezi Arhiva rubricii Filă de calendar 

”Alfred Jarry, precursor al suprarealismului și al teatrului absurdului” de Pușa Roth și Costin Tuchilă Astăzi, 8 septembrie 2018 se împlinesc 145 de ani de la nașterea scriitorului francez Alfred Jarry, născut la 8 septembrie 1873 (ora 5, Laval, Mayenne, Franța), plecat mult prea devreme din această lume, la 1 noiembrie 1907 (ora 16.15) la Paris.

[postolo]

2018 SCC Vol. 8 September 14, 2018 Part 1

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — Ss. 85, 7 and 8: Even if an arbitration agreement entered into after the 1996 Act had come into force were to make a reference to the applicable provisions of those under Indian Arbitration Act or the 1940 Act, such stipulation would be of no consequence and the matter must be governed under provisions of the 1996 Act. Further, an incorrect reference or recital regarding applicability of the 1940 Act would not render the entire arbitration agreement invalid and such stipulation will have to be read in the light of S. 85 of the 1996 Act and principles governing such relationship have to be under and in tune with the 1996 Act. [Purushottam v. Anil, (2018) 8 SCC 95]

Armed Forces — Promotion — Empanelment for Promotion — Entitlement to: In this case chances of being considered for promotion/empanelment for promotion were lost by respondent due to wrongful punishment imposed by GCM. Central Government by Order dt. 20-11-2013 annulled proceedings of GCM and setting aside punishment imposed with all “consequential benefits”. While determining the connotation of “consequential benefits”, it was held that matter which was directly in issue was correctness and validity of GCM proceedings. While annulling findings and effect of proceedings idea was to confer those benefits which were directly denied to officer. Said expression cannot be construed to mean that even promotions which were strictly on basis of comparative merit and selection must also stand conferred upon officer. Further held, though it is true that as result of pendency of GCM proceedings respondent was kept out of service for nearly nine years and as such his profile would show inadequacy to some extent but even Department was denied opportunity of properly assessing his profile. Impugned judgment directing appellants to take decision in view of opinion expressed by Law Officer for promotion of respondent to rank of Brigadier was held to be unsustainable. Besides, opinion of Law Officer was not consistent with provisions of relevant rules and law declared by Supreme Court in K.D. Gupta, 1989 Supp (1) SCC 416. The contention that respondent must be granted those promotions which his batchmates or juniors received and that he must also be considered for selection-based promotions unacceptable. Furthermore, though prejudice was caused to respondent by wrongly proceeding against him in GCM consequent to which he lost 9 yrs of service is apparent but sympathy cannot outweigh considerations on merit since respondent was found unfit for selection as “Colonel” by Selection Board (though he was granted time-scale promotion to rank of Colonel after putting in required service). [Union of India v. Ran Singh Dudee, (2018) 8 SCC 53]

Constitution of India — Art. 14 — Compensation for infringement of Art. 14 — When warranted: State is vicariously liable for public wrongs committed by its officials. Hence, payment of compensation to sufferers o public wrong, awarded. [United Air Travel Services v. Union of India, (2018) 8 SCC 141]

Constitution of India — Arts. 137 and 145 — Review under Art. 137: Power of review by Supreme Court as envisaged under Art. 137, is no doubt wider than review jurisdiction conferred by other statutes on Court. Art. 137 empowers Supreme Court to review any judgment pronounced or made, subject to provisions of any law made by Parliament or any rule made under Art. 145. However, application to review a judgment is not to be lightly entertained and Supreme Court could exercise its review jurisdiction only when grounds are made out as provided in Or. 47 R. 1, Supreme Court Rules, 2013. Review in a criminal proceeding is permissible only on ground of error apparent on face of record. Review is not rehearing of appeal all over again and is not appeal in disguise. In a review petition, it is not open to Court to reappreciate evidence and reach a different conclusion, even if that is possible. Conclusion arrived at on appreciation of evidence cannot be assailed in review petition unless it is shown that there is an error apparent on face of record or for some reason akin thereto. Review is not rehearing of original matter. Power of review cannot be confused with appellate power which enables a superior court to correct all errors committed by a subordinate court. A repetition of old and overruled argument is not enough to reopen concluded adjudications. Power of review can be exercised with extreme care, caution and circumspection and only in exceptional cases. [Mukesh v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2018) 8 SCC 149]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 401 — Revision against conviction: Condition imposed while admitting is not warranted in facts of case, hence, vacated. [M.V. Amreeth v. K. Venkata Krishna, (2018) 8 SCC 118]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 386 and 374 — Appeal against conviction: Passing of impugned order without considering defence evidence due to absence of appellant-defendant or his counsel on various dates posted for final disposal, not proper. [K.S. Kalinga Rayan v. State, (2018) 8 SCC 125]

Election — Panchayat Samiti — Disqualification — “Office of profit”— What is: Candidate holding post of Assistant Government Advocate is not in service of State Government within meaning of S. 139(1)(c) of Bihar Panchayat Raj Act, 1993, hence not disqualified from contesting Panchayat election. [State Election Commr. v. Janakdhari Prasad, (2018) 8 SCC 1]

Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920 — Ss. 3 to 5, 2(a) and 8 and Statement of Objects and Reasons: Magistrate’s permission is not mandatory for obtaining a specimen of fingerprints of the accused under S. 5 of Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920. [Sonvir v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2018) 8 SCC 24]

Income Tax Act, 1961 — Ss. 153-A, 158-BB and 158-BH r/w Ss. 132 and 132-A — Block assessment: In order to add any income in the block assessment, evidence of such income must be found in the course of the search under S. 132 or in any proceedings simultaneously conducted in the premises of the assessee, relatives and/or persons who are connected with the assessee and are having transaction/ dealings with such assessee. Further, any material or evidence found/collected in a survey which has been simultaneously made at the premises of a connected person can be utilised while making the block assessment in respect of an assessee under S. 158-BB r/w S. 158-BH and the same would fall under the words “and such other materials or information as are available with the assessing officer and relatable to such evidence” occurring in S. 158-BB. [CIT v. S. Ajit Kumar, (2018) 8 SCC 107]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 302/149 — Murder trial — Unlawful assembly: In this case deceased was shot to death at night and involvement of appellant-accused along with four others was established. Conviction of appellant under Ss. 302/149 was upheld by High Court. The Supreme Court observed that any member of unlawful assembly can be convicted for criminal act with the aid of S. 149. It need not to be proved that he had committed an overt act. Hence, courts below were justified in concluding that appellant is liable to be convicted under S. 149 IPC, inasmuch as he is one of the members of unlawful assembly who had come to the scene of occurrence with common object of committing murder of deceased. Therefore, conviction of appellant under Ss. 302/149 was confirmed. [Prabhu Dayal v. State of Rajasthan, (2018) 8 SCC 127]

Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 — Ss. 13 and 34 — Civil suit in respect of a matter which DRT or DRAT is empowered to determine — Non-maintainability of: Mandate of S. 13 and, in particular, S. 34, bars filing of a civil suit and no civil court can exercise jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which DRT or DRAT is empowered by or under the 2002 Act to determine. Further, no injunction can be granted by any court or authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under the 2002 Act. [SBI v. Allwyn Alloys (P) Ltd., (2018) 8 SCC 120]

Service Law — Recruitment Process — Examination — Posts of School Lecturers for various subjects under Secondary Education Department — Examination: Assumption that key answers published is correct unless proved clearly wrong. Publication of key answers is good to achieve transparency. Furthermore, objections to key answers are to be examined by experts and thereafter corrective measures, if required, to be taken by examining body. [Richal v. Rajasthan Public Service Commission, (2018) 8 SCC 81]

Transfer of Property Act, 1882 — Ss. 8, 7 and 54 — Nemo dat quod non habet: Person is competent to transfer any property only if he has subsisting right, title or interest in it. If on date of transfer, right, title or interest of transferor stood extinguished (in this case under S. 27 of Limitation Act, 1963 by operation of law of adverse possession) transfer would be illegal and void. Right once extinguished by operation of law cannot be revived unless law itself provides therefore. [Eureka Builders v. Gulabchand, (2018) 8 SCC 67]

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 — S. 39(1)(c) [as inserted by Act 44 of 1991 w.e.f. 2-10-1991]: Illegally obtained/procured elephant tusk is property of Government. Once it is treated to be property of Government, presumption under S. 69 of Kerala Forest Act, 1961 attracted. [Wildlife Warden v. Komarrikkal Elias, (2018) 8 SCC 114]

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2018 SCC Vol. 7 September 7, 2018 Part 4

Arbitration Act, 1940 — Ss. 29 and 13 — Pendente lite interest: An arbitrator has the power to award interest unless specifically barred from awarding it; and the bar must be clear and specific. [Raveechee & Co. v. Union of India, (2018) 7 SCC 664]

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — S. 34 r/w S. 5 — Award — Interference with, when the same causes injustice to either of the parties, contrary to terms of contract — When permissible: The parties are free to decide their own terms and conditions in case of a contract. Once respondent voluntarily agreed that no escalation would be reimbursed even in case of regulation before accepting the contract, respondent could not claim reimbursement of excess of minimum wages on account of hike due to the notification of Government. Further, any departure from the terms and conditions of the contract, unless such condition is arbitrary, would destroy the basic purpose of the contract. [Union of India v. Varindera Constructions Ltd., (2018) 7 SCC 794]

Companies Act, 2013 — S. 59 — RTI Circular No. 1 dt. 9-5-2001: Rectification of register, as opposed to filing of a civil suit to prove title over shares, permissible when fraud is perpetuated on the shareholder in possession of original share certificates by issuance of duplicate shares, without following proper procedure, in favour of impersonator. [Adesh Kaur v. Eicher Motors Ltd., (2018) 7 SCC 709]

Constitution of India — Arts. 26, 32, 35, 38, 49 and 51-A(f) & (g) — Jagannath Temple, Puri — Mismanagement and difficulties by visitors — Directions: Interim directions issued for management and upkeep of Shri Jagannath Temple at Puri. [Mrinalini Padhi v. Union of India, (2018) 7 SCC 785]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 438 — Anticipatory bail — Whether should be for a limited period of time: Due to conflicting opinions of different Benches of Supreme Court, matter referred to larger Bench of Supreme Court for authoritative decision. [Sushila Aggarwal v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2018) 7 SCC 731]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 211 to 213 — Framing of charge — Proper framing of charge — Cardinality and necessity of — Explained: Accused persons are entitled to know with precision what charge they are required to defend. [Vinubhai Ranchhodbhai Patel v. Rajivbhai Dudabhai Patel, (2018) 7 SCC 743]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 482 and 245: Rejection of application under S. 482 CrPC for quashment, when discharge application already stood rejected, proper. [Nayan Prasad v. State of Bihar, (2018) 7 SCC 713]

Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 — Ss. 3 and 4 — Accident arising out of and in course of employment: As deceased driver was treated as employee and his death treated on duty and there was consistency in statement of dependants and there were no contradictions, compensation awarded to claimants. [Tebha Bai v. Raj Kumar Keshwani, (2018) 7 SCC 705]

Family and Personal Laws — Hindu Law — Joint Hindu Family/Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)/Coparcenary/Co-owner/Survivorship: Property inherited by a male Hindu from his father, father’s father or father’s father’s father is an ancestral property. Essential feature of ancestral property, according to Mitakshara Law, is that the sons, grandsons, and great grandsons of the person who inherits it, acquire an interest and rights attached to such property at the moment of their birth. Share which a coparcener obtains on partition of ancestral property is ancestral property as regards his male issue. After partition, property in hands of a son continues to be ancestral property and son of that son (whether natural or adopted) takes interest in it and is entitled to it by survivorship. [Shyam Narayan Prasad v. Krishna Prasad, (2018) 7 SCC 646]

Government Contracts and Tenders — Conduct of auction/Evaluation/Acceptance/ Rejection of Bid/Tender/Scope of judicial review: Directions to Evaluation Committee qua valuation and bids and conditions required to be met by bidders for revival of Super Bazar at New Delhi, issued. [Super Bazar Karamchari Dalit Sangh v. Union of India, (2018) 7 SCC 617]

Importance of maintaining sanctity of DNA samples: This article is primarily intended to emphasise upon the importance of maintaining sanctity of forensic samples by timely conducting forensic medical examination (FME) of individuals or relevant spots to maintain sanctity and reliability of samples. [Management of DNA Sampling in Rape Incidents by G.K. Goswami and Siddhartha Goswami, (2018) 7 SCC (J-4)]

Income Tax Act, 1961 — S. 11 [as existing prior to amendment made in S. 11(6) of the Act vide Finance Act 2 of 2014]: Regarding grant of depreciation claimed by charitable institutions on capital assets, even when the expenditure on acquisition of the assets had been treated earlier as application of income for charitable purposes, approving the ruling in Institute of Banking, Personnel Selection, 2003 SCC OnLine Bom 642, wherein the Court rejecting the view that S. 32 was the only section granting benefit of deduction on account of depreciation, had inter alia held that the income of the Trust is required to be computed under S. 11 on commercial principles after providing for allowance for normal depreciation and deduction thereof from gross income of the Trust, in the present case, orders of the High Courts granting benefit of depreciation on the assets acquired by the respondents assessees/charitable institutions upheld. Further held, the amendment made in S. 11(6) of the Act vide Finance Act 2 of 2014 effective from Assessment Year 2015-16, was prospective in nature. Also, held, that once the assessee is allowed depreciation, he shall be entitled to carry forward the depreciation as well. [CIT v. Rajasthani and Gujarati Charitable Foundation, (2018) 7 SCC 810]

Income Tax Act, 1961 — S. 194-H (w.e.f. 1-6-2001) r/w S. 201 — Tax at source — Deduction of, on payments made by appellants (Prasar Bharati Doordarshan Kendra) to advertising agencies: Payments made by appellants (Prasar Bharati Doordarshan Kendra) to advertising agencies is to be construed as commission to agents not as payments between principal-to- principal. [Prasar Bharati v. CIT, (2018) 7 SCC 800]

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 — S. 11-A — Object of — Re-emphasised: Exclusion of time spent in stay has to be considered based on facts of each case. [Raj Kumar Gandhi v. Chandigarh Administration, (2018) 7 SCC 763]

Language of the Law: In this article the author emphasis the need to simplify the language of the law in India. [Whereof They’re Ipso Facto Words: India Needs to Simplify the “Language of the Law” by Jyoti Sagar, (2018) 7 SCC (J-1)]

Limitation Act, 1963 — S. 5 — Sufficient cause for condonation of delay in filing appeal — What is: Aggrieved persons not made a party before court against whose order they had appealed, is sufficient cause for condonation of delay in filing appeal. [Hetal Chirag Patel v. State of Gujarat, (2018) 7 SCC 703]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — S. 166 — Fatal accident — Compensation of — Income of deceased: There is nothing in law which requires Tribunal to assess income of deceased only on basis of a salary certificate for arriving at a just and fair compensation to be paid to claimants for loss of life. [United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Indiro Devi, (2018) 7 SCC 715]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — Ss. 166 and 165, 2(28), 2(44) and Statement of Objects and Reasons — Compensation claims under the Act — Maintainability: “Use of motor vehicle”, includes non-traffic use. However, causal relationship should exist between the violation and the accident caused. There has to be some act done by the person concerned in causing the accident. The commission or omission must have some nexus with the accident, though the “use” of the motor vehicle concerned need not have an intimate and direct nexus with the accident. [Kalim Khan v. Fimidabee, (2018) 7 SCC 687]

Penal Code, 1860 — S. 302 or S. 304 Pt. II [S. 300 Exception 4]: As ingredients of S. 300 Exception 4 were present, conviction converted from S. 302 to S. 304 Pt. II. [Tularam v. State Of M.P., (2018) 7 SCC 777]

Penal Code, 1860 — S. 306 — Abetment of suicide — Ingredients for invoking of S. 306 — Not made out: As allegations in FIR, relating to mental torture of deceased at the hands of his higher officers, in this case, were completely inadequate not satisfying requirements under S. 306, proceedings initiated against accused quashed. [Vaijnath Kondiba Khandke v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 7 SCC 781]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 302, 498-A and 506: In this case appellant-accused was convicted for murder of his wife. It was held by the Supreme Court that the due to some extenuating circumstances like, after killing his wife, appellant tried to kill himself, etc., portion of impugned order, prescribing life sentence for minimum period of 30 yrs, deleted, making it a case of life imprisonment simpliciter. [Nitin Balkisan Gaikwad v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 7 SCC 685]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 302/149 — Murder trial: In this case due to rivalry between two factions in village led to attack using country-made bombs, hunting sickles and iron pipes and there was death of four persons but all respondent-accused were acquitted by High Court. It was held by the Supreme Court that the High Court erred in eschewing testimonies of witnesses in toto. Minor contradictions and omissions in evidence of witnesses were to be ignored. All eyewitnesses including one who turned hostile consistently spoke about attack on one deceased and his supporters. Witness who gave vivid description of incident was corroborated by other witnesses. However, on oral evidence of witnesses and medical evidence, High Court rightly acquitted some respondents giving them benefit of doubt but acquittal of other respondents by High Court, set aside, convicting them under S. 302 IPC and sentencing them to undergo life imprisonment. [State of A.P. v. Pullagummi Kasi Reddy Krishna Reddy, (2018) 7 SCC 623]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 84, 302 and 324 — Murder trial — Applicability of S. 84: Reasonable doubt regarding mental condition of accused at the time of incident was created in the mind of court from materials and evidence available. As prosecution failed to lead any evidence in rebuttal and was not able to establish its case beyond reasonable doubt, conviction of accused under Ss. 302 and 324 IPC, reversed. [Devidas Loka Rathod v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 7 SCC 718]

Registration Act, 1908 — Ss. 17(1-A) and 49 proviso — Requirement of registration: If document containing contract to transfer right, title or interest in immovable property for consideration is not registered but exhibited, it will bear an endorsement that it is admissible only as evidence of agreement to sell in suit for specific performance under Specific Relief Act and shall not have any effect for purposes of S. 53-A of TP Act. Genuineness, validity and binding nature of document or whether it is hit by any provisions of TP Act or Stamp Act, will have to be adjudicated at appropriate stage after parties adduce oral and documentary evidence. [Ameer Minhaj v. Dierdre Elizabeth (Wright) Issar, (2018) 7 SCC 639]

Service Law — Allowances — Special (duty) allowance — Entitlement to — Special duty allowance to CRPF personnel posted in North-Eastern region — Date of reckoning: Respondents are entitled to special (duty) allowance for period during which they were posted in North-Eastern region not w.e.f. 3-8-2005 when office memorandum was issued by Government to that effect. [CRPF v. Janardan Singh, (2018) 7 SCC 656]

Service Law — Departmental Enquiry — Natural justice — Noncompliance — Inference — When warranted: There is no requirement of appointment of Presenting Officer in each and every case, whether statutory rules enable authorities to make appointment or are silent. When statutory rules are silent with regard to applicability of any facet of principles of natural justice, applicability of principles of natural justice which are not specifically excluded in statutory scheme are not prohibited and can be made applicable in given case to advance cause of justice. Furthermore, Enquiry Officer has to be independent and not representative of disciplinary authority. If he starts acting in any other capacity and proceeds to act in manner as if he is interested in eliciting evidence to punish employee, principle of bias comes into play. [Union of India v. Ram Lakhan Sharma, (2018) 7 SCC 670]

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2018 SCC Vol. 3 March 28, 2018 Part 2

CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 — S. 2(l), as existing prior to 1-4-2008 — Circular No. 97/8/2007-ST dt. 23-8-2007 issued by the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) — CENVAT credit in respect of service tax paid on transportation of goods from factory of manufacturer to the place of purchaser — Availment of: Following Vasavadatta Cements Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 769, and in the absence of any challenge by Revenue to the satisfaction of the three conditions laid down in Circular dt. 23-8-2007 by the assessee, namely, (i) the ownership of goods and the property in the goods remains with the seller of the goods till the delivery of the goods in acceptable condition to the purchaser at his doorstep; (ii) seller bears the risk of or loss or damage to the goods during transit to the destination; and (iii) freight charges are integral part of the price of the goods, held, the service used by the manufacturer for clearance of final products “from the place of removal” i.e. factory premises of the assessee, to the warehouse or customer’s place, etc. was exigible for CENVAT credit. [CCE v. Andhra Sugars Ltd.,  (2018) 3 SCC 223]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 438 — Anticipatory bail — Alleged abetment of suicide: Deceased a Civil Engineer and working as a civil contractor, and accused were other contractors charged under Ss. 306/34 for abetting his suicide. All five accused were implicated in alleged suicide note by deceased. High Court denied protection under S. 438 CrPC. While issuing notice by order dt. 12-1-2018 Supreme Court noted that appellant-accused had already taken voluntary retirement in 2011 and suicide is of 2017. Before High Court also accused had pleaded that none of them was engaged as a contractor by municipal corpn. concerned since 2011. On request counsel for State on instruction submits that investigation is in progress and same is yet to be completed. It was held, it is a case where appellant needs to be given protection on condition that he would cooperate with investigation. In case appellant is arrested he shall be released on bail on his executing bond of Rs 25,000 with two sureties of like amount, subject to conditions under S. 438(2) CrPC and appellant directed to cooperate with investigation. [Bhausaheb v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 3 SCC 221]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 439 — Grant of bail — Foreign citizen: No special consideration can be given to accused in granting bail simply because he is a foreigner. [Lachhman Dass v. Resham Chand Kaler,  (2018) 3 SCC 187]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 482 and 320 — Quashing of criminal proceedings — Exercise of power by High Court — Quashing of proceedings based on compromise/settlement between parties: The principles on this point relevant to this case are, that where offences are predominantly of civil character, particularly arising out of commercial transactions, dispute should be quashed when parties have resolved their dispute. Further, timing of settlement would be crucial for exercise of power or declining to exercise power. Where settlement is arrived at between parties immediately after commission of offence and matter is still under investigation, High Court may be liberal in accepting settlement to quash proceedings/investigation as investigation is in its early stage and charge-sheet has not been filed. Where charges are framed and recording of evidence is yet to commence or is at early stage, proceedings can be quashed after prima facie assessment of circumstances/materials. Where trial is at fag end, High Court should refrain from exercising its power as trial court would be in position to decide matter on merits. Where accused already convicted and appeal against conviction is pending, mere settlement or compromise between victim and accused is not ground to accept the same resulting in acquittal of offender. [Anita Maria Dias v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 3 SCC 290]

Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 — S. 30 — Improper disposal of appeal — Remand — When warranted: Judgment of High Court setting aside order of Employees’ Compensation Commissioner awarding Rs 8,70,576 compensation for injuries sustained by appellant claimant without hearing him, not sustainable. Matter remitted to High Court to decide appeal filed by Insurance Company afresh, after granting opportunity of hearing to appellant claimant. [Mohd. Anwar v. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 300]

Family and Personal Laws — Family Property, Succession and Inheritance — Will — Subsequent will/Revocation/Alteration/Codicil: First will, a registered deed, executed in favour of minor daughter and minor son from first wife of testator, but kept in possession of the son U (Defendant 1). Subsequent alleged will in favour of defendant unregistered and having no mention of earlier registered document and its revocation. Minor on attaining majority filed suit for declaration of ownership of property on strength of earlier will but having no access to it produced certified copy thereof and proved the same in terms of S. 68 of Evidence Act. It was held on facts that earlier will is genuine. Hence, plaintiff entitled to declaration of her ownership over bequeathed property. [H.V. Nirmala v. R. Sharmila, (2018) 3 SCC 303]

Income Tax Rules, 1962 (as amended by the Noti. dt. 24-3-2008) — R. 8-D — Prospective operation of: S. 14-A was first inserted by the Finance Act, 2001 with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962 and sub-sections (2) & (3) were later inserted w.e.f. 1-4-2007 for the purposes of computing the expenditure incurred in relation to income which did not form part of the total income. R. 8-D was inserted by an amendment to the Rules by Noti. dt. 24-3-2008 to give effect to the provisions of sub-sections (2) & (3) of S. 14-A and provided for the method for determining amount of expenditure in relation to income not includible in total income. Applying the principles of statutory interpretation for interpreting retrospectivity of a fiscal statute, looking into the nature and purpose of subsections (2) & (3) of S. 14-A as well as purpose and intent of R. 8-D coupled with the Explanatory Notes in the Finance Bill, 2006 and the Departmental understanding as reflected by Circular dt. 28-12-2006, held, R. 8-D is intended to operate prospectively i.e. for Assessment Year 2007-2008 and onwards. [CIT v. Essar Teleholdings Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 253]

Infrastructure Laws — Water and Water Resources — Canals, Dams and Irrigation — Flood/Inundation Management and Safety Measures — Apprehended cataclysm and unforeseen calamity to human life and property due to bursting of Mullaperiyar Dam: As far as safety measures of Mullaperiyar Dam are concerned, directions issued by Supreme Court in State of T.N., (2014) 12 SCC 696 would be binding and provisions of 2005 Act implemented. Further held, greater degree of disaster management and better preparedness to face any kind of disaster caused by dam is to be ensured since life without basic needs and liberty replete with fear is meaningless. Hence, it is the duty of States concerned to create sense of confidence in people and to ensure that adequate measures have been taken so that safety of citizens is not compromised at any level. Directions issued for constitution of different Sub-Committees by the Central Government, States of T.N. and Kerala to exclusively monitor measures for ensuring high level preparedness to face any disaster, which would be in addition to existing Committees. [Russel Joy v. Union of India, (2018) 3 SCC 179]

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 — Ss. 23, 11 and 18 — Fair market rate of acquired land prevalent on date of acquisition — Determination of: There are several factors which govern determination of fair market rate of acquired land. Said market rate therefore cannot be decided in isolation on basis of only one factor. These factors are required to be proved with sufficient evidence. It must appear that courts have made sincere endeavour to determine fair market rate of acquired land taking into account all relevant aspects of the case. In this regard, duty of landowners and State is to adduce proper and sufficient evidence to enable courts to arrive at a reasonable and fair market rate of acquired land prevalent on date of acquisition. [Surender Singh v. State of Haryana, (2018) 3 SCC 278]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — S. 149(2) — Third-party insurance — Defences available to insurance company — Burden of proof: Following Swaran Singh, (2004) 3 SCC 297, reiterated that insurance company is entitled to take a defence that offending vehicle was driven by an unauthorised person or that person driving vehicle did not have a valid driving licence. Onus would shift on insurance company only after owner of offending vehicle pleads and proves basic facts within his knowledge that driver of offending vehicle was authorised by him to drive vehicle and was having a valid driving licence at relevant time. [Pappu v. Vinod Kumar Lamba, (2018) 3 SCC 208]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — Ss. 166 and 168 — Fatal accident — Compensation — Computation of — Multiplier — Age of deceased or claimant parents — Future prospects: Deceased, 29 yrs old was serving as an Assistant Teacher in a school run by a Trust on a temporary basis who would have been made permanent and would have been entitled to 6th Pay Commission wages of at least Rs 40,000 p.m. Adopting a multiplier of I7, Tribunal awarded compensation of Rs 61,20,000 and added Rs 35,000 under conventional heads with interest @ 9% p.a. However High Court having regard to age of father at 65 yrs and mother 50 yrs, concluded that a multiplier of 7 should be adopted. The Supreme Court held that in terms of judgment of five-Judge Bench in Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 and in Sarla Verma, (2009) 6 SCC 121, correct multiplier to be applied in present case would be 17, having regard to age of deceased at 29 yrs. For future prospects, adding 50%, and making a deduction of 50% towards personal expenses (deceased being a bachelor), total compensation quantified at Rs 61,20,000. After making additions on account of conventional heads, total compensation at Rs 61,90,000 carrying interest @ 9% p.a. from date of filing of claim petition awarded. Apportionment to be carried out in terms of award of Tribunal. [Ramrao Lala Borse v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 204]

Municipalities — Municipal taxes — External development charges — Liability to pay: Liability to pay the same is on house construction society, colonisers or individual persons. Central Government entities/PSUs like National Fertilizers Ltd. and Gas Authority of India Ltd., (respondentplaintiffs) who were allotted plots and constructed dwelling units for stay of their employees as distinguished from sale or letting out on rent, held, are not liable to pay said charges. [Municipal Council, Raghogarh v. National Fertilizers Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 200]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — S. 138 — Sentence and compensation: Waiver of imprisonment in lieu of payment of additional compensation, permissible under exceptional circumstances. [Priyanka Nagpal v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2018) 3 SCC 249]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — S. 138: Conviction under S. 138, confirmed, however, accused permitted to pay additional compensation amount to complainant, in lieu of simple imprisonment awarded. [P. Ramadas v. State of Kerala, (2018) 3 SCC 287]

Penal Code, 1860 — S. 201 — Charge under — When can be independently laid and conviction maintained: Charge under S. 201 can be independently laid and conviction maintained also, in case prosecution is able to establish that an offence was committed, person charged with offence had knowledge or reason to believe that offence was committed, said person has caused disappearance of evidence and such act of disappearance was done with intention of screening offender from legal punishment. Mere suspicion is not sufficient, it must be proved that accused knew or had a reason to believe that offence was committed and yet he caused evidence to disappear so as to screen offender. Offender may be either himself or any other person. [Dinesh Kumar Kalidas Patel v. State of Gujarat, (2018) 3 SCC 313]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 304 Pt. I and 307: There were serious burn injuries caused to a number of women, leading to death of two due to burning cow dung cakes which were hurled by accused at them. High Court reversed conviction of accused under Ss. 304 Pt. I and 307. No enmity was found present between accused and victims and no intention of accused to kill a particular person was also established. Material contradictions in statements of eyewitnesses, present. No explanation was given of huge delay in recording statements of witnesses. Inordinate delay in lodging FIR, also not explained. It was held that guilt of accused was not established beyond reasonable doubt, hence, acquittal by High Court, confirmed. [State of M.P. v. Nande, (2018) 3 SCC 196]

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act, 1994 — Ss. 22 and 18 — Advertisements relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and sex selection: Earlier directions issued regarding prohibition of advertisements relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and sex selection, summarised and further directions issued with special reference to search criteria “medical tourism in India” and “gender determination”. [Sabu Mathew George v. Union of India, (2018) 3 SCC 229]

Service Law — Appointment — Contractual appointment — Non-renewal of contract — Absence of any right accruing in favour of contractual employee: Services of petitioner appointed as Technical Assistant (ENT) on contract basis without following any prescribed procedure or adherence to rules, though initially for three months but subsequently renewed, were terminated/not renewed after six months. The Supreme Court held, contractual employee has no right to have his/her contract renewed in absence of any statutory or other right in his favour. At best, petitioner can only claim that due consideration for extending his contract may be granted, which was actually done in instant case, but decision not to continue him was taken. Besides, since petitioner’s appointment was not made in accordance with any regular procedure or by following necessary rules, no right accrued in his favour for regularisation of his services. Furthermore, fact that some persons were appointed as ENT in the year 2016 would have no bearing on events of 2010 when decision to discontinue petitioner was taken since change in circumstance would confer no benefit on him. [Yogesh Mahajan v. AIIMS, (2018) 3 SCC 218]

Service Law — Appointment — Eligibility conditions/criteria: For post of Hindi Language Assistant, carving out specific category in Recruitment Rules postulating additional requirement is permissible. [State of Karnataka v. Shankar Baburao Kangralkar, (2018) 3 SCC 296]

Service Law — Retirement/Superannuation — Voluntary retirement — Housing accommodation — SAIL Scheme for Leasing of Houses to Employees, 2002 — Long term (33 yrs) lease of the houses to serving employees opting for VRS: There was claim of respondent ex-employees of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), a unit of appellant SAIL (who were already in occupation of official quarters on licence basis for 22 months), to their inclusion within said 2002 Scheme. Scheme remained valid for 3 months only. No vested right was conferred on ex-employees under Scheme. State Government had leased entire land to RSP for use of steel plant and ancillary purposes. In view of subsequent plan of RSP of expansion of its production capacity by plant modernisation which would require additional accommodation for various government agencies within township, any long lease of quarters by RSP would not be feasible. In such circumstances, held, appellant cannot be compelled to grant longterm lease of official quarters in RSP township to respondents. However, respondents (writ petitioners before High Court), 53 in number, directed to be allowed to remain in occupation of the quarters for a period of 33 months from date of decision of this appeal. [SAIL v. Choudhary Tilotama Das, (2018) 3 SCC 308]

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2018 SCC Vol. 3 March 28, 2018 Part 2

CENVAT Credit Rules, 2004 — S. 2(l), as existing prior to 1-4-2008 — Circular No. 97/8/2007-ST dt. 23-8-2007 issued by the Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) — CENVAT credit in respect of service tax paid on transportation of goods from factory of manufacturer to the place of purchaser — Availment of: Following Vasavadatta Cements Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 769, and in the absence of any challenge by Revenue to the satisfaction of the three conditions laid down in Circular dt. 23-8-2007 by the assessee, namely, (i) the ownership of goods and the property in the goods remains with the seller of the goods till the delivery of the goods in acceptable condition to the purchaser at his doorstep; (ii) seller bears the risk of or loss or damage to the goods during transit to the destination; and (iii) freight charges are integral part of the price of the goods, held, the service used by the manufacturer for clearance of final products “from the place of removal” i.e. factory premises of the assessee, to the warehouse or customer’s place, etc. was exigible for CENVAT credit. [CCE v. Andhra Sugars Ltd.,  (2018) 3 SCC 223]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 438 — Anticipatory bail — Alleged abetment of suicide: Deceased a Civil Engineer and working as a civil contractor, and accused were other contractors charged under Ss. 306/34 for abetting his suicide. All five accused were implicated in alleged suicide note by deceased. High Court denied protection under S. 438 CrPC. While issuing notice by order dt. 12-1-2018 Supreme Court noted that appellant-accused had already taken voluntary retirement in 2011 and suicide is of 2017. Before High Court also accused had pleaded that none of them was engaged as a contractor by municipal corpn. concerned since 2011. On request counsel for State on instruction submits that investigation is in progress and same is yet to be completed. It was held, it is a case where appellant needs to be given protection on condition that he would cooperate with investigation. In case appellant is arrested he shall be released on bail on his executing bond of Rs 25,000 with two sureties of like amount, subject to conditions under S. 438(2) CrPC and appellant directed to cooperate with investigation. [Bhausaheb v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 3 SCC 221]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — S. 439 — Grant of bail — Foreign citizen: No special consideration can be given to accused in granting bail simply because he is a foreigner. [Lachhman Dass v. Resham Chand Kaler,  (2018) 3 SCC 187]

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 — Ss. 482 and 320 — Quashing of criminal proceedings — Exercise of power by High Court — Quashing of proceedings based on compromise/settlement between parties: The principles on this point relevant to this case are, that where offences are predominantly of civil character, particularly arising out of commercial transactions, dispute should be quashed when parties have resolved their dispute. Further, timing of settlement would be crucial for exercise of power or declining to exercise power. Where settlement is arrived at between parties immediately after commission of offence and matter is still under investigation, High Court may be liberal in accepting settlement to quash proceedings/investigation as investigation is in its early stage and charge-sheet has not been filed. Where charges are framed and recording of evidence is yet to commence or is at early stage, proceedings can be quashed after prima facie assessment of circumstances/materials. Where trial is at fag end, High Court should refrain from exercising its power as trial court would be in position to decide matter on merits. Where accused already convicted and appeal against conviction is pending, mere settlement or compromise between victim and accused is not ground to accept the same resulting in acquittal of offender. [Anita Maria Dias v. State of Maharashtra, (2018) 3 SCC 290]

Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 — S. 30 — Improper disposal of appeal — Remand — When warranted: Judgment of High Court setting aside order of Employees’ Compensation Commissioner awarding Rs 8,70,576 compensation for injuries sustained by appellant claimant without hearing him, not sustainable. Matter remitted to High Court to decide appeal filed by Insurance Company afresh, after granting opportunity of hearing to appellant claimant. [Mohd. Anwar v. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 300]

Family and Personal Laws — Family Property, Succession and Inheritance — Will — Subsequent will/Revocation/Alteration/Codicil: First will, a registered deed, executed in favour of minor daughter and minor son from first wife of testator, but kept in possession of the son U (Defendant 1). Subsequent alleged will in favour of defendant unregistered and having no mention of earlier registered document and its revocation. Minor on attaining majority filed suit for declaration of ownership of property on strength of earlier will but having no access to it produced certified copy thereof and proved the same in terms of S. 68 of Evidence Act. It was held on facts that earlier will is genuine. Hence, plaintiff entitled to declaration of her ownership over bequeathed property. [H.V. Nirmala v. R. Sharmila, (2018) 3 SCC 303]

Income Tax Rules, 1962 (as amended by the Noti. dt. 24-3-2008) — R. 8-D — Prospective operation of: S. 14-A was first inserted by the Finance Act, 2001 with retrospective effect from 1-4-1962 and sub-sections (2) & (3) were later inserted w.e.f. 1-4-2007 for the purposes of computing the expenditure incurred in relation to income which did not form part of the total income. R. 8-D was inserted by an amendment to the Rules by Noti. dt. 24-3-2008 to give effect to the provisions of sub-sections (2) & (3) of S. 14-A and provided for the method for determining amount of expenditure in relation to income not includible in total income. Applying the principles of statutory interpretation for interpreting retrospectivity of a fiscal statute, looking into the nature and purpose of subsections (2) & (3) of S. 14-A as well as purpose and intent of R. 8-D coupled with the Explanatory Notes in the Finance Bill, 2006 and the Departmental understanding as reflected by Circular dt. 28-12-2006, held, R. 8-D is intended to operate prospectively i.e. for Assessment Year 2007-2008 and onwards. [CIT v. Essar Teleholdings Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 253]

Infrastructure Laws — Water and Water Resources — Canals, Dams and Irrigation — Flood/Inundation Management and Safety Measures — Apprehended cataclysm and unforeseen calamity to human life and property due to bursting of Mullaperiyar Dam: As far as safety measures of Mullaperiyar Dam are concerned, directions issued by Supreme Court in State of T.N., (2014) 12 SCC 696 would be binding and provisions of 2005 Act implemented. Further held, greater degree of disaster management and better preparedness to face any kind of disaster caused by dam is to be ensured since life without basic needs and liberty replete with fear is meaningless. Hence, it is the duty of States concerned to create sense of confidence in people and to ensure that adequate measures have been taken so that safety of citizens is not compromised at any level. Directions issued for constitution of different Sub-Committees by the Central Government, States of T.N. and Kerala to exclusively monitor measures for ensuring high level preparedness to face any disaster, which would be in addition to existing Committees. [Russel Joy v. Union of India, (2018) 3 SCC 179]

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 — Ss. 23, 11 and 18 — Fair market rate of acquired land prevalent on date of acquisition — Determination of: There are several factors which govern determination of fair market rate of acquired land. Said market rate therefore cannot be decided in isolation on basis of only one factor. These factors are required to be proved with sufficient evidence. It must appear that courts have made sincere endeavour to determine fair market rate of acquired land taking into account all relevant aspects of the case. In this regard, duty of landowners and State is to adduce proper and sufficient evidence to enable courts to arrive at a reasonable and fair market rate of acquired land prevalent on date of acquisition. [Surender Singh v. State of Haryana, (2018) 3 SCC 278]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — S. 149(2) — Third-party insurance — Defences available to insurance company — Burden of proof: Following Swaran Singh, (2004) 3 SCC 297, reiterated that insurance company is entitled to take a defence that offending vehicle was driven by an unauthorised person or that person driving vehicle did not have a valid driving licence. Onus would shift on insurance company only after owner of offending vehicle pleads and proves basic facts within his knowledge that driver of offending vehicle was authorised by him to drive vehicle and was having a valid driving licence at relevant time. [Pappu v. Vinod Kumar Lamba, (2018) 3 SCC 208]

Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 — Ss. 166 and 168 — Fatal accident — Compensation — Computation of — Multiplier — Age of deceased or claimant parents — Future prospects: Deceased, 29 yrs old was serving as an Assistant Teacher in a school run by a Trust on a temporary basis who would have been made permanent and would have been entitled to 6th Pay Commission wages of at least Rs 40,000 p.m. Adopting a multiplier of I7, Tribunal awarded compensation of Rs 61,20,000 and added Rs 35,000 under conventional heads with interest @ 9% p.a. However High Court having regard to age of father at 65 yrs and mother 50 yrs, concluded that a multiplier of 7 should be adopted. The Supreme Court held that in terms of judgment of five-Judge Bench in Pranay Sethi, (2017) 16 SCC 680 and in Sarla Verma, (2009) 6 SCC 121, correct multiplier to be applied in present case would be 17, having regard to age of deceased at 29 yrs. For future prospects, adding 50%, and making a deduction of 50% towards personal expenses (deceased being a bachelor), total compensation quantified at Rs 61,20,000. After making additions on account of conventional heads, total compensation at Rs 61,90,000 carrying interest @ 9% p.a. from date of filing of claim petition awarded. Apportionment to be carried out in terms of award of Tribunal. [Ramrao Lala Borse v. New India Assurance Co. Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 204]

Municipalities — Municipal taxes — External development charges — Liability to pay: Liability to pay the same is on house construction society, colonisers or individual persons. Central Government entities/PSUs like National Fertilizers Ltd. and Gas Authority of India Ltd., (respondentplaintiffs) who were allotted plots and constructed dwelling units for stay of their employees as distinguished from sale or letting out on rent, held, are not liable to pay said charges. [Municipal Council, Raghogarh v. National Fertilizers Ltd., (2018) 3 SCC 200]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — S. 138 — Sentence and compensation: Waiver of imprisonment in lieu of payment of additional compensation, permissible under exceptional circumstances. [Priyanka Nagpal v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2018) 3 SCC 249]

Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 — S. 138: Conviction under S. 138, confirmed, however, accused permitted to pay additional compensation amount to complainant, in lieu of simple imprisonment awarded. [P. Ramadas v. State of Kerala, (2018) 3 SCC 287]

Penal Code, 1860 — S. 201 — Charge under — When can be independently laid and conviction maintained: Charge under S. 201 can be independently laid and conviction maintained also, in case prosecution is able to establish that an offence was committed, person charged with offence had knowledge or reason to believe that offence was committed, said person has caused disappearance of evidence and such act of disappearance was done with intention of screening offender from legal punishment. Mere suspicion is not sufficient, it must be proved that accused knew or had a reason to believe that offence was committed and yet he caused evidence to disappear so as to screen offender. Offender may be either himself or any other person. [Dinesh Kumar Kalidas Patel v. State of Gujarat, (2018) 3 SCC 313]

Penal Code, 1860 — Ss. 304 Pt. I and 307: There were serious burn injuries caused to a number of women, leading to death of two due to burning cow dung cakes which were hurled by accused at them. High Court reversed conviction of accused under Ss. 304 Pt. I and 307. No enmity was found present between accused and victims and no intention of accused to kill a particular person was also established. Material contradictions in statements of eyewitnesses, present. No explanation was given of huge delay in recording statements of witnesses. Inordinate delay in lodging FIR, also not explained. It was held that guilt of accused was not established beyond reasonable doubt, hence, acquittal by High Court, confirmed. [State of M.P. v. Nande, (2018) 3 SCC 196]

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act, 1994 — Ss. 22 and 18 — Advertisements relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and sex selection: Earlier directions issued regarding prohibition of advertisements relating to pre-conception and pre-natal determination of sex and sex selection, summarised and further directions issued with special reference to search criteria “medical tourism in India” and “gender determination”. [Sabu Mathew George v. Union of India, (2018) 3 SCC 229]

Service Law — Appointment — Contractual appointment — Non-renewal of contract — Absence of any right accruing in favour of contractual employee: Services of petitioner appointed as Technical Assistant (ENT) on contract basis without following any prescribed procedure or adherence to rules, though initially for three months but subsequently renewed, were terminated/not renewed after six months. The Supreme Court held, contractual employee has no right to have his/her contract renewed in absence of any statutory or other right in his favour. At best, petitioner can only claim that due consideration for extending his contract may be granted, which was actually done in instant case, but decision not to continue him was taken. Besides, since petitioner’s appointment was not made in accordance with any regular procedure or by following necessary rules, no right accrued in his favour for regularisation of his services. Furthermore, fact that some persons were appointed as ENT in the year 2016 would have no bearing on events of 2010 when decision to discontinue petitioner was taken since change in circumstance would confer no benefit on him. [Yogesh Mahajan v. AIIMS, (2018) 3 SCC 218]

Service Law — Appointment — Eligibility conditions/criteria: For post of Hindi Language Assistant, carving out specific category in Recruitment Rules postulating additional requirement is permissible. [State of Karnataka v. Shankar Baburao Kangralkar, (2018) 3 SCC 296]

Service Law — Retirement/Superannuation — Voluntary retirement — Housing accommodation — SAIL Scheme for Leasing of Houses to Employees, 2002 — Long term (33 yrs) lease of the houses to serving employees opting for VRS: There was claim of respondent ex-employees of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), a unit of appellant SAIL (who were already in occupation of official quarters on licence basis for 22 months), to their inclusion within said 2002 Scheme. Scheme remained valid for 3 months only. No vested right was conferred on ex-employees under Scheme. State Government had leased entire land to RSP for use of steel plant and ancillary purposes. In view of subsequent plan of RSP of expansion of its production capacity by plant modernisation which would require additional accommodation for various government agencies within township, any long lease of quarters by RSP would not be feasible. In such circumstances, held, appellant cannot be compelled to grant longterm lease of official quarters in RSP township to respondents. However, respondents (writ petitioners before High Court), 53 in number, directed to be allowed to remain in occupation of the quarters for a period of 33 months from date of decision of this appeal. [SAIL v. Choudhary Tilotama Das, (2018) 3 SCC 308]

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