#GC-MS working principle

[superchemistryclasses]

From Separation to Detection: How Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Works in Real-World Applications

In today’s world, where science plays a big role in our daily lives, a powerful technique called Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) has become an essential tool for scientists. Whether it’s checking for harmful chemicals in food, identifying substances in crime investigations, or finding pollutants in the environment, GC-MS helps provide accurate and trusted results. It combines two…

[somextract]

SOM Extracts: The Best Essential Oils Wholesaler in India for Authentic, Pure & Sustainable Solutions

If you’re a formulator, a wellness brand, or a global buyer looking for the best essential oils wholesaler in India, look no further than SOM Extracts.

With decades of industry expertise, cutting-edge manufacturing, and a legacy of purity, SOM Extracts is not just a supplier — it’s a strategic partner trusted by leading brands around the world.

 Who is SOM Extracts?

SOM Extracts is a prominent manufacturer and bulk exporter of essential oils, CO2 extracts, and natural aroma compounds, based in India. The company combines ancient Indian knowledge of botanicals with modern extraction technologies to create products that are 100% natural, therapeutic-grade, and globally compliant.

With clientele spanning cosmetics, aromatherapy, personal care, perfumery, nutraceuticals, and pharma, SOM Extracts has positioned itself as one of India’s most reliable and future-ready essential oil suppliers.

Why SOM Extracts is Considered the Best Essential Oils Wholesaler in India

Here’s why more and more global businesses choose SOM Extracts as their go-to partner:

✅ 1. World-Class Purity Standards

At SOM Extracts, quality is non-negotiable. Every oil is rigorously tested in-house with GC-MS, HPTLC, and other advanced methods, ensuring chemical-free, unadulterated, and 100% pure oils.

Their oils are free from:

Synthetic fragrances

Pesticide residues

Solvents and harmful additives

Each batch comes with COA, MSDS, and traceability documentation.

✅ 2. Wide Range of Essential Oils & Extracts

SOM Extracts offers one of the most diverse selections of:

Essential Oils — Lavender, Peppermint, Lemongrass, Tea Tree, Basil, Rosemary, Eucalyptus, Citronella, and more

CO2 Extracts — Turmeric, Ginger, Cardamom, Black Pepper, Moringa

Carrier Oils — Jojoba, Argan, Almond, Coconut, Wheatgerm

Oleoresins & Natural Aromas

This variety gives clients the flexibility to create innovative products in personal care, wellness, oral care, nutraceuticals, and Ayurveda.

✅ 3. In-House Manufacturing with Global Certifications

SOM Extracts operates state-of-the-art extraction and distillation units, ensuring full control over quality, hygiene, and output. The facilities are:

ISO 9001:201

GMP-compliant

FSSAI certified

Kosher & Halal approved

US FDA registered

Whether it’s steam distillation, cold pressing, solvent-free CO2 extraction, or fractionation — every method follows clean label principles.

✅ 4. Custom B2B Solutions & White Labeling

Need private label essential oils with your branding? SOM Extracts offers:

Custom packaging (glass, aluminum, HDPE drums)

White labeling support for retail-ready oils

Product development and formulation assistance

This makes it easy for startups, exporters, and eCommerce brands to launch turnkey wellness and skincare products.

✅ 5. Sustainable & Ethical Sourcing

SOM Extracts follows sustainable sourcing models by working directly with farmer groups, cooperatives, and tribal distillers. This ensures:

Fair pricing for growers

No overharvesting of wild botanicals

Eco-conscious and socially responsible supply chains

Their commitment to green chemistry and zero-waste processing adds value to every drop they produce.

Who Should Partner with SOM Extracts?

SOM Extracts caters to a wide variety of industries and use cases:

Cosmetics & Skincare Brands — For essential oils in creams, lotions, serums, soaps, and hair oils.

Aromatherapy & Spa Chains — Oils for massages, diffusers, candles, and detox therapies.

Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Companies — Herbal actives for immunity, digestion, and pain relief.

Food & Beverage Brands — Food-safe oils and CO2 extracts for flavoring.

Private Label Exporters — Ready-to-sell essential oil products for Amazon, Flipkart, and global markets.

Whetherou’re a small D2C brand or a multinational buyer, SOM Extracts scales with your needs.

Final Thoughts: Partner with SOM Extracts for Trust, Quality & Growth

The global market for essential oils is growing fast — and it’s fueled by a consumer shift toward natural, plant-based, and sustainable products. In such a dynamic landscape, working with the right supplier can make or break your brand.

SOM Extracts offers more than oils — they deliver consistency, scalability, transparency, and innovation.

Whether you’re just starting out or scaling globally, SOM has the infrastructure, the knowledge, and the heart to support your journey.

[sudheervanguri]

Encube Ethicals is excited to announce job openings in the Analytical Transdermal department at their Marol (Andheri) location in Mumbai. This opportunity is perfect for professionals with an M.Pharm/M.Sc degree and 2-5 years of relevant experience. If you have the required qualifications and experience, Encube Ethicals offers a dynamic work environment where you can thrive. Job Openings at Encube Ethicals Analytical Transdermal Department Location: Marol (Andheri), Mumbai Qualifications: M.Pharm/M.Sc Experience: 2 to 5 years Job Profile: Operation of HPLC, GC, dissolution apparatus, and other analytical instruments Knowledge of analytical instruments and scientific principles of chromatographic method development Practical experience in executing chromatographic method validation Proficiency in MS Office, including MS Word and MS Excel Preferable experience with transdermal products or topical analytical development [caption id="attachment_58118" align="aligncenter" width="930"] Encube Ethicals Recruitment Notification[/caption] About Encube Ethicals Encube Ethicals is a renowned pharmaceutical company dedicated to the development and manufacturing of high-quality transdermal and topical products. With a strong commitment to innovation and quality, Encube Ethicals continues to lead the industry in providing effective solutions to enhance patient care. Application Process Interested candidates can send their resumes to Pranali Sarvagod at pranali.sarvagod@encubeethicals.com.

[sciencelabsupply]

Tips for Optimizing Efficiency in Your Chemical Engineering Lab with the Right Equipment

Chemical engineering is that branch of engineering that touches the lives of all of us. They are the engineering wizards that turn raw materials into useful and valuable products. With the principles of chemistry, math, and physics and the aid of equipment by top chemistry engineering lab equipment manufacturers, they design processes and equipment for making things like chemicals, medicines, fuels, and even food on a large scale. 

Chemical engineers figure out how to do it efficiently, safely, and economically. They're like the chefs of the industrial world, creating the instructions for making stuff in factories. Chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers are proud to be collaborators with chemical engineers worldwide. They are on board as the official chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers and suppliers to the topmost chemical engineering companies in the world. 

Tips for Optimizing Efficiency By Chemical Engineering Lab Equipment Suppliers 

Optimizing efficiency in a chemical engineering lab relies on several key factors, including having the right equipment from the best chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturer and employing effective practices. Here are some tips for achieving greater efficiency, along with suitable examples: 

Material Compatibility:

Consider the materials you'll be working with and ensure that the equipment is compatible with those substances. Carefully assess the materials that will come into contact with the equipment. Ensure it can handle the corrosiveness, reactivity, and potential chemical interactions with your substances. Consult material compatibility charts and guidelines for reference provided along with the chemical engineering lab equipment list. 

Example: When working with highly corrosive chemicals, choose equipment made from corrosion-resistant materials such as PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel, or glass-lined reactors. For handling reactive substances, consider specialized reactors like Hastelloy reactors, designed for chemical resistance.

Harness The Power Of Automation:

Whenever possible, leverage automation and computer-controlled systems to increase precision and reduce human error. Check with chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers and suppliers of the latest automated equipment that shall significantly enhance efficiency. Here's how automation achieves this:

Precision and Consistency

24/7 Operation

Reduced Human Error

Accurate and real-time data acquisition

Parallel Processing

Task Integration within a single system

Remote Monitoring and Control

Better safety standards with handling of hazardous or toxic materials without direct human contact

Workflow Efficiency

Resource Optimization

Instrument Integration:

Mostly, chemical engineers plan to use multiple instruments in sync. Ensure to source equipment from experienced chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers that are compatible and integrate seamlessly with automated processes.

Example: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems combine the separation capabilities of GC with mass spectrometry for compound identification. These integrated systems streamline chemical analysis.

Optimizing Energy Use 

Modern Chemical engineering labs must strategize and take practical steps to reduce energy consumption while maintaining or improving productivity. Some of these practices are: 

Invest in energy-efficient lab equipment and instrumentation, such as energy-efficient refrigeration systems, ovens, and pumps.

Ensure that lab equipment is correctly sized, as it reduces energy waste.

Use smart controls and sensors to implement heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems with controls and sensors. 

LED lighting for less consumption of electricity. 

Use automated timers that turn off lighting, fume hoods, and equipment during non-operational hours or when not in use.

It is a great thing to practice periodic energy audits to identify areas of energy inefficiency within the lab. 

Avoid energy wastage by optimizing temperature and pressure.

Implement energy management systems for real-time monitoring and control of lab equipment. 

Every step must be taken to lower the carbon footprint, and partial reliance on clean energy is the best and proven step for it. 

Design or revamp chemical engineering labs with Energy-Efficient Lab Design

Regulatory Compliance & Supplier Reputation

Undoubtedly, chemical engineering labs witness the use of chemical engineering lab equipment at all times. Thus, it is one of the labs where there can be no quality compromise of the equipment. Chemical engineers can optimize the efficiency of their lab operation by selecting equipment that complies with relevant industry regulations and safety standards. With the leading chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers comes the guarantee of certifications and approvals that validate the equipment's suitability for use in the chemical engineering lab.

With chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers and exporters, every aspect of lab equipment comes verified. They have a proven track record of providing equipment that is certified to meet safety and regulatory standards, ensuring compliance.

Setting Up Of Safety Enclosures

These enclosures protect both operators and the surrounding environment during experiments involving hazardous materials or reactions. The following measures are effective steps for lab operations in chemical engineering labs: 

Set-up safety enclosures provide a physical barrier between these hazardous materials and laboratory personnel. 

Ensure these enclosures have built-in trays, catchment systems, or containment chambers. They help to capture and safely manage any spills, preventing them from spreading into the lab environment.

Check with chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers to install fume hoods. They ensure that the lab air remains clean and safe to breathe.

The Safety enclosures must have transparent windows or panels that allow engineers to observe and manipulate experiments without direct contact with the chemicals. 

Safety enclosures, like glove boxes and isolation chambers, must be sourced from top chemical engineering lab equipment manufacturers. They are essential when working with air-sensitive or moisture-sensitive materials. 

Provision of emergency shut-off systems for quick deactivation of equipment or experiments in case of emergencies or unexpected events. 

Safety enclosures are designed and manufactured to meet strict safety standards and regulations. Using compliant enclosures ensures that the lab adheres to safety guidelines and protocols, which is essential for both research integrity and personnel safety.

Safety enclosures by chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers come in various configurations to accommodate different experimental requirements. Share your lab requirements with them, and the experts will install safety enclosures that sync absolutely with your lab goals. 

Many more tips by chemical engineering lab equipment suppliers can help you make informed decisions when selecting equipment for your chemical engineering lab. Following these tips ensures that your choices align with your research goals and contribute to the overall efficiency and productivity of your laboratory operations.

[wisdomrays]

TAFAKKUR: Part 330

OLFACTION: SENSING THE SCENTS: Part 2

E-NOSE TECHNOLOGIES

The sensor is the e-nose's key element, and the sensor type is its defining characteristic. There are 5 types of e-nose sensors, as follows:

Optical sensors: Optical fiber sensors work through fluorescence and chemoluminescence. The tube's glass fibers contain a thin encoated active material in their sides and at both ends. As VOCs interact with the organic matrix's chemical dyes, the dye's fluorescent emission changes the spectrum. These changes then are measured and recorded for different odorous particles.

Fiber arrays with different dye mixtures can be used as sensors. These are fabricated by dipcoating (binding a plastic solution to a substrate), micro electromechanical system (MEMS), and precision machining. The main advantage is that this adjustable tool can filter out noise. Also, since many dye forms are available in biological research, sensors are cheap and easy to fabricate. But the instrumentation control systems are complex, which adds to the cost, and have a limited lifetime due to photo bleaching (the sensing process slowly consumes the fluorescent dyes).

Optical sensors are sensitive and can measure low ppb (parts per billion); however, they are still in the researach stage of development

Spectrometry-based Sensors: This group consists of a molecular spectrum-based gas chromatography (GC), an atomic mass spectrum-based mass spectrometry (MS), and a transmitted light spectrum-based light spectrum (LS). The first two can analyze the odor's components accurately, which is a plus. However, their use of a vapor trap to increase concentration can alter the odor's characteristics. LS devices do not consume the sample, but do require tunable quantum-well devices. GC and MS devices are commercially available, while LS devices are only at the research stage. All spectrometry-based sensors are fabricated by MEMS and precision machining, and can measure odors to a low ppb level.

The GC tube decomposes the odorant into its molecular constituents, and MS forms a mass spectrum for each peak. The spectra then is compared to a large precompiled database of spectral peaks to classify and identify odorants.

MOSFET (Metal-oxide-silicon field-effect-transistor): The basic principle here is capacitive charge coupling. In other words, VOCs react with the catalytic metal and thereby alter the device's electrical properties. The device's selectivity and sensitivity can be fine-tuned by varying the metal catalyst's thickness and composition. MOSFETs are micro-fabricated and commercially available, but can measure only parts per million. They can be manufactured by electronic interface circuits, which minimizes batch-to-batch variation. However, the gas produced by the VOC-metal reaction must penetrate the MOSFET's gate.

Conductivity Sensors: The sensor types used here are metal oxide or conducting polymer. Both operate on the principle of conductivity, for their resistance changes as they interact with VOCs. Metal oxide sensors are common, commercially available, inexpensive, and easy to produce (they are micro-fabricated). Their sensitivity ranges from 5-500 ppm. However, they only operate at high temperatures (200°C to 400°C).

In conducting polymer sensors, VOCs bond with the polymer backbone and change the polymer's conductivity (resistance). They are micro-fabricated together with electroplating and screen printing, are commercially available, and can measure from .1 to 100 ppm. They operate at room temperature, yet are very sensitive to humidity. Moreover, it is hard to electropolymerize the active material, which makes batch-to-batch variation inevitable. Sometimes VOCs penetrate the polymer chain, which means that the sensor must be returned to its neutral and reference state-a very time-consuming process.

Piezoelectric Sensors: These devices, which measure any change in mass, come in two varieties: quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices.

QCM sensors have a resonating disk and metal electrodes on each side. While applying the gas sample to the resonator's surface, the polymer surface absorbs VOCs from the environment. Thus its mass increases, which increases resonance frequency. As the U.S. Navy has long used QCMs, this technology is familiar, developed, and commercially available. A QCM sensor is fabricated by screen-printing, wire bonding, and MEMS. Althoug it can measure a 1.0 Ng mass change, its MEMS fabrication and interface electronics is a major disadvantages. QCM sensors are quite linear in mass changes, their sensitivity to temperature can be adjusted, and their response to water can vary for the material used.

MEMS techniques should be handled carefully, for the surface-to-volume ratio increases drastically as dimensions approach the micrometer levels. Measurement accuracy is lost when the increasing surface-to-volume ratio begins to degrade the signal-to-noise ratio. This problem occurs in most micro-fabricated devices. SAW devices have much higher frequencies. Since 3-D MEMS processing is unnecessary, SAW devices are cheaper. As with QCM devices, many polymer coatings are available. The differential devices can be quite sensitive. However, interface electronics require more complex electronics than those of conductivity sensors for both QCM and SAW sensors. Also, as the active membrane ages, resonance frequencies can drift and so must be detected for frequency by time. SAW devices are commercially available and sensitive to mass changes at the 1.0 pg level.

PATTERN RECOGNITION

Any e-nose's primary task is to identify an odorant and perhaps measure its concentration. After the signal processing step comes the crucial step of pattern recognition: preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, and decision-making. A database of odors must be formed for comparison purposes.

Preprocessing accounts for sensor drifts and reduces sample-to-sample variation. This can be done by normalizing sensor response ranges, manipulating sensor baselines, and compressing sensor transients.

Feature extraction involves dimensionality reduction, a crucial step for statistical data analysis, since the database's examples usually are subject to financial constraints. The higher dimensionality caused by sensor arrays is reduced to relevant pattern-recognition information and thus extracts only significant data. As most dimensions are correlated and dependent, it is better to reduce dimensionality to a few informative axes.

Feature extraction usually is accomplished by classical principal component analysis (PGA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA). PCA is a linear transformation that finds the maximum variance projections and the most widely used technique for feature extraction. But as PCA ignores class labels, it is not an optimal technique for odor recognition.

LDA seeks to maximize the distance between class label examples and minimize the within distance, and thus is a more appropriate approach. LDA is also a linear transformation. For instance, LDA might better discriminate subtle but crucial odor projections, whereas PCA can remove the high variance random noise in a projection.

The classification stage identifies odors. Classical classification techniques are KNN (k nearest neighbors), Bayesian classifiers, and ANN (artificial neural networks]. KNN with, say, 5 nearest points will find the 5 closest matches from the precompiled database. The closest match will be assigned as the tested material's odorant class.

Bayesian classifiers first assign a posterior probability to the classes in the lower dimension and then pick the class that maximizes the predetermined probability distribution. ANN is closer to biological odor recognition. After being trained by the odor database, it is exposed to the unknown odorant in order to recognize the largest applicable response odorant class. The classifier estimates the class and places a confidence level on it.

In decision-making, risks and application-specific knowledge are considered in order to modify the classification. All decisions are reported-even a nonmatch.

CONCLUSION

As this article indicates, we can expect great progress in this area. And with each step forward, science and technology will continue to point toward the Greatest Artist's most subtle designs and allow us to appreciate them better.

[josephjhonnson]

Lavender Oil's: Health Benefits.

Lavender essential oil is one of the most widely used and adaptable aromatherapy essential oils. The oil is extracted from the plant Lavandula angustifolia and is used to treat anxiety, fungal infections, allergies, depression, insomnia, eczema, nausea, and menstrual cramps.

Lavender is a versatile essential oil in essential oil practises. It is purported to have anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidepressant, antiseptic, antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, as well as antispasmodic, analgesic, detoxifying, hypotensive, and sedative effects.

Health Benefits

The qualities of lavender essential oil have been extensively researched. Here's a breakdown of the findings.

Anxiety While large-scale clinical trials assessing lavender's effects on patients with anxiety are currently lacking, a number of research reveal that the oil may have some anti-anxiety properties.

Lavender's anxiety-relieving properties have been studied in a variety of populations. For example, a 2005 study published in Physiology & Behavior reported that inhaling the aroma of lavender reduced anxiety and enhanced mood in 200 people awaiting dental treatment.

In addition, according to a 2012 pilot study published in Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, lavender-essential-oil-based aromatherapy may help relieve anxiety in high-risk postpartum mothers. Researchers discovered that four weeks of twice-weekly, 15-minute-long aromatherapy sessions helped reduce depression as well as lower anxiety levels in 28 women who had given birth in the previous 18 months in a trial involving 28 women who had given birth in the previous 18 months.

Insomnia

Lavender essential oil has been found in several studies to aid in the promotion of sleep and the treatment of insomnia.

According to a 2015 study published in the Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, combining sleep hygiene approaches with lavender essential oil therapy improved college students' sleep quality over sleep hygiene alone. Inhaling lavender at bedtime enhanced daily vitality and brightness, according to a study of 79 students with self-reported sleep issues.

The benefit of lavender on sleep was confirmed in a 2018 study published in Holistic Nursing Practice. Lavender aromatherapy was proven to improve sleep start, quality, and duration in an elderly population in this study of 30 nursing home residents.

Preparation and Dosage

Lavender essential oil has no suggested daily allowance. Breathing in the perfume of lavender essential oil or applying lavender essential oil to the skin, according to aromatherapy principles, sends messages to the limbic system, a brain region known to influence the nervous system and assist regulate emotion.

Combining lavender oil with a carrier oil is a popular method (such as jojoba or sweet almond). Lavender essential oil can be massaged into the skin or added to a bath once it has been combined with a carrier oil.

You can also inhale the aroma of lavender essential oil by sprinkling a few drops on a cloth or tissue, or by adding the oil to an aromatherapy diffuser or vaporizer.

What to Watch Out For

The FDA does not regulate essential oils, and they are not required to meet any purity standards. When purchasing essential oils, look for a supplier who either distils their own material or works directly with reputable distillers, and who analyses the product's quality using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

If this Blog Finds Helpful. Must Share and Comment Your Views., Thank you!!

Also Read : Lavender oil

lavender oil for skin

Lavender Oil on feet for sleep

Also Read About: Rosemary essential oil 

Visit:  how to use rosemary essential oil for face

[ckpacking]

Nutech 2104 Canister Cleaning System

The cleanliness of the canister is very critical to the overall accuracy of the detection of VOCs in the sample.

EPA Methods TO-14A and TO-15 require sampling devices be clean down to sub-ppbv level.  The newly release EPA TO-15A dictates a much more strict requirement on the cleanliness of the canister than TO-15 published in 1999: from 0.2 ppbv at 30 psig to ≤0.020 ppbv (≤20 pptv) at 0 psig. The 2104 canister cleaning system is suitable for meeting these requirements. It is able to clean SUMMA canisters of various sizes (1/3/6/15L) as well as Tedlar bags.

Features of 2104 Canister Cleaning System

1. Dual pumps (Turbo Pump and Diaphragm Pump) are custom designed, with the final vacuum pressure reaching less than 10mTorr.

2. The 2104 is capable of automatic humidification, leak checking, and easy operation.

3. The 2104 uses dedicated software, capable of multiple rounds of cleaning as well as customized final vacuum or pressure. This automation will allow chemists to focus on other lab work, improving laboratory efficiency.

Nutech 2203 Precision Static Dilutor

Nutech 2203 precision static dilutor is suitable for diluting high concentration gas standards into low concentration working gas standards, making the process automated and reproducible. It is widely used in laboratory standard gas configuration.

The 2203 is also suitable for diluting high concentration gas samples to fall within the calibration range of the analytical instrument.

Nutech 2203 Precision Static Dilutor Features

1. Using a multi-stage dilution process, the Nutech 2203 can reach a maximum dilution factor of 10,000 X, allowing for percent-level analysis on trace-level instruments.

2. The 2203 uses a high precision flow control system and pressure sensor for dilution control. Compared with differential pressure instruments, the precision of dilution is higher.

3. The 2203 is highly efficient with its gas usage. One 110L standard gas can fill over 1,800 6L canisters.

4. The customized software has a high degree of automation. It automatically checks the initial pressure of the sample tank and calculates the final dilution factor based on the final pressure input, and is easy to operate.

5. The 2203 has dedicated lines standard and sample dilutions. The sampling lines and valves are silanized, minimizing the unit’s potential contamination of subsequent samples.

 Nutech Ambient Air Online VOCs Monitoring Solutions

Nutech offers several solutions to monitor VOCs in ambient air based on different monitoring targets and different technologies.

NCMS 6300 is for THC & NMHC online monitoring using LTP + FID technology.

VsCMS 6500 is for PAMS compounds online monitoring using LTP + GC-FID technology.

VsCMS 6600 is for 117 VOCs species online monitoring using LTP + GC-FID/MS technology.

VsCMS 6700 is for 117 VOCs species online monitoring using LTP + GC-TOF technology.

Nutech’s VsCMS 6700 Online VOCs Monitoring System Used in a Roadside Station

 Working Principle of Nutech Online VOCs Monitoring Systems

The ambient air enters into the sampling unit of the online monitoring system at a constant flow rate. The VOCs are enriched and pretreated by low temperature trap, and then separated by gas chromatography through thermal desorption and detected by hydrogen flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometry detector (MSD/TOF-MS). Therefore, the concentrations of total hydrocarbons (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and each VOCs species are obtained.

For more details on our products and services, please feel free to visit us at: Summa Canister, Tedlar Bag, VOC Analyzer, Lab VOC Testing, VOC Analysis.

[biotechtimes]

Graduate Aptitude Test - Biotechnology (GAT-B) 2020 Notification

New Post has been published on https://biotechtimes.org/2020/05/31/graduate-aptitude-test-biotechnology-gat-b-2020-notification/

Graduate Aptitude Test - Biotechnology (GAT-B) 2020 Notification

  REGIONAL CENTRE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY An Institution of National Importance Established by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, under the auspices of UNESCO Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad -121001

Regional Centre for Biotechnology is conducting the Graduate Aptitude Test-Biotechnology (GAT-B), an eligibility test for admission to the DBT-supported PG programmes in Biotechnology in participating institutions.

This test replaces Combined Entrance Examination in Biotechnology (CEEB), conducted previously by JNU Based on the examination score, an All-India category-wise merit list with GAT-B rank will be generated. Using the rank, the candidate may apply to various DBT-supported PG programmes in participating institutions. The participating institutions will advertise these programmes and admit students as per their admission & selection process.

Applicable test fee

General and OBC category – Rs. 1000/-

SC, ST, EWS and Differentially abled – Rs. 500/-

Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B) Syllabus

The examination will be conducted in a single shift for a duration of 180 minutes. The question paper will have two parts:

PART- A: Part A will have 60 compulsory multiple-choice questions of the level of 10+2 in the subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology. Each correct answer will be of one mark each. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, ½ (half) mark will be deducted.

PART-B: Part B will have multiple choice questions of bachelor’s level requiring thinking and analysis. There will be questions from basic Biology, Life Sciences, Biotechnology and allied areas as per the syllabus given below. There will be 100 questions out of which the candidates will have to attempt 60 questions. Each correct answer will have a weightage of 3 marks. There will be negative marking and for each wrong answer, one mark will be deducted.

PART-B Syllabus

General Biotechnology:

Biochemistry: Biomolecules-structure and functions; Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action; Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain; Bioenergetics

Microbiology: Viruses- structure and classification; Microbial classification and diversity (bacterial, algal and fungal); Methods in microbiology; microbial growth and nutrition; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interaction

Cell Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-Cell communication, Cell signalling and signal transduction.

Molecular Biology and Genetics: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis; Nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Horizontal gene transfer and Transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; Chromosomal variation; Molecular basis of genetic diseases.

Analytical Techniques: Principles of microscopy-light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Centrifugation- high speed and ultra; Principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS, NMR; Principles of chromatography- ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC, FPLC; Electrophoresis; Microarray.

Immunology: History of Immunology; Innate, humoral and cell-mediated immunity; Antigen; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; B and T cells and macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction.

Bioinformatics

Major bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studies; Molecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein-ligand interaction)

Recombinant DNA Technology

Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation, cloning and expression; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In- situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene therapy

Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and Cell suspension culture system: methodology, kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root culture; transgenic plants; Plant products of industrial importance.

Animal cell culture; media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals

Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Chemical engineering principles applied to biological system, Principle of reactor design, ideal and non- ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, Aeration and agitation; Media formulation and optimization; Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation control and optimization; Unit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; Process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis.

Engineering principle of bioprocessing – Upstream production and downstream; Bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; Microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites; Biofuels, Bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; Industrial application of chromatographic and membrane-based bioseparation methods; Immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processes; Bioremediation-Aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes

Instructions for Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B)

Please submit only one application form with valid details. Do not submit dummy applications.

Keep a copy of submitted online application for future reference. Visit RCB website (www.rcb.res.in/GATB) from time to time for any further information.

A candidate who has either appeared or is due to appear in the final examination of their qualifying degree is eligible to apply, under the result awaited (RA) category. Such candidates will have to submit the attestation form duly certified by the Head of the Institute with stamp (with address and name) from where the candidate is appearing for the qualifying degree. In case the candidate cannot furnish the certificate due to the COVID-19 situation, such candidates may submit the undertaking given on the website

Candidates are advised to download and use the same format/s for relaxation certificates/ attestation format as provided on the homepage of the application portal.

To avoid the last-minute rush, candidates are advised to apply early. RCB will not be responsible for connectivity issues or any other problems at the last minute.

Please go through the detailed notification on the RCB website. The candidate must check the eligibility criteria before applying for the test.

Candidates should preview their application form before the final submission. NO request for a change in the application form/test centre will be entertained after the final submission of the online application.

In case of non-payment of the application fee, the candidate will not be allowed to appear for the test.

All necessary intimations will be sent via E-mail/SMS only to the registered email id and mobile number. So please provide a valid email id and working mobile no. Candidates are advised to visit the website for any new information/ announcement.

The candidates are advised to carefully read the above instructions.

Check eligibility criteria

How to apply for Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology (GAT-B)

1. You can register for GAT-B from the official RCB website http://www.rcb.res.in/GATB 2. Steps for Registration are as follows:

Register to create a Profile

Log in with system generated User ID and Password

Submit Application, process payment.

Upon creating a profile, you will receive a User ID and Password on your registered email ID and mobile number. Using these credentials, you can log in as a Registered Applicant to fill the Application form. The application may be saved at any stage and can be re-visited to complete later. Please note once the form is submitted, you will not be allowed to edit any details in the application form and application fee paid will not be refunded.

Candidates must fill the application form carefully, once submitted after payment of requisite fee, no edits/ modifications will be permitted.

Important Dates

Online Registration Start Date 01st June 2020 Online Registration Close 18th June 2020 Issue of Admit Card 25th June 2020 GAT-B 2020 30th June 2020 Display of Question Paper and Answer Key on website 02nd July 2020 Last date of accepting representation of any discrepancy in Question Paper & Answer Key 06th July 2020 Declaration of GAT-B rank of Candidates 20th July 2020

[lifeinechos]

A Cult named “AF Matthew”

Preface: 

26 June 2017:

 I joined IIM Kozhikode to pursue my Masters considering:-

Engineering job at an MNC in India is low paying and has a low growth curve (Though my work was exciting, and for a fresher R&D job was a dream come true)

My family’s financial health didn’t allow me to go abroad and take admission in a great MS institute (i loved engineering), and didn’t want to settle there as well in the long run in order to pay-off the loan undertaken

So, i wrote CAT(admission test for MBA in India) and got into this college. Though i was engineer by blood, but who cares. You have to feed yourself and in India, you need an MBA to swing up the ladder. It was here i came across this legend!

5 March 2019:

I bid like all my fortune(in this case grade-points), to get allotted the subject taught by AF Matthew! Had heard a lot about him, and as i was few of those unlucky souls who weren’t given an opportunity to attend his sessions in the first year, this was long due.

And, well fast forward to the end of the session, it was all worth it! He challenged my thoughts, ideals, questioned my beliefs and swiftly moulded me. Whatever he said wasn’t at all sweet and soft. There were times when the entire world which i was a part of for 25years in my life, came tumbling down. But he had his facts, and he was RIGHT! 

He showed us the classics which was too much for a mainstream person i was, for whom a classic meant Lord of Rings franchise or Rocky Balboa Series, and then i was a transformed intelligent soul, now who could sit in a group and take part in knowledgeable discussions, and not fight based on mob-opinions. Also was I struggling with the aftermath of a life-threatening accident i had on Sept 14th,2018. I was no more a confident girl who was strong-headed in her stance and could think clearly in the midst of difficult situations. I was running from my inabilities and HE gave me the strength to face them! 

The following piece is a tribute to him and the art to which he exposed me and built a better person if not perfect. The journey is long no doubt, but i am forever indebted to have had the foundation stone laid by him.

PS, this is a reflective essay which i wove around my life based on the movies and art (highlighted and referenced in the piece) he exposed me to.

“Everyday I breathe, effortlessly I lie Roll back my tears and curl up a fake smile There THEY stand, every movement do THEY eye With my head held high, its time to push another mile”

The statue of Liberty… Yes, this is where my earliest memory of the word “liberty” takes me to. Today, as I write this piece after 30 hours of mental turmoil, I found myself in GC’s class, it would be rather befitting if once I could stand straight, look into the mirror and confront myself. Its long that I have hidden myself in a cocoon of safety and comfort, and hopefully here in this reflective narrative I am able to “woman-up” to my vices and insecurities. 3 Colours: Blue incited in me an emotion which until recently was a far-fetched dream. For the first time in my life, I felt “liberated” too much to the extent that I don’t shy away from the idea of being alone. The night of 14th September 2018 changed my life or so did I think. Now, as I look at it, I wouldn’t be exaggerating if I speak out loud that it “completed me”. Empathising with Julie’s struggle to let herself free as she tried to pay off all her debts and run away from her past, I understand clearly now why after my accident I found it difficult to be at rest. Always was I trying to push people away- blaming & snapping away from someone who’ll try to give me solace.

It was a time when all I wondered was what could I ever do wrong to have had this fate. After 6-pelvic fractures, 1-shoulder fracture, 1-hip surgery and a bleeding clot that rendered half of my brain unreceptive; I feel I am in a good condition to vouch for Julie’s behaviour to untie herself from all bodily aspirations when you are not able to settle the turmoil of emotions that challenges your mere existence day in and day out. Countless times have I found myself since that day questioning my actions, feelings, thoughts and more than that the people around me. “Why me” was something that kept me up at night and tired & helpless all I could do was hide myself in my room away from the eyes that always seem to follow me. It took me long to realise that those eyes actually were supportive of me and some of them genuinely were ready to take part in my sufferings as I once again started a quest to discover myself. But even that was not enough. No matter how much have I been the admirer of the emotions with which HW Longfellow’s “A Psalm of Life” claims that “Life is anything but an empty dream”, there were times when everything around me felt futile. When anyways everything is supposed to end, why the struggle to end everyday with perfection? In fraction of seconds, the course of life can be changed so much that you never know if it’s the end. These months have been long, tiring and restless to the extent that I would end up scratching myself, inflicting pain just to remind myself that it would all be over soon. Everything is supposed to end and this too shall pass.

In the beginning of the end, you try to treasure onto the memories you have in order to make them last longer. Same did I experience in these last few weeks. Change is inevitable and no-one is ready to accommodate it into their lives that easily. My days in campus are about to get over and all I can see now is a life full of competitions and unnecessary races for which I am not prepared for, rather not been accustomed to for long. Then one day sitting by the edge of my classroom, lost into the serene surroundings into which my college is built; I let my thoughts take a flight just like the flapping wings of the bird I was staring at. I was no more scared to be lost. There is a world full of possibilities and it stuck me that just one setback doesn’t define your future or justify your past. I came onto terms with my life. I accepted my limited ability and sufferings that accompany the same, something which I know will eventually pass no matter how hard it seems now. Something which I was looking and searching for outside, was inside me. That thought gave me power. It gave me freedom. I accepted that the unfortunate incident was no-one’s fault and accepted the things as they are now. I forgave myself,those who were in the car with me that night and decided to move on, following my life’s route destined. The moment I faced these things, I was no more caged. Neither did I feel helpless, nor did I want to hide. Rather, I started respecting and treasuring all the more those who were throughout besides me in these unfortunate times no matter what. And then I decided lets “Leave Footprints on the sands of time”.

Yet another gush of emotions I felt was in the face of acceptance of the fact that how society has long demeaned women and have pre-decided their boundaries from the day they were born. And if you decide to over-step these “Lakshman-Rekhas” created, you have exposed yourself to the barbaric world and are immoral for sure if not unholy. The movie Caterpillar lays out one such example and shoves conservatism straight in the face. Lieutenant Kurokawa serves the right-wing parties and rapes the women on his way claiming them as the spoils of war. But once he comes back home mutilated, the desire to dominate still doesn’t seem to leave him which can be easily seen in his sexual intimacy with his wife. He seems to force again himself on her with aggression when all she does is take care of him, feed him and carry out all other “duties” that a woman is bound to carry out for her man. Well, in this case, he is the “War-Lord”. Many-a-times have I seen this in my surroundings, silently closed my eyes and kept quiet because this is how the system has trained me till date. My mother used to feed us, wash our clothes, clean our mess and all I would do was to accept it as it is because its her duty. And why was not it supposed to be? Didn’t I fill in my school almanac “Housewife” against her occupation field! The pain and cries of the women in Invisible War even more made me question the system I have been brought up in. There are facts and then there are beliefs. When and how did I start accepting, or when did my mother start accepting that she has to subdue to my father’s wills. Or when did I justified the sad reality that dress modestly else you can get molested, or worse raped! I was mere 10 years old when every morning while going to the school a man used to swiftly pass by pulling my skirt from the small gaps under my rickshaw. At that time, I didn’t even know how to behave or react. Though I knew something was not right- something that stopped me was the thought that how will I explain it to others or come out in the open. Maybe I am overthinking and wrong about my feelings! Well, now I know the reason to all these questions. The system had trained me to come to consensus with the supremacy of male gender who considers women as objects meant to be fu**ed.

When was I immodest in my simple school tunic, or where did I go wrong when I used to follow the Catholic principles in my missionary school? But in the image of Father Amaro, I received an answer to the same as well. Why is there the need to depress the bodily desires and preach in the name of religion the things which you can’t follow. Humans, so petty they are! They lead sad, depressing and meaningless lives. All they need is a religion to back them up and fulfil the void in their lives. But thousands of wars are being fought under the name of same religion and not to mention countless women get grilled under the expectations that the system imposes on them. Who’s responsible for it? But, yet again if you have power and hold a reputable position in the society, no-one will question you. Rather the voices against you will be silenced at the hands of the mob itself who want to stay in their safe, comfortable cocoons around them. Similar thing was seen in the smile of Gomez in “The Secret in their Eyes” that in its entirety meant that he is untouchable. No matter who he rapes, no matter who he kills, he is the hitman of the right-wing conservatist party and is bound to walk free as he is indispensable to the system; The system that can silence anyone, crush voices and indulge in anything to protect itself and its “ideologies”.

The manner in which the glory of war is demystified and we are exposed to this grim reality of the war, something which physically and psychologically transforms you, is shocking. The idea that the movie Caterpillar and Invisible War highlights is something that stays out of the green light and is something which the system won’t let you talk about. Lost in these wars are the futures of countless children who have witnessed it in their surroundings, suffered losses of their near and dear ones and felt pain which is unexplainable for them. But more than this what I am worried of is the loss of Innocence. At small ages they have seen things which shall scar them for years to come. The character of Chava in “Innocent Voices” brings it in light how these children constantly live in fear of death and even are hesitant to openly discuss on the idea of birthdays as that brings them closer to the D-day, when their childhood officially ends. In Baran as well, the same issue is highlighted as the plight of Afghans who live in Iran as refugees is pictured out. Feelings such as first love, innocent emotions- all get eroded under the idea of things that are beyond their control and they can’t even understand them. The mere thought gives me chills down the spine if today in my cosy surroundings I think of the continuous terror under which the children in Kashmir are living. How difficult life has become for them under the whims and fancies of a selected few who are staying true to their beliefs and justifying their actions throughout in the name of Nationalism.

It’s a common saying that “All is Well that Ends well”. As I end this piece, I don’t want to be true to the system and the common beliefs where everything is rosy and turns all fine. Rather I wish to confront myself and accept that there are insurmountable pains that lie under the lies that are spoken and preached. There’s a propaganda that is followed by those who are in power and its they who decide the rules to play their game. Amidst all this, An Affair of Love gives me hope. A woman putting out an idea of string-less and pornographic affair was more than a bold step. It challenged the beliefs where identity has to be put on such women & an affair of gossip for all those witnessing it. It was erotic and had its charm at the same time. Similarly, the tale of Yossi and Jagger was moving in the sense that their love was pure and Yossi articulated it as Jagger “died in his arms”, a phrase and scene which is defines tragedy in an ideal girl-boy movie story. It was heart-breaking and sad to find Yossi lamenting his loss as in the funeral he sings Jagger’s favourite song. Last but not the least, the character of Nora in “The Divine Order” stands for women’s liberation and freedom as she fights her way against the social norm to make a place for herself in the society. The day all these emotions shall be respected, and unheard voices given an ear, can we expect an uprising against the system.

[employmentusanet]

[Full-time] Informatica Powercenter at jeff_malone

Location: Massachusetts URL: https://www.jobisite.com Description: Job Title:                    Informatica Powercenter Informatica IDQ and IDE Location:                    Boston, MS Duration:                   12+ Months Interview Type:         Skype Primary Skills:           Informatica Powercenter-L3 ACCEPTING:-           Only GC,TN AND US CITIZENS Job Description:                    Key skills required for the job are: Informatica Powercenter-L3 (Mandatory) Informatica IDQ and IDE-L3 (Mandatory) Informatica MDM (Mandatory) As a Senior Developer, you are responsible for development, support, maintenance and implementation of a complex project module. You should have good experience in application of standard software development principles. You should be able to work as an independent team member, capable of applying judgment to plan and execute your tasks. You should have in-depth knowledge of at least one development technology/ programming language. You should be able to respond to technical queries / requests from team members and customers. You should be able to coach, guide and mentor junior members in the team. Minimum work experience:5-8+ Years Interview Process: ? Skype (OR) In Person Interview with Manager and team members -- Reference : Informatica Powercenter jobs Apply to this job from employment-usa.net http://www.employment-usa.net/job/23510/informatica-powercenter-at-jeff_malone/

[americajobsnet]

[Full-time] Informatica Powercenter at jeff_malone

Location: Massachusetts URL: https://www.jobisite.com Description: Job Title:                    Informatica Powercenter Informatica IDQ and IDE Location:                    Boston, MS Duration:                   12+ Months Interview Type:         Skype Primary Skills:           Informatica Powercenter-L3 ACCEPTING:-           Only GC,TN AND US CITIZENS Job Description:                    Key skills required for the job are: Informatica Powercenter-L3 (Mandatory) Informatica IDQ and IDE-L3 (Mandatory) Informatica MDM (Mandatory) As a Senior Developer, you are responsible for development, support, maintenance and implementation of a complex project module. You should have good experience in application of standard software development principles. You should be able to work as an independent team member, capable of applying judgment to plan and execute your tasks. You should have in-depth knowledge of at least one development technology/ programming language. You should be able to respond to technical queries / requests from team members and customers. You should be able to coach, guide and mentor junior members in the team. Minimum work experience:5-8+ Years Interview Process: ? Skype (OR) In Person Interview with Manager and team members -- Reference : Informatica Powercenter jobs Apply to this job from America Jobs http://www.america-jobs.net/job/45365/informatica-powercenter-at-jeff_malone/

[sudheervanguri]

ITC Labs Pvt. Ltd. RecruitmentCareer Opportunities in Panchkula ITC Labs Pvt. Ltd., a leading name in the analytical testing industry, is looking for dynamic candidates to fill various roles at our Panchkula facility. We offer competitive salaries and opportunities for career advancement. If you are passionate about working in a cutting-edge laboratory environment, we encourage you to apply. Available Positions 1. Executive/Sr. Executive: HPLC Handler Job Description: Handling and operation of HPLC systems. Performing routine and complex sample analyses. Qualifications: Relevant experience in HPLC handling. Strong knowledge of chromatography principles. 2. Executive: Chemical Analysis (Drug, Pharma, Cosmetics) Job Description: Conducting chemical analysis of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulations. Qualifications: Experience in chemical analysis. Background in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics is preferred. 3. Executive/Manager: CRM Job Description: Managing customer relationships and ensuring client satisfaction. Handling CRM software and tools for effective client management. Qualifications: Experience in customer relationship management. Strong communication and interpersonal skills. 4. Executive: Instruments (ICP-MS, LCMS, GC) Job Description: Operating and maintaining instruments such as ICP-MS, LCMS, and GC. Conducting routine and specialized analyses using advanced instrumentation. Qualifications: Experience with ICP-MS, LCMS, and GC instruments. Strong analytical and troubleshooting skills. 5. Executive/Manager: Business Development (NABL Lab) Job Description: Developing business strategies for NABL accredited laboratory services. Identifying new business opportunities and client acquisition. Qualifications: Experience in business development for NABL accredited labs. Strong network and understanding of the industry. Job Location Location: Panchkula Salary Salary: Negotiable based on experience and expertise. How to Apply Interested candidates can send their CVs to suresh.kumar@itclabs.com. [caption id="attachment_56279" align="aligncenter" width="930"] ITC Labs Recruitment Notification[/caption]

[ubik81]

Powertec Fitness - Pioneers in Leverage Home Gyms

Powertec Fitness is a California based company with a track record for its distinctive black and yellow range of leverage weight systems - most notably its leverage home gyms. Actually the business was the first to design and build this kind of fitness product. And, while many other manufacturers, like Body Solid, now also design and build this gym type, Powertec continues to be considered by many to be the best in its niche market.

For those not knowledgeable about leverage home gyms and the way they differ from their traditional style counterparts this's the brief explanation. Most home gyms make use of a selectorized or perhaps stack system of weights to be able to offer resistance. A stack consists of a set of rectangular shaped weights (usually 10 or 20 pound units) which are literally' stacked' one on top of other - a steel guide rod passes through the middle of each weight. Total mass of the stack is usually between 150 and 200 lbs for almost all residential machines and as much as 300 lbs for business models.

A pulley system is then used to transfer resistance to the various stations, for example Lat Pulldown, Leg Press, Pec station etc. Nylon coated cables are connected to each station at one end and run through various pulleys.

Leverage home gyms are quite different. There is no weight stack. Instead, resistance is provided by using barbell weight plates. The plates are loaded on to the horns (lever arms) just as a person does with barbells. When Powertec first developed the leverage home gym it was immediately obvious that the design had some advantages over the stack model, maintenance being one. There are less moving parts so much less parts that can wear out or brake. Pulleys and cables do wear over time.

However the main benefit of Powertec Fitness gyms as seen by serious bodybuilders is it allows them to perform the type of weight lifting exercise they're familiar with, lifts, squats and bench press for instance, but in a far more controlled and environment that is safe.

Although there's definitely a certain sense of freedom which is sacrificed when switching over from free weight exercise using a barbell, the lifter does get the benefit of getting to lift heavier weights than he or perhaps she'd usually feel at ease doing. A Powertec home gym does away with the need for a spotter. The lifter knows they are able to go for that' extra 50 lbs' safe in the understanding that there is zero risk of dropping the bar on to the chest or even neck.

Powertec Fitness currently manufactures 3 leverage gyms (it tends to make other, single station leverage machines as well) which are able to offer different weight exercise at different budgets.

The L-GC Powertec Compact Gym is the cheapest. Its main advantage is its compact design and footprint that is small. You can do a selection of exercises , such as Bench Press, Reverse Grip Pulldown, Leg Press, Lat Pulldown. It is an okay gym for intermediates and beginners or perhaps if space is an issue but it does lack a great deal of functionality that a serious weightlifter would want. A limiting factor would be its maximum capacity of 300 lbs of weight plates.

For the veteran, the Powertec WB LS Workbench Levergym has more appeal. More strength routines can be performed, like Shrug, Shoulder Press and Squat. It is able to also handle greater weight. The Lever Press Arm can take a maximum of 500 lbs while the Lat Pulldown is able to take 300 lbs. Unlike the Compact Gym above, the WB LS Levergym belongs to the Workbench series from Powertec. It means that the gym were designed so that optional stations can be added. You can easily fit Pec Fly, Leg Press, Curl and Dip Machine stations - all made by Powertec. You are able to start out with the Levergym and add more stations over time - a good idea and something lacking in other home gyms presently being sold.

The Powertec WB MS Multi System is the top of the line gym. It's a multi station home gym so you can buddy up or perhaps have nearly every essential piece of gym equipment you'll ever need found in a single product. Stations include Lever press Arm, Lat Pulldown, Squat, Leg Curl, Tricep Bar and Ab Cunch. In its distinctive yellow livery it truly is an exceptional sight.

https://diyhomegymideas.wordpress.com/

Getting a Powertec home gym is big choice and does need careful thought but the following are the principle point to consider.

Disadvantages 1. A lack of freedom felt than when performing barbell work.

Advantages 1. No spotter is required. You are able to work by yourself. 2. You work in complete safety. 3. You can work heavier, longer and harder. 4. The Powertec Benchmark home gyms can be put into overtime giving you the most comprehensive home gym currently available.

Powertec Fitness home gyms aren't going to be for everyone. If you've never lifted weights or perhaps have just done light barbell or dumbbell work, then a selectorized gym may be the best bet of yours. Nonetheless, in case you've been weightlifting for a while and are wanting to lift heavier weights but want more safety, or if you work alone and this has been a hindering factor with your weight work, then a Powertec leverage home gym could be the answer you have been searching for.

[lindseytruax758-blog]

Global Sampling Solutions, Inc. Finalizes Series A FundingGSS.

Worldwide Specimen Solutions works very closely along with its own customers to improve translational medication procedures, reducing the time, price and also threat from sampling located research. Sampling Products is actually the Bauhaus of the music sector; each guitar and also every amplifier is actually striped from excess as well as avoids trimming for a crystal clear, sonorous hue. Holland NT, Johnson MT, Eskenazi B, Bastaki M. Biological example compilation and processing for molecular epidemiological studies. In a similar way, enhancing volumes of body weight increase were actually linked with higher threat for all-cause mortality in this group (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.22 for every 5-kg increase).

UVB is the main perpetrator behind sunburn, while UVA rays, which pass through the skin layer much more profoundly, are connected with wrinkling, leathering, drooping, and various other light-induced effects of getting older (photoaging ). They also intensify the cancer causing effects of UVB rays, and also more and more are being considereded as a reason for skin layer cancer cells by themselves. Whiteman MK, Hillis SD, Curtis KILOMETRES, McDonald JA, Wingo , Marchbanks PA. Physical body mass as well as death after bust cancer cells prognosis. Pipe data preparing involves lining up records selection throughout ages and also systems, enabling ingenious translational study that crucifixes typical perimeters of condition as well as substance mechanisms. Constant worry as well as related stress and anxiety hormones might adversely have an effect on human brain constructs significant for moment as well as knowledge, like the hippocampus. When you have just about any inquiries relating to wherever and also the best way to utilize similar website, it is possible to call us from our own web page.

In an evaluation of data off 5,204 women enlisted in the Nurses Health Study as well as identified along with bust cancer cells, weight increase after prognosis was linked with an increased risk for all-cause as well as boob cancer mortality just in nonsmoking females with BMI market values Trento, featuring all PAP EXAM screening. One GC-MS/MS assay possesses a level of sensitiveness of 0.6 pg/mL as well as discovered E2 in each 30 examples coming from usual postmenopausal women as well as Forty Five examples off postmenopausal ladies along with boob cancer cells (30 ). Our recent assessment checked out seven various RIAs that possessed detection limits ranging from 0.8 to 5 pg/mL (Desk 2; ref. The Activity Collaboration Platform for Effective Texting, made for all institutions carrying out public outreach, may help you develop favorable and secure suicide avoidance notifications. If cancer cells is present, this is recognized as histologic (cells) assessment and also is actually usually the greatest means to say to. Conversely, a long lag between dietary visibility and bust cancer cells incidence may be needed; an attribute that is actually seldom assessed in studies of diet regimen as well as boob cancer. Variations exist between the BRFSS as well as the CCSS featuring the time of the private researches (2000 vs. 2002-2004) as well as the time of direct exposure from the skin layer cancer cells deterrence questions (1 hr vs. 15 mins).

The National Principle on Substance abuse has actually released the outcomes of the 2016 Observing the Future Questionnaire. Primary systems deal with substance abuse avoidance, brutality avoidance, standard as well as virtual intimidation, family life abilities, parenting, sexual wellness as well as teen wellness. Davison C, Frankel S, Smith GD. The limits from way of living: re-assessing 'fatalism' in the popular culture from health problem prevention. Some firms perform a memoir accordinged to any sort of outcome disclosed as a bad thin down sampling. The data source is missing details on many variables for a variety of research subject matters: skipping data on deceased loved ones with cancer might predisposition our end results, especially because some age of cancer prognosis information was actually gathered coming from proxies.

GSS builds strong, certified, actionable specimen pipes for investigation today and in the future. Laboratories establish a cutoff point pertaining to the percent from tissues which tarnish along with the antitoxin. Sibling adjustment to childhood years cancer joint research study: health results of brother or sisters of little ones along with cancer cells. Boob and cervical cancer testing concerns became part of the center inquiries administered in all states. This is one main reason that numerous lab exams alone can easily certainly not provide a definitive medical diagnosis of cancer or various other illness. Thankfully, transplant receivers can easily take many steps to prevent skin cancer cells and/or find it at a beginning when it is actually more probable to become remedied along with surgical operation alone. Relative quartiles of body weight gain were actually developed along with even numbers for convenience from interpretation, and also the referral team was defined as staying within 2 kilograms from prediagnosis weight.

[ckpacking]

Nutech Ambient Air Online VOCs Monitoring Solutions

Nutech offers several solutions to monitor VOCs in ambient air based on different monitoring targets and different technologies.

NCMS 6300 is for THC & NMHC online monitoring using LTP + FID technology.

VsCMS 6500 is for PAMS compounds online monitoring using LTP + GC-FID technology.

VsCMS 6600 is for 117 VOCs species online monitoring using LTP + GC-FID/MS technology.

VsCMS 6700 is for 117 VOCs species online monitoring using LTP + GC-TOF technology.

Nutech’s VsCMS 6700 Online VOCs Monitoring System Used in a Roadside Station

 Working Principle of Nutech Online VOCs Monitoring Systems

The ambient air enters into the sampling unit of the online monitoring system at a constant flow rate. The VOCs are enriched and pretreated by low temperature trap, and then separated by gas chromatography through thermal desorption and detected by hydrogen flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometry detector (MSD/TOF-MS). Therefore, the concentrations of total hydrocarbons (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and each VOCs species are obtained.

Nutech 2104 Canister Cleaning System

The cleanliness of the canister is very critical to the overall accuracy of the detection of VOCs in the sample.

EPA Methods TO-14A and TO-15 require sampling devices be clean down to sub-ppbv level.  The newly release EPA TO-15A dictates a much more strict requirement on the cleanliness of the canister than TO-15 published in 1999: from 0.2 ppbv at 30 psig to ≤0.020 ppbv (≤20 pptv) at 0 psig. The 2104 canister cleaning system is suitable for meeting these requirements. It is able to clean SUMMA canisters of various sizes (1/3/6/15L) as well as Tedlar bags.

Features of 2104 Canister Cleaning System

1. Dual pumps (Turbo Pump and Diaphragm Pump) are custom designed, with the final vacuum pressure reaching less than 10mTorr.

2. The 2104 is capable of automatic humidification, leak checking, and easy operation.

3. The 2104 uses dedicated software, capable of multiple rounds of cleaning as well as customized final vacuum or pressure. This automation will allow chemists to focus on other lab work, improving laboratory efficiency.

Nutech 2203 Precision Static Dilutor

Nutech 2203 precision static dilutor is suitable for diluting high concentration gas standards into low concentration working gas standards, making the process automated and reproducible. It is widely used in laboratory standard gas configuration.

The 2203 is also suitable for diluting high concentration gas samples to fall within the calibration range of the analytical instrument.

Nutech 2203 Precision Static Dilutor Features

1. Using a multi-stage dilution process, the Nutech 2203 can reach a maximum dilution factor of 10,000 X, allowing for percent-level analysis on trace-level instruments.

2. The 2203 uses a high precision flow control system and pressure sensor for dilution control. Compared with differential pressure instruments, the precision of dilution is higher.

3. The 2203 is highly efficient with its gas usage. One 110L standard gas can fill over 1,800 6L canisters.

4. The customized software has a high degree of automation. It automatically checks the initial pressure of the sample tank and calculates the final dilution factor based on the final pressure input, and is easy to operate.

5. The 2203 has dedicated lines standard and sample dilutions. The sampling lines and valves are silanized, minimizing the unit’s potential contamination of subsequent samples.

 For more details on our products and services, please feel free to visit us at: VOC Analyzer, Lab VOC Testing, VOC Analysis, VOC Testing, VOC Monitoring.

[hwcampus]

New Post has been published on Online Professional Homework Help

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NRS 451 Full Class

NRS 451 Full Class GC NRS451 WEEK 1 DQ 1 & DQ 2 LATEST 2016 MARCH DQ 1 Based on the scientific management theory, what are some of the routines in health care that seem to be inefficient? What examples of participative decision making exist in your workplace? Provide your rationale. DQ 2 Describe how the concepts of leadership and management differ from each other. In what areas do they overlap? Explain how the goals of management and leadership may sometimes overlap. As a nurse leader, do you believe you can expand your influence to create change by taking advantage of this overlap? Explain your answer. GC NRS451 WEEK 2 DQ 1 & DQ 2 LATEST 2016 MARCH DQ 1 One of the five elements of emotional intelligence is self-awareness. What behaviors would someone with strong self-awareness demonstrate within the context of leading and managing groups? Provide an example. DQ 2 Today’s workforce is diverse and has multiple conflicting priorities. As a nurse leader, you would like to see your hospital implement an outreach program that will benefit needy members of the community. What are some methodologies of communication you would use to develop a shared vision with your stakeholders? How would you apply strategic management to make your visions for the outreach program become reality? GC NRS451 WEEK 3 DQ 1 & DQ 2 LATEST 2016 MARCH DQ 1 You have an idea to improve patient care that you would like upper management to support and fund . What type of communication tool would you use to present your idea and why? DQ 2 What differentiates someone that is intrinsically motivated from someone that is extrinsically motivated? Give an example of how you would go about motivating an individual who is intrinsically motivated and one who is extrinsically motivated. What are the characteristics of a performance-driven team? GC NRS451 WEEK 4 DQ 1 & DQ 2 LATEST 2016 MARCH DQ 1 A new director decides to reorganize the department you work in. This reorganization comes about without input from the employees and many of the nurses that you oversee are feeling resentful of the change. As a nurse leader, identify factors that may lead to conflict and ways you can manage them. DQ 2 Personal affiliations and networking are important for nursing leaders. Why are these important? How will they benefit you in your career future?

GC NRS451 WEEK 5 DQ 1 & DQ 2 LATEST 2016 MARCH DQ 1 How does the nurse manager or leader play a role in the reengineering of health care? DQ 2 Continuous quality improvement (CQI) is the responsibility of all nurses and is vital when addressing the challenges of the health care industry. Provide an example of how you would apply CQI in your current or past position. GC NRS451 WEEK 1 ASSIGNMENT LATEST 2016 MARCH Details: Write an introductory cover letter of no more than 500 words in which you explain your professional objectives, professional interests, and strengths as an applicant. Create a resume detailing your license(s), earned degree(s), certification(s), professional experiences, previous positions held, membership in professional organizations, publications, and skills. Both the cover letter and resume should be formally written using a professionally accepted format. Review “Resume Resources,” located at for.resume-resource.com/examples-medical.html” href=”http://www.resume-resource.com/examples-medical.html”>http://www.resume-resource.com/examples-medical.html for examples of approved formats; however, other professional templates may be used. Share your resume with a colleague and elicit their feedback. Revise your resume if needed and submit the resume in the assignment section of the course. APA format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin, unless otherwise directed by your instructor. If so directed, refer to the Student Success Center for directions. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. GC NRS451 WEEK 2 BENCHMARK ASSIGNMENT LATEST 2016 MARCH Details: In this assignment, you will be writing a 1,000-1,250-word essay describing the differing approaches of nursing leaders and managers to issues in practice. To complete this assignment, do the following: 1. Select an issue from the following list: nursing shortage and nurse turn-over, nurse staffing ratios, unit closures and restructuring, use of contract employees (i.e., registry and travel nurses), continuous quality improvement and patient satisfaction, and magnet designation. 2. Compare and contrast how you would expect nursing leaders and managers to approach your selected issue. Support your rationale by using the theories, principles, skills, and roles of the leader versus manager described in your readings. 3. Identify the approach that best fits your personal and professional philosophy of nursing and explain why the approach is suited to your personal leadership style. 4. Use at least two references other than your text and those provided in the course. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. GC NRS451 WEEK 3 BENCHMARK ASSIGNMENT LATEST 2016 MARCH Details: The RN to BSN program at Grand Canyon University meets the requirements for clinical competencies as defined by CCNE and AACN using non-traditional experiences for practicing nurses. These experiences come in the form of direct and indirect care experiences in which licensed nursing students engage in learning within the context of their hospital organization, their specific care discipline and their local communities. In this assignment, you will select a program, quality improvement initiative, or other project from your place of employment. Assume you are presenting this program to the board for approval of funding. Write an executive summary (850-1,000 words) to present to the board, from which they will make their decision to fund your program or project. The summary should include: 1. The purpose of the program or project. 2. The target population or audience. 3. The benefits of the program or project 4. The cost or budget justification. 5. The basis upon which the program or project will be evaluated. Share your written proposal with your manager, supervisor or other colleague in a formal leadership position within a health care organization. Request their feedback using the following questions as prompts: 1. Do you believe the proposal would be approved if formally proposed? 2. What are some strengths and weaknesses of the proposal? In addition to submitting this assignment in the LoudCloud dropbox, email a copy of your submission to RNBSNclientcare@gcu.edu. Submit the written proposal along with the “Executive Summary Feedback Form.” Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Student Name:__________________ Section & Faculty Name:_________________________________ Date of Interview:________________

Provider Information Employee Name : Last First M.I.

Credentials: Title: (I.e. MS, RN, etc.)

Organization: Phone Number: E-mail Address: Feedback Section

The RN to BSN program at Grand Canyon University meets the requirements for clinical competencies as defined by CCNE and AACN using non-traditional experiences for practicing nurses. These experiences come in the form of direct and indirect care experiences in which licensed nursing students engage in learning within the context of their hospital organization, their specific care discipline and their local communities. This activity is intended to foster demonstration of skills related to leadership and management. Share your written proposal with your manager, supervisor or other colleague in a formal leadership position within a health care organization. Request their feedback using the following questions as prompts: 1. Do you believe the proposal would be approved if formally proposed? 2. What are some strengths and weaknesses of the proposal? _______________________________ _________________ Signature of Individual Providing Feedback Date Signed NOTE: Acknowledgement form is to be returned to the student for electronic submission to the faculty member via the learning management system (LoudCloud). GC NRS451 WEEK 4 BENCHMARK ASSIGNMENT LATEST 2016 MARCH Details: Prepare a 10-minute presentation (10-15 slides, not including title or reference slide) on organizational culture and values. 1. Describe how alignment between the values of an organization and the values of the nurse impact nurse engagement and patient outcomes. 2. Discuss how an individual can use effective communication techniques to overcome workplace challenges, encourage collaboration across groups, and promote effective problem solving. 3. Identify a specific instance from your own professional experience in which the values of the organization and the values of the individual nurses did or did not align. Describe the impact this had on nurse engagement and patient outcomes. While APA style format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are not required to submit this assignment to Turnitin, unless otherwise directed by your instructor. If so directed, refer to the Student Success Center for directions. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. GC NRS451 WEEK 5 ASSIGNMENT LATEST 2016 MARCH Details: Research a health care organization or a network that spans several states within the U.S. (Example: United Healthcare, Vanguard, Banner Healthcare, etc.). Harvard Business Review Online and Hoover’s Company Records, found in the GCU Library, are useful sources. You may also find pertinent information on your organization’s webpage. Review “Singapore Airlines Case Study.” Prepare a 1,000-1,250-word paper that focuses on the organization or network you have selected. Your essay should assess the readiness of the health care organization or network in addressing the health care needs of citizens in the next decade, and include a strategic plan that addresses issues pertaining to network growth, nurse staffing, resource management, and patient satisfaction. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment. You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to Turnitin. Singapore Airlines Case Study (student paper) The strategy widely utilized by Singapore Airlines to ensure differentiation in an increasingly competitive market was its attention to in-flight service. “Good flight service [was] important in its own right and is a reflection of attention to detail throughout the airline” (Wyckoff, 1989). This statement perpetuated the belief that excellence in service was directly tied to the careful selection and individual performance of in-flight crews charged with the responsibility of fulfilling the needs of individual passengers and exuding the levels of service demanded by the organization. Applicants destined to work as flight stewards were drawn from a very young population, typically spanning the ages of 18-25 years of age with high school equivalency against the English system of education. Selection of applications was competitive largely due to the degree of skill, poise, and experience required of its candidates. These policies led to the on-boarding of a highly skilled and youthful workforce with positive attitudes and a willingness to be trained. Critique of this approach revealed several disadvantages.The most significant being the potential for greater turnover when hiring a younger population as opposed to an older, more experienced crew. Experience alone would play some role in the development of new employees, as greater experience would bring greater poise and confidence. However, in light of the predominant population Singapore Airlines catered to, a younger in-flight crew would remedy the awkwardness likely to be encountered by older clients being served by older crew members. In addition, a younger crew would likely be more accepting of new procedures and less cynical of the requirements of employment. In light of the young demographic most desired in this role, recruitment, training and “conversion” processes were both stringent and comprehensive. All aspects of in-flight service, including training related to terminology, amenities and food preparation were provided in great detail, as were training for emergency preparedness and response to every potential scenario encountered in the air and on the ground. Formalized on-boarding, training and continued development were the hallmarks of the comprehensive workforce program. Even well into a crew member’s employment, on-going training and cyclical evaluation provided a mechanism for employees to be aware of individual performance and gain exposure to methods of continuous improvement. With an on-going plan of evaluation, communication, and development, the workforce was well-positioned for high levels of performance and quality improvements. Though it would seem that Singapore Airlines’ work management program suited the organization well, it greatly narrowed the pool of applicants and kept many, well-qualified and experienced candidates from positions that would create diversity among the largely homogeneous workforce and place the organization in a better position to serve populations whose ethnic origins were not of Asian descent. If the organization aims to be the leader in an increasingly global marketplace, the workforce must mirror the diverse needs and perceptions of the greater population. Advertising Campaign Singapore Airlines is known in the airline industry for its quality of service. This emphasis on customer service and customer satisfaction is largely reflective of the Asian culture for which the company embodies. Attention to detail, impeccable presentation, and care for others are traits synonymous with countries of Asian heritage. Similarly, Asian countries revere conservatism, organization and hierarchy (Allik, n.d.) so, it would follow that young Asian individuals demonstrate the same gracious, caring behaviors to others. The expectation of “gentle, courteous service” is consistent with these norms and with the approaches taken by the organization. So much are these standards and stereotypes linked to Asian culture and the epitome of service, that the symbol applied to the airline is that of a young Asian woman. This image is resoundingly more beguiling and traditional, recognized by nearly 50% of consumers over typical marketing imparted by competitors, with a marginal recognition of 9.6%. In light of the positive impact and recognition of the existing marketing campaign, it was considered advisable to retain the current marketing strategy. Systems for Measuring Service Quality Singapore Airlines has two primary components involved in measuring service quality. The first is a system to measure customer complaints and compliments for every 10,000 passengers. The second measurement is a comparative rating of airline services prepared by the International Research Associates (INRA). The first component, customers’ complaints and compliments, stayed relatively the same despite rapid organizational expansion. This type of analysis has shown a generally high satisfaction level, but could be skewed due to the vast areas the complaints and compliments could cover; from ticket sales and baggage areas to in-flight crews. To address this concern the complaints were split between the areas. However, to get an accurate barometer of customer satisfaction, it was recommended that the airline conduct routine surveys of customers. Often, customers submitting comments fell into one of two categories; those having complaints or those having compliments. The second component to gauge customer satisfaction involved the INRA surveys. The airline executives paid particular attention to these scores as they indicated levels of satisfaction among the general consumer population and identified areas requiring continuous improvement. In 1973 Singapore Airlines scored 68, in 1974 the company scored 74 and in 1979 they scored 78. The scores of 39 other airlines demonstrated that two other competitors, Cathy Pacific and Thai International, were improving rapidly. This provided one indicator of competitive advantage. In order for Singapore Airlines to stay ahead of their competitors they would need to evaluate their position against industry leaders and determine if changes would be needed to stay competitive, particularly with respect to customer service and customer satisfaction (Wyckoff, 1989). Plan to Introduce Slot Machines Singapore Airlines has responded to many changes in order to differentiate itself within an increasingly competitive market place. One responsive action was to remove sleepers, replacing them with a business class section. Reactions from consumers were less than favorable.The move strayed from what consumers came to expect of elite levels of customer service, which were in large part, due to the attention paid to the personal needs of its elite customers. Although intended to be innovative and distinctive, the inclusion of slot machines on transatlantic flights was another idea met with considerable consumer dissatisfaction.While potentially generating a new stream of revenue, the idea only worked to incite passengers with a new category of charges. In addition to generating cost for the consumer, the machines took valuable space away from seats and posed problems in light of weight restrictions (Time, 1981). These changes only compounded issues and introduced new problems such as the potential for in-flight injury, rather than improving in-flight services. While there was some opportunity for revenue, initially, the gains would last for a season and werenot expected to extend out into the long-term. Conclusion