#Clinical forensic pathology

[sagan-starstuff]

XF Meta: Scully's Medical Training Timeline

At the request of @randomfoggytiger, I wanted to do my damnedest to make Scully's education and training timeline make even a little sense. I'm a physician (specifically a specialist in adult infectious diseases), and it's fairly clear to me that CC and Co probably didn't actually talk to any doctors about how medical training works. Love my girl - I'm a Scully Effect kid, I don't think I'd be a doctor at all if it weren't for the inspiration of Dana Scully. But her timeline is...iffy at best.

Disclaimer: My medical school and post-med school training occurred from 2009-2018, Scully's occurred in the 1980's-90's. From what I can tell, the durations of many residencies and fellowships don't seem to have changed much, but I can't say that for certainty for all programs at all institutions. I am also from the US, so I cannot speak to medical training in other countries.

Our girl was born in 1964, and so unless she skipped a grade (which some schools would do if students were classified as "gifted" or otherwise exceptional, she would have graduated from high school at age 18 in 1982 and went straight to college. Let's assume she didn't skip a grade, for the sake of argument.

You have to have a Bachelor's degree to apply to medical school. These degrees typically take 4 years, though if someone arrives at college with credits from dual-enrollment high school classes or AP exam credits OR if they take summer classes some people can complete them in 3 years. I don't know what the availability of dual enrollment or AP classes was like in the early 80's (and like CC, I'm too lazy to do the research to find out), so we can assume that Scully graduated from college in 1986.

Medical school is 4 years long - no shortening this at that point in time, and even now in almost all cases. So that puts medical school graduation in 1990 IF she's following a traditional timeline and went straight from college to medical school.

Now, if someone is going to go into practice they have to do a residency in at least one of a variety of specialties (Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Surgery, etc.) in order to be board certified and practice independently. There are very, very few job options in clinical medicine if you DON'T do a residency, so if you want to practice, you have to do it. Residencies can be anywhere from 3-5 years, depending on the specialty. You can also further subspecialize after a residency by doing one or more fellowships (typically 1-3 years depending on the fellowship) before sitting for your board certification exams and starting independent practice. For example - after medical school I did a 3-year residency in adult internal medicine, then a 2 year fellowship in adult infectious diseases to be eligible to sit for the boards and enter my specialty, so 5 years further training after medical school before I could get a job, get board certified, and practice.

Scully is a forensic pathologist. She would have had to do a 3 or 4 year pathology residency (both were options at the time) followed by a 1 year forensic pathology fellowship. You CANNOT perform autopsies right out of medical school, if you are going to be a forensic pathologist you HAVE to do this training. So, following a traditional timeline this puts her as having completed forensic pathology training in 1994 or 1995. Pilot starts March 7th, 1992, so this is loooooong after she's canonically already an FBI agent and teaching at the academy.

But our girl's a smart cookie, so let's take a little leeway with her timeline. Let's say she skipped a grade some time in K-12. This puts high school graduation in 1981. Let's say she ALSO graduates with a bunch of AP credit and does summer semesters and finishes her undergraduate degree in Physics in 3 years. This puts her as starting medical school in 1984, with graduation in 1988. She'd still need to do that pathology residency and forensic pathology fellowship - let's assume a 3 year residency, then 1 year fellowship, so she'd finish training in 1992.

Still doesn't fit.

Let's go totally off the rails here - we know Scully was recruited out of medical school to the FBI, so she didn't do a traditional residency at all - UNLESS the FBI has an internal forensic pathology residency. It would HAVE to be accelerated in some way - some programs combine residency and fellowship by giving less elective time and more focus to the fellowship content. It's not common but they exist. Let's say in theory the FBI has an accelerated forensic pathology residency that takes 3 years, in addition to the 20 weeks of the FBI academy training. This has her finishing residency AND FBI academy training some time in 1991.

This is the ONLY way she could have finished forensic pathology training AND the FBI academy with enough time to be a fully certified forensic pathologist and FBI agent with some time left to teach at the FBI academy before being assigned to the X-Files on March 7th, 1992.

I can suspend my disbelief enough to be on board with this. You'd have to be pretty damned special, which we know she is, to get recruited out of medical school by the FBI. Maybe they even developed the accelerated combined residency/fellowship just for her! She's Dana Katherine Motherf***ing Scully, people!

Now, IWTB is where things get REALLY unbelievable. (Disclaimer: I have not watched IWTB since seeing it in theaters in 2008. I'll get around to rewatching it someday soon. Probably with a bottle of wine. Not a glass. A bottle.)

Mulder and Scully go on the run in 2002. We don't know how long they were in the wind, but by 2008, she's been allowed to resume a career and is practicing at Our Lady of Sorrows. Clearly in pediatrics - but general pediatricians sure as hell don't do stem cell transplants, so she'd almost certainly have to be a pediatric oncologist. We aren't told what her specialty is specifically, but that's what she'd have to be to do a stem cell transplant.

(That scene in the OR isn't even what stem cell transplants LOOK LIKE but that's a rant for another day, back to my point.)

MEDICAL BOARDS DON'T JUST LET YOU CHANGE YOUR SPECIALTY FOR FUNSIES.

(Deep breaths. Serenity now. Ok, let's do this.)

Scully would have had to do an ENTIRELY NEW residency AND fellowship in order to practice as a pediatric oncologist. Pediatrics residency is 3 years long. Pediatric Hematology/Oncology fellowship is 3 years long. In order for this to be even remotely possible, she would have had to START residency in 2002 to finish fellowship by 2008 and start her job at Our Lady of Sorrows.

And she's a former FBI agent harboring a known felon, on the run from government officials and alien hybrids who want her and Mulder dead.

There is absolutely no way even the smallest, most hard-up pediatric residency program is going to accept her with that hanging over her head. I'm not going to get into all the details of how rigorous and stressful the post-medical school residency application and match process is, but even if she didn't apply until she KNEW it was safe to come out from underground, she'd still have to explain a multi-year gap in her resume/CV to the program directors. Multi-year gaps in career and training without a reasonable explanation like a medical issue, time off to care for an ailing family member, time off for research, time away in a different, legitimate career are NOT looked on kindly when applying for residency positions. She would have a HELL of a time getting into a totally different residency.

It could happen - if anyone could do it, she could. But there's absolutely no way there's enough time for her to complete that training by 2008.

"But sagan-starstuff, it's CC, it's X-Files, we know there was no show bible and no one but the fans gave a shit about continuity or things making sense, there's no logic just vibes"

I KNOW, OK. I KNOW. And I love this insane, beautiful masterpiece anyway. I love exploring the possibilities of how and when it all could have happened with my fellow insane Philes who work so hard to glean meaning and order from this perfect mess of a show.

But couldn't CC have talked to one (1) doctor about what medical training is like at some point between 1993 and 2018? Just one?

Anyway. Yeah. That's my meta. Scully's training timeline makes no goddamned sense. Compels me, though.

@randomfoggytiger, this is for you. Honorable mention to @precedex-files who I ranted about this with in messages a while back.

[medphieldphannies]

hey yall!! i'm mando @amusedphan (he/him); i currently volunteer in a repro lab (where i met @tarotphil!) where i will do an indep. research project next year, aka my last year of an extended immunology & infection BS(c). i'm probably going to stay in graduate school (medsci) for at least another decade, but eventually i want to go into forensic pathology. i'm most familiar with the med school process in canada

sex differentiation is probably a special interest now, with endocrinology as a focal point (sex and neuro hormones especially). that being said, things like psych/neuro and inflammation also interest me immensely, and the potential clinical relevance/application of research too. if you ever want pointers with writing (academic or otherwise tbh), just give me a shout!

i got into dnp probably via tumblr ~a decade ago, stopped watching around high school (minus BIG), and only started becoming interested again when @cactuslester especially became more active (who i must've followed back in 2014-15; thanks jess <3). i'm just glad i now have somewhere to scream when dan/phil/pj don't know which side of the chest the heart is located, dan puts essential oils into a cocktail they both drink, and i come up with a whole scifi-medical explanation on how dil's mpreg alien pregnancy worked :)

[saintsenara]

there is so much new stuff on your blog that i need to catch up with omg and i swear i will get to it BUT. BUT FIRST. i have a question (which, funnily, is really relevant to my actual offline life rn): if tom riddle was a doctor, what specialty would he practice? [he gives me major neurosurgery vibes] and, more laterally, what do you think makes a good surgeon? as in, what kind of personality types fare the best in a surgical program?

now this is the sort of content i like to see!

while i can certainly see good old dr riddle [bmbch oxon] very much enjoying having a rummage around in a patient's cranium, he strikes me as someone who would prefer specialties on the medical, rather than surgical, spectrum - and, especially, would like specialties which require a lot of sifting through evidence and solving mysteries. he's clearly a puzzle girly [why else would he spend his teenage years coming up with anagrams of his own name?] and so i think he'd very much like the parts of his job which allowed him to spend half his time running a lot of invasive tests on people and the other half skulking in a lab getting an enormous amount of money to run research projects...

so he's applying for:

haematology

aka: staring at blood - which is right up his alley. his particular interest is coagulation disorders in pregnant women - and their contribution to these women dying in childbirth.

histopathology

aka: staring at slices of tissue. he's determined to find out whether or not the soul resides in the liver.

neuropathology

i think we can all picture him presiding over a collection of brains preserved in formalin. one of them is dumbledore's.

forensic pathology

cutting up corpses by order of the state? he's in! his team of graduate students have conned several million out of the wellcome trust and are spending it trying to reanimate their specimens.

forensic psychiatry

because while if you want to be a good psychiatrist you need an iron will and well-developed sense of empathy, if you want to be a bad one you need to be able to gaslight, gatekeep, and girlboss. and our tom's got that nailed...

now.

the above flippancy is about to make me look quite bad, because i am also a puzzle girly, and i like medicine precisely for the sort of mystery solving and research paper publishing it enables. but i'm not a mass-murderer, which i feel it's important to clarify...

i'm not a surgeon either - i didn't struggle with the gory bits of the work, i just didn't find any of the surgical specialties i shadowed during my training particularly compelling in re: that element of mystery.

while the reputation they sometimes have - especially on tv - for being scalpel-wielding jocks isn't accurate, it's certainly true that the defining trait you need as a surgeon is total, unshakeable conviction. in all medical specialities outside of emergency medicine you have the option to adopt a wait-and-see approach a lot of the time - but you do not have this option if you've got someone open on the table in front of you. you need to be enormously decisive, capable of tunnel-vision, incredibly good under pressure, and also a little bit arrogant - the only way you can get through the terror of knowing that you're responsible for slicing and dicing someone [particularly in specialties like neonatal surgery or neurosurgery] is to believe unquestioningly that you're going to smash it.

these are probably all traits you already possess - they're certainly something it benefits all doctors to have, in moderation - and they can also be learned and honed through practise, but they're going to be most crucial in surgery because - the vast majority of the time - your issue won't be working out what's wrong with a patient, it'll be pulling off the operation without a hitch.

surgeons still get to do academic work, clinical research and so on, but if you think you want to be a surgeon, you really have to like that slicing and dicing, in-and-out aspect of the work. if you can't see yourself performing thousands upon thousands of the same operation, it's not for you.

[centaurianthropology]

Hi hii! I’m just wondering, what were the struggles/how to get into forensic pathology because this is my 3rd year in med school and ide like to become a forensic later on so do you perhaps have any tips or things I should take note on?

Okay, that's a tricky question, since it's so region specific. So, caveat before I begin: this only really applies to US residencies/FP track. Anywhere else is going to have different systems, and you'd need to ask someone who went through that specific system.

So, first, congrats! You have gotten through the hardest part: you are IN MEDICAL SCHOOL, which is absolutely the choke point for all of this. I know it might not feel like it sometimes, but from here out you are way more in control than you were getting into med school.

As a third year, my main recommendation is to do general pathology rotations (surgical pathology is good, get some clinical pathology experience) and make sure you do a forensic or autopsy rotation, because you'll know really fast if it's really the route you want to go down. It can be a nasty, smelly, intense job. For some people, that's perfect, for others not so much, and you'll only know if you do a rotation. So once you start to get electives, focus in on those things.

This leads us to residency. If you do plenty of pathology rotations, you already have a massive jump on other people who apply and barely have any pathology experience. Having been pretty active in recruitment at my residency, I can tell you that an active interest and good base knowledge of what pathology is goes a long way. Another huge jump you can have on everyone else in trying for residency is to be friendly with everyone (especially techs or others you might talk to, because during your interview you are ALWAYS interviewing). Be interesting and be interested in their program. Know some good knowledge about what they're good at going in. And if you're convinced that FP is the way you want to go, focus on the residencies that have a good FP program attached to them, as it's much easier to get a fellowship if you come from their native program.

I went to a middling medical school and was only a slightly above average student. I certainly wasn't a superstar. My scores were fine. My grades were fine. But scores alone weren't going to help me. What helped was writing a killer personal statement, having REALLY good recommendations from pathologists and forensic pathologists, and being able to put on an outgoing and fun personality. Having an actual personality that is engaging and memorable is somewhat uncommon in pathology, so use what you have.

One of the keys I found in interviewing for a pathology residency was knowing that 90% of US medical school grads get their number 1 choice for residency in pathology (your mileage varies if you're shooting for the big name programs). It's a fairly small pool each year who are going into pathology, so YOUR ranking of residency programs generally matters a lot more than the residency's ranking of you. You are interviewing them just as much as they're interviewing you, so focus on the program that feels best for you. You are going to be in residency for four tough years, so you really want to be in a program that will support you well.

Once you're in residency, as I mentioned, it's a lot easier to get into a fellowship program that's already attached to your residency. I did this, so I can't really speak to the process if you're coming from an outside residency. Fellowship interviewing is somewhat like residency in that almost everyone trying to get an FP fellowship will match somewhere because very few people go into it, and there's an extremely high demand for forensic pathologists (which means you're basically guaranteed a job no matter where you want to go after fellowship! Just pick a location, and chances are good they're hiring), and more fellowship spots than applicants each year. That being said, getting into the top programs (I think the current top 3 are New York, Miami, and New Mexico) can be extremely competitive. Research the program. Make sure the fellows get their numbers, that they don't have to share, and that they get to see a wide variety of deaths.

I think confidence and kindness go a huge distance in getting you into both residency and fellowship. And knowing about pathology in general, having a good number of rotations in it, and being ready and willing to learn is going to get you the rest of the way. And even if you decide FP isn't for you, pathology is a very broad field, and you might suddenly realize you love blood banking or surgical pathology or hemepath or cytopathology or lab management. And your path residency can get you into any of those.

Good luck!

[drlectertho]

Hello dearest Hannibal community,

Thanks to all the peeps who are still following me after like 10ish years of more or less complete inactivity on here.

I did have a lil‘ peak now and then, looked at old posts of mine and reblogged some that didn’t feel all too cringe. Also scrolled through my feed and hannibal tags and found that actually not all too much has changed in this fandom - same humour, same love for the show, same insanity, same kind of lovely people… heck, some of you veterans from back in the day are STILL active! I very much applaud your committment! 👏🏻

I‘m actually writing this post because I thought I‘d give an update on what‘s been going on in my life in hopes that some of you also comment a wee update about themselves or make a post and tag me (and others from the community) 🫶🏻

I‘ll try and make this not too long (Spoiler: it got longer than expected):

Basically, Hannibal (@nbchannibal) fundamentally influenced the trajectory of my life.

I went to med school because of that show and got my medical degree few years ago. Never in my life thought about becoming a medical doctor until I watched Hannibal, more specifally after watching Season 3.

I‘ve always been fascinated by sciences, human anatomy, forensics, horror, the dark and obscure. But also loved arts and creative work, and for the longest time I’d wanted to make that my profession. I was planning on studying Digital Animation right up until I finished my last year of high school. At this point, I didn‘t really have a portfolio for uni application and was doubting my creative skills/potential.

When Season 3 of Hannibal aired, I‘d watched it 2 times in a row and then rewatched Hannibal all together (since have rewatched the whole series again about 3 times). I realized that I didn’t solely love the show because of the (b)romances, its story and its goriness, but because of the psychological and medical aspects of it. Really, really loved the „sassy forensics team“ and their work (even though it was very fantastical at times and surely not the most realistic portayal of forensic medicine). Suddenly, I had the epiphany of becoming a forensic pathologist. Silly me didn‘t know that meant that I’d have to do 6 years of medical school, get a medical degree and then do another 6 years of residency in forensic medicine. But applied for medical school anyways, passed the „big“ entrance test and sure enough, I fell in love with medicine.

My dream of forensic medicine was pretty much crushed right away, since I was told that there were only few residency options in the city where lived (and wanted to continue to live) and hardly ever any open positions in this niche specialty. Also job market was rather saturated - and still is.

Did a pathology internship during uni and found it very intrigueing but couldn‘t really cope with the smells, even though seeing, touching and cutting (recently) deceased bodies was no trouble at all. I then thought, maybe forensics would‘nt have worked for me anyways and abandoned the idea completely.

Last year of medical school I did an internship in psychiatry, enjoyed it, apparently did well enough and was encourage by my attending to pursue a career in that feeld. Before that internship I had again recently rewatched Hannibal, and rather unknowingly paid closer attention to the psychiatrists and psychologists portrayed in that show. Hereby became more and more fascinated by the subject of mental health and mental disorders. I was aware, however, that most psychiatrists in Hannibal almost exclusively performed some form of psychotherapy and hardly any clinical/medical psychiatry was shown.

Ultimately, I got a job at the very same psychiatric clinic I did the internship at and am still doing my residency there. I like my specialty very much, love and care for my patients deeply, and my work definitely gives me some sense of purpose. Do I feel completely fulfilled? No. But who really is, am I right?

As of late, I‘ve been entertaining the idea of forensic medicine again and changing my current specialty. I guess, I have not been able to let it go completely after all…

Anyways, did Hannibal affect your life also in some or great way as it did mine? If so, I‘d be curious to hear your stories! :)

Thanks and best wishes to those who read the whole thing or even just a small part of it. ❤️

- M.

[suresh-lal]

— BASICS

Name: Suresh Lal Age / D.O.B.: 38 / October 3rd, 1985 Gender, Pronouns & Sexuality: Cismale. He/Him. Demisexual / Homoromantic Hometown: Born: Puducherry, India. Grew up: Newcastle on Tyne, England and Marseille, France. Now: Lower East Side, Manhattan, NY Affiliation: Syndicate Job position: Captain / Owner of Shady Plots Funeral Home and Crematorium Education: Most of medical school Relationship status: Single Children: none Positive traits: Pragmatic, Calculated, Practical, Fastidious, Persuasive Negative traits: Cold, Morbid, Controlled, Selfish, Resentful

— BIOGRAPHY

tw: body horror, organ harvesting

Born in Puducherry, India. Parents relocated to England when Suresh was 5. His mother was French his Father was Indian. So Suresh has British, French and Indian passports. Left England at 15 to live with his Mother's family in Marseille.

Suresh was fascinated by forensic pathology and consumed large amounts of information on it growing up.

Went into medical school in France at 18. He was considered slightly off-putting with his clinically cold demeanor but showed great aptitude for trauma surgery.

When Suresh was approached by a few criminally minded individuals looking for help with a business idea he agreed not because he needed the money, and not for some type of sadistic need, but for the sheer personal challenge it offered to hone his surgical skills.

But it came crashing down three years later and Suresh was jailed at 27 after it was found that Suresh had helped a "friend" to remove and sell their kidney to pay of illegal gambling debts. Only one of the many surgeries they had performed over that three year term selling body parts and making a tidy profit. He was not allowed to complete his specialization as a surgeon and was stripped of his medical license.

In prison Suresh worked as an ad-hoc medic inside. His release was secured after only a year in prison, paid for by the business partners that he hadn't flipped on and that hadn't gotten caught.

After his release ten years ago he relocated to New York with a carefully cleaned background and first worked as a medic and cleaner for the Syndicate. Opening a Funeral home, he showed natural business acumen specializing in black-market sales.

Suresh became a Captain for the Syndicate five years ago. A feat on it's own considering his younger age.

Suresh is clean, efficient and professional. And is uninterested in letting personal feelings affect the Syndicate negatively.

He hasn't spoken to his family since his arrest in France.

Has a soft spot for horror films good and bad no matter how D list they are.

— WANTED CONNECTIONS / PLOTS

Employees of Shady Plots - Syndicate affiliated is a must for any illegal work

Close friends - Suresh is hard to get to know but there are a few that have made it past the surgical steel wrapped around his heart. (most likely Syndicate or Syndicate adjacent)

Professional acquaintances - (medical backgrounds, mortuary backgrounds, utilized the Funeral Home for legitimate business)

Resurrection men- (people that supply bodies or buy the bodies)

Romantic connections - Did you flirt at a horror convention? Did you hit on Suresh at your Great-Aunts funeral? Are you one of the few people that actually got a date? Or one of the even more rare people that actually got to go home with Suresh?

His bunkmate in prison that he grew close to.

— PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

Height: 6’

Body type: thin

Hair: Black 

Eyes:  Brown

Piercings/Tattoos: none

Languages: English, French, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam

[phantom-of-the-keurig]

judging by your posts you won't be a farm vet but, are you gonna be a regular pet vet or an usual pet vet? (context for the second one, my older sister works with unusual pets like reptiles, fish, birds, that sorta stuff)

Omg you have no idea how excited I am about getting a school / vet med related question 😅

You’re totally right, I’m not meant for the large animal (farm) life. I’d like to be a small animal and exotics vet, meaning I’d see your typical cats + dogs, but also snakes, birds, lizards, etc. I’m also very interested in wildlife or zoo medicine, but that’s a much harder field to get into, so I’ll probably have to stick to the smaller fellas for now 🐶

There’s also a chance I might not work in a clinical setting at all, as I’m super interested in pathology and wouldn’t mind working in lab looking at slides or doing autopsies all day. I’ve even started taking some forensic veterinary education courses on the side to help supplement my learning!

[ghostisventing]

I’m gonna be blunt. I don’t think “anti psychology” people actually understand psychology.

Half the criticisms I see could easily be debunked by taking a psych 101 course.

No, nothing in psychology is absolute. Nothing in any kind of science can be proven to be 100% accurate. No, they don’t use the biomedical model. The biopsychosocial model is what’s used. Yes, cultural and gender differences need to be taken into account. There are literally subgroups of psychology dedicated to studying gender, sexuality and other ethnicities in psychology. Yes, sometimes people are over pathologized. That’s why mental illness is defined as something that has to cause impairments in multiple areas of your life.

People like to act like these topics aren’t talked about in psychology. They are. You don’t just learn about Freud and call it a day. The field of psychology is the study of the mind and behavior of people. It’s complicated. Human beings are complicated and so many things can affect your mental health. All of that has to be taken into consideration.

There are multiple branches of psychology. People often think of clinical psychology when they talk about psychology.

There’s evolutionary psychology, forensic psychology, occupational psychology, social psychology, positive psychology, educational psychology, research psychology, sports psychology, cross cultural psychology, neuropsychology, etc.

[literaturepublishersjournal]

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Related Journals: Journal of Cheminformatics, Journal of Molecular Modeling, Journal of Molecular Structure, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, Drug Discovery Today.

Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine

Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine: Journal of Medical Toxicology and Clinical Forensic Medicine is a Scholarly Open Access scientific journal which deals with both toxicology and Forensic medicine. Medical Toxicology is nothing but a medical subspecialty concentrating on the analysis, supervision and prevention of harming and additional adversative health issues due to medicines, work-related and ecological contaminants, and organic causes. 

Clinical Forensic Medicine (CFM) is a health field which deals with the collaboration of clinical medicine and the law. It is also involved in the examination of healthcare doctors who are believed to be impaired or may be a possible risk to the public for other reasons. Journal Highlights includes: Forensic Analysis, Forensic Pathology, Toxicology, Forensic Technologies, Forensic Science, Clinical Forensic Analysis, DNA FingerPrinting, Crime investigation, Toxicity Analysis, Jurisdiction

Related Journals: Forensic Nursing, Autopsy, Nanotoxicology, Forensic Science, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Forensic Science International, International Journal of Legal Medicine, Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Legal Medicine, Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology; Environmental Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, Journal of Applied Toxicology, The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine.

Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases

Journal of Heavy Metal Toxicity and Diseases: Heavy Metal Toxicity refers to an overexposure to lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium or other high density or metallic element that causes irritation or damage to the body. 

Heavy metals can be found naturally in the environment, in homes, or at the workplace. Sudden severe exposures as well as moderate exposures over time can cause toxicity. Depending on the exposure, metals can increase cancer risk, impair production of red and white blood cells, causes Nausea, Vomiting, Rice-water diarrhoea, Encephalopathy, MODS, LoQTS, Painful neuropathy, Blue vomitus, GI irritation/ Haemorrhage, Hemolysis, MODS (ingested); MFF (inhaled), Vomiting, GI Haemorrhage, Cardiac depression, Metabolic acidosis, Very high doses: Haemorrhage, Bone marrow Suppression, Pulmonary Edema, Hepatorenal necrosis.The main aim of this journal is to provide the quality of data on Heavy Metal Toxicity and related diseases due to severe exposure to Heavy Metals.

Related Journals: The New England Journal of Medicine, Blood Transfusion, Medicine and Healthcare Journal, Iron Chelation Therapy Journal, Blood Journal, Scientific World Journal, Global Journal of Medical Research, Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs Journal, Journal of Experimental Botany, Iranian Journal of Toxicology, Journal of Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment, International Journal of Toxicology Heavy Metal Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease, Heavy metal poisoning from Ayurvedic medicines.

Authors are requested to submit their manuscript by using Online Manuscript Submission Portal:https://www.literaturepublishers.org/submit.html

For more information on Literature Publishers - Toxicity Case Reports Journal visit our site:- https://www.literaturepublishers.org/event/Toxicity-Case-Reports-Journal.html

[delusionalnerdt]

20 September 2024

Year 2 Day 14

Forensic medicine : IPC, CrPC, Civil code

Clinical posting (Medicine) : class on history taking of GIT

Microbiology : overview of virology

Pathology : Cellular accumulation

After class :

📕 Cellular accumulation : lipid, protein, glycogen, hyaline, pigments

📕 Microbiology revision of whatever taught till now since we have an FA 😭

[training-tale]

Forensic Nursing Course: At Training Tale

With Training Tale's Forensic Nursing Course, learn the steps to a rewarding career. Acquire abilities to connect justice and healthcare! Training Tale offers a Forensic Nursing Course. Encouraging Nurses in Justice and Healthcare

There is a greater need than ever for skilled healthcare workers in the quickly changing world of today. Within this industry, forensic nursing stands out as a distinct and vital area that blends nursing knowledge with legal and investigative skills. Enrolling in Training Tale's Forensic Nursing Course could be the ideal next step if you've ever considered developing your nursing career while having a real impact on the judicial system.

A Forensic Nursing Course: What Is It?

A forensic nursing course is a type of educational program created to give registered nurses the specific knowledge and abilities needed to practice in forensic settings. With this course, which focuses on the relationship between law enforcement and healthcare, nurses can support investigations and provide compassionate care.

Our forensic nursing course at Training Tale includes subjects like:

Gathering and preserving evidence

Concerns about law and ethics in forensic nursing

Investigating crime scenes and forensic pathology

Trauma-informed treatment for assault victims

providing testimony as a medical expert in court

Our extensive curriculum guarantees that students acquire both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, equipping them with the confidence needed to operate in a variety of forensic environments, such as crime scenes, hospitals, and legal offices.

Why Choose Training Tale for a Forensic Nursing Course?

It's important to pick the correct place to continue your studies, and Training Tale is an excellent choice for those who want to become forensic nurses. Working professionals can benefit from our unique combination of online learning and hands-on training in forensic nursing.

What makes Training Tale unique is this:

Expert-Guided Training: We guarantee that you will receive a top-notch education that is based on practical experience because our lecturers are seasoned experts with backgrounds in both forensic science and nursing.

Flexible Learning: You can finish your homework at your own speed using our online modules, which makes it simpler to juggle your studies with your existing obligations at work and home.

Hands-On Training: We provide hands-on training opportunities in addition to online learning to make sure you acquire the practical skills required to succeed in the

Networking Opportunities: Connect with professionals from both healthcare and legal sectors, building a network that can support your career growth.

Career Opportunities After a Forensic Nursing Course

After completing a Forensic Nursing Course, graduates are prepared to work in a variety of settings where healthcare and legal systems intersect. This versatile qualification opens doors to many rewarding career opportunities, including:

Who Should Enrol in a Forensic Nursing Course?

For registered nurses who wish to pursue a career in forensics, the Forensic Nursing Course is a great option. This course can provide you the skills you need to make a difference whether you want to work with law enforcement, in sexual assault clinics, or in emergency departments.

If you are someone who: 

Is passionate about patient advocacy and fairness,

is curious about the legal ramifications of healthcare,

aspires to support trauma and crime victims,

If so, Training Tale's Forensic Nursing Course is ideal for you.

The Benefits of Forensic Nurses in Contemporary Culture

After completing a forensic nursing course, nurses gain the ability to provide trauma-informed care that promotes patients' pursuit of justice in addition to their own healing. By taking a comprehensive approach to both professions, the work that forensic nurses conduct serves to close the gap between healthcare and the legal system.

The Format of Training Tale's Forensic Nursing Course

Our forensic nursing course at Training Tale is designed to offer a thorough educational experience that strikes a balance between theoretical understanding and real-world application. What to anticipate from the program is as follows.

[argroup6]

MBBS in UP: A Complete Guide to Pursue Medical Education in 2024

Pursuing MBBS in UP (Uttar Pradesh) is a dream for many aspiring doctors in India. Uttar Pradesh, being one of the largest states, offers numerous opportunities for medical students through various government and private medical colleges. In this article, we will walk you through the process of pursuing MBBS in Uttar Pradesh, the top colleges, eligibility, and admission process, all in simple terms.

Why Choose MBBS in Uttar Pradesh?

Uttar Pradesh is home to some of the most renowned medical institutions in the country. Opting for MBBS in UP ensures that students receive quality education, hands-on clinical experience, and access to state-of-the-art medical infrastructure. Additionally, the state offers a variety of medical colleges that cater to different budgets, making it accessible for students from various backgrounds.

Top Medical Colleges in Uttar Pradesh

Students who want to pursue MBBS in Uttar Pradesh have numerous options when it comes to choosing a college. Some of the top medical colleges include:

King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow

Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi

Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh

Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow

These colleges are recognized for their excellent faculty, cutting-edge research, and comprehensive medical education programs. Getting admission into these prestigious institutions is competitive, but with the right preparation, it is achievable.

Eligibility Criteria for MBBS in UP

To apply for MBBS in UP, students need to fulfil certain eligibility criteria. The basic requirements include:

Educational Qualification: Students must have completed their 12th grade with Physics, Chemistry, and Biology as core subjects. They should have scored at least 50% marks in these subjects to qualify for the admission process.

NEET Examination: It is mandatory for all medical aspirants to clear the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET). A good score in NEET is crucial for securing a seat in a top medical college in Uttar Pradesh.

Age Limit: The candidate should be at least 17 years old on or before December 31 of the year of admission.

Admission Process for MBBS in Uttar Pradesh

Admission to MBBS in Uttar Pradesh is based on the scores obtained in the NEET exam. After clearing NEET, students need to participate in the state-level counselling process. Here is a simple breakdown of the process:

NEET Result: Once the NEET results are declared, candidates who meet the cutoff can apply for counselling.

Counselling Registration: Students need to register for the Uttar Pradesh NEET counselling conducted by the Directorate of Medical Education and Training (DMET). This step involves providing personal details, NEET scores, and preference for colleges.

Choice Filling: After registering, candidates have to fill their preferred colleges and courses. This is a crucial step, as your chances of getting admission depend on your choices.

Seat Allotment: Based on the NEET score, rank, and availability of seats, students are allotted a college. If satisfied with the allotment, they can proceed to complete the admission formalities.

Document Verification and Fee Payment: After the seat allotment, students must visit the allotted college for document verification and pay the required fees to confirm their seat.

Course Structure of MBBS in Uttar Pradesh

The MBBS in Uttar Pradesh course follows the standard structure that includes five and a half years of study, including one year of mandatory internship. The course is divided into three phases:

Pre-Clinical Phase: This phase covers basic subjects like Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry. It provides the foundation for understanding human biology and medical science.

Para-Clinical Phase: In this phase, students study subjects like Pathology, Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Forensic Medicine. It bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and clinical practice.

Clinical Phase: This is the most important phase, where students get hands-on experience in diagnosing and treating patients. It includes subjects like Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Community Medicine.

Career Opportunities After MBBS in Uttar Pradesh

After completing MBBS in UP, students have a wide range of career opportunities. Some of the common paths include:

Post-Graduation (MD/MS): Students can opt for further specialisation in fields like Surgery, Medicine, Pediatrics, or Orthopedics by appearing for the NEET-PG exam.

Government Jobs: Graduates can work in government hospitals or take up administrative roles in health departments.

Private Practice: Many doctors choose to start their own clinic or work in private hospitals.

Research: Those interested in medical research can pursue careers in scientific research institutions.

Conclusion

Pursuing MBBS in Uttar Pradesh is an excellent choice for students who aspire to become doctors. The state provides quality education, numerous career opportunities, and world-class medical facilities. By securing a good score in NEET and following the admission process carefully, students can achieve their dream of becoming successful medical professionals. With dedication and hard work, a bright future in medicine awaits those who choose to study MBBS in UP.

[sagarargroup]

The Complete Guide to MBBS in India: A Dream for Aspiring Doctors

Pursuing MBBS in India is a significant goal for many students aiming to become doctors. India offers a wealth of opportunities for medical education, with numerous prestigious institutions that provide top-notch training. If you're considering this path, here's what you need to know to make an informed decision.

Why Choose MBBS in India?

India is home to some of the world's best medical colleges, known for their rigorous academic standards and state-of-the-art facilities. Students who pursue MBBS in India benefit from a curriculum that blends theoretical knowledge with practical experience, preparing them for real-world medical challenges. Moreover, the cost of medical education in India is comparatively lower than in many other countries, making it an attractive option for students.

Eligibility Criteria for MBBS in India

To pursue MBBS in India, students must meet specific eligibility criteria. Typically, students must have completed their 12th-grade education with a focus on science subjects, including Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Additionally, they need to qualify for the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET), a mandatory entrance exam for all medical aspirants in India. Securing a good rank in NEET is crucial for gaining admission to a reputable medical college.

Top Colleges Offering MBBS in India

India boasts numerous medical colleges that are recognized globally. Some of the top institutions offering MBBS in India include:

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore

Armed Forces Medical College (AFMC), Pune

Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), Delhi

King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow

These institutions are renowned for their high academic standards, experienced faculty, and excellent infrastructure.

The Admission Process for MBBS in India

The admission process for MBBS in India is competitive and involves several steps. After clearing NEET, students must participate in the counseling process, where they can choose their preferred colleges based on their rank. The counseling process is conducted by the Medical Counseling Committee (MCC) for central institutions, while state counseling bodies manage admissions for state-run colleges. It's essential to keep track of important dates and ensure all documents are in order for a smooth admission process.

Course Structure of MBBS in India

The MBBS in India course typically spans five and a half years, including a one-year compulsory internship. The curriculum is divided into three phases:

Pre-Clinical Phase: Focuses on basic sciences like Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry.

Para-Clinical Phase: Covers subjects like Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pathology, and Forensic Medicine.

Clinical Phase: Involves hands-on training in various medical specialties, including Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynecology.

The final year is dedicated to the internship, where students work in hospitals under the supervision of experienced doctors, gaining practical experience in patient care.

Career Opportunities After MBBS in India

Completing MBBS in India opens up a wide range of career opportunities. Graduates can choose to work as general practitioners, or they can specialize in a particular field of medicine by pursuing postgraduate studies (MD/MS). Additionally, there are opportunities to work in research, public health, and medical education. Many doctors also opt for further studies or practice abroad after completing their MBBS in India.

Challenges of Pursuing MBBS in India

While pursuing MBBS in India is rewarding, it comes with its challenges. The competition is intense, and the workload can be demanding. Students need to be prepared for long hours of study and practical training. Additionally, securing admission to a top medical college requires dedication and hard work. However, with perseverance and a clear focus on their goals, students can overcome these challenges and succeed in their medical careers.

Conclusion

Choosing to pursue MBBS in India is a life-changing decision that can set the foundation for a successful medical career. With the right preparation, dedication, and guidance, aspiring doctors can navigate the competitive landscape and achieve their dreams. India's medical colleges offer a solid education that equips students with the knowledge and skills they need to excel in the field of medicine. Whether you're drawn to patient care, research, or public health, MBBS in India provides the opportunities to make a meaningful impact on the world.

[stellaphlebotomist]

Opening the Career Potential of Blood Draw Jobs: Everything You Need to Know

Unlocking the Career Potential of Blood Draw Jobs: Everything You Need to Know

Are you considering a career in the healthcare field but unsure of where to start? Blood draw ​jobs can be a great entry point into this rewarding industry. Not only do these positions offer job security and‍ competitive salaries, but they⁤ also provide‌ opportunities for professional growth and advancement. In this ⁤comprehensive guide, we will explore everything you need to know about unlocking the career potential of blood draw jobs.

The Role of a Phlebotomist

A phlebotomist‌ is a healthcare professional trained to draw blood from patients ⁢for various purposes, such as medical testing, transfusions, or donations. Phlebotomists play a crucial role in the healthcare system, as their skills are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. Some of the key responsibilities of a phlebotomist include:

Collecting blood samples from ‌patients

Labeling and storing‍ blood samples properly

Ensuring the​ safety ⁣and comfort of patients during the blood draw process

Following strict protocols and procedures to maintain quality control

Communicating effectively with healthcare professionals and patients

Education and Certification Requirements

While some entry-level blood draw jobs may require only⁢ a high school diploma or GED, most employers prefer candidates who have completed a phlebotomy‌ training ‍program. These programs ​are typically ⁢offered by ⁤vocational schools, community colleges, and healthcare institutions. In addition to formal training, phlebotomists must ‍also obtain certification‌ from a recognized accrediting organization, such as‌ the American Society for Clinical⁢ Pathology (ASCP) or ‍the National Healthcareer Association (NHA).

Career Opportunities and Advancement

Phlebotomy is a versatile field ‌with a wide range of career opportunities. In addition to working in hospitals, clinics,⁤ and laboratories, phlebotomists can also find employment ​in⁢ blood banks, research facilities, nursing homes, and private practices. With additional training and experience, phlebotomists can advance into supervisory roles or specialize in areas such⁣ as⁢ pediatric phlebotomy,⁤ geriatric phlebotomy, or forensic phlebotomy.

Median Salary

$35,510 per year

Job Growth

17% from 2019 to 2029

Top States for Employment

California, Texas, Florida, New‍ York, Pennsylvania

Benefits of a Career in Phlebotomy

There are⁣ many benefits to pursuing a career in phlebotomy, including:

Job stability ⁢and security in a⁣ growing field

Competitive ⁤salaries and benefits

Opportunities​ for professional growth and advancement

Fulfilling work that helps ‌others and ⁣makes a difference

Flexible work schedules and ⁣part-time options

Practical Tips for⁢ Success

If you ⁣are considering a career in phlebotomy, here are some practical tips ⁣to help you succeed:

Develop strong ‌communication and interpersonal skills

Practice good phlebotomy⁣ techniques and procedures

Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in​ the field

Seek out opportunities for continuing ‌education and training

Network with ‍other ‍healthcare professionals and industry experts

Conclusion

Unlocking the career potential of blood draw jobs can open up a world ⁤of opportunities in the ​healthcare industry. With the right education, training, and certification, you can embark on a fulfilling career as a ‍phlebotomist and make a positive impact on the lives of others. Whether ⁢you are just starting out or looking‍ to advance in​ your career, phlebotomy offers a rewarding path with room for growth ‌and advancement. Take the first step today and explore the possibilities that await you in this dynamic and essential field.

https://phlebotomytechnicianprogram.org/opening-the-career-potential-of-blood-draw-jobs-everything-you-need-to-know/