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korshubudemycoursesblog · 7 months ago

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Mastering C++ Programming: A Beginner's Guide to a Powerful Language

In the world of technology, C++ Programming remains one of the most reliable and versatile languages. It has powered everything from operating systems to game development, making it a must-learn for anyone serious about a career in coding. If you’ve ever wondered what makes C++ Programming so popular or how to get started, this guide is here to help.

What is C++ Programming and Why Should You Learn It?

C++ is a general-purpose programming language known for its high performance, efficiency, and versatility. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985, C++ builds on the foundation of C by introducing object-oriented programming (OOP) principles, making it both powerful and scalable.

Top Reasons to Learn C++

Wide Applicability: From creating system software to video games, C++ Programming is used across industries.

Job Opportunities: Companies worldwide are always on the lookout for developers skilled in C++ Programming.

Community Support: With a large, active community, it’s easy to find resources, forums, and tutorials to enhance your learning.

Foundation for Advanced Concepts: Mastering C++ Programming lays a strong foundation for other languages like Python, Java, or C#.

Key Features of C++ Programming

1. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism make code modular and reusable. For example, creating classes and objects helps in managing larger projects more effectively.

2. High Performance

Unlike interpreted languages, C++ is compiled, ensuring faster execution speeds. This makes it ideal for performance-critical applications like gaming engines and real-time systems.

3. Cross-Platform Compatibility

C++ programs can run on multiple platforms without major modifications, thanks to its compatibility with various compilers like GCC, Clang, and Microsoft Visual C++.

4. Extensive Libraries and Frameworks

C++ offers numerous standard libraries (like STL for data structures) and frameworks (like Qt for GUI development), making it easier to tackle diverse projects.

Getting Started with C++ Programming

Starting with C++ Programming can feel overwhelming, but with the right approach, you can build a strong foundation.

1. Install a Compiler and IDE

You need a compiler like GCC or Microsoft Visual Studio to convert your code into machine language. For a better coding experience, consider using an IDE like:

Code::Blocks

Eclipse CDT

CLion

2. Learn the Basics

Begin with fundamental concepts such as:

Variables and Data Types

Input and Output Streams

Loops (for, while, do-while)

Conditionals (if-else, switch)

Here’s a simple program to print "Hello, World!" in C++:

cpp

Copy code

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;

return 0;

}

Popular Applications of C++ Programming

1. Game Development

With its high performance and real-time processing capabilities, C++ Programming is extensively used in creating video games. Frameworks like Unreal Engine rely on C++ for game mechanics and rendering.

2. Operating Systems

Operating systems like Windows, Linux, and macOS utilize C++ for their core functionalities, thanks to its close-to-hardware performance.

3. Embedded Systems

Devices like routers, medical equipment, and automotive systems use C++ due to its ability to manage hardware efficiently.

4. Financial Software

Applications that require fast calculations, such as trading systems, are often written in C++.

Tips for Mastering C++ Programming

1. Practice Regularly

Consistent practice is key. Solve problems on platforms like HackerRank, Codeforces, or LeetCode to build confidence.

2. Explore Open-Source Projects

Contributing to open-source C++ projects on platforms like GitHub can provide hands-on experience and improve your portfolio.

3. Master Standard Template Library (STL)

STL offers pre-built functions for data structures like vectors, maps, and queues, making coding more efficient.

4. Learn Debugging Techniques

Use tools like gdb (GNU Debugger) to identify and fix bugs in your programs effectively.

FAQs About C++ Programming

1. Is C++ Programming Suitable for Beginners?

Yes! While C++ has a steeper learning curve compared to Python, it provides a deeper understanding of memory management and system-level programming.

2. Can I Learn C++ Online?

Absolutely. Platforms like Udemy, Coursera, and Codecademy offer comprehensive C++ courses.

3. How Long Does It Take to Learn C++?

With consistent effort, you can grasp the basics in a few months. Mastery, however, takes years of practice.

C++ Programming vs Other Languages

Feature

C++

Python

Java

Performance

High

Moderate

Ease of Learning

Moderate

High

Moderate

Applications

System, Gaming

Web, Data

Enterprise Apps

Community Support

Extensive

Best Practices for C++ Programming

Write Modular Code: Break your program into functions and classes for better readability.

Use Comments Wisely: Add comments to explain complex logic but avoid over-commenting.

Optimize Memory Usage: Avoid memory leaks by deallocating unused memory using delete.

Test Thoroughly: Always test edge cases to ensure your code is robust.

Conclusion

Learning C++ Programming is a transformative journey that opens the door to countless career opportunities. Its versatility and performance make it a top choice for developers worldwide. Whether you’re building games, crafting software, or diving into

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daixiepython · 1 year ago

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CSCI 2122 Assignment 4

CSCI 2122 Assignment 4 Due date: 11:59pm, Friday, March 22, 2024, submitted via git Objectives The purpose of this assignment is to practice your coding in C, and to reinforce the concepts discussed in class on program representation. In this assignment1 you will implement a binary translator2 like Rosetta3. Your program will translate from a simple instruction set (much simpler than x86) to x86 and generate x86 assembly code. The code will then be tested by assembling and running it. This assignment is divided into two parts to make it simpler. In the first part, you will implement the loader and a simple translator, which代做CSCI 2122、代写 Python/c++程序语言 translates the simpler in- structions. In the second part, you will extend the translator to translate more complex instructions. Preparation:

Complete Assignment 0 or ensure that the tools you would need to complete it are installed.

Clone your assignment repository: https://git.cs.dal.ca/courses/2024-winter/csci-2122/assignment-4/????.git where ???? is your CSID. Please see instructions in Assignment 0 and the tutorials on Brightspace if you are not sure how. Inside the repository there is one directory: xtra, where code is to be written. Inside the directory is a tests directory that contains tests that will be executed each time you submit your code. Please do not modifythetestsdirectoryorthe.gitlab-ci.ymlfilethatisfoundintherootdirectory. Modifying these files may break the tests. These files will be replaced with originals when the assignments are graded. You are provided with sample Makefile files that can be used to build your program. If you are using CLion, a Makefile will be generated from the CMakeLists.txt file generated by CLion. Background: For this assignment you will translate a binary in a simplified RISC-based 16-bit instruction set to x86-64 assembly. Specifically, the X instruction set comprises a small number (approximately 30) instructions, most of which are two bytes (one word) in size. The X Architecture has a 16-bit word-size and 16 general purpose 16-bit registers (r0 . . . r15 ). Nearly all instructions operate on 16-bit chunks of data. Thus, all values and addresses are 16 bits in size. All 16-bit values are also encoded in big-endian format, meaning that the most-significant byte comes first. Apart from the 16 general purpose registers, the architecture has two special 16-bit registers: a program counter (PC), which stores the address of the next instruction that will be executed, and the status (F), which stores bit-flags representing the CPU state. The least significant bit of the status register (F) is the condition flag, which represents the truth value of the last logical test operation. The bit is set to true if the condition was true, and to false otherwise. 1 The idea for this assignment came indirectly from Kyle Smith. 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_translation 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_(software)

Additionally, the CPU uses the last general-purpose register, r15, to store the pointer to the program stack. This register is incremented by two when an item is popped off the stack and decremented by two when an item is pushed on the stack. The program stack is used to store temporary values, arguments to a function, and the return address of a function call. The X Instruction Set The instruction set comprises approximately 30 instructions that perform arithmetic and logic, data move- ment, stack manipulation, and flow control. Most instructions take registers as their operands and store the result of the operation in a register. However, some instructions also take immediate values as oper- ands. Thus, there are four classes of instructions: 0-operand instructions, 1-operand instructions, 2-oper- and instructions, and extended instructions, which take two words (4 bytes) instead of one word. All but the extended instructions are encoded as a single word (16 bits). The extended instructions are also one word but are followed by an additional one-word operand. Thus, if the instruction is an extended instruction, the PC needs an additional increment of 2 during the instruction’s execution. As mentioned previously, most instructions are encoded as a single word. The most significant two bits of the word indicates whether the instruction is a 0-operand instruction (00), a 1-operand instruction (01), a 2-operand instruction (10), or an extended instruction (11). For a 0-operand instruction encoding, the two most sig- nificant bits are 00 and the next six bits represent the instruction identifier. The second byte of the instruction is 0. For a 1-operand instruction encoding, the two most significant bits are 01, the next bit indicates whether the operand is an immediate or a register, and the next five bits represent the instruction identifier. If the third most significant bit is 0, then the four most significant bits of the second byte encode the register that is to be operated on (0… 15). Otherwise, if the third most significant bit is 1, then the second byte encodes the immediate value. For a 2-operand instruction encoding, the two most significant bits are 10, and the next six bits represent the instruction identifier. The second byte encodes the two register operands in two four-bit chunks. Each of the 4-bit chunks identifies a register (r0 … r15). For an extended instruction encoding, the two most significant bits are 11, the next bit indicates whether a second register operand is used, and the next five bits represent the instruction identifier. If the third most significant bit is 0, then the instruction only uses the one-word immedi- ate operand that follows the instruction. Otherwise, if the third most significant bit is 1, then the four most significant bits of the second byte encode a register (1 … 15) that is the second operand. The instruction set is described in Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. Each description includes the mnemonic (and syntax), the encoding of the instruction, the instruction’s description, and function. For example, the add, loadi, and push instructions have the following descriptions: loadi V, rD 11100001 D 0 Load immediate value or address V into rD ← memory[PC] register rD. PC ← PC + 2 Mnemonic Encoding Description Function add rS, rD 10000001 S D Add register rS to register rD. rD ← rD + rS push rS 01000011 S 0 Push register rS onto program stack. r15 ← r15 - 2 memory[r15 ] ← rS

First, observe that the add instruction takes two register operands and adds the first register to the sec- ond. All 2-operand instructions operate only on registers and the second register is both a source and destination, while the first is the source. It is a 2-operand instruction; hence the first two bits are 10, its instruction identifier is 000001 hence the first byte of the instruction is 0x81. Second, the loadi instruction is an extended instruction that takes a 16-bit immediate and stores it in a register. Hence, the first two bits are 11, the register bit is set to 1, and the instruction identifier is 00001. Hence, the first byte is encoded as 0xE1. Third, the push instruction is a 1-operand instruction, taking a single register operand. Hence, the first two bits are 01, the immediate bit is 0, and the instruction identifier is 00011. Hence, the first byte is encoded as 0x43. Note that S and D are 4-bit vectors representing S and D. Table 1: 0-Operand Instructions Mnemonic Encoding Description Function ret 00000001 0 Return from a procedure call. P C ← memory[r15 ] r15 ← r15 + 2 cld 00000010 0 Table 1: 1-Operand Instructions Stop debug mode Logically negate register rD . Decrement rD . Pop value from stack into register rD. Branch relative to label L if condition bit is true. Subtract register rS from register rD. And register rS with register rD . Xor register rS with register rD . See Debug Mode below. rD ←!rD rD ← rD – 1 rD ← memory[r15 ] r15 ← r15 + 2 if F & 0x0001 == 0x001: PC ← PC + L – 2 rD ← rD - rS rD ← rD & rS rD ← rD ^ rS std 00000011 S 0 Start debug mode See Debug Mode below. Mnemonic Encoding Description Function neg rD 01000001 D 0 Negate register rD . rD ← −rD not rD dec rD pop rD br L 01000010 D 0 01001001 D 0 01000100 D 0 01100001 L inc rD 01001000 D 0 Increment rD . rD ← rD + 1 push rS 01000011 S 0 Push register rS onto the pro- gram stack. r15 ← r15 – 2 memory[r15] ← rS out rS 01000111 S 0 Output character in rS to std- out. output ← rS (see below) jr L 01100010 L Jump relative to label L. PC ← PC + L – 2 Table 3: 2-Operand Instructions Mnemonic Encoding Description Function add rS , rD 10000001 S D Add register rS to register rD . rD ← rD + rS sub rS , rD and rS , rD xor rS , rD 10000010 S D 10000101 S D 10000111 S D mul rS , rD 10000011 S D Multiply register rD by register rS. rD ← rD * rS or rS , rD 10000110 S D Or register rS with register rD . rD ← rD | rStest rS1, rS2

10001010 S D Set condition flag to true if and only if rS1 ∧ rS2 is not 0. ifrS1 &rS2 !=0: F ← F | 0x0001 else: F ← F & 0xFFFE cmp rS1, rS2 10001011 S D Set condition flag to true if and only If rS1 < rS2. if rS1 < rS2: F ← F | 0x0001 else: F ← F & 0xFFFE equ rS1, rS2 10001100 S D Set condition flag to true if and only if rS1 == rS2. if rS1 == rS2: F ← F | 0x0001 else: F ← F & 0xFFFE mov rS , rD stor rS , rD 10001101 S D 10001111 S D 10010001 S D Table 3: Extended Instructions Copy register rS to register rD . Store word from register rS to memory at address in register rD. Store byte from register rS to memory at address in register rD. rD ← rS memory[rD] ← rS (byte)memory[rD] ← rS load rS , rD 10001110 S D Load word into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. rD ← memory[rS] loadb rS , rD 10010000 S D Load byte into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. rD ← (byte)memory[rS] storb rS , rD Mnemonic Encoding Description Function jmp L 11000001 0 Absolute jump to label L. PC ← memory[PC] call L 11000010 0 Absolute call to label L.. r15 ← r15 – 2 memory[r15] ← PC + 2 PC ← memory[PC] loadi V, rD 11100001 D 0 Load immediate value or address V into register rD. rD ← memory[PC] PC ← PC + 2 Note that in the case of extended instructions, the label L or value V are encoded as a single word (16-bit value) following the word containing the instruction. The 0 in the encodings above represents a 4-bit 0 vector. An assembler is provided for you to use (if needed). Please see the manual at the end of the assignment. The Xtra Translation Specification (IMPORTANT) The binary translation is conducted in the following manner. The translator

Opens the specified file containing the X binary code.

Outputs a prologue (see below), which will be the same for all translations. 3. It then enters a loop that a. Reads the next instruction from the binary b. Decodes the instruction, and c. Outputs the corresponding x86 assembly instruction(s). If the instruction is an extended, an additional two bytes will need to be read. d. The loop exits when the instruction composed of two 0 bytes is read.

Outputs an epilogue.

Prologue The translator first outputs a simple prologue that is the same for all translations. The prologue is shown on the right. Epilogue After the translator finishes translating, it outputs a simple ep- ilogue that is the same for all translations. The epilogue is shown on the right. Translation Each X instruction will need to be translated into the corresponding instruction or instructions in x86-64 assembly. See table on right for examples. Most instructions will have a direct corresponding instruction in x86 assembly so the translation will beeasy. Someinstructions,liketheequ,test,andcmp,instructions may require multiple x86 instructions for a single X instruction. Note: The translator will need to perform a register mapping. Register Mapping The X architecture has 16 general and the F status register. In x86-64 there are also 16 general purpose registers. The register mapping on the right must be used when translating from X to x86-64. Note that for this exercise register r13 will not be used by the X executables. In- stead of r13 (X) being mapped to r15 (x86), the F register (X) is mapped to register r15 (x86). Note: for this assignment, It is ok to map 16-bit registers to 64-bit registers. r9 Debug mode STD and CLD .globl test test: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp pop %rbp ret mov $42, %rax add %rax, %rdi %rbx %rdx %rdi %r9 %r11 %r13 %r15 %rsp call debug X Instruction Output x86 Assembly mov r0, r1 mov %rax, %rdi loadi 42, r0 add r0, r1 push r0 push %rax X Registers x86 Registers r0 %rax r1 r3 r5 r7 r2 %rcx r4 %rsi r6 %r8 r8 %r10 r10 %r12 The std and cld X instructions enable and disable debug mode on the X architecture. However, debug mode does not exist in x86-64. Instead, when a std instruction is encountered, the translator should set an internal debug flag in the translator and, clear the debug flag when it encounters the cld instruction. When the debug flag is true, the translator should output the assembly code on the right before translating each X instruction. Output and the OUT Instruction (For Task 2) r11 F r15 r12 %r14 r14 %rbp On the X architecture, the out rN instruction outputs to the screen the character stored in register rN. However, no such instruction exists in x86-64. Instead, the out instruction is translated to a call to the function outchar(char c), which performs this function. Recall that the first argument is passed in register %rdi. Consequently, the corresponding translation code will need to save the current value of %rdi on the stack, move the byte to be printed into %rdi, call outchar, and restore %rdi. Your task will be to implement the Xtra binary translator which is used to translate into x86 assembly programs assembled with the X assembler.

Task 1: Implement the Simple Xtra Your first task is to implement a simple version of the translator that works for the simple instructions. The source file main.c should contain the main() function. The translator should:

Take one (1) argument on the command line: The argument is the object/executable file of the program to translate. For example, the invocation ./xtra hello.xo instructs the translator to translate the program hello.xo into x86-64 assembly.

Open for reading the file specified on the command-line.

Output (to stdout) the prologue.

In a loop, a. Read in instruction. b. If the instruction is 0x00 0x00, break out of the loop. c. Translate the instruction and output (to stdout) the x86-64 assembly.

Output (to stdout) the epilogue. Input The input to the program is via the command line. The program takes one argument, the name of the file containing the assembled X code. Processing All input shall be correct. All program files shall be at most 65536 bytes (64KB). The translator must be able to translate all instructions except: Instruction Description ret Return from a procedure call. br L jmp L load rS , rD loadb rS , rD out rS Branch relative to label L if condition bit is true. Absolute jump to label L. Load word into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. Load byte into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. Output character in rS to stdout. jr L Jump relative to label L. call L Absolute call to label L. stor rS , rD Store word from register rS to memory at address in register rD. storb rS , rD Store byte from register rS to memory at address in register rD. Recommendation: While no error checking is required, it may be helpful to still do error checking, e.g., make sure files are properly opened because it will help with debugging as well. Output Output should be to stdout. The output is the translated assembly code. The format should ATT style assembly. The exact formatting of the assembly is up to you, but the assembly code will be passed through the standard assembler (as) on timberlea. See next section for how to test your code. (See example) Testing To test your translator, the test scripts will assembler, link, and run the translated code! J A runit.sh script is provided. The script takes an X assembly file as an argument: ./runit.sh foo.xas The script:

Assembles the .xas file with the provided (xas) to create a .xo file.

Runs xtra on the .xo file, to create a corresponding x86 .s assembly file.

Assembles, compiles, and links the generated assembly file with some runner code, creating an executable. Therunneriscomposedofrunner.c,regsdump.s,andthetranslated.sfile. Please DO NOT delete the first two files.

Runs the executable. This script is used by the test scripts and is also useful for you to test your code. Most of the tests use the std instruction to turn on debugging and output the state of the registers after each instruction is executed. For most of the tests the output being compared are the register values. Example Original X assembly code Translated x86 code loadi 2, r0 loadi 3, r1 loadi 4, r2 loadi 5, r3 loadi 7, r5 std # turn debugging on add r2, r3 mul r2, r1 cld # turn debugging off neg r0 inc r5 .literal 0 .globl test test: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp mov $2, %rax mov $3, %rbx mov $4, %rcx mov $5, %rdx mov $7, %rdi call debug add %rcx, %rdx call debug imul %rcx, %rbx call debug neg %rax inc %rdi pop %rbp ret Task 2: The Full Translator Your second task is to extend xtra to translate the instructions exempted in Task 1. lation for the following instructions. Implement trans- Instruction Description ret Return from a procedure call. br L jmp L load rS , rD loadb rS , rD out rS Branch relative to label L if condition bit is true. Absolute jump to label L. Load word into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. Load byte into register rD from memory pointed to by register rS. Output character in rS to stdout. jr L Jump relative to label L. call L Absolute call to label L. stor rS , rD Store word from register rS to memory at address in register rD. storb rS , rD Store byte from register rS to memory at address in register rD.

Input The input is the same as Task 1. Processing The processing is the same as for Task 1. The challenge is that translation is a bit more challenging. First, for many of the additional instructions you will need to emit more than one assembly instruction. This is particularly true for the conditional branching and output instructions. Second, for the branching instructions you will need to compute the labels where to branch to. The easy solution is to create a label for each instruction being translated. The label should encode the address in the name. For example, L1234 would be the label for the X instruction at address 1234. By doing this, you will not need to keep a list or database of labels. Third, the addresses used by the load and store are full 64-bit values. Output The output is the same as Task 1. Example Original X assembly code Translated x86 code loadi 1, r0 jmp j1 j2: loadi 3, r0 jmp j3 j1: loadi 2, r0 jmp j2 j3: std # turn debugging on loadi 4, r0 .literal 0 .globl test test: push %rbp mov %rsp, %rbp .L0000: mov $1, %rax .L0004: jmp .L0010 .L0008: mov $3, %rax .L000c: jmp .L0018 .L0010: mov $2, %rax .L0014: jmp .L0008 .L0018: .L001a: call debug mov $4, %rax .L001e: call debug pop %rbp ret Hints and Suggestions

Use the unsigned short type for all registers and indices.

Use two files: one the main program and one for the translator loop.

Start early, this is the hardest assignment of the term and there is a lot to digest in the assignment specifications.

Assignment Submission Submission and testing are done using Git, Gitlab, and Gitlab CI/CD. You can submit as many times as you wish, up to the deadline. Every time a submission occurs, functional tests are executed, and you can view the results of the tests. To submit use the same procedure as Assignment 0. Grading If your program does not compile, it is considered non-functional and of extremely poor quality, mean- ing you will receive 0 for the solution. The assignment will be graded based on three criteria: Functionality: “Does it work according to specifications?”. This is determined in an automated fashion by running your program on several inputs and ensuring that the outputs match the expected outputs. The score is determined based on the number of tests that your program passes. So, if your program passes t/T tests, you will receive that proportion of the marks. Quality of Solution: “Is it a good solution?” This considers whether the approach and algorithm in your solution is correct. This is determined by visual inspection of the code. It is possible to get a good grade on this part even if you have bugs that cause your code to fail some of the tests. Code Clarity: “Is it well written?” This considers whether the solution is properly formatted, well docu- mented, and follows coding style guidelines. A single overall mark will be assigned for clarity. Please see the Style Guide in the Assignment section of the course in Brightspace. The following grading scheme will be used: Task 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Functionality (20 marks) Equal to the number of tests passed. Solution Quality Task 1 (15 marks) Implemented correctly. Code is robust. Implemented cor- rectly. Code is not robust. Some minor bugs. Major flaws in implementation An attempt has been made. Solution Quality Task 2 (5 marks) Implemented correctly. Code is robust. Implemented cor- rectly. Code is not robust. Some minor bugs. Major flaws in implementation An attempt has been made Code Clarity (10 marks) Indentation, for- matting, naming, comments Code looks pro- fessional and fol- lows all style guidelines Code looks good and mostly fol- lows style guide- lines. Code is mostly readable and mostly follows some of the style guidelines Code is hard to read and fol- lows few of the style guidelines Code is not legible No code submitted or code does not compile

Assignment Testing without Submission Testing via submission can take some time, especially if the server is loaded. You can run the tests without submittingyourcodebyusingtheprovidedruntests.shscript. Runningthescriptwithnoarguments will run all the tests. Running the script with the test number, i.e., 00, 01, 02, 03, … 09, will run that specific test. Please see below for how run the script. Get your program ready to run If you are developing directly on the unix server,

SSH into the remote server and be sure you are in the xtra directory. 2. Be sure the program is compiled by running make. If you are using CLion

Run your program on the remote server as described in the CLion tutorials. 2. Open a remote host terminal via Tools → Open Remote Host Terminal If you are using VSCode

Run your program on the remote server as described in VSCode tutorials.

Click on the Terminal pane in the bottom half of the window or via Terminal → New Terminal Run the script

Run the script in the terminal by using the command: ./runtest.sh to run all the tests, or specify the test number to run a specific test, e.g. : ./runtest.sh 07 You will see the test run in the terminal window. The X Assembler (xas) An assembler (xas) is provided to allow you to write and compile programs for the X Architecture. To make the assembler, simply run “make xas” in the xtra directory. To run the assembler, specify the assembly and executable file on the command-line. For example, ./xas example.xas example.xo Assembles the X assembly file example.xas into an X executable example.xo. The format of the assembly files is simple.

Anything to the right of a # mark, including the #, is considered a comment and ignored.

Blank lines are ignored.

Each line in the assembly file that is not blank must contains a directive, a label and/or an instruc- tion. If the line contains both a label and an instruction, the label must come first. 4. A label is of the form identifier: where identifier consists of any sequence of letters (A-Za-z), digits (0-9), or underscores ( ) as long the first character is not a digit. A colon (:) must terminate the label. A label represents the corre- sponding location in the program and may be used to jump to that location in the code.

An instruction consists of a mnemonic, such as add, loadi, push, etc., followed by zero or more operands. The operand must be separated from the mnemonic by one or more white spaces. Multiple operands are separated by a comma.

If an operand is a register, then it must be in the form r# where # ranges between 0 and 15 inclu- sively. E.g., r13.

If the instruction is an immediate, then the argument may either be a label, or an integer. Note: labels are case-sensitive. If a label is specified, no colon should follow the label.

Directives instruct the assembler to perform a specific function or behave in a specific manner. All directives begin with a period and are followed by a keyword. There are three directives: .lit- eral, .words and .glob, each of which takes an operand. (a) The .literal directive encodes a null terminated string or an integer at the present location in the program. E.g., mystring: .literal "Hello World!" myvalue: .literal 42 encodes a nil-terminated string followed by a 16-bit (1 word) value representing the dec- imal value 42. In this example, there are labels preceding each of the encodings so that it is easy to access these literals. That is, the label mystring represents the address (rel- ative to the start of the program) where the string is encoded, and the label myvalue represents the address (relative to the start of the program) of the value. This is used in the hello.xas example. (b) The.wordsdirectivesetsasideaspecifiednumberofwordsofmemoryatthepresent location in the program. E.g., myspace: .words 6 allocates 6 words of memory at the present point in the program. This space is not initial- ized to any specific value. Just as before, the label preceding the directive represents the address of the first word, relative to the start of the program. This is used in xrt0.xas to set aside space for the program stack. (c) The .glob directive exports the specified symbol (label) if it is defined in the file and imports the specified symbol (label) if it is used but not defined in the file. E.g., .glob foo .glob bar … loadi bar, r0 … foo: .literal "Hello World!" declares two symbols (labels) foo and bar. Symbol foo is declared in this file, so it will be exported (can be accessed) in other files. The latter symbol, bar, is used but not defined. When this file is linked, the linker looks for the symbol (label) definition in other files makes all references to the symbol refer to where it is defined. Note: it is recommended that you place literals and all space allocations at the end of your program, so that they will not interfere with program itself. If you do place literals in the middle of your program, you will need to ensure that your code jumps around these allocations. There are several example assembly files provided (ending in .xas). You can assemble them by invoking the assembler, for example: ./xas example.xas example.xo This invocation will cause the assembler to read in the file example.xas and generate an output file example.xo. Feel free weixin: codehelp

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rollisb · 3 years ago

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Clion tutorial

#CLION TUTORIAL FOR FREE#

#CLION TUTORIAL HOW TO#

#CLION TUTORIAL INSTALL#

#CLION TUTORIAL FULL#

#CLION TUTORIAL SOFTWARE#

Sort the packages using the robotic arm of the factory codingame.

The project details depend on the project type. The screen would look like something similar if you have any already created projects. Voila! We’re on the main window of CLion. Click on the New Project + button to create a brand new project.

#CLION TUTORIAL FULL#

Here, you can easily configure them according to your needs.Īs it’s the first time installation, we have to “Evaluate for free”. CLion exposes the full power of GDB and/ or LLDB (even on Windows, where we have built an MSVC compatible debugger on top of LLDB), and even builds on it wit. In your case, there may be more than one.ĬLion comes up with a default plugin set. My system only includes GCC, so it’s the only entry available. You also have to select the C/C++ compiler you’d like to work with. I’m the original author of Catch and am now working at JetBrains so this seems to be an ideal match As of the 2017.1 release I’m pleased to say that. Catch is a cross-platform test framework for C++.

#CLION TUTORIAL HOW TO#

This tutorial describes how to use CLion as an IDE for developing ROS2 applications built with colcon.If you are working with an older ROS distribution, which uses catkin build tools, please refer to the previous tutorial. CLion is a cross-platform IDE for C++ development (which happens to have a built in test runner). I prefer the darker ones as they’re more comfortable when you’re looking at your code for a longer period of time. ROS2 is the newest version of ROS, Robot Operating System, which is a set of libraries and tools designed for robot applications. You can choose whether you want to share usage statistics with JetBrains or not. Or directly point CLion to a Makefile in the Open dialog. You can open a folder as a project and CLion will search for the top-level Makefile (as well as CMakeList.txt or compilecommands.json files) and suggest opening it as a project. (changes since CLion 2016.2) Learn how to attach for debug to local process started not from the CLion (from CLion v2016.1). with the output of bash commands Code examples and tutorials for C Printf. Here’s a look at some of the core debugging features that are supported. Then, agree with the JetBrains user agreement. To open a Makefile project in CLion: Select the project in File Open. CLion supports the debugging experience using the GDB debugger (and LLDB on OS X since version 1.1 and on Linux since version 2016.2).

#CLION TUTORIAL INSTALL#

sudo snap install clion -classic Using CLion 2021 About DupeTesting Minecraft 1 This tutorial aims to provide a guide on. I prefer this method than the previous one as installing and managing snap packages is easier than working with other package management system. This will start the basic installation of CLion. Depending on your internet speed, the download duration may vary.Īfter the download is complete, it’s time to run the following commands – cd ~/Downloads/Īfter the extraction is complete, it’s time to unleash the beast! /opt/clion-2018.3/bin/clion.sh It is based on CMake configuration files (e.g 'CMakeLists.txt'). CMake uses scripts called CMakeLists to generate build files. It worked perfectly for me To summarize, there are 2 main steps: Firstly, CLion uses CMake to compile your code.

#CLION TUTORIAL SOFTWARE#

CMake is used to control the software compilation process using (simple platform and compiler independent) configuration files, and generate native makefiles and workspaces that can be used in the compiler environment of your choice. For further usage, you have to get a subscription.įor the Linux platform, CLion is available in 2 ways – snap and a compressed package. CMake is a tool used by Clion for development.

#CLION TUTORIAL FOR FREE#

You can enjoy the full service for free up to 30 days. How about JetBrains CLion? It’s one of the finest and sharpest, professional-grade IDEs in the market. It worked perfectly for me To summarize, there are 2 main steps: Firstly, CLion uses CMake to compile your code. In most cases, it should be named as “gcc”.Īs of C/C++ IDE, there are numerous choices. I am using cmake (within clion ide but that should not matter for this discussion). If the result is negative, then search for the suitable C/C++ compiler package for your Linux distro. Find extensive tutorial, questions and answers for clion.

#Clion tutorial

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cppchisholm · 6 years ago

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Getting Started With C++

Welcome to part 1 of my new C++ Programming Tutorial!

This post will cover the basic setup required to begin making simple software using the C++ programming language on both Windows and Linux. While I assume Mac will be similar, I don't have access to one for testing.

Requirements

A compiler. I recommend LLVM (I will be using version 7.0.1)

A text editor or Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Certain IDEs (such as Eclipse CDT) will require the JDK

Basic knowledge of your operating system's command line (moving between directories).

LLVM Install

Windows

From the link above, select the appropriate compiler binary. Any windows version from 7 up should be 64 bit. During the install it will ask if you want to add LLVM to the system PATH. In order for the command line tools to work, you will need LLVM and its related binaries to be added to the system PATH. The middle option should do this for all users. You can test your install by typing clang++ in the command line. If it says the command is not recognized, something is wrong. If it says no input file given, you're ready to go.

Linux

Check your distribution's package manager to see if the available llvm or clang version is up-to-date. The current version as of this writing is 7.0.1. If not, binaries may be available for your distribution from the link above, or you can use any C++ compiler to compile the source yourself following the instructions on the LLVM website. Typing clang++ --version should show the current installed version if installation was successful.

Selecting an IDE

There are a lot of options out there for text editors and IDEs. The only real rule is not to use something like Microsoft Word, because it adds additional formatting, which makes your code unreadable to the compiler.

Some of the options I've used are:

Notepad++, a nice text editor without the bells and whistles. Color coding support for a wide variety of languages.

Eclipse CDT

Cevelop (Based on the Eclipse CDT, with some nice changes)

CLion (Quite expensive, but free for students. I use this most.)

Many more options out there. Your choice doesn't affect much, except possibly color coding more modern features.

One important note is that with the exception of Notepad++, the examples I've listed will all require the JDK (link at top)

This is it for setup. In my next post, I'll cover basic command line output, and how to compile your code.

Next Post: Coming Soon. Main Blog

#first post #c++#c++ language #programming #getting started #tutorial #programming tutorial #eclipse #ide #CLion #Cevelop #Notepad++

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datagrip-crack-e9 · 3 years ago

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Download DataGrip crack (serial key) latest version H5PE!

💾 ►►► DOWNLOAD FILE 🔥🔥🔥 Datagrip license What is Datagrip tutorial. The action time can be either before or after a row is modified. The cost of a term license depends upon its length in time and, of course, its use. Many software licenses specify a limited time period or term during which the user will be permitted to use the software. At the end of the term, you must stop using the software unless a new license is purchased or the term is extended through an agreement with. JetBrains DataGrip DataGrip is a multi-engine database environment. If you have settings you want to keep, like fonts, colours, inspections, etc, you wan to keep. A short and simple permissive. Hello Everyone! Using other programs like HeidiSQL im able to connect but when i try to connect using datagrip i get the following error: [] The connection attempt failed. SocketException: Connection reset. This plugin will bring first-class support for any VCS you need. A new DataGrip Search: Goland License Server. Get Free Clion DataGrip There are plenty of decent free alternatives- I've used both DBeaver and SquirrelSQL and if you cannot pay for a Jetbrains license, I think they will allow you to do mostly anything you might want to do with Datagrip. If someone's "forcing" you to use Datagrip- e. Software Licenses Allows you to execute queries in different modes and provides local history that keeps track of all your activity and protects you from losing your work. Lets you jump to any table, view, or procedure by its name via corresponding action, or. All recent versions of JetBrains desktop software allow using JetBrains Account credentials as a way of providing licensing information. But this support doesn't come out of the box: you need to install a JetBrains plugin for it. Exporting a PostgreSQL database. Access the command line on the computer where the database is stored. DataGrip is covered by a perpetual fallback license, which allows you to use a specific version of software without an active subscription for it. The license also includes all bugfix updates, more specifically in X. Z version all Z releases are included. When purchasing an annual subscription, you will immediately get a perpetual fallback. DataGrip - subscription license 3rd year - 1 user. Part: C-S. Advertised Price. Add to Cart. DataGrip includes an evaluation license key for a free day trial. Total downloads: 4 1 last week Latest version: 1. Report incorrect info. JetBrains DataGrip 1. We cannot confirm if there is a free download of this software available. DataGrip Buy with confidence from the JetBrains licensing experts. On-the-fly analysis and quick-fixes: DataGrip detects probable bugs in your code and suggests the best options to fix them on the fly. It will immediately let you know about unresolved objects, using keywords as identifiers and always offers the way to fix problems. Note: the price shown in the listing is that of a 1-year individual customer. License server Register using the JetBrains Account. DataGrip will automatically show the list of your licenses and their details like expiration date and identifier. Click Activate to start using your license. If your license is not shown on the list, click Refresh license list. Visual Query Builder. Data Report Wizard. Database Designer. Query Builder. With the help of this intelligent MySQL client the work with data and code has. It works also PhpStorm All Right Reserved Anyone with information is asked to contact us at

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levelload265 · 4 years ago

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Unreal Engine Clion

CLion plugin repository contains over 1200 plugins that you can install to enrich the out-of-the-box CLion functionality. Some of those plugins are already bundled in CLion, and no prior action is required to start using them. However, there are other helpful and qualitative plugins that can improve or even transform your workflow in CLion. This article gives a selection of such valuable plugins.

UE 4.23 CLion 2019.2.1 (clangd server off) After testing this newbie tutorial i have many unresolved symbols in clion like on picture: Only when I add this- to variable or method - the red l. 24 votes, 17 comments. 113k members in the unrealengine community. The official subreddit for the Unreal Engine by Epic Games, inc. A community with.

Please note that the 3rd party plugins are not officially tested or supported by the CLion team, so we cannot guarantee their stability. Selection criteria for this compilation were: download statistics, rating, maintenance status, and user feedback.

The plugins are grouped by the tasks they target, each described in the corresponding chapter:

Learn the IDE

PluginDescriptionCLion HelpBundles the entire CLion web help for offline use.Keymap exporterPrints the PDF version of the CLion keymap.Key Promoter X

Shows keystroke equivalents to mouse presses:

Get comfortable with the UI

PluginDescriptionMain Menu TogglerSwitches visibility of the main menu on and off by a single action or a shortcut.Frame SwitcherLets you switch between projects, windows, and frames, alternatively to Alt+Tab and the View menu. The switcher works even with multiple IDE instances, and lets you assign shortcuts to various actions, customizing or expanding the pre-defined shortcut set.Active Tab HighlighterHighlights the currently active tab. The highlighting color is easily configurable, which is especially useful for the Darcula scheme.Focus on Active TaskFilters the project tree to show only the currently opened and related paths and files.

As an example, here is how your CLion screen on macOS with Darcula scheme would look like with the filtered project tree, highlighted active tab, and the invoked frame switcher:

Tune the code editor

PluginDescriptionCMake Quickdocs

Makes the Quick Documentation pop-up available in CMakeLists.txt files.

CMake HighlighterProvides syntax highlighting and navigation for CMakeLists.txt files.

The screenshot below illustrates how these two plugins work in pair (notice the pop-up with the name of the action invoked, shown by the Presentation Assistant plugin):

PluginDescriptionSwaggerHelps in editing Swagger specifications.OpenAPI SpecificationsProvides IDE support for Swagger and OpenAPI specification files. See OpenAPI for more information.OpenAPI GeneratorGenerates client, server, and documentation code out of OpenAPI specifications.

PluginDescriptionString ManipulationProvides an assortment of actions for working with any kind of text: C/C++ code or comments, any ASCII symbols, JavaScript, SQL, XML, or text in other languages.String RealignerAdds three string reformat actions: join, split, and wrap/unwrap strings.ShifterDetects a selection, line, or keyword at caret and moves it up or down with a single keystroke.

PluginDescriptionIdeaVimProvides Vim emulation with features like motion keys, marks, registers, and visual mode commands.Emacs+ PatchedAdds two Emacs keymaps: Emacs+ and Mac Emacs+.

PluginDescriptionVS Code KeymapAdds the default VS Code keymap.

PluginDescriptionTranslationIncorporates multiple language engines and supports text-to-speech.hunspellProvides spell checking based on Hunspell dictionaries.

PluginDescriptionEditorConfigHelps maintain common code style across teams and IDEs: it enables the CLion editor to read the EditorConfig file format and adhere to defined styles.

Eclipse Dark, Tempo-theme, Google Developer Tibau, IdeaLight, Nord, ChroMATERIAL, Material Theme, Rainglow Schemes Collections.

Integrate more frameworks and build systems

PluginDescriptionConan CLion plugin

Lets you create and upload cross-compilation Conan packages in the lines of your CMake workflow:

Take a look at the Getting Started blog post and our webinar to learn more on working with Conan in CLion.

PluginDescriptionDocker Integration

Enables you to download and build images, create and start containers, and manage other Docker tasks.

See Docker Integration for detail.

PluginDescriptionUE4 SDK Support

Adds extra completion options for reflection specifiers in Unreal Engine 4 code that CLion does not provide by default.

Note that starting v4.20, Unreal Engine can generate a CMake structure out of your UE code and open it as a project in CLion.

PluginDescriptionBazelLets you import a Bazel BUILD file (with its own language supported in CLion) and run Bazel configurations.

Add languages and file types support

PluginDescriptionIntelliJ RustEnables you to create and develop Rust applications and debug them using the Cargo build system. See the dedicated article for a thorough description of Rust support in CLion.

PluginDescriptionSwift SupportProvides the Swift language and Swift Package Manager support, letting you use CLion as a fully-functional Swift IDE. Learn more.

PluginDescriptionProtobuf SupportHelps you work with Google’s Protocol buffers (the *.proto files).

PluginDescriptionBashSupportProvides bash command language support.PowerShellAdds PowerShell intellisense and scripts execution.

Fortran (see this article for the Fortran support details), Lua, Dart, Mathematica, LaTex, Gherkin.

Facilitate Debugging

PluginDescriptionCompiler Explorer pluginLets you work with Compiler Explorer right from CLion: you can view compilation results got from various remote compilers and easily switch between them. The plugin shows the list of sources taken from your project tree and provides a way to pass compiler flags and set additional options to tune the disassembly layout for your needs. Grep ConsoleHelps in analyzing logs and parsing console output. Grepping means searching for plain-text lines that contain a match to some regular expression. The plugin enables you to grep the application output, highlight and filter the results, and even change the output or execute an action upon a match: UndoDB

Integrates the Undo ’s record, rewind and replay technology for Linux C/C++ applications in CLion.

With Undo, you can record the program’s execution down to single instruction for further replay and analysis. This way, the debugger gets reversible: you can step forwards and backwards in your code and see exactly what is happening, leading up to easier bug capturing. Take a look at this blog post to find out more on using Undo in CLion.

Run Configuration as ActionLets you register Run/Debug configurations as actions in CLion, and call them via shortcuts or additional toolbar buttons.

Get profiling data

CLion integrates the CPU Profiler available on macOS and Linux. It collects performance metrics for your application and visualizes them in ready-to-analyze flame graphs and call trees. However, if you need to explore the overall application behavior or report a performance issue, consider the plugins described below: they inform you about the CPU usage level and lets you generate thread dumps.

PluginDescriptionCPU Usage IndicatorAdds the CPU load indicator to the status bar, lets you get a thread dump and configure the settings of the Performance Watcher (which is the CLion’s frozen UI thread dumper): Performance TestingIntroduces Help | Diagnostics menu with options to get the performance summary about your hardware and capture CPU snapshots for indexing and test scripts execution:

Gather statistics

PluginDescriptionStatisticsCollects the overall project-level statistics: project files with line counts, sorted by extension and size.Code::StatsTracks the changes you make in project files and detects the syntax of the language you use. The results are presented in infographics of your XPs (Experience Points, roughly the amount of keystrokes) for different languages.Completion Stats CollectorSends the anonymized data of your code completion patterns to JetBrains developers. It helps the team implement machine learning algorithms and therefore improve completion efficiency.

Unreal Engine Tutorials

Expand the scope of VCS-related actions

PluginDescriptionGitFlowIntegrates the UI for the Git Flow branching model.GitScopeHighlights the changed code, analogically to the git diff command.GitToolBoxEnriches the default Git integration with features like Git status display, Auto fetch, Behind tracker, and others.Find Pull RequestFinds GitHub pull requests for the selected line.Git Commit Template and Git Commit Message PluginProvide templates for Git commit messages.GitLabAdds the GitLab -specific Checkout support and the dialogs of GitLab Share, Merge Request, and Merge Request List.GitLinkOpens files and commits to storages like GitHub or Stash in default browser via a single shortcut.

PluginDescriptionSVNToolBoxEnhances the built-in SVN support: adds the Status Bar component, enriches the Project View, and provides more Subversion context menu actions.Visual SorceSafe IntegrationAdds Visual SourceSafe settings and commands.Pre Commit HookRuns a custom pre-created script before any commit to ‘hook’ the changes.

Automate builds, track issues, and review code

PluginDescriptionTeamCity pluginIntegrates the JetBrains’ TeamCity, a continuous integration server. This plugin lets you configure notifications, run builds and tests, view changes, assign investigations, and perform other TeamCity actions without leaving the IDE.Visual Studio Team ServicesEnables you to work with Git and TFVC repositories on Visual Studio Team Services (VSTS) or Team Foundation Server (TFS) 2015+.WrikeLinks your commits with the corresponding Wrike tasks.

PluginDescriptionYouTrack IntegrationExtends the bundled Task Management functionality to provide deeper integration with JetBrains' YouTrack bug tracker.Yandex.Tracker IntegrationIntegrates Yandex.Tracker.MantisLets you create, edit, and delete issues from the Mantis bug tracker.

PluginDescriptionUpSource pluginIntegrates the LetBrains' UpSource.Gerrit Code ReviewIntegrates the Gerrit Code Review tool.

PluginDescriptionIDETalkHelps in code-related communications between developers by providing functions like inside-the-IDE message exchange, getting and sending stack traces and ‘code pointers’ to your partner, view the partner’s opened files and differences between your files and theirs.Floobits pluginProvides collaborative real-time development across multiple editors and IDEs for team members with Floobits accounts.

Stay creative and productive

Last but not least, CLion plugin repository contains a collection of time management plugins, as well as other tools to increase your productivity. Find a few notable examples below.

Time management pluginDescriptionDarkyen’s Time TrackerImplements simple time management technique of tracking the time you actually spend on a project: it adds a tracking bar widget that you manually start for counting.Pomodoro-tmHelps you manage the time spent on a task using Pomodoro Technique.Git Time MetricTracks the time of reading and working on the code that you store in a Git repository.WakaTimePerforms time tracking and collects the language, OS, branch/commit, and other statistics of your work session.

Also, if you like mind mapping to visually structure your ideas, the IDEA Mind Map plugin will let you create and edit mind maps in MMD format right in CLion. With stackoverflow, you can search a line of code or comment in StackOverflow just by a right click.

And just for fun, try the Nyan Progress Bar to brighten the status bar when waiting for some of the time-consuming CLion actions to finish, or enjoy emojis in commits with the Emoji for Git Commits plugin.

Unreal Engine C++ Development Environment Setup on Windows 10.

Unreal Engine Certification

C++ Unreal Engine development with Visual Studio

Clion Ue4

[1] Epic Games Launcher Install 3:07

[2] C++ Unreal Engine development with Visual Studio 4:36

Welcome back, to get started with C++ development within Unreal Engine we will install Micrsoft's Visual Studio IDE. Other options include Jetbrains Clion IDE or XCode if you're on OSX. The Visual Studio community edition has full functionality for what is needed with Unreal Engine C++ development. During setup select desktop c++ development, mobile C++ development, game C++ development and Linux c++ development options. This will give you all the tools for developing and building your game for the different platforms Unreal Engine supports. Once installed allow a reboot of your system. Once rebooted, start Visual Studio and select your initial configurations and preferences. You can always modify these later in Tools > Options menu. Once we've verified Visual Studio is properly installed relaunch UE4 via the Epic Games launcher and we'll create a new C++ project. You may be prompted to install the latest .NET framework. Once installed relaunch UE4's project creation and select c++ project. Unreal Engine will now use your installed toolchain via Visual Studio to build the Unreal Engine solution. If you open Visual Studio and see a load failure of the source code. Simply close out of Visual Studio and within UE4 editor go File > Open Visual Studio. You can also use Refresh Visual Studio Project. Once properly reloaded we can now see the source code for our basic starter project. To create a new C++ class hop back to UE4 editor and within the content browser right click and select `New C++ Class`. For our example we'll create a new Character class. Once created you'll have the skeleton of the Character class to which we can customize. With development of C++ you'll want to run the UE4 editor from Visual Studio. To do so we'll launch via `Local Windows Debugger`. If your project build target is not setup properly you'll receive an error that UE4.exe can not be found. To fix we'll right click on our `project solution > set startup projects....`. Then set Single startup project to your active project. Next, launch UE4 via `Local Windows Debugger` and this time you should see Visual Studio properly build and launch the UE4 editor with your active project. Launching and running the editor via Visual Studio gives us the additional benefits of diagnostic tools and debugging if our perfectly written bug free code crashes UE4. Finally, Visual Studio IntelleSense is known for struggling with the immense size of projects that UE4 creates. Two great products you can add to your workflow are Resharper C++ by Jetbrains and Visual Assist by Whole Tomato Software. The biggest improvement that both offer over IntelleSense is faster code searching and code indexing. This offers a vastly improved autocompletion experience compared to built-in IntelleSense. Ultimately, both are great tools and come down to your personal preference and price range. Now go forth and develop!

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realtalk-tj · 6 years ago

Note

how do u install cv stuff on ur own computer?

Response from Flitwick:

I don’t remember the specifics of how to do these things, but I generally recall what you should have. You’re going to need to download some sort of C++ compiler (gcc and g++, I think?) and put it in your computer’s path - you can look that up online. A text editor is necessary - free stuff like Atom and Sublime works fine, actual IDEs like CLion are finicky to configure but worth the trouble if you can handle it. Eventually (not now), you’ll need to download the OpenCV library too at some point, and there are tutorials online as to how to do that as well. As always, Google is your friend and StackOverflow is your even better friend. Sorry if this wasn’t as useful as you needed it to be!

#computer vision

0 notes

blogwaping · 6 years ago

Link

Swift is a powerful and intuitive programming language for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and more. Writing Swift code is interactive and fun, the syntax is concise yet expressive, and Swift includes love for developers with modern features. Swift code is design-safe, yet it also produces lightning-fast software. Swift combines the best of modern language thinking with wisdom from the wider Apple engineering culture and the varied contributions from its open-source community. The compiler is optimized for efficiency and the language is optimized for growth, without compromising either.

Swift 5 Language

Swift 5 makes the release of your applications dramatically simpler. Because the Swift runtime is now integrated into iOS, macOS, tvOS, and watchOS, your app no longer requires to share this library for the latest OS versions.

Users who download from the App Store an app constructed with Swift will get a lower app and a quicker download.

Swift describes big classes of prevalent programming mistakes by adopting modern programming patterns:

Variables are always initialized before use.

Array indices are checked for mistakes that are out-of-bound.

Integers will be inspected for overflow.

Optional guarantees explicit handling of nil values.

Memory is automatically administered.

Error handling enables a controlled recovery from unexpected failures.

Swift code is compiled and optimized to make the most of contemporary hardware.

The syntax and standard libraries were intended based on the guiding principle that the highest performance should also be the apparent way to write your code.

Its combination of safety and velocity makes Swift an outstanding option for everything from "Hello World!" to a whole operating system.

Swift combines powerful type inference and pattern matching with a contemporary, lightweight syntax that allows complicated concepts to be expressed straightforwardly and concisely. As a result, code is not only simpler to write but also easier to read and retain.

Advantages of Swift

Swift is an open-source and simple to know.

Swift is quick, secure, expressive.

Swift is the future of the growth of Apple.

Swift is prepared for the company.

Swift is accessible and familiar (Swift programmers can add C and C++ code into Swift apps).

Disadvantages of Swift

The language is still quite young and the pool of talent is restricted.

Lack of assistance for previous versions of iOS.

Poor interoperability with third-party instruments and IDEs.

Swift is regarded as a "moving target" as it is a fresh language and there are few swift programmers.

Features of Swift Language

Swift has many more features to make your code more expressive:

Generics that are powerful and simple to use.

Protocol extensions that make writing generic code even easier.

First-class functions and a lightweight closure syntax.

Fast and concise iteration over a range or collection.

Tuples and multiple returns values.

Structs that support methods, extensions, and protocols.

Enums can have payloads and support pattern matching.

Functional programming patterns, e.g., map and filter.

Native error handling using try/catch/throw.

1. Designed for Safety

Swift eliminates all classes of unsafe code. Variables are always initialized before use, arrays and integers are checked for overflow, and exclusive access to memory guards is enforced against many programming errors.

The syntax is tuned to make it easy to identify your intent— simple three-character keywords, for instance, define a variable (var) or a constant (let).

Swift strongly leverages value kinds, particularly for frequently used kinds such as Arrays and Dictionaries. This means that if you make a copy of something with that type, you know it won't be changed elsewhere.

2. Fast and Powerful

Swift was constructed to be quick from its earliest conception. Using the extremely high-performance LLVM compiler technology, Swift code is converted into an optimized native code that gets the most out of contemporary hardware.

Also, the syntax and standard library have been tuned to make the most evident way to write your software work best, whether it operates in the watch on your wrist or across a server cluster.

3. Easy to Learn

Swift can open doors for the coding world. It was intended to be the first programming language of anyone, whether you are still in college or exploring fresh career routes.

Apple developed a free curriculum for teachers to teach Swift both in and out of the classroom. First-time coders can download Swift Playgrounds— an iPad app that makes it interactive and enjoyable to get started with Swift code.

Aspiring app developers can access free classes to know how to construct their first Xcode applications.

Apple Stores around the globe are hosting today at Apple Coding & Apps meetings where you can get hands-on experience with Swift code.

4. Source and Binary Compatibility

With Swift 5, you don't need to modify any of your Swift 4 code to use the compiler's fresh version. On the contrary, you can begin using the new compiler and migrate at your speed, taking advantage of fresh Swift 5 characteristics, one module at a moment.

Swift 5 is now introducing binary compatibility for applications. This means that you no longer need to include Swift libraries in applications that target-present and future versions of OS, as the Swift libraries will be included in any future release of OS.

5. Open Source

Swift is developed in the open at Swift.org, with source code, a bug tracker, forums, and regular development building available to everyone.

This wide community of developers, both inside Apple as well as hundreds of outside contributors, are working together to make Swift even more incredible.

There is an even wider variety of blogs, podcasts, conferences, and meetings where community designers share their experiences of how to realize the excellent potential of Swift.

6. Cross-Platform

Swift is already supporting all Apple platforms and Linux, with community members actively working on porting to even more platforms.

The community is also working with SourceKit-LSP to incorporate Swift assistance into a wide variety of developer instruments.

We are excited to see more ways that Swift makes software safer and quicker, while also making programming more fun.

7. Swift for Server

While Swift is powering many new applications on Apple platforms, it is also being used for a fresh class of contemporary server applications.

Swift is perfect for server applications requiring runtime security, compiled performance, and a small memory footprint.

The community created the Swift Server Working Group to guide Swift's direction for creating and deploying server apps.

The first product of this attempt was SwiftNIO, a cross-platform asynchronous event-driven network application framework for servers and customers with high-performance protocols.

8. Objective-C Interoperability

Today you can develop a completely fresh application with Swift, or start using Swift code to introduce fresh characteristics and functionality in your app.

Swift code co-exists in the same project alongside your current Objective-C files, with complete access to your Objective-C API, making it simple to embrace.

Hello World program in Swift

// Hello, World! Program import Swift print("Hello, World!")

Output: Hello, World!

How Swift "Hello, World!" Program Works?

// Hello, World! Program.

Any line beginning with two slashes // in Swift is a comment. The compiler totally ignores them.

Comments are designed for the individual reading the code to better comprehend the program's purpose and functionality.

import swift

Import keyword enables you to access all the symbols specified within the framework. Remember this line is now needed to use print("Hello, World!") in our program. In subsequent tutorials, you will learn more about it.

print("Hello, World!")

In Swift, the line above is called a function. More specifically, a function of printing. Printing implies "show on the screen" in quick.

The code above prints the string inside quotation marks, i.e. "Hello, World!" on the screen. You will learn more about features and how they operate in subsequent tutorials.

"Hello, World!" Program on Terminal

1. Open Terminal.

2. Type swift and press enter (return). This will offer you a welcome message as the Apple Swift version x.x.x.

3. Type print("Hello, World!")

When you press the enter (or return) key, the output will be :

Hello, World!

Run Swift code online

You can use these sites to run swift code online.

Swiftplayground.run

Jdoodle.com

Onlinegdb.com

Repl.it

Run Swift code on Computer

You can download one of this software to create the Swift program or applications.

Xcode (most use)

Atom

Clion

Recommended books for Swift

I am sure these books help you to learn about Swift Programming.

Share your thoughts about Swift language in the comment box.

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