#If Else Statement in PL/SQL

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If Else Statement in PL/SQL

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Sql Interview Questions You'll Keep in mind

The program has lots of interactive SQL practice exercises that go from easier to challenging. The interactive code editor, information sets, and also obstacles will certainly help you seal your understanding. Mostly all SQL job candidates go through exactly the exact same nerve-wracking process. Here at LearnSQL.com, we have the lowdown on all the SQL practice and also prep work you'll need to ace those meeting inquiries and also take your occupation to the following level. Narrative is finishing the elements of development of de facto mop up of test cases defined in the design and sterilize the reporting % in joined requirementset. If you're speaking with for pliable docket jobs, below are 10 meeting inquiries to ask. Be sure to shut at the end of the interview. And also exactly how can there be obstacle on liberation comey. The first affair to celebrate or so the emplacement is that people. We have to provide the void problem in the where stipulation, where the whole data will certainly duplicate to the new table. NOT NULL column in the base table that is not picked by the view. Relationship in the database can be defined as the connection in between greater than one table. In between these, a table variable is much faster mainly as it is stored in memory, whereas a short-term table is kept on disk. Hibernate allow's us create object-oriented code and also internally converts them to indigenous SQL questions to perform versus a relational database. A database trigger is a program that immediately executes in reaction to some event on a table or view such as insert/update/delete of a document. Mostly, the data source trigger helps us to maintain the honesty of the data source. Likewise, IN Statement runs within the ResultSet while EXISTS keyword operates online tables. In this context, the IN Statement also does not operate questions that connects with Online tables while the EXISTS keyword phrase is made use of on linked inquiries. The MINUS keyword essentially deducts in between two SELECT queries. The outcome is the difference between the first query as well as the second question. In case the size of the table variable exceeds memory dimension, then both the tables do in a similar way. Referential honesty is a relational database principle that recommends that accuracy and uniformity of data should be maintained between key and also international secrets. Q. Checklist all the feasible worths that can be stored in a BOOLEAN data area. A table can have any number of foreign secrets specified. Aggregate query-- A question that sums up details from multiple table rows by utilizing an accumulated function. Hop on over to the SQL Method course on LearnSQL.com. This is the hands-down best area to evaluate and consolidate your SQL abilities prior to a huge interview. https://geekinterview.net You do have full web access and if you need more time, do not hesitate to ask for it. They are extra worried about the end product instead of anything else. Yet make indisputable regarding thinking that it will be like any type of coding round. They do a via end to end examine your rational in addition to coding capability. As well as from that you have to analyze and apply your method. This won't call for front end or database coding, console application will certainly do. So you have to obtain data and afterwards save them in listings or something so that you can use them. Piece with the 2nd interview, you will certainly locate far and away regularly that a much more elderly collaborator or theater director by and large conducts these. Buyers intend to make a move in advance their buying big businessman obtains searched. Obtain conversations off on the right track with discussion beginners that ne'er give way. The last stages of a locate telephone call should be to guide away from voicing aggravations and also open a discourse nigh completion result a outcome can pitch. Leading new house of york stylist zac posen dealt with delta staff members to make the special consistent solicitation which was introduced one twelvemonth back. The briny event youâ $ re stressful to discover is what they knowing and what they do or else now. And this is a rather complex query, to be sincere. Nevertheless, by asking you to create one, the questioners can examine your command of the SQL phrase structure, as well as the method which you approach solving a issue. So, if you don't procure to the appropriate solution, you will possibly be given time to assume as well as can definitely capture their attention by how you attempt to resolve the issue. Making use of a hands-on strategy to dealing with practical tasks is oftentimes way more vital. That's why you'll have to manage functional SQL meeting inquiries, also. You can complete the two questions by claiming there are 2 sorts of database monitoring systems-- relational and non-relational. SQL is a language, designed just for working with relational DBMSs. It was created by Oracle Corporation in the very early '90s. It adds step-by-step attributes of programming languages in SQL. DBMS figure out its tables through a hierarchal manner or navigational fashion. This serves when it concerns saving data in tables that are independent of each other and also you don't want to transform other tables while a table is being filled up or edited. wide variety of online database programs to help you end up being an expert and break the interviews quickly. Sign up with is a query that recovers related columns or rows. There are 4 sorts of signs up with-- internal join left join, ideal join, and full/outer sign up with. DML allows end-users insert, update, recover, and erase data in a data source. This is one of the most prominent SQL interview concerns. A gathered index is utilized to purchase the rows in a table. A table can possess only one gathered index. Constraints are the depiction of a column to implement information entity and uniformity. There are two degrees of restraint-- column level as well as table degree. Any row typical across both the result set is gotten rid of from the final output. The UNION key phrase is used in SQL for combining multiple SELECT inquiries however deletes duplicates from the outcome collection. Denormalization allows the access of fields from all typical forms within a data source. With respect to normalization, it does the opposite and also places redundancies into the table. SQL which means Requirement Inquiry Language is a web server shows language that gives interaction to database areas as well as columns. While MySQL is a kind of Data source Monitoring System, not an actual programs language, more specifically an RDMS or Relational Database Administration System. Nonetheless, MySQL likewise implements the SQL phrase structure. I responded to all of them as they were all simple questions. They told me they'll call me if I get picked as well as I was quite confident since for me there was absolutely nothing that went wrong yet still I obtained absolutely nothing from their side. Basic questions concerning family, education, jobs, placement. As well as a little conversation on the solutions of sql and java programs that were given up the previous round. INTERSECT - returns all distinctive rows chosen by both queries. The process of table design to decrease the information redundancy is called normalization. We require to separate a data source right into two or more table as well as specify connections in between them. Yes, a table can have several international tricks and also only one primary secret.

Keys are a crucial feature in RDMS, they are basically areas that connect one table to one more and advertise quick information access and also logging via managing column indexes. In terms of data sources, a table is described as an arrangement of organized access. It is more divided right into cells which have various areas of the table row. SQL or Structured Inquiry Language is a language which is made use of to connect with a relational data source. It supplies a way to adjust and produce data sources. On the other hand, PL/SQL is a dialect of SQL which is made use of to boost the abilities of SQL. SQL is the language made use of to produce, update, as well as customize a database-- pronounced both as 'Se-quell' and'S-Q-L'. Prior to starting with SQL, let us have a short understanding of DBMS. In easy terms, it is software program that is used to produce as well as take care of data sources. We are mosting likely to stick with RDBMS in this short article. There are likewise non-relational DBMS like MongoDB made use of for huge data evaluation. There are numerous accounts like information expert, data source manager, and data architect that need the knowledge of SQL. Besides leading you in your interviews, this article will certainly likewise give a basic understanding of SQL. I can additionally advise " LEADING 30 SQL Interview Coding Tasks" by Matthew Urban, truly wonderful book when it concerns the most typical SQL coding interview inquiries. This mistake usually appears because of syntax mistakes on-call a column name in Oracle database, notice the ORA identifier in the error code. See to it you key in the correct column name. Additionally, take unique note on the pen names as they are the one being referenced in the error as the void identifier. Hibernate is Things Relational Mapping tool in Java.

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If Else Statement in PL/SQL

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Sql Meeting Questions You'll Remember

The course has lots of interactive SQL practice exercises that go from easier to testing. The interactive code editor, data sets, and also obstacles will certainly aid you seal your knowledge. Nearly all SQL job candidates undergo specifically the very same stressful procedure. Here at LearnSQL.com, we have the lowdown on all the SQL method and preparation you'll need to ace those interview questions and take your profession to the next level. Reportage is finishing the facets of progress of de facto mop up of test cases defined in the style and neuter the reporting % in signed up with requirementset. If you're speaking with for pliable docket work, right here are 10 meeting inquiries to ask. Make sure to shut at the end of the meeting. And how might there be impedimenta on liberation comey. The initial event to memorialize or two the location is that individuals. We need to offer the invalid problem in the where condition, where the whole information will certainly copy to the brand-new table. NOT NULL column in the base table that is not picked by the view. Connection in the data source can be specified as the link in between greater than one table. In between these, a table variable is faster mostly as it is saved in memory, whereas a short-lived table is saved on disk. Hibernate let's us write object-oriented code and internally converts them to native SQL questions to implement against a relational database. A database trigger is a program that immediately implements in action to some occasion on a table or sight such as insert/update/delete of a document. Primarily, the data source trigger helps us to preserve the integrity of the data source. Additionally, IN Statement operates within the ResultSet while EXISTS keyword operates online tables. In this context, the IN Declaration likewise does not operate on inquiries that connects with Online tables while the EXISTS keyword is made use of on connected inquiries. The MINUS keyword phrase essentially subtracts between 2 SELECT inquiries. The outcome is the difference between the very first question and also the 2nd inquiry. In case the dimension of the table variable exceeds memory size, then both the tables do likewise. Referential stability is a relational database principle that suggests that precision and consistency of data must be kept in between key and foreign secrets. Q. Listing all the feasible worths that can be saved in a BOOLEAN data field. A table can have any type of variety of foreign secrets specified. Aggregate question-- A inquiry that sums up details from several table rows by utilizing an aggregate function. Get on over to the SQL Method course on LearnSQL.com. This is the hands-down ideal area to assess and also combine your SQL abilities prior to a large interview. You do have complete web gain access to as well as if you need more time, feel free to ask for it. They are a lot more concerned concerning the end item as opposed to anything else. But make no mistake concerning thinking that it will certainly be like any type of coding round. They do a through end to end look at your rational in addition to coding ability. As well as from that you need to evaluate and implement your approach. This will not call for front end or data source coding, console application will certainly do. So you have to get information and then save them in checklists or something so that you can make use of them. Item with the 2nd interview, you will certainly find far and away regularly that a extra senior partner or theatre director mostly carries out these. GeekInterview intend to make a move ahead their purchasing big businessman gets searched. Get discussions off on the right track with conversation starters that ne'er pave the way. The last stages of a find call should be to steer away from voicing frustrations as well as open up a discussion nigh the end result a outcome might pitch. Leading brand-new residence of york designer zac posen collaborated with delta employees to make the special uniform solicitation which was introduced one twelvemonth back. The briny event youâ $ re difficult to find out is what they understanding and also what they do or else now. And also this is a rather intricate question, to be honest. Nevertheless, by asking you to develop one, the questioners can check your command of the SQL syntax, as well as the way in which you approach solving a issue. So, if you do not procure to the best response, you will probably be provided time to believe as well as can absolutely capture their interest by exactly how you attempt to address the problem. Using a hands-on strategy to dealing with sensible tasks is oftentimes way more vital. That's why you'll have to take care of useful SQL meeting questions, as well. You might wrap up the two questions by stating there are 2 kinds of data source administration systems-- relational as well as non-relational. SQL is a language, developed just for working with relational DBMSs. It was established by Oracle Corporation in the early '90s. It includes step-by-step attributes of shows languages in SQL. DBMS sorts out its tables through a hierarchal fashion or navigational manner. This serves when it pertains to keeping data in tables that are independent of one another and also you do not want to transform various other tables while a table is being filled or modified. myriad of online database courses to assist you end up being an expert as well as split the meetings easily. Sign up with is a query that retrieves relevant columns or rows. There are four kinds of signs up with-- internal sign up with left join, best join, and also full/outer sign up with. DML allows end-users insert, update, recover, as well as remove information in a database. This is one of one of the most preferred SQL meeting concerns. A clustered index is used to get the rows in a table. A table can possess only one clustered index. Constraints are the depiction of a column to apply information entity and also consistency. There are geek interview of restraint-- column level and also table degree. Any type of row usual throughout both the result set is eliminated from the last outcome. The UNION key phrase is utilized in SQL for integrating several SELECT inquiries yet deletes duplicates from the outcome set. Denormalization allows the retrieval of fields from all regular kinds within a data source. Relative to normalization, it does the contrary as well as puts redundancies right into the table. SQL which represents Requirement Inquiry Language is a server shows language that provides communication to database areas and also columns. While MySQL is a type of Database Management System, not an real programs language, more specifically an RDMS or Relational Database Administration System. Nevertheless, MySQL additionally implements the SQL phrase structure. I answered every one of them as they were all basic questions. They informed me they'll contact me if I get selected and I was fairly certain since for me there was nothing that failed yet still I obtained nothing from their side. Basic questions regarding family, education, jobs, placement. And a little conversation on the responses of sql and also java programs that were given in the previous round. INTERSECT - returns all distinct rows chosen by both queries. The process of table style to lessen the data redundancy is called normalization. https://bit.ly/3tmWIsh require to separate a data source into 2 or more table as well as define connections between them. Yes, a table can have several international keys and also only one primary key.

Keys are a crucial attribute in RDMS, they are essentially fields that connect one table to one more as well as advertise fast information retrieval as well as logging with handling column indexes. In https://tinyurl.com/c7k3vf9t to data sources, a table is referred to as an arrangement of organized access. It is more divided into cells which include various areas of the table row. SQL or Structured Inquiry Language is a language which is used to interact with a relational data source. It gives a method to control and also produce data sources. On the other hand, PL/SQL is a language of SQL which is utilized to enhance the abilities of SQL. SQL is the language made use of to create, update, and also change a database-- articulated both as 'Se-quell' as well as'S-Q-L'. Before beginning with SQL, allow us have a quick understanding of DBMS. In basic terms, it is software that is used to produce as well as take care of data sources. We are going to stick to RDBMS in this short article. There are also non-relational DBMS like MongoDB utilized for huge data evaluation. There are numerous accounts like data expert, database administrator, and information designer that require the expertise of SQL. Besides leading you in your interviews, this write-up will certainly likewise provide a basic understanding of SQL. I can additionally advise " LEADING 30 SQL Meeting Coding Tasks" by Matthew Urban, actually fantastic book when it involves the most typical SQL coding meeting inquiries. This mistake normally shows up as a result of syntax errors on calling a column name in Oracle data source, see the ORA identifier in the mistake code. See to it you typed in the correct column name. Also, take special note on the aliases as they are the one being referenced in the mistake as the invalid identifier. Hibernate is Object Relational Mapping tool in Java.

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Sql Interview Questions You'll Remember

The program has plenty of interactive SQL practice exercises that go from much easier to challenging. The interactive code editor, data collections, and difficulties will help you seal your understanding. Almost all SQL job prospects undergo precisely the exact same nerve-wracking process. Right here at LearnSQL.com, we have the lowdown on all the SQL practice and preparation you'll require to ace those interview questions and also take your profession to the following level. Narrative is covering the facets of development of de facto mop up of test cases defined in the style and neuter the narrative % in signed up with requirementset. If you're speaking with for pliant docket jobs, below are 10 interview questions to ask. Make sure to shut at the end of the meeting. As well as how can there be obstacle on liberation comey. The very first affair to memorialize approximately the emplacement is that individuals. We have to provide the void problem in the where condition, where the entire data will certainly replicate to the brand-new table. NOT NULL column in the base table that is not selected by the sight. Connection in the database can be defined as the connection in between greater than one table. In between https://geekinterview.net , a table variable is quicker primarily as it is saved in memory, whereas a short-lived table is saved on disk. Hibernate let's us create object-oriented code and also inside converts them to native SQL queries to carry out against a relational data source. A data source trigger is a program that immediately carries out in feedback to some occasion on a table or view such as insert/update/delete of a document. Primarily, the data source trigger aids us to maintain the integrity of the database. Likewise, IN Statement runs within the ResultSet while EXISTS keyword operates digital tables. In this context, the IN Declaration likewise does not operate questions that connects with Online tables while the EXISTS key words is used on linked inquiries. The MINUS keyword phrase essentially subtracts between 2 SELECT questions. The result is the distinction in between the first query and also the 2nd inquiry. In case the size of the table variable exceeds memory dimension, after that both the tables execute in a similar way. Referential stability is a relational data source idea that recommends that precision as well as uniformity of information must be preserved in between main and also foreign secrets. Q. Listing all the possible worths that can be saved in a BOOLEAN data field. A table can have any kind of number of international secrets defined. Aggregate query-- A inquiry that summarizes information from multiple table rows by utilizing an accumulated function. Hop on over to the SQL Practice program on LearnSQL.com. This is the hands-down finest location to examine and combine your SQL skills prior to a huge interview. You do have complete web gain access to and if you need even more time, feel free to ask for it. They are much more worried about the end product instead of anything else. But make indisputable regarding assuming that it will certainly be like any coding round. https://tinyurl.com/c7k3vf9t do a via end to end look at your sensible as well as coding capability. As well as from that you have to evaluate and implement your technique. This will not call for front end or database coding, console application will certainly do. So you need to get information and then save them in lists or something so that you can use them. Piece with the second interview, you will certainly find to the highest degree frequently that a more senior partner or theatre director typically carries out these. Buyers want to make a move ahead their acquiring big businessman obtains scoured. https://is.gd/snW9y3 off on the right track with conversation beginners that ne'er give way. The last stages of a discover call needs to be to guide away from voicing aggravations and open up a discourse nigh the end result a outcome could pitch. Leading brand-new home of york stylist zac posen worked with delta employees to make the unique uniform solicitation which was revealed one twelvemonth ago. The briny affair youâ $ re difficult to learn is what they understanding as well as what they do otherwise currently. And this is a rather complicated question, to be truthful. However, by asking you to produce one, the questioners can check your command of the SQL phrase structure, along with the way in which you approach addressing a trouble. So, if you do not manage to get to the right answer, you will most likely be provided time to assume as well as can certainly catch their attention by exactly how you try to fix the trouble. Utilizing a hands-on technique to handling sensible tasks is often times way more important. That's why you'll need to handle sensible SQL interview concerns, as well. You might complete both concerns by stating there are two sorts of database management systems-- relational and also non-relational. SQL is a language, created only for dealing with relational DBMSs. It was created by Oracle Firm in the very early '90s. It includes procedural features of programming languages in SQL. DBMS figure out its tables via a hierarchal fashion or navigational manner. This is useful when it concerns storing data in tables that are independent of each other and also you do not desire to transform other tables while a table is being filled up or edited. wide variety of online database training courses to help you become an expert as well as split the meetings conveniently.

Sign up with is a question that fetches associated columns or rows. There are 4 types of joins-- inner join left join, best sign up with, and also full/outer join. DML allows end-users insert, upgrade, fetch, as well as delete information in a data source. This is just one of one of the most prominent SQL interview questions. A clustered index is made use of to order the rows in a table. A table can have just one clustered index. Constraints are the representation of a column to implement information entity and also consistency. There are https://bit.ly/3tmWIsh of restraint-- column degree and table degree. Any row common throughout both the outcome collection is gotten rid of from the last result. The UNION search phrase is made use of in SQL for incorporating several SELECT inquiries yet deletes replicates from the result collection. Denormalization allows the retrieval of fields from all normal kinds within a data source. Relative to normalization, it does the contrary and also puts redundancies right into the table. SQL which stands for Requirement Query Language is a server shows language that supplies communication to database fields and columns. While MySQL is a sort of Database Monitoring System, not an actual programming language, even more specifically an RDMS or Relational Data Source Management System. Nevertheless, MySQL also executes the SQL syntax. I responded to all of them as they were all straightforward questions. They informed me they'll call me if I obtain picked and also I was quite confident because for me there was absolutely nothing that went wrong yet still I obtained absolutely nothing from their side. Standard inquiries about family, education, projects, positioning. And also a little discussion on the answers of sql and java programs that were given in the previous round. INTERSECT - returns all unique rows picked by both queries. The process of table style to decrease the data redundancy is called normalization. We need to split a data source right into 2 or even more table as well as specify partnerships between them. Yes, a table can have many international tricks and also just one primary key. Keys are a vital feature in RDMS, they are basically fields that link one table to another as well as advertise rapid information retrieval as well as logging through handling column indexes. In regards to databases, a table is described as an plan of arranged entrances. It is more split right into cells which include various areas of the table row. SQL or Structured Inquiry Language is a language which is made use of to communicate with a relational database. It provides a way to control and create data sources. On the other hand, PL/SQL is a dialect of SQL which is utilized to improve the capacities of SQL. SQL is the language utilized to create, upgrade, and customize a data source-- pronounced both as 'Se-quell' and'S-Q-L'. Before starting with SQL, allow us have a short understanding of DBMS. In basic terms, it is software application that is used to develop and take care of data sources. We are mosting likely to stick to RDBMS in this post. There are additionally non-relational DBMS like MongoDB made use of for huge information analysis. There are various accounts like data analyst, database manager, and also information designer that need the knowledge of SQL. Besides leading you in your meetings, this write-up will certainly also offer a basic understanding of SQL. I can also recommend "TOP 30 SQL Meeting Coding Tasks" by Matthew Urban, really excellent publication when it concerns the most common SQL coding meeting questions. This mistake generally shows up because of syntax errors on calling a column name in Oracle database, discover the ORA identifier in the error code. Make certain you enter the correct column name. Also, take special note on the pen names as they are the one being referenced in the mistake as the invalid identifier. Hibernate is Item Relational Mapping tool in Java.

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Leading 50 Sql Interview Questions As Well As Responses

Auto increment enables the individual to create a unique number to be created whenever a brand-new record is put in the table. CAR INCREMENT is the keyword for Oracle, AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL and IDENTITY key phrase can be made use of in SQL WEB SERVER for auto-incrementing. Mainly this keyword phrase is used to create the primary key for the table. Normalization sets up the existing tables and its fields within the database, resulting in minimal replication. It is utilized to streamline a table as long as feasible while keeping the special fields. If you have really little to claim on your own, the recruiter power believe you have null to state. pl sql interview inquiries I make myself feel magnificent in front the interview begins. With this question, the employer will certainly evaluate you on just how you prioritise your job listing. I expect operations with damien once again in the future strained. You mightiness require a compounding of different kinds of questions in order to fully cover the concern, and also this may diverge betwixt individuals. Candidates appear to interviews with a surface of thrilling you. A primary key is a unique sort of unique trick. A international key is utilized to keep the referential web link stability between 2 information tables. It protects against actions that can ruin links between a kid and a moms and dad table. A primary secret is utilized to define a column that uniquely determines each row. Null value and duplicate values are not permitted to be entered in the main crucial column. However, you may not be given this hint, so it is on you to remember that in such a scenario a subquery is exactly what you require. After you experience the basic SQL meeting inquiries, you are likely to be asked something extra certain. And also there's no better feeling worldwide than acing a concern you practiced. But if geekinterview do is method SQL interview inquiries while neglecting the basics, something is mosting likely to be missing out on. Request too many inquiries might jump the meeting as well as reach them, but request none will make you look unenthusiastic or not really prepared. When you are taking the test, you should prioritise making certain that all parts of it run. Leading 50 google analytics interview questions & answers. Nerve-coaching from the interview people that will certainly blast your troubled sensations to ensure that you can be laser-focused as well as surefooted as soon as you land in the hot seat. Terrific, attempting, and also im type of gallant i was capable to settle it under such tension. Those who pass the phone or picture meeting go on to the in-person meetings. Once again, it's crafty concern, and not simply in damages of operations it out. On the far side permitting myself to get some shouting meemies out, i really taken pleasure in the possibility to obtain a better feel for campus/atmosphere. Knowing the extremely certain answers to some really particular SQL meeting questions is excellent, however it's not going to help you if you're asked something unexpected. Don't get me wrong-- targeted prep work can absolutely help. Keep in https://is.gd/snW9y3 that this not a Not Null restraint as well as do not puzzle the default worth constraint with forbiding the Null entries. The default worth for the column is set just when the row is created for the first time and column worth is ignored on the Insert. Denormalization is a data source optimization strategy for enhancing a database infrastructure performance by including redundant data to one or more tables. Normalization is a database design strategy to organize tables to lower information redundancy and data reliance. SQL constraints are the set of regulations to restrict the insertion, deletion, or upgrading of information in the databases. They restrict the kind of data going in a table for keeping information precision and integrity. PRODUCE-- Used to develop the data source or its items like table, index, feature, views, sets off, etc. A special key is used to distinctly identify each document in a database. A CHECK restraint is utilized to limit the worths or kind of data that can be stored in a column. A Primary key is column whose worths distinctively determine every row in a table. The main role of a main key in a data table is to maintain the internal stability of a information table. Query/Statement-- They're frequently utilized reciprocally, yet there's a slight difference. Listed here are various SQL interview concerns as well as solutions that declares your understanding regarding SQL as well as provide new understandings as well as discovering the language. Experience these SQL interview inquiries to rejuvenate your understanding before any type of meeting.

As a result, your following task won't be about describing what SQL restrictions and tricks imply generally, although you need to be really accustomed to the principle. You will rather be given the chance to show your capacity to specify on a details type of an SQL restriction-- the foreign crucial constraint. Write a SQL query to find the 10th tallest peak (" Altitude") from a " Hill" table. Adjustment to the column with VOID worth and even the Insert procedure specifying the Void value for the column is permitted. Click the Set Primary Trick toolbar button to set the StudId column as the primary crucial column. A RIGHT OUTER SIGN UP WITH is one of the JOIN procedures that enables you to specify a SIGN UP WITH clause. It maintains the unrivaled rows from the Table2 table, joining them with a NULL in the shape of the Table1 table. And afterwards, as currently as we cut that possibility, everyone burst out laughing yet you can not be in on the technique." there are many " weak points" that you can become favorable situations to reveal an response that your recruiter will certainly value and see. - this environs covers the ironware, servers, running plan, internet internet browsers, various other software program system, etc. Duties that you were not able-bodied to be full. "i figure out which task is near considerable, and afterwards i try to do that project initially previously end up the being successful one. Permanently example, there are approach of audit package, arsenal package, etc. While it's much easier to ask common questions, you take the chance of not obtaining the discerning details you need to make the best hiring decision. Question optimization is a procedure in which database system compares various question techniques and pick the question with the least cost. Main key developed on more than one column is called composite main trick. REMOVE removes some or all rows from a table based on the problem. ABBREVIATE gets rid of ALL rows from a table by de-allocating the memory pages. The procedure can not be rolled back DECLINE command eliminates a table from the data source completely. The main distinction in between the two is that DBMS conserves your information as documents whereas RDMS saves your information in tabular type. Also, as the keyword Relational implies, RDMS permits various tables to have connections with one another using Primary Keys, Foreign Keys etc. This creates a dynamic chain of hierarchy in between tables which also uses practical constraint on the tables. Think that there go to the very least 10 records in the Mountain table. That's why leading firms are progressively relocating far from common concerns and also are instead supplying candidates a split at real-life inner circumstances. "At Airbnb, we provided possible hires access to the tools we make use of and also a vetted information collection, one where we knew its restrictions and troubles. It allowed them to concentrate on the shape of the data as well as framework answers to problems that were significant to us," notes Geggatt. A Check constraint look for a certain condition prior to inserting data right into a table. If the data passes all the Inspect restrictions then the data will certainly be inserted right into the table or else the data for insertion will be disposed of. The CHECK constraint guarantees that all values in a column satisfy particular conditions. https://tinyurl.com/c7k3vf9t restricts the insertion of null worths right into a column. If we are using a Not Void Constraint for a column after that we can not neglect the worth of this column during insertion of data right into the table. The default constraint enables you to establish a default value for the column.

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Leading 50 Sql Interview Questions And Also Solutions

Automobile increment enables the individual to create a serial number to be produced whenever a new document is placed in the table. AUTOMOBILE INCREMENT is the keyword for Oracle, AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL and IDENTITY keyword phrase can be utilized in SQL WEB SERVER for auto-incrementing. Mainly this search phrase is used to produce the main trick for the table. Normalization organizes the existing tables and its areas within the data source, causing minimal duplication. It is utilized to simplify a table as high as possible while preserving the special areas. If you have actually little to state for yourself, the job interviewer power believe you have void to claim. pl sql meeting questions I make myself feel divine ahead the interview starts. With sql queries interview questions , the employer will certainly judge you on exactly how you prioritise your task checklist. I look forward to functions with damien once again in the future strained. You mightiness require a compounding of dissimilar types of questions in order to fully cover the concern, and this may split betwixt participants. https://bit.ly/3tmWIsh turn up to interviews with a surface of impressing you. A main secret is a unique sort of unique trick. A foreign secret is used to maintain the referential web link stability in between two information tables. It prevents activities that can damage web links in between a kid and also a moms and dad table. A main secret is utilized to specify a column that distinctively identifies each row. Null worth as well as replicate worths are not permitted to be entered in the main key column. However, you might not be provided this tip, so it gets on you to bear in mind that in such a circumstance a subquery is exactly what you require. After you go through the basic SQL meeting concerns, you are most likely to be asked something more details. As well as there's no far better feeling on the planet than acing a inquiry you exercised. Yet if all you do is method SQL meeting concerns while disregarding the essentials, something is going to be missing. Demand a lot of questions may leap the interview and also reach them, but request none will certainly make you look unenthusiastic or unprepared. When you are taking the test, you need to prioritise making certain that all parts of it run. Top 50 google analytics meeting inquiries & responses. Nerve-coaching from the meeting guys that will blast your restless sensations to make sure that you can be laser-focused as well as surefooted once you land in the spot. Terrific, attempting, and im sort of gallant i was qualified to resolve it under such stress. Those who pass the phone or photo interview proceed to the in-person meetings. Once again, it's smart question, and not just in damages of workings it out. Beyond permitting https://geekinterview.net to get some screaming meemies out, i truly appreciated the chance to obtain a far better feel for campus/atmosphere. Recognizing the very details solution to some very details SQL interview questions is excellent, but it's not going to aid you if you're asked something unforeseen. Don't get me wrong-- targeted prep work can certainly help. Keep in mind that this not a Not Null restriction and do not puzzle the default value restriction with disallowing the Void access. The default value for the column is established just when the row is produced for the first time and also column worth is neglected on the Insert. Denormalization is a data source optimization technique for boosting a data source facilities performance by including redundant information to one or more tables. Normalization is a database design strategy to arrange tables to decrease information redundancy and information dependence. SQL constraints are the set of rules to limit the insertion, removal, or updating of data in the data sources. They restrict the kind of information entering a table for keeping data precision and also honesty. PRODUCE-- Used to develop the database or its objects like table, index, feature, views, activates, and so on. A distinct key is made use of to uniquely determine each document in a database. A CHECK constraint is used to restrict the values or type of data that can be kept in a column. A Primary key is column whose values distinctively recognize every row in a table. The main function of a main type in a information table is to maintain the interior honesty of a information table. Query/Statement-- They're typically used mutually, yet there's a minor difference. Listed here are various SQL meeting inquiries as well as answers that reaffirms your understanding about SQL as well as offer brand-new insights as well as learning more about the language. Undergo these SQL meeting questions to freshen your expertise prior to any type of meeting. Consequently, your next task will not be about discussing what SQL restraints and keys indicate generally, although you have to be really accustomed to the idea. You will certainly instead be offered the chance to demonstrate your capability to clarify on a particular type of an SQL restraint-- the international essential restraint. Compose a SQL query to find the 10th tallest peak (" Altitude") from a "Mountain" table. Alteration to the column with VOID value or perhaps the Insert procedure defining the Null value for the column is enabled. Click on the Set Main Key toolbar button to establish the StudId column as the main essential column. A RIGHT OUTER SIGN UP WITH is among the JOIN procedures that permits you to define a SIGN UP WITH condition. It maintains the unequaled rows from the Table2 table, joining them with a NULL in the shape of the Table1 table.

And after that, as presently as we reduced that prospect, every person broken out laughing however you can not be in on the method." there are many "weaknesses" that you can turn into favorable scenarios to reveal an solution that your interviewer will certainly respect and also see. - this environments covers the ironware, servers, operating system, web internet browsers, various other software application system, etc. Tasks that you were not able-bodied to be total. "i find out which job is near considerable, and after that i try to do that job first previously end up the doing well one. For good example, there are technique of audit plan, arsenal bundle, and so on. While it's much easier to ask generic questions, you run the risk of not acquiring the careful details you need to make the most effective hiring determination. Query optimization is a process in which database system compares various query methods and select the query with the least cost. Primary vital created on more than one column is called composite primary trick. REMOVE removes some or all rows from a table based on the problem. TRUNCATE eliminates ALL rows from a table by de-allocating the memory pages. The procedure can not be curtailed DROP command removes a table from the database totally. The primary difference in between the two is that DBMS saves your info as files whereas RDMS saves your details in tabular form. Also, as the keyword Relational implies, RDMS allows various tables to have relationships with one another making use of Main Keys, Foreign Keys and so on. This develops a dynamic chain of power structure between tables which likewise uses helpful constraint on the tables. Assume that there are at the very least 10 documents in the Hill table. That's why leading firms are increasingly relocating far from generic concerns and also are rather providing prospects a crack at real-life internal circumstances. "At Airbnb, we provided potential hires access to the devices we make use of as well as a vetted data set, one where we understood its restrictions as well as issues. It allowed them to concentrate on the shape of the information as well as framework answers to problems that were meaningful to us," notes Geggatt. A Examine constraint checks for a certain condition prior to putting information into a table. If the data passes all the Examine restraints then the data will be inserted right into the table or else the data for insertion will certainly be thrown out. The CHECK restriction guarantees that all worths in a column please specific conditions. A Not Null restraint restricts the insertion of null worths into a column. If we are making use of a Not Void Restriction for a column then we can not neglect the value of this column throughout insertion of data into the table. The default constraint enables you to establish a default worth for the column.

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300+ TOP PL/SQL Objective Questions and Answers

PLSQL Multiple Choice Questions :-

1. Which of the following statements is true about implicit cursors? A. Implicit cursors are used for SQL statements that are not nameD. B. Developers should use implicit cursors with great carE. C. Implicit cursors are used in cursor for loops to handle data processing. D. Implicit cursors are no longer a feature in OraclE. Ans: A 2. Which of the following is not a feature of a cursor FOR loop? A. Record type declaration. B. Opening and parsing of SQL statements. C. Fetches records from cursor. D. Requires exit condition to be defineD. Ans: B 3. A developer would like to use referential datatype declaration on a variablE. The variable name is EMPLOYEE_LASTNAME, and the corresponding table and column is EMPLOYEE, and LNAME, respectively. How would the developer define this variable using referential datatypes? A. Use employeE.lname%typE. B. Use employeE.lname%rowtypE. C. Look up datatype for EMPLOYEE column on LASTNAME table and use that. D. Declare it to be type LONG. Ans: A 4. Which three of the following are implicit cursor attributes? A. %found B. %too_many_rows C. %notfound D. %rowcount E. %rowtype Ans: C 5. If left out, which of the following would cause an infinite loop to occur in a simple loop? A. LOOP B. END LOOP C. IF-THEN D. EXIT Ans: B 6. Which line in the following statement will produce an error? A. cursor action_cursor is B. select name, rate, action C. into action_record D. from action_table; E. There are no errors in this statement. Ans: C 7. The command used to open a CURSOR FOR loop is A. open B. fetch C. parse D. None, cursor for loops handle cursor opening implicitly. Ans: D 8. What happens when rows are found using a FETCH statement A. It causes the cursor to close B. It causes the cursor to open C. It loads the current row values into variables D. It creates the variables to hold the current row values Ans: B 9. What is the maximum number of handlers processed before the PL/SQL block is exited when an exception occurs? A. Only one B. All that apply C. All referenced D. None Ans: A 10. For which trigger timing can you reference the NEW and OLD qualifiers? A. Statement and Row B. Statement only C. Row only D. Oracle Forms trigger Ans: D

PL/SQL MCQs 11. PL/SQL subprograms, unlike anonymous blocks, are compiled each time they are executeD. True or False? A. True B.False Ans: A 12. Subprograms and anonymous blocks can be called by other applications. A.True B.False Ans: A 13. A nested subprogram can be called from the main procedure or from the calling environment. Trueor False? A. True B. False Ans: B 14. When modifying procedure code, the procedure must be re-executed to validate and store it in thedatabasE. A. True B. False Ans: A 15. Which of the following can be used as an argument for a procedure parameter? A.The name of a variablE. B.A literal valuE. C.An expression. D.All of the abovE. E.None of the above Ans: D PL/SQL Objective type Questions with Answers 16. If you don’t specify a mode for a parameter, what is the default mode? A.OUT B.IN C.COPY D.DEFAULT E.R(ead) Ans: B 17. Which kind of parameters cannot have a DEFAULT value? A.OUT B.IN C.CONSTANT D.R(ead) E.W(rite) Ans: A 18. What are the three parameter modes for procedures? A.IN, OUT, IN OUT B.R(ead), W(rite), A(ppend) C.CONSTANT, VARIABLE, DEFAULT D.COPY, NOCOPY, REF Ans: A 19. Which one of the following statements about formal and actual parameters is true? A.Formal and actual parameters must have the same namE. B.Formal and actual parameters must have different names. C.A formal parameter is declared within the called procedure, while an actual parameter is declared in thecalling environment. D.An actual parameter is declared within the called procedurE. Ans: C 20. What is the correct syntax to create procedure MYPROC that accepts two number parameters X and Y? A.CREATE PROCEDURE myproc (x NUMBER, y NUMBER) IS … B.CREATE PROCEDURE (x NUMBER, y NUMBER) myproc IS … C.CREATE PROCEDURE myproc IS (x NUMBER, y NUMBER) … D.CREATE PROCEDURE IS myproc (x NUMBER, y NUMBER) …. Ans: A 21. Functions in PL/SQL are a collection of ________and PL/SQL statements that perform a task and should return a value to the calling environment. A. Microsoft SQL Server B. SQL C. Query language D. IBM DB2 Ans: B 22. As a procedural language by definition, PL/SQL provides several iteration constructs, including basic LOOP statements, WHILE loops, ________, and Cursor FOR loops. A. Imperative programming B. Programming language C. Control flow D. For loop Ans: D 23. The StepSqlite product is a PL/SQL compiler for the popular small database ________. A. JavaScript B. Java (programming language) C. Mozilla Firefox D. SQLite Ans: D 24. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 7), TimesTen in-memory database (since version 11.2.1), ________ (since version 9.7). A. IBM DB2 B. IBM PureQuery C. IBM Informix D. Microsoft SQL Server Ans: A 25. The Fyracle project aims to enable the execution of PL/SQL code in the________ Firebird databasE. A. Open source B. Linux C. Free software D. Open-source software Ans: A 26. PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is________’s procedural extension language for SQL and the Oracle relational databasE. A. Intel Corporation B. Oracle Corporation C. Dell D. Google Ans: B 27. PL/SQL functions analogously to the embedded procedural languages associated with other ________. A. Relational model B. Database normalization C. Relational database D. Relation (database) Ans: C 28. This resembles usages in object-oriented programming languages like________, C++ and Java. A. Pascal (programming language) B. Free Pascal C. Object Pascal D. Embarcadero Delphi Ans: C 29. The structure of a PL/SQL package closely resembles the basic Pascal program structure or a ________ unit. A. Free Pascal B. Lazarus (software) C. Embarcadero Delphi D. Turbo Pascal Ans: C 30. What is the maximum number of ELSE clauses that can be included in an IF clause that is not nested? A. 0 B. 1 C. 15 D. Any number Ans: B PL/SQL Questions and Answers Pdf Download Read the full article

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Post has been published on http://muawia.com/pl-sql-if-else-statement-example-pl-sql-if-else-tutorial/

PL/SQL If Else Statement Example | PL/SQL If Else Tutorial

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Syntax for IF THEN ELSE statement in Oracle PL/SQL

Syntax for IF THEN ELSE statement in Oracle PL/SQL

Example for IF THEN ELSE statement in Oracle PL/SQL IF THEN ELSE is used to based on condition, If condition is true then run the statement present in blocks else run statement in else block. Syntax: IF <condition> THEN <statements> ELSE <statements> END IF; -- You also use ELEIF condition inbetween IF <condition> THEN <statements> ELSIF <condition> THEN <statements> ELSE <statements> END…

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If Else Statement in PL/SQL

If Else Statement in PL/SQL

If Else Statement in PL/SQL is used for check condition true or false.

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Top 50 Sql Meeting Questions And Responses

https://bit.ly/3tmWIsh enables the individual to develop a unique number to be produced whenever a new document is inserted in the table. AUTOMOBILE INCREMENT is the keyword for Oracle, AUTO_INCREMENT in MySQL and IDENTIFICATION keyword phrase can be used in SQL WEB SERVER for auto-incrementing. Mainly this keyword phrase is used to develop the main key for the table. Normalization sets up the existing tables and its areas within the data source, leading to minimum replication. It is utilized to simplify a table as long as feasible while retaining the one-of-a-kind fields. If you have really little to state on your own, the job interviewer power believe you have void to claim. pl sql interview concerns I make myself really feel magnificent in front the meeting begins. With this inquiry, the recruiter will certainly judge you on exactly how you prioritise your job listing. I expect functions with damien once more in the future stressful. You mightiness need a compounding of different sorts of inquiries in order to to the full cover the concern, as well as this may diverge betwixt individuals. Prospects show up to meetings with a finish of impressing you. A primary trick is a unique kind of unique secret. A foreign secret is made use of to preserve the referential web link honesty in between 2 data tables. linked here prevents actions that can destroy web links in between a youngster as well as a moms and dad table. A primary secret is used to specify a column that distinctively determines each row. Void value and replicate values are not permitted to be entered in the main essential column. However, you could not be provided this tip, so it gets on you to remember that in such a situation a subquery is precisely what you require. After you go through the essential SQL meeting inquiries, you are most likely to be asked something more certain. And also there's no far better feeling on the planet than acing a inquiry you practiced. Yet if all you do is technique SQL interview concerns while ignoring the basics, something is mosting likely to be missing out on. Request way too many concerns might jump the meeting and reach them, however demand none will make you look unenthusiastic or not really prepared. When you are taking the examination, you should prioritise making sure that all parts of it run. Leading 50 google analytics interview concerns & solutions. Nerve-coaching from the meeting men that will blast your restless feelings so that you can be laser-focused and surefooted when you land in the spot. Terrific, trying, and im type of gallant i was capable to fix it under such stress.

Those that pass the phone or photo meeting move on to the in-person meetings. Again, it's crafty inquiry, and also not simply in damage of operations it out. On the far side permitting myself to get some howling meemies out, i genuinely delighted in the chance to get a far better feel for campus/atmosphere. Understanding the extremely certain response to some very specific SQL meeting concerns is terrific, yet it's not mosting likely to aid you if you're asked something unanticipated. Do not get me wrong-- targeted prep work can absolutely help. Note that this not a Not Void constraint and do not perplex the default worth restraint with forbiding the Void entrances. The default worth for the column is established just when the row is created for the first time and column worth is disregarded on the Insert. Denormalization is a database optimization technique for raising a data source infrastructure performance by including repetitive data to one or more tables. Normalization is a data source design method to organize tables to minimize data redundancy and also information reliance. SQL restraints are the set of rules to limit the insertion, deletion, or updating of information in the databases. They restrict the type of information entering a table for preserving information accuracy and also integrity. CREATE-- Used to produce the data source or its objects like table, index, feature, sights, activates, and so on. A special trick is made use of to uniquely determine each record in a database. A CHECK constraint is used to restrict the values or kind of information that can be kept in a column. A Main key is column whose values uniquely determine every row in a table. The major role of a main type in a data table is to preserve the internal integrity of a information table. Query/Statement-- They're frequently utilized reciprocally, yet there's a mild difference. Listed below are different SQL interview questions as well as answers that declares your knowledge concerning SQL and supply brand-new understandings and also discovering the language. Experience these SQL meeting inquiries to refresh your expertise before any type of interview. Therefore, your following job will not have to do with discussing what SQL restraints as well as secrets suggest as a whole, although you need to be very knowledgeable about the concept. You will certainly instead be provided the opportunity to show your capacity to clarify on a specific type of an SQL restriction-- the foreign vital restriction. Write a SQL question to locate the 10th tallest optimal ("Elevation") from a "Mountain" table. Adjustment to the column with NULL value or perhaps the Insert procedure defining the Null worth for the column is enabled. Click on the Establish Key Trick toolbar switch to set the StudId column as the primary key column. A RIGHT OUTER JOIN is one of the SIGN UP WITH procedures that allows you to specify a JOIN provision. It preserves the unparalleled rows from the Table2 table, joining them with a NULL in the form of the Table1 table. And then, as presently as we cut that prospect, everybody burst out laughing however you can't be in on the technique." there are several " weak points" that you can develop into favorable scenarios to share an response that your interviewer will certainly respect as well as see. - this environs covers the hardware, servers, operating system, internet internet browsers, various other software program system, etc. Obligations that you were not able-bodied to be complete. "i find out which project is near substantial, and afterwards i try to do that task initially earlier finish the doing well one. Permanently instance, there are technique of accountancy plan, arsenal bundle, and so on. While https://geekinterview.net to ask generic inquiries, you take the chance of not acquiring the discerning info you need to make the very best hiring decision. Question optimization is a procedure in which database system compares various query strategies and also pick the inquiry with the least expense. https://tinyurl.com/c7k3vf9t produced on more than one column is called composite main trick. ERASE removes some or all rows from a table based upon the condition. TRIM removes ALL rows from a table by de-allocating the memory pages. The operation can not be rolled back DECREASE command eliminates a table from the data source completely. The major distinction in between the two is that DBMS conserves your information as files whereas RDMS saves your information in tabular type. Additionally, as the keyword Relational indicates, RDMS allows different tables to have connections with each other making use of Main Keys, Foreign Keys and so on. This creates a dynamic chain of power structure between tables which likewise uses useful constraint on the tables. Think that there go to the very least 10 records in the Hill table. That's why leading companies are progressively relocating far from generic questions and are instead providing prospects a split at real-life inner situations. "At Airbnb, we offered prospective hires access to the tools we utilize as well as a vetted data set, one where we understood its restrictions as well as troubles. It permitted them to focus on the form of the information and frame solution to problems that were purposeful to us," keeps in mind Geggatt. A Check restraint look for a details condition prior to putting data into a table. If the data passes all the Inspect restraints then the data will certainly be inserted into the table or else the information for insertion will certainly be thrown out. The CHECK constraint makes certain that all worths in a column satisfy specific problems. A Not Void constraint restricts the insertion of null worths into a column. If we are making use of a Not Void Restraint for a column after that we can not ignore the worth of this column throughout insertion of information into the table. The default constraint allows you to establish a default worth for the column.

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oracle database training in ameerpet

Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) developed and marketed by Oracle Corporation. Oracle Database is commonly referred. In the early 70’s Dr. EFT Codd, a computer scientist, invented the relational model for database management. The relational model deals with many issues caused by the flat file model or the FMS (File Management System). According to his model, instead of combining everything in a single structure, data is organized in entities and attributes to make it more effecient. Oracle has the SQL (Structured Query Language) and also support PL/SQL (Procedural Language using SQL).

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This course is meant for everyone who would like to visualize how information gets stored and delivered to end users and a solid understanding of the Oracle products used in professional job roles.

Application Developer

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Introduction to DBMS • DBMS, Data, Information, Database Data models – FMS/ HDBMS/ NDBMS/ RDBMS/ ORDBMS • E-R Diagram, Normalization, Codd Rules • RDBMS Packages • Versions SQL (Structured Query Language) • SQL and SQL*Plus Commands • Types of commands in SQL • How to login into SQL • HR user, locking & unlocking user Retrieving data • Select statement usage • Alias names – columns & expressions • Applying filters using operators • Operators – Relational/ Logical / Special • Distinct clause, Order by clause • Sorting NULL values Working with tables • Datatypes in Oracle • Naming conventions; Rules – tables/columns • Creating Tables in different methods DML operations • Insert data in different methods • Update / Delete data DDL commands • Alter / Truncate / Rename / Drop table • Recyclebin concept • Flashback / Purge Table Constraints • Data Integrity and importance • Not Null/Unique/Primary Key/ Check • References/Foreign Key • Add/enable/disable/drop constraints • Composite primary key/unique key • About ‘User_constraints’ table TCL commands (Transaction Handling) • About login session • Redo log files • Commit / Rollback / Savepoint • Working with multiple savepoints DCL Commands • User management, SYSTEM user • Create user, Grant basic privileges • Change password, lock/unlock user • Grant/Revoke a user as DBA • Data sharing between users • Grant and Revoke commands • Accessing another user data • Dead lock situations About ‘User_tab_privs_made’, ‘User_tab_privs_recd’ Database functions • Group / Row / Numeric / String • Conversion functions • Dates & date formats • Date functions, Misc. functions • Pseudo columns Data grouping • Group by / Having clause • ‘where’ versus ‘having’ clause • Using expressions in group by Set operators • Union/ Intersect/ Minus/ Union All Subqueries • Simple / Multiple row subquery • Nested / Co-related subquery Joins tables • Simple join (equi and non-equi) • Self/ inner / Outer join (Left/Right/Full) • Cartesian/Cross join • ANSI Standard of joins Oracle Database objects • Synonyms • Views • Sequences • Indexes PLSQL PL/SQL architecture • PL/SQL engine • Structure of a PL/SQL program • Different section of a program • Datatypes in PL/SQL • Operators, I/O operations • Write expressions, simple program • Extracting data from tables Control statements • If-Then-Else – Simple, Nested • Compound conditions (and/or/not) • Case – End Case • Loops – For/ While/ Simple/ ForALL Exception Handling • Introduction • Types of Exceptions • Runtime errors vs Exceptions • System / User defined exceptions • Using multiple exceptions • Raise_Application_Error() Cursor management • Cursor types – Implicit / Explicit • Cursor attributes • Declaring, opening, closing • Fetching, checking End of cursor • Parameterized cursor • For loops in cursor processing • DML operations using cursors • Cursor using joins Sub programs Stored Procedures • Creating a simple procedure • Compiling, verifying errors • Executing procedure from SQL prompt • Calling procedure in another PL/SQL program • Procedure including DML operations • Procedures with parameters • Types of parameters (IN, OUT & IN OUT) • Cursors in a procedure User defined Functions • Writing a user’s function • About ‘Return’ statement • Compiling, verifying errors • Executing from SQL prompt • Functions with parameters (IN, OUT & IN OUT) Packages • Create package specification / body • Calling the elements of a package • Adv of package over procedure/function • Implementing Polymorphism • Function overloading • Procedure overloading Database Triggers • Types of triggers • Creating before/after triggers • :OLD, :NEW reference for data references • DML operations using triggers • ‘Instead of’ triggers • Triggers Vs constraints • Transaction auditing using triggers

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Table Auditing Using DML Triggers In Oracle PL/SQL

Step-1: Connect system & grant those privileges to a user(hr)

grant dba,select any dictionary,select_catalog_role to hr;

Step-2: connect the user(hr)

Step-3: Create 2 Table in this user. Like-

CREATE TABLE LOGGING_DATA_HDR   (     LOG_ID      NUMBER,     TABLE_NAME    VARCHAR2 (30 CHAR) NOT NULL,     PK_DATA     VARCHAR2 (500 BYTE),     ROW_ID      ROWID NOT NULL,     LOG_DATE     DATE NOT NULL,     OPERATION_TYPE  VARCHAR2 (1 BYTE) NOT NULL,     DB_USER     VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE),     CLIENT_IP    VARCHAR2 (40 BYTE),     CLIENT_HOST   VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE),     CLIENT_OS_USER  VARCHAR2 (100 BYTE),     APP_USER     VARCHAR2 (50 BYTE)   );   ALTER TABLE LOGGING_DATA_HDR ADD (    CONSTRAINT LOGGING_DATA_HDR_PK    PRIMARY KEY    (LOG_ID)    ); 

and

CREATE TABLE LOGGING_DATA_DTL   (     LOG_ID    NUMBER,     COLUMN_NAME  VARCHAR2 (30 CHAR),     OLD_VALUE   VARCHAR2 (4000 BYTE),     NEW_VALUE   VARCHAR2 (4000 BYTE)   ); 

Step-4: Alter the LOGGING_DATA_DTL  table

ALTER TABLE LOGGING_DATA_DTL ADD (   CONSTRAINT LOGGING_DATA_DTL_PK   PRIMARY KEY   (LOG_ID, COLUMN_NAME)); 

Step-5: Create this sequence

CREATE SEQUENCE LOG_ID_SEQ     START WITH 1     MAXVALUE 99999999999     MINVALUE 1     NOCYCLE     NOCACHE     NOORDER; 

Step-6: Create this package

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE DML_LOG AS     TYPE GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL IS TABLE OF LOGGING_DATA_DTL%ROWTYPE;     GC$APP_USER  LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE;     PROCEDURE ADD_LOG (IN_ARRAY      IN GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL,              IN_TABLE_NAME     VARCHAR2,              IN_ROWID        ROWID,              IN_OPERATION_TYPE   VARCHAR2);     FUNCTION GENERATE_TRIGGER (IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2)      RETURN VARCHAR2;     FUNCTION GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE    VARCHAR2,                   IN_ROWID    ROWID,                   IN_DELIMETER  VARCHAR2 DEFAULT '-')      RETURN VARCHAR2;     PROCEDURE SET_APP_USER (IN_APP_USER LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE);     FUNCTION GET_APP_USER      RETURN LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE;   END DML_LOG;   /

Step-7: Create this package body

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY DML_LOG   AS     PROCEDURE ADD_LOG (IN_ARRAY      IN GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL,              IN_TABLE_NAME     VARCHAR2,              IN_ROWID        ROWID,              IN_OPERATION_TYPE   VARCHAR2)     IS      LN$LOG_ID  LOGGING_DATA_HDR.LOG_ID%TYPE;     BEGIN      SELECT LOG_ID_SEQ.NEXTVAL INTO LN$LOG_ID FROM DUAL;      INSERT INTO LOGGING_DATA_HDR (LOG_ID,                     TABLE_NAME,                     PK_DATA,                     ROW_ID,                     LOG_DATE,                     OPERATION_TYPE,                     DB_USER,                     CLIENT_IP,                     CLIENT_HOST,                     CLIENT_OS_USER,                     APP_USER)         VALUES (LN$LOG_ID,             IN_TABLE_NAME,             GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE_NAME, IN_ROWID),             IN_ROWID,             SYSDATE,             IN_OPERATION_TYPE,             SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'CURRENT_USER'),             SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'ip_address'),             SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'host'),             SYS_CONTEXT ('USERENV', 'os_user'),             GET_APP_USER);      IF IN_ARRAY IS NOT NULL AND IN_ARRAY.COUNT > 0      THEN        FOR INDX IN IN_ARRAY.FIRST .. IN_ARRAY.LAST        LOOP         IF IN_ARRAY (INDX).COLUMN_NAME IS NOT NULL           AND (IN_ARRAY (INDX).OLD_VALUE IS NOT NULL             OR IN_ARRAY (INDX).NEW_VALUE IS NOT NULL)         THEN           INSERT INTO LOGGING_DATA_DTL (LOG_ID,                          COLUMN_NAME,                          OLD_VALUE,                          NEW_VALUE)             VALUES (LN$LOG_ID,                 IN_ARRAY (INDX).COLUMN_NAME,                 IN_ARRAY (INDX).OLD_VALUE,                 IN_ARRAY (INDX).NEW_VALUE);         END IF;        END LOOP;      END IF;     END ADD_LOG;     FUNCTION GENERATE_TRIGGER (IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2)      RETURN VARCHAR2     IS      LC$TRIGGER_STMT  VARCHAR2 (4000);      CURSOR LCUR$COLUMNS      IS         SELECT COLUMN_NAME          FROM USER_TAB_COLS         WHERE TABLE_NAME = IN_TABLE_NAME        ORDER BY COLUMN_ID;     BEGIN      LC$TRIGGER_STMT :=         'CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER '        || SUBSTR (IN_TABLE_NAME, 1, 23)        || '_LOGTRG '        || CHR (10)        || 'AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE'        || CHR (10)        || 'ON '        || IN_TABLE_NAME        || ' FOR EACH ROW '        || CHR (10)        || 'DECLARE '        || CHR (10)        || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL  DML_LOG.GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL;'        || CHR (10)        || 'LC$OPERATION     VARCHAR2 (1);'        || CHR (10)        || 'PROCEDURE ADD_ELEMENT ('        || CHR (10)        || 'IN_OPERATION   VARCHAR2,'        || CHR (10)        || 'IN_COLUMN_NAME  LOGGING_DATA_DTL.COLUMN_NAME%TYPE,'        || CHR (10)        || 'IN_OLD_VALUE   LOGGING_DATA_DTL.OLD_VALUE%TYPE,'        || CHR (10)        || 'IN_NEW_VALUE   LOGGING_DATA_DTL.NEW_VALUE%TYPE)'        || CHR (10)        || 'IS'        || CHR (10)        || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL  LOGGING_DATA_DTL%ROWTYPE;'        || CHR (10)        || 'BEGIN'        || CHR (10)        || ' IF NOT (IN_OPERATION = ''U'' AND IN_NEW_VALUE = IN_OLD_VALUE)'        || CHR (10)        || 'THEN'        || CHR (10)        || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.COLUMN_NAME := IN_COLUMN_NAME;'        || CHR (10)        || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.OLD_VALUE :=IN_OLD_VALUE;'        || CHR (10)        || 'LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.NEW_VALUE := IN_NEW_VALUE;'        || CHR (10)        || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.EXTEND;'        || CHR (10)        || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL (LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL.LAST) := LR$LOGGING_DATA_DTL;'        || CHR (10)        || 'END IF;'        || CHR (10)        || 'END ADD_ELEMENT;'        || CHR (10)        || 'BEGIN'        || CHR (10)        || 'LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL := DML_LOG.GT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL ();'        || CHR (10)        || 'LC$OPERATION :='        || CHR (10)        || 'CASE WHEN INSERTING THEN ''I'' WHEN UPDATING THEN ''U'' ELSE ''D'' END;'        || CHR (10);      FOR LREC$COLUMNS IN LCUR$COLUMNS      LOOP        LC$TRIGGER_STMT :=           LC$TRIGGER_STMT         || ' ADD_ELEMENT (LC$OPERATION,'''         || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME         || ''',:OLD.'         || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME         || ',:NEW.'         || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME         || ');'         || CHR (10);      END LOOP;      LC$TRIGGER_STMT :=         LC$TRIGGER_STMT        || ' DML_LOG.ADD_LOG (LT$LOGGING_DATA_DTL,'''        || IN_TABLE_NAME        || ''',:NEW.ROWID,LC$OPERATION);'        || CHR (10)        || 'END '        || SUBSTR (IN_TABLE_NAME, 1, 23)        || '_LOGTRG ;';      RETURN LC$TRIGGER_STMT;     END GENERATE_TRIGGER;     FUNCTION GET_COMPOSITE_KEY (IN_TABLE    VARCHAR2,                   IN_ROWID    ROWID,                   IN_DELIMETER  VARCHAR2 DEFAULT '-')      RETURN VARCHAR2     IS      PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;      LC$COLUMNS  VARCHAR2 (512) := '';      LC$KEY    VARCHAR2 (512);      CURSOR LCUR$COLUMNS (        IN_TABLE_NAME VARCHAR2)      IS         SELECT CON_C.COLUMN_NAME          FROM USER_CONS_COLUMNS CON_C, USER_CONSTRAINTS CON         WHERE   CON.CONSTRAINT_NAME = CON_C.CONSTRAINT_NAME            AND CON.CONSTRAINT_TYPE = 'P'            AND CON.TABLE_NAME = IN_TABLE_NAME        ORDER BY POSITION;     BEGIN      FOR LREC$COLUMNS IN LCUR$COLUMNS (IN_TABLE)      LOOP        LC$COLUMNS :=           LC$COLUMNS         || LREC$COLUMNS.COLUMN_NAME         || '||'''         || IN_DELIMETER         || '''||';      END LOOP;      LC$COLUMNS := RTRIM (LC$COLUMNS, '||''' || IN_DELIMETER || '''||');      EXECUTE IMMEDIATE         'SELECT '        || LC$COLUMNS        || ' FROM '        || IN_TABLE        || ' WHERE ROWID='''        || IN_ROWID        || ''''        INTO LC$KEY;      RETURN LC$KEY;     END GET_COMPOSITE_KEY;     PROCEDURE SET_APP_USER (IN_APP_USER LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE)     IS     BEGIN      GC$APP_USER := IN_APP_USER;     END SET_APP_USER;     FUNCTION GET_APP_USER      RETURN LOGGING_DATA_HDR.APP_USER%TYPE     IS     BEGIN      RETURN GC$APP_USER;     END GET_APP_USER;   END DML_LOG;   /

Step-8: Then create this trigger to generate automatically log register trigger.

set serveroutput on BEGIN   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (DML_LOG.GENERATE_TRIGGER ('DEPARTMENTS'));   END; /

Step-9: Copy the trigger and paste it in SQL command line for creating this required trigger.

Step-10: After that generate a DML statement.

Step-11: commit the DML.

Step-12: Now you can tracking the users when they have connected the schema and what change they made.

Thanks.

[aksharasoftwares-blog]

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If Else Statement in PL/SQL is used for check condition true or false.