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gghostwriter · 4 months

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Entangled Strings of Fate

Chapter 3. My torch stays burning

Spencer Reid x FOC

Summary: Caltech, Pasadena - Cleo considers herself a woman of logic. With an IQ of 158 and an eidetic memory, how could she not. But meeting Spencer, the boy genius to hers, had her believing in intangible theories like the invisible string and the fates. Now, if only he would notice the depth of her feelings. Set in Caltech, pre-season 1 and will progress from there.

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"Growing apart doesn't change the fact that we grew side by side; our roots will always be tangled. I'm glad for that" - Allie Condie

Cleo considered each invite from Spencer an oath—a vow meant to be delivered through each time. Never mind that she had past cases to study or how she initially promised her sister that she’ll attend the family dinner—skipping that was a plus, honestly, she’d rather spend her time in his precious company. She thought about the multiverse all of a sudden and wondered if in those different shards of her, is she still enjoying his presence or is this they only universe where they crossed paths and stayed together? She hoped not. She’d like to believe they were meant to find each other’s company no matter the circumstance.

Sneaking a peek at him, she knew she had digressed from her present. A present where she found herself with a warm glass of tea on hand and on his rooftop apartment, admiring the night sky. Earlier, he explained he was on an extended leave from the FBI, not that he needed to take a leave really but in his own words, he didn’t feel right about being on the field while his mentor, Gideon, was pulled from the field after Boston, and had called her up to fill his nights with conversations and company.

“Did you know that comets smell like rotten eggs?” He mentioned one night while admiring the night sky. “To be exact, they smell like rotten eggs, urine, burning matches, and almonds. Traces of hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, sulphur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide were all found in the makeup of the comet 67P—better known as Churyumove-Gerasimenko.”

Cleo laughed. “Usually comets and meteors are often romanticized but finding out that they smell like rotten eggs definitely ruins the poetry behind it.”

“Actually the idea behind wishing upon a shooting star started thousands of years ago. During the 2nd century, astronomer Ptolemy believed that stars were gods or, at least, signs from the gods,” he rambled on. “Another version comes from the Mi’kmaw nation living in Nova Scotia. They believe that two stars took two sister to heaven. One of the stars represented an Eagle while the other a Hawk. Soon the sisters found themselves bored and strived to return to their people. Hoping to return to Earth, they requested the first human named Kluskap for their return. Kluskap agreed but with the condition that both sisters won’t ever look back. Later on, when they were both sent back to Earth, the younger sister broke the promise and was turned into a shooting star.”

“That kind of reminds me of the Greek tragedy of Orpheus and Eurydice,” she commented on, going off tangent.

He nodded, having understood the connection her mind was going for. “Most people considered Orpheus’s actions a noble, romantic deed in the name of love but Plato viewed it as cowardice for not dying to meet Eurydice right away.”

“But isn’t it because Plato had a negative stance on art? In a woman’s perspective, the whole notion of the man doing everything to get back the woman he ardently adored is the ultimate act of love,” she defended with a slight scrunch of nose from the cold biting air.

A ring interrupted their comfortable silence.

“I’m so sorry,” she whispered, looking at the caller ID and letting it go to voicemail.

His interest was piqued. “Who is it?”

“Remember that guy who I met in the bookstore—Robbie—and went out with for a maximum of three dates? That’s him,” she took a sip of her tea before continuing on. “The dates were fine, just fine, and I even met some of his friends on accident—”

“But?”

“—but, it felt wrong. Like he was showing me off as this genius that he bagged rather than as a woman he’s interested in.”

She sighed and looked at the city night lights. She knew she was a genius, graduating from Caltech with a degree in Political Science at the age of 16 and entering law school right after can attest to that. But that accomplishment was sometimes a detriment in making genuine social connections.

“I’d love to find someone who can appreciate me for who I am and not with what I can offer. God knows I have enough of that from my parents.”

He squeezed her shoulder reassuringly. “And you deserve that. If there’s anyone who deserves that, it’s you.”

“You also deserve someone like that, Spence.” She softly smiled. “Someone who sees how much of a great guy you really are.”

“Morgan says I can’t get a date since I come off as awkward and tend to spew random facts when nervous,” Spencer said.

Knowing Derek, she knew he stated that in a jest but she couldn’t help but hear the slight hurt in Spencer’s voice. “Well, I for one think you’re amazing. The right girl would think the same way too, Spence. She’ll find your ramblings interesting and cute, just like I do.”

She glanced down at her watch. Time always seemed to move too fast when their orbits circled around each other. “I should go.”

“Garcia, Morgan, and I are meeting up for coffee and pastries at the usual corner coffee shop tomorrow. Would you like to come?” He asked as he was guiding her to a cab. “Garcia’s been hounding me to bring you around and I quote ‘I miss my ma chou.’”

“Count me in,” she laughs as she gets into the cab. “See you tomorrow, Dr. Spencer Reid!”

———

Based on scientific studies, consuming sugar increases serotonin levels—the happiness chemical. The brain then keeps craving this “happy” chemical again and again. Maybe that was why Cleo knew she made the right decision in accepting his invitation for breakfast. There was nothing like a cup of good coffee and a freshly baked pastry on a Saturday morning. Add a mix of Penelope’s bubbly self and Derek’s fun persona, the weekend was already starting on a bright note.

“Oh my goodness, I think you got much more beautiful since the last time I saw you, ma chou,” Penelope greeted as she went in for a hug.

“And you’ve gotten more radiant since then, Pen,” she gushed back.

“How are the two of you this lively early in the morning,” Derek quips. “Hey pretty girl, how’s law school treating you?”

She sat down beside Penelope and subtly looked around for any sign of Spencer. “Good, can’t really complain specially with the bar exam coming up.”

“If you’re looking for pretty boy, he’s over there buying your coffee and pastry,” Derek took notice of her searching eyes. There was no hiding from a profiler, after all. “ So tell me, did he make a move yet?”

Her jaw slightly dropped while Penelope squealed in her set, no doubt also wanting to know. “Derek, you know its not like that,” she rushed out to clarify. “We’re friends, best of friends!”

Derek and Penelope shared a look. A look that she has been very familiar with ever since their first meeting . It was a look of disbelief and teasing. She knew the whole BAU team had a vested interest in the progress of their platonic relationship. It wouldn’t even surprise her if there was a wager going on who would crack first.

“Oh doll, you know it’s more than that right? I mean look at you both together, a match made in heaven, Penelope stated as she took a sip of her drink. “What could be more perfect that an prosecutor and an FBI agent together? The power couple if you ask me.”

“I’m not a prosecutor yet,” she huffed out.

“You didn’t deny it though?” Penelope teased back. “So you agree, you both are a match made in heaven?”

“More like a match made in genius,” Morgan added. “C’mon Murphy, Reid may be as dense as those law books you read but I’m not, you can’t fool my profiler eyes. You’re in love with him, ever since I’ve met you.”

“I swear its really not like that. Now, can we change the subject please before he comes?” She pleadingly asked as Spencer was approaching with her coffee and pastry in hand.

“Here you go,” he handed the goodies to her. “I got you a freshly baked slice of banana bread, a hot cappuccino, and a Palmier for when you get hungry later.”

She smiled, cheeks turning vibrant red, and thanked him. With his care and her reaction, no doubt Derek and Penelope were staring at them in disbelief.

“Unbelievable,” Derek muttered as Spencer took his seat beside him.

“What was that?” He asked, having not heard his mumble.

Derek appraised Spencer with an eyebrow arched up. “Nothing pretty boy, nothing at all.”

#criminal minds #criminal minds fanfic #spencer reid fanfic #spencer reid x fem!oc #criminal minds fic #spencer reid fic #criminal minds fanfiction #Spencer Reid fanfiction #gw fics #esof fanfic

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suns-water · 2 months

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Asteroids, especially carbonaceous chondrites, provide crucial insights into the Earth's water history and the dynamics of planet formation. These meteorites are rich in hydrous minerals, such as clays and hydrated silicates, as well as complex organic molecules. Formed in the outer regions of the Solar System, where water ice and organic compounds remained stable, these asteroids migrated inward and encountered the early Earth, playing an important role in its evolution. The rocky bodies orbiting the Sun, mainly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, contain significant amounts of hydrated minerals, indicating the presence of water. Carbonaceous chondrites are particularly important because their isotopic composition is very close to that of water on Earth. Interstellar dust particles, tiny grains of material found in the space between stars, can contain water ice and organic compounds that can be incorporated into the forming Solar System. During the evolution of the Solar System, these particles contributed to the water inventory of planetesimals and planets.

Comets, which have long fascinated astronomers with their spectacular phenomena, also play a crucial role in supplying the Earth with water. Comets are composed of water ice, dust and various organic compounds and originate from the outer regions of the Solar System, such as the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. These pristine materials, remnants of the early solar nebula, offer a glimpse into the conditions that prevailed during the formation of the Solar System over 4.6 billion years ago. Comets, with their highly elliptical orbits, occasionally come close to the Sun, sublimating volatile ice and releasing gas and dust into space. Isotopic compositions of water in comets, such as comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko studied by the Rosetta mission, are slightly different from Earth's oceans, suggesting that comets are not the only source of terrestrial water, but probably made a significant contribution to early Earth formation. Impacts from comets on during the Late Heavy Bombardment period about 3.9 billion years ago are thought to have deposited significant amounts of water and volatile compounds that supplemented Earth's early oceans and created a favorable environment for the emergence of life. The founder of Greening Deserts and the Solar System Internet project has developed a simple theory about Earth's main source of water, called the "Sun's Water Theory", which has explored that much of space water was generated by our star. According to this theory, most of the planet's water, or cosmic water, came directly from the Sun with the solar winds and was formed by hydrogen and other particles. Through a combination of analytical skills, a deep understanding of complex systems and simplicity, the founder has developed a comprehensive understanding of planetary processes and the Solar System. In the following text you will understand why so much space water was produced by the Sun and sunlight.

Helium and Oxygen From the Sun

While hydrogen is the main component of the solar wind, helium ions and traces of heavier elements are also present. The presence of oxygen ions in the solar wind is significant because it provides another potential source of the constituents necessary for water formation. When oxygen ions from the solar wind interact with hydrogen ions from the solar wind or from local sources, they can form water molecules.

The detection of oxygen from the solar wind together with hydrogen on the Moon supports the hypothesis that the Sun contributes to the water content of the lunar surface. The interactions between these implanted ions and the lunar minerals can lead to the formation of water and hydroxyl compounds, which are then detected by remote sensing instruments.

Magnetosphere and Atmospheric Interactions

The Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere are a complex system and are significantly influenced by solar emissions. The magnetosphere deflects most of the solar wind particles, but during geomagnetic storms caused by solar flares and CMEs, the interaction between the solar wind and magnetosphere can become more intense. This interaction can lead to phenomena such as auroras and increase the influx of solar particles into the upper atmosphere. In the upper atmosphere, these particles can collide with atmospheric constituents such as oxygen and nitrogen, leading to the formation of water and other compounds. This process contributes to the overall water cycle and atmospheric chemistry of the planet. Interstellar dust particles also provide valuable insights into the origin and distribution of water in the Solar System. In the early stages of the formation of the Solar System, the protoplanetary disk picked up interstellar dust particles containing water ice, silicates and organic molecules. These particles served as building blocks for planetesimals and larger bodies, influencing their composition and the volatile inventory available to terrestrial planets like Earth.

NASA's Stardust mission, which collected samples from comet Wild 2 and interstellar dust particles, has demonstrated the presence of crystalline silicates and hydrous minerals. The analysis of these samples provides important data on the isotopic composition and chemical diversity of water sources in the Solar System.

Solar Wind and Solar Hydrogen

The theory of solar water states that a significant proportion of the water on Earth originates from the Sun and came in the form of hydrogen particles through the solar wind. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles consisting mainly of hydrogen ions (protons), constantly flows from the Sun and strikes planetary bodies. When these hydrogen ions hit a planetary surface, they can combine with oxygen and form water molecules. This process has been observed on the Moon, where the hydrogen ions implanted by the solar wind react with the oxygen in the lunar rocks to form water. Similar interactions have taken place on the early Earth and contributed to its water supply. Studying the interactions of the solar wind with planetary bodies using missions such as NASA's Parker Solar Probe and ESA's Solar Orbiter provides valuable data on the potential for water formation from the Sun.

Theoretical Models and Simulations

Advanced theoretical models and simulations can play a crucial role to understand the processes that contribute to the formation and distribution of water in the Solar System. Models of planet formation and migration, such as the Grand Tack hypothesis, suggest that the motion of giant planets influenced the distribution of water-rich bodies in the early Solar System. These models help explain how water may have traveled from the outer regions of the Solar System to the inner planets, including Earth. Simulations of the interactions between solar wind and planetary surfaces shed light on the mechanisms by which solar hydrogen could contribute to water formation. By recreating the conditions of the early system, these simulations help scientists estimate the contribution of solar-derived hydrogen to Earth's water supply.

The journey of water from distant cosmic reservoirs to planets has also profoundly influenced the history of our planet and its potential for life. Comets, asteroids and interstellar dust particles each offer unique insights into the dynamics of the early Solar System, providing water and volatile elements that have shaped Earth's geology and atmosphere. Ongoing research, advanced space missions, and theoretical advances are helping to improve our understanding of the cosmic origins of water and its broader implications for planetary science and astrobiology. Future studies and missions will further explore water-rich environments in our Solar System and the search for habitable exoplanets, and shed light on the importance of water in the search for the potential of life beyond Earth.

Theoretical models and simulations provide insights into the processes that have shaped Earth's water reservoirs and the distribution of volatiles. The Grand Tack Hypothesis states that the migration of giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn has influenced the orbital dynamics of smaller bodies, including comets and asteroids. This migration may have directed water-rich objects from the outer Solar System to the inner regions, contributing to the volatile content of the terrestrial planets. Intense comet and asteroid impacts about billions of years ago, likely brought significant amounts of water and organic compounds to Earth, shaping its early atmosphere, oceans, and possibly the prebiotic chemistry necessary for the emergence of life.

To understand the origins of water on Earth, the primary sources that supplied our planet with water must be understood. The main hypotheses focus on comets, asteroids and interstellar dust particles. Each of these sources is already the subject of extensive research, providing valuable insights into the complex processes that brought water to planets. Comets originating in the outer regions of the Solar System, such as the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud, are composed of water ice, dust and organic compounds. As comets approach the sun, they heat up and release water vapor and other gases, forming a visible coma and tail. Comets have long been seen as potential sources of Earth's water due to their high water content.

The Sun's Contribution to the Earth's Water

Further exploration and research are essential to confirm and refine the theory of solar water or sun's water. Future missions to analyze the interactions of the solar wind with planetary bodies and advanced laboratory experiments will provide deeper insights into this process. Integrating the data from these endeavors with theoretical models will improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of water in the Solar System. Recent research in heliophysics and planetary science has begun to shed light on the possible role of the Sun in supplying water to planetary bodies. For example, studies of lunar samples have shown the presence of hydrogen transported by the solar wind. Similar processes have occurred on the early Earth, particularly during periods of increased solar activity when the intensity and abundance of solar wind particles was greater. This hypothesis is consistent with observations of other celestial bodies, such as the Moon and certain asteroids, which show signs of hydrogen transported by the solar wind. Solar wind, which consist of charged particles, mainly hydrogen ions, constantly emanate from the Sun and move through the Solar System. When these particles encounter a planetary body, they can interact with its atmosphere and surface. On the early Earth, these interactions may have favored the formation of very much water molecules. Hydrogen ions from the solar wind have reacted with oxygen-containing minerals and compounds upon reaching the surface, leading to a gradual accumulation of water. Although slow, this process occurred over billions of years, contributing to the planet's water supply. Theoretical models simulate the early environment of the Solar System, including the flow of solar wind particles and their possible interactions with the planet. By incorporating data from space missions and laboratory experiments, these models can help scientists estimate the contribution of solar-derived hydrogen to Earth's water inventory. Isotopic analysis of hydrogen in ancient rocks and minerals on Earth provides additional clues. If a significant proportion of the planetary hydrogen has isotopic signatures consistent with solar hydrogen, this would support the idea that the Sun played a crucial role in providing water directly by solar winds.

The Sun's Water Theory assumes that a significant proportion of the water on Earth and other objects in space originates from the Sun and was transported in the form of hydrogen particles. This hypothesis states that the solar hydrogen combined with the oxygen present on the early Earth to form water. By studying the isotopic composition of planetary hydrogen and comparing it with solar hydrogen, scientists can investigate the validity of this theory. Understanding the mechanisms by which the Sun have contributed directly to Earth's water supply requires a deep dive into the processes within the Solar System and the interactions between solar particles and planetary bodies. This theory also has implications for our understanding of water distribution in the Solar System and beyond. If solar-derived hydrogen is a common mechanism for water formation, other planets and moons in the habitable zones of their respective stars could also have water formed by similar processes. This expands the possibilities for astrobiological research and suggests that water, and possibly life, may be more widespread in our galaxy than previously thought.

To investigate the theory further, scientists should use a combination of observational techniques, laboratory simulations and theoretical modeling. Space missions to study the Sun and its interactions with the Solar System, such as NASA's Parker Solar Probe and the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter, provide valuable data on the properties of the solar wind and their effects on planetary environments. Laboratory experiments recreate the conditions under which the solar wind interacts with various minerals and compounds found on Earth and other rocky bodies. These experiments aim to understand the chemical reactions that could lead to the formation of water under the influence of the solar wind.

The Sun's Water Theory for Space and Planetary Research

Understanding the origin of water on Earth not only sheds light on the history of our planet, but also provides information for the search for habitable environments elsewhere in the galaxy. The presence of water is a key factor in determining the habitability of a planet or moon. If solar wind-driven water formation is a common process, this could greatly expand the number of celestial bodies that are potential candidates for the colonization of life. The study of the cosmic origins of water also overlaps with research into the formation of organic compounds and the conditions necessary for life. Water in combination with carbon-based molecules creates a favorable environment for the development of prebiotic chemistry. Studying the sources and mechanisms of water helps scientists understand the early conditions that could lead to the emergence of life. Exploring water-rich environments in our Solar System, such as the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, is a priority for future space missions. These missions, equipped with advanced instruments capable of detecting water and organic molecules, aim to unravel the mysteries of these distant worlds. Understanding how the water got to these moons and what state it is in today will provide crucial insights into their potential habitability.

The quest to understand the role of water in our galaxy also extends to the study of exoplanets. Observing exoplanets and their atmospheres with telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) allows scientists to detect signs of water vapor and other volatiles. By comparing the water content and isotopic composition of exoplanets with those of Solar System bodies, researchers can draw conclusions about the processes that determine the distribution of water in different planetary systems.

Most of the water on planet Earth was most likely emitted from the Sun as hydrogen and helium. For many, it may be unimaginable how so much hydrogen got from the Sun to the Earth. In the millions of years there have certainly been much larger solar flares and storms than humans have ever recorded. CMEs and solar winds can transport solid matter and many particles. The solar water theory can certainly be proven by ice samples! Laboratory experiments and computer simulations continue to play an important role in this research. By recreating the conditions of early Solar System environments, scientists can test various hypotheses about the formation and transport of water. These experiments help to refine our understanding of the chemical pathways that lead to the incorporation of water into planetary bodies.

In summary, the study of the origin of water on Earth and other celestial bodies is a multidisciplinary endeavor involving space missions, laboratory research, theoretical modeling, and exoplanet observations. The integration of these approaches provides a comprehensive understanding of the cosmic journey of water and its implications for planetary science and astrobiology. Continued exploration and technological advances will further unravel the mysteries of water in the universe and advance the search for life beyond our planet.

Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections

Solar flares are intense bursts of radiation and energetic particles caused by magnetic activity on the Sun. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are violent bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields that rise above the Sun's corona or are released into space. Both solar flares and CMEs release significant amounts of energetic particles, including hydrogen ions, into the Solar System.The heat, high pressure and extreme radiation can create water molecules of space dust or certain particles.

When these high-energy particles reach our planet or other planetary bodies, they can trigger chemical reactions in the atmosphere and on the surface. The energy provided by these particles can break molecular bonds and trigger the formation of new compounds, including water. On Earth, for example, the interaction of high-energy solar particles with atmospheric gases can produce nitric acid and other compounds, which then precipitate as rain and enter the water cycle. On moons, comets and asteroids the impact of high-speed solar particles can form water isotopes and molecules. Some particles of the solar eruptions can be hydrogen anions, nitrogen and forms of space water. This can be proven by examples or solar particle detectors.

More Theoretical Models and Simulations

It should be clear to everyone that many space particles in space can be - and have been - guided to the poles of planets by magnetic fields. Much space water and hydrogen in or on planets and moons has thus reached the polar regions. Magnetic, polar and planetary research should be able to confirm these connections. Many of the trains of thought, ideas and logical connections to the origin of the water in our Solar System were explored and summarized by the researcher, physicist and theorist who wrote this article. Simulations of solar-induced water formation can also be used to investigate different scenarios, such as the effects of planetary magnetic fields, surface composition and atmospheric density on the efficiency of water production. These models provide valuable predictions for future observations and experiments and help to refine our understanding of space water formation.

The development of sophisticated theoretical models and simulations is essential for predicting and explaining the processes by which solar hydrogen contributes to water formation. Models of the interactions between solar wind and planetary surfaces, incorporating data from laboratory experiments and space missions, help scientists understand the dynamics of these interactions under different conditions.

The advanced theory shows that the Sun is a major source of space water in the Solar System through solar hydrogen emissions and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the origin and distribution of water. This theory encompasses several processes, including solar wind implantation, solar flares, CMEs, photochemistry driven by UV radiation, and the contributions of comets and asteroids. By studying these processes through space missions, laboratory experiments and theoretical modeling, scientists can unravel the complex interactions that have shaped the water content of planets and moons. This understanding not only expands our knowledge of planetary science, but also aids the search for habitable environments and possible life beyond Earth. The Sun's role in water formation is evidence of the interconnectedness of stellar and planetary processes and illustrates the dynamic and evolving nature of our Solar System

The sun's influence on planetary water cycles goes beyond direct hydrogen implantation. Solar radiation drives weathering processes on planetary surfaces and releases oxygen from minerals, which can then react with solar hydrogen to form water. On Earth, the interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere contributes to the water cycle by influencing evaporation, condensation and precipitation processes. The initiator of this theory has spent many years researching and studying the nature of things. In early summer, he made a major discovery and documented the formation and shaping process of an element and substance similar to hydrogen, which he calls solar granules. A scientific name for the substance was also found: "Solinume". The Sun's Water Theory was developed by the founder of Greening Deserts, an independent researcher and scientist from Germany. The innovative concepts and specific ideas are protected by international laws.

The introducing article text is a scientific publication and a very important paper for further studies on astrophysics and space exploration. We free researchers believe that many answers can be found in the polar regions. This is also a call to other sciences to explore the role of cosmic water and to rethink all knowledge about planetary water bodies and space water, especially Arctic research and ancient ice studies. This includes evidence and proof of particle flows with hydrogen or space water to the poles. Gravity and the Earth's magnetic field concentrate space particles in the polar zones. The theory can solve and prove other important open questions and mysteries of science - such as why there is more ice and water in the Antarctic than in the Arctic.

Very Important Article Updates

The pre-publication of some article drafts formed the basis for the final preparation of the study papers and subsequent publication in July. The translations were done with the help of DeepL and some good people. Everyone who really contributed will of course be mentioned in the future.

Updates and corrections can be done here and for further editions. You can find the most important sources and references at the end, they are not directly linked in this research study, this can be done in the second edition.

Sun's Water Theory – Chapter 2

Solar System Science and Space Water

Another approaches and summaries of the most important findings for the ongoing study you can read here and in attached papers for the theory.

Can solar winds be the main source for water formation in space, on comets, asteroids, moons and planets?

Carbonaceous chondrites are especially important because their isotopic composition closely matches that of Earth's water. Interstellar dust particles, tiny grains of material found in the space between stars, can contain water ice and organic compounds, which can be incorporated into the forming Solar System. As the Solar System evolved, these particles contributed to the water inventory of planetesimals.

Comets, long fascinating to astronomers for their spectacular appearances, also played a crucial role in delivering water to Earth. Composed of water ice, dust, and various organic compounds, comets originate from the outer regions of the Solar System, such as the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud. These pristine materials, remnants from the early solar nebula, offer a window into the conditions prevailing during the Solar System's formation over 4.6 billion years ago. The impacts of comets on Earth during the Late Heavy Bombardment period, around 3.9 billion years ago, are believed to have deposited significant amounts of water and volatile compounds, supplementing the early oceans and creating a conducive environment for the emergence of life.

Interstellar and interplanetary dust particles offer valuable insights into the origins and distribution of water across the Solar System. During the early stages of the Solar System's formation, the protoplanetary disk captured interstellar dust particles containing water ice, silicates, and organic molecules. These particles served as building blocks for planetesimals and larger bodies, influencing their compositions and the volatile inventory available for terrestrial planets.

Earth's Water Budget and Origins

Understanding the current distribution and budget of water on Earth helps contextualize its origins. The water is distributed among oceans, glaciers, groundwater, lakes, rivers, and the atmosphere. The majority of the water, about 97%, is in the oceans, with only 3% as freshwater, mainly locked in glaciers and ice caps. The balance of water between these reservoirs is maintained through the hydrological cycle, which includes processes such as evaporation, precipitation, and runoff. This cycle is influenced by various factors, including solar radiation, atmospheric dynamics, and geological processes.

Water formation in the Solar System occurs through several processes:

Comet and Asteroid Impacts: Impact events from water-rich comets and asteroids deliver water to planetary surfaces. The kinetic energy from these impacts can also induce chemical reactions, forming additional water molecules.

Grain Surface Reactions: Water can form on the surfaces of interstellar dust grains through the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. These grains act as catalysts, facilitating the formation of water molecules in cold molecular clouds.

Solar Wind Interactions: Hydrogen ions from the solar wind can interact with oxygen in planetary bodies, forming water molecules. This process is significant for bodies like the Moon and potentially early Earth.

Volcanism and Outgassing: Volcanic activity on planetary bodies releases water vapor and other volatiles from the interior to the surface and atmosphere. This outgassing contributes to the overall water inventory. High pressure and heat can push chemical reactions.

Future Research and Exploration

To further investigate the origins and distribution of water in the Solar System, future missions and research endeavors are essential. Key areas of focus include:

Isotopic Analysis: Advanced techniques for isotopic analysis of hydrogen and oxygen in terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. Isotopic signatures help differentiate between water sources and understand the contributions from different processes.

Laboratory Experiments: Simulating space conditions in laboratory settings to study water formation processes, such as solar wind interactions and grain surface reactions. These experiments provide controlled environments to test theoretical models and refine our understanding of water chemistry in space.

Lunar and Martian Exploration: Missions to the Moon and Mars to study their water reservoirs, including polar ice deposits and subsurface water. These studies provide insights into the processes that have preserved water on these bodies and their potential as resources for future exploration.

Sample Return Missions: Missions that return samples from comets, asteroids, and other celestial bodies to Earth for detailed analysis. These samples provide direct evidence of the isotopic composition and water content, helping to trace the history of water in the Solar System.

Theoretical Models and Simulations: Continued development of theoretical models and simulations to study the dynamics of the early Solar System, planet formation, and water delivery processes. These models integrate observational data and experimental results to provide comprehensive insights.

Heliophysics Missions:

Solar Observatories: Missions like the Parker Solar Probe and ESA's Solar Orbiter are studying the solar wind and its interactions with planetary bodies. These missions provide critical data on the composition of the solar wind and the mechanisms through which it can deliver water to planets.

Space Weather Studies: Understanding the impact of solar activity on Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere helps elucidate how solar wind particles contribute to atmospheric chemistry and the water cycle. There are great websites and people who providing daily news on these topics.

Implications for Astrobiology

The study of water origins and distribution has profound implications for astrobiology, the search for life beyond Earth. Water is a key ingredient for life as we know it, and understanding its availability and distribution in the Solar System guides the search for habitable environments. Potentially habitable exoplanets are identified based on their water content and the presence of liquid water. The study of water on Earth and other celestial bodies informs the criteria for habitability and the likelihood of finding life elsewhere.

The Sun's Water Theory offers a compelling perspective on the origins of planetary water, suggesting that the Sun, through solar wind and hydrogen particles, played a significant role in delivering water to our planet. This theory complements existing hypotheses involving comets, asteroids, and interstellar dust, providing a more comprehensive understanding of water's cosmic journey. Ongoing research, space missions, and technological advancements continue to unravel the complex processes that brought water to Earth and other planetary bodies. Understanding these processes not only enriches our knowledge of planetary science but also enhances our quest to find habitable environments and life in space.

Hydrogen Transport and Water Formation

Hydrogen ions from solar winds and CMEs play a crucial role in the formation of water molecules in Earth’s atmosphere. This process can be summarized in several key steps:

Chemical Reactions: Once in the atmosphere, hydrogen ions engage in chemical reactions with oxygen and other atmospheric constituents. A significant reaction pathway involves the combination of hydrogen ions with molecular oxygen to form hydroxyl radicals:

H++O2→OH+OH++O2→OH+O

Further reactions can lead to the formation of water:

OH+H→H2OOH+H→H2O

Hydrogen Anions in Atmospheres: The hydrogen anion is a negative hydrogen ion, H−. It can be found in the atmosphere of stars like our sun.

Hydrogen Influx: Hydrogen ions carried by solar winds and CMEs enter Earth’s atmosphere primarily through the polar regions where the geomagnetic field lines are more open. This influx is heightened during periods of intense solar activity.

Water Molecule Formation: The newly formed water molecules can either remain in the upper atmosphere or precipitate downwards, contributing to the overall water cycle. In polar regions, this process is particularly significant due to the higher density of incoming hydrogen ions – negative + positive.

Hydrogen is the primary component of the solar wind, helium ions, oxygen and traces of heavier elements are also present. The presence of oxygen ions in the solar wind is significant because it provides another potential source of the necessary ingredients for water formation. When oxygen ions from the solar wind interact with hydrogen ions, either from the solar wind or from local sources, they can form water molecules.

Hydration of Earth's Mantle

Much of the solar hydrogen and many solar storms contributed to the water building on planet Earth but also on other planets like we know now. One of the significant challenges in understanding the water history is quantifying the amount of water stored in the planet's mantle. Studies of mantle-derived rocks, such as basalt and peridotite, have revealed the presence of hydroxyl ions and water molecules within mineral structures. The process of subduction, where oceanic plates sink into the mantle, plays a critical role in cycling water between Earth's surface and its interior.

Water carried into the mantle by subducting slabs is released into the overlying mantle wedge, causing partial melting and the generation of magmas. These magmas can transport water back to the surface through volcanic eruptions, contributing to the surface and atmospheric water budget. The deep Earth water cycle is a dynamic system that has influenced the evolution of the geology and habitability over billions of years.

Impact on Earth's Polar Regions

During geomagnetic storms and periods of high solar activity, the polar regions experience increased auroral activity, visible as the Northern and Southern Lights (aurora borealis and aurora australis). These auroras are the result of charged particles colliding with atmospheric gases, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, which emit light when excited.

The Earth's polar regions are particularly sensitive to the influx of solar particles due to the configuration of the magnetic field. The geomagnetic poles are areas where the magnetic field lines converge and dip vertically into the Earth, providing a pathway for charged particles from the solar wind, CMEs, and SEPs to enter the atmosphere.

The increased particle flux in these regions can lead to enhanced chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere, including the formation of water and hydroxyl radicals. These processes contributed to the overall water budget of the polar atmosphere and influence local climatic and weather patterns.

Implications for Planetary Water Distribution

For planets and moons with magnetic fields and atmospheres, the interaction with solar particles could influence their water inventories and habitability. Studying these processes in our Solar System provides a foundation for exploring water distribution and potential habitability in exoplanetary systems.

Understanding the role of CMEs, solar winds, and solar eruptions in water formation has broader implications for planetary science and the study of exoplanets. If these processes are effective in delivering and generating water on Earth, they may also play a significant role in other planetary systems with similar stellar activity.

Interplanetary Dust and Its Contribution to Water

Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), also known as cosmic dust, are small particles in space that result from collisions between asteroids, comets, and other celestial bodies. These particles can contain water ice and organic compounds, and they continually bombard Earth and other planets. The accumulation of IDPs over geological timescales could have contributed to Earth's water inventory.

As IDPs enter Earth's atmosphere, they undergo thermal ablation, a process in which the particles are heated to high temperatures, causing them to release their volatile contents, including water vapor. This water vapor can then contribute to the atmospheric and hydrological cycles on Earth. This process, albeit slow, represents another potential source of water.

Magnetospheric and Atmospheric Interactions

Geomagnetic storms, triggered by interactions between CMEs and Earth’s magnetosphere, result in enhanced auroral activity and increased particle precipitation in polar regions. These storms are critical in modulating the upper atmosphere's chemistry and dynamics.

Auroral Precipitation: During geomagnetic storms, energetic particles are funneled into the polar atmosphere along magnetic field lines. The resulting auroras are not just visually spectacular but also chemically significant, leading to increased production of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrogen oxides (HOx).

Ionization and Chemical Reactions: The increased ionization caused by energetic particles alters the chemical composition of the upper atmosphere. Hydrogen ions, in particular, interact with molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) to produce water and hydroxyl radicals. This process is especially active in the polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere.

The Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere serve as a complex system that mediates the impact of solar emissions. The magnetosphere deflects most of the solar wind particles, but during geomagnetic storms caused by solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), the interaction between the solar wind and the magnetosphere can become more intense. This interaction can lead to phenomena such as auroras and can enhance the influx of solar particles into the upper atmosphere. In the atmosphere, these particles can collide with atmospheric constituents, including oxygen and nitrogen, leading to the formation of water and other compounds. This process contributes to the overall water cycle and atmospheric chemistry of the planet.

Moon and Solar Wind Interactions

On the Moon, the detection of solar wind-implanted oxygen, along with hydrogen, further supports the hypothesis that the Sun contributed and still contributes to the Moon’s surface water content. The interactions between these implanted ions and lunar minerals can lead to the production of water and hydroxyl compounds, which are then detected by remote sensing instruments. Similar interactions could have occurred on early Earth, contributing to its water inventory. The study of solar wind interactions with planetary bodies using space missions, orbiter, probes and satellites can provide more valuable data on the potential for solar-derived water formation.

Solar Wind and Solar Hydrogen

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are massive bursts of solar wind and magnetic fields rising above the solar corona or being released into space. They are often associated with solar flares and can release billions of tons of plasma, including protons, electrons, and heavy ions, into space. When CMEs are directed towards Earth, they interact with the planet's magnetosphere, compressing it on the dayside and extending it on the nightside, creating geomagnetic storms.

These geomagnetic storms enhance the influx of solar particles into Earth's atmosphere, particularly near the polar regions where Earth's magnetic field lines converge and provide a direct path for these particles to enter the space atmosphere. The hydrogen ions carried by CMEs can interact with atmospheric oxygen, potentially contributing to the formation of water and hydroxyl radicals (OH).

Summary: Water is essential for life as we know it, and its presence is a key indicator in the search for habitable environments beyond Earth. If the processes described by the Sun's Water Theory and other mechanisms are common throughout the galaxy, then the likelihood of finding water-rich exoplanets and moons increases significantly.

The quest to understand the origins and distribution of water in the cosmos is a journey that spans multiple scientific disciplines and explores the fundamental questions of life and habitability. The Sun's Water Theory, along with other hypotheses, offers a promising framework for investigating how water might have formed and been distributed across the Solar System and beyond. Through these efforts, we move closer to answering the profound questions of our origins and the potential for life beyond Earth, expanding our knowledge and inspiring wonder about the vast and mysterious cosmos.

The Sun, as the primary source of energy and particles in our Solar System, has a profound impact on planetary environments through its emissions. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), solar winds, and solar eruptions are significant contributors to the delivery of hydrogen to Earth's atmosphere, particularly influencing the polar regions where the magnetic field lines converge.

Solar wind is a continuous flow of charged particles from the Sun, consisting mainly of electrons, protons, and alpha particles. The solar wind varies in intensity with the solar cycle, which lasts about 11 years. During periods of high solar activity, the solar wind is more intense, and its interactions with Earth's magnetosphere are more significant.

At the polar regions, the solar wind can penetrate deeper into the atmosphere due to the orientation of Earth's magnetic field. This influx of hydrogen from the solar wind can combine with atmospheric oxygen, contributing to the water cycle in these regions. The continuous flow by solar wind particles plays a role in the production of hydroxyl groups and parts of water molecules, especially in upper parts of the atmosphere.

Space Dust, Fluids, Particles and Rocks

Space dust, including micrometeoroids and interstellar particles, is another important source of material for atmospheric chemistry. These particles, often rich in volatile compounds, ablate upon entering Earth’s atmosphere, releasing their constituent elements, including hydrogen.

Ablation and Chemical Release: As space dust particles travel through the atmosphere, frictional heating causes them to ablate, releasing hydrogen and other elements. This process is particularly active in upper parts of the atmosphere and contributes to the local chemical environment.

Catalytic Surfaces: Space dust particles can also act as catalytic surfaces, facilitating chemical reactions between atmospheric constituents. These reactions can enhance the formation of water and other compounds, particularly in regions with high dust influx, such as during meteor showers.

Fluid Dynamics in Space: In astrophysics, the behavior of fluids is critical in the study of stellar and planetary formation. The movement of interstellar gas and dust, driven by gravitational forces and magnetic fields, leads to the birth of stars and planets. Simulations of these processes rely on fluid dynamics to predict the formation and evolution of celestial bodies.

Flux in Physical Systems: The concept of flux, the rate of flow of a property per unit area, is fundamental in both physical and biological systems. In physics, magnetic flux and heat flux describe how magnetic fields and thermal energy move through space. In biology, nutrient flux in ecosystems determines the distribution and availability of essential elements for life.

Plus and Minus Charged Hydrogen Particles: More about magnetic fields, particles flows, solar hydrogen and other space particles are attached in additional papers. +-_-+

Potential Sources of Planetary Water

The discovery of water in the form of ice on asteroids and other celestial bodies indicates that water was present in the early Solar System and has been transported across different regions. This evidence supports the idea that multiple processes, including solar hydrogen interactions, delivery by asteroids and comets, and interstellar dust particles, have collectively contributed to the water inventory of Earth and other planetary bodies.

The theory that much of the planetary water could have originated from solar hydrogen is an intriguing proposition that aligns with several key observations. The isotopic similarities between Earth's water and the water found in carbonaceous chondrites and comets suggest a common origin – they were charged by the sun. Additionally, the presence of water in the lunar regolith, generated by solar wind interactions, supports the notion that solar particles can contribute to water formation on planetary surfaces.

Scientific Observations and Evidence

Scientific observations have provided evidence supporting the role of solar particles in contributing to water formation on Earth and other planetary bodies. For instance, measurements from lunar missions have detected hydroxyl groups and water molecules on the lunar surface, particularly in regions exposed to the solar wind. This suggests that similar processes could be occurring on our planet.

Studies of isotopic compositions of hydrogen in Earth's atmosphere also indicate contributions from solar wind particles. The distinct isotopic signatures of solar hydrogen can be traced and compared with terrestrial sources, providing insights into the relative contributions of solar wind and other sources to Earth's waters.

Understanding the origins of Earth's water and the dynamics of planetary formation has long been a focus of scientific inquiry. A critical part of this investigation involves the study of asteroids, particularly carbonaceous chondrites, which provide essential insights into Earth's water history. These meteorites, rich in water-bearing minerals such as clays and hydrated silicates, and complex organic molecules, formed in the outer regions of the Solar System where water ice and organic compounds remained stable. As these asteroids migrated inward and impacted early Earth, they played a significant role in its development.

The text here is an extract of the ongoing study and very important papers were published in the first preprint version some time ago. There you can find also further information, links, references and sources.

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