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aki1975 · 2 months

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Villa Voglina a Valenza che accolse Napoleone sulla via di Marengo

Inghilterra e Francia procedono parallelamente non solo lungo la storia, ma anche lungo la storia della letteratura.

Vivono infatti contemporaneamente i periodi dell’epica cavalleresca, della narrativa medioevale, del teatro rinascimentale e barocco, della saggistica illuminista, del romanzo moderno, della poesia contemporanea.

Ecco le principali tappe della storia e della storia della letteratura francese.

Merovingi (457 - 751)

732 - Carlo Martello ferma i Saraceni a Poitiers

Carolingi (751 - 987)

778 - Battaglia di Roncisvalle

800 - Incoronazione di Carlo Magno

987 - Ugo Capeto re di Francia

seconda metà del XI sec. - Chanson de Roland in cui sono presenti i personaggi delle Chansons de geste: Orlando, il traditore Gano di Maganza, Angelica, Bradamante.

1214 - Filippo Augusto, insieme a Federico di Svevia, sconfigge Ottone IV e Giovanni Senza Terra a Bouvines.

1242 - Luigi IX fa erigere la Sainte Chapelle

1280 - Roman de la rose

1296 - Nonostante l’opposizione di Bonifacio VIII, Filippo IV il Bello tassa il clero francese

1303 - Filippo IV il Bello dà la figlia Isabella in moglie al figlio di Edoardo I Plantageneto, Edoardo II, per sospendere la Guerra dei Cento Anni. Schiaffo di Anagni.

1313 - Il papato ad Avignone

Valois (1328 - 1594)

1328 - Alla morte di Carlo IV Capeto senza eredi, Edoardo III Plantageneto rivendica la corona, ma viene eletto Filippo VI di Valois.

1346 - Edoardo III sconfigge Filippo VI a Crecy

1356 - Giovanni II preso in ostaggio dagli inglesi a Poitiers

1358 - Rivolta della Jacquerie

1377 - Fine della cattività avignonese

1420 - Carlo VI concede in moglie la propria figlia Caterina di Valois ad Enrico V dopo la sconfitta di Azincourt

1431 - Giovanna d’Arco arsa sul rogo a Rouen

1475 - Con il Trattato di Picuigny termina la guerra dei Cento Anni. Mentre in Francia Carlo VI pone le basi dell’accentramento riducendo il potere dei feudatari anche grazie a cannoni che richiedono investimenti più ingenti, in Inghilterra si scatena la Guerra delle Due Rose fino all’avvento, nel 1485, di Enrico VII Tudor.

1494 - Carlo VIII in Italia, poi sconfitto a Fornovo

1525 - Francesco I sconfitto a Pavia e preso in ostaggio da Carlo V. Poiché Papa Clemente VII aveva supportato Francesco I, i lanzichenecchi saccheggiano Roma nel 1527

1542 - Gargantua e Pantagruel (Rabelais)

1559 - Pace di Cateau Cambresis fra Enrico II e Filippo II. A Enrico II succede Francesco II che sposerà Maria Stuart e Carlo IX, reggente la madre Caterina de’ Medici, nipote di Lorenzo il Magnifico

1572 - L’ugonotto Enrico di Navarra sposa Margherita di Valois, figlia di Enrico II e Caterina de’ Medici. Notte di San Bartolomeo

1574 - Muore Carlo IX. Gli succede Enrico III

1576 - I saggi della repubblica (Bodin)

1580 - Saggi (Montaigne) in cui traspare il senso del declino del Rinascimento

“Così, lettore, sono io stesso la materia del mio libro: non c'è ragione che tu spenda il tuo tempo su un argomento tanto frivolo e vano”

1588 - Enrico III fa uccidere Enrico di Guisa ed è a sua volta assasinato

Borbone (1594 - 1830)

1594 - Enrico IV di Borbone re di Francia

1598 - Editto di Nantes in cui i protestanti possono praticare il loro culto

1600 - Enrico IV sposa in seconde nozze Maria de’ Medici

1610 - Luigi XIII sposato ad Anna d’Austria. Fino al 1617 Maria de’ Medici è la reggente, Concini il primo ministro

1624 - Richelieu primo ministro

1642 - Mazzarino primo ministro con le conseguenti fronde della nobiltà di toga e di spada

1643 - Il Principe di Condè sconfigge gli Spagnoli a Rocroi, la battaglia più importante della fase francese della Guerra dei Trent’anni

1661 - Morte di Mazzarino. Luigi XIV assume i pieni poteri con il supporto di Colbert e della sua politica mercantilistica

1662 - La scuola delle mogli (Molière) che critica la sottomissione della donna

1664 - Tartufo (Molière), satira dello spirito religioso formalistico del tempo. Avversato dalla Chiesa, Molière intende correggere gli uomini divertendoli con un intento moralistico che sarà ripreso da Goldoni.

1668 - L’avaro (Molière), ispirato all’Aulularia di Plauto, ma più sofisticato. Per questo i personaggi delle commedie di Molière vivono nella propria solitudine disagi contemporanei e costituiscono una lezione morale per il pubblico.

1670

Pensieri (Pascal)

Il borghese gentiluomo (Molière) in cui si satireggia la corte

1673 - Il malato immaginario (Molière) recitando il quale, l’autore muore.

1677 - Fedra (Racine), rivisitazione giansenista della tragedia di Euripide

1678 - La princesse de Cleves (La Fayette), fedele al marito nonostante l’amore per un’altra persona

1682 - Trasferimento della corte a Versailles

1700 - Il Re di Spagna Carlo II muore senza eredi e designa come successore Filippo d’Angiò (poi Filippo V), nipote di Luigi XIV: inizia la guerra di successione spagnola.

1706 - Assedio di Torino

1713 - Trattati di Utrecht e Rastadt (1714): l’Austria subentra alla Spagna a Milano anche se Napoli rimarrà spagnola, i Savoia diventano Re prima della Sicilia e poi della Sardegna, l’Inghilterra consolida i suoi domini marittimi con Gibilterra. Il motto degli Asburgo è AEIOU (“Austria est imperare orbi universo”).

1720 - Falliscono le politiche monetarie di John Law

1748 - Lo spirito delle leggi (Montesquieu)

1759 - Candido (Voltaire) in cui Pangloss è la rappresentazione parodistica di Leibniz. “C'est la faute à Voltaire” è una canzone che satireggia l’accusa della Chiesa ai filosofi illuministi di aver prodotto la Rivoluzione.

1763 - Alla fine della Guerra dei Sette Anni la Francia perde tutte le colonie americane e i possedimenti in India a vantaggio degli inglesi.

1782 - Le relazioni pericolose (Laclos) con il cinico libertino Valmont

La Rivoluzione (1789 - 1815)

1789 - Presa della Bastiglia

1791 - Costituzione monarchica

1793 - Decapitazione di Luigi XVI. Costituzione democratica

1794 - Colpo di stato del Termidoro. Il potere al Direttorio

1797 - Trattato di Campoformio

1799 - Colpo di stato del 18 Brumaio. Il potere al Primo Console

1798 - Campagna in Egitto di Napoleone per bloccare i commerci fra la Gran Bretagna e l’India. Sconfitta contro Nelson ad Abukir

1804 - Napoleone imperatore

1812 - Battaglia di Borodino

La Restaurazione (1815 - 1848)

1815 - Luigi XVIII re di Francia

1819 - Constant, Le due libertà

1821 - Napoleone muore a Sant’Elena. La Rivoluzione francese e l’epoca napoleonica lasciano come eredità la politicizzazione delle masse che influenzerà l’Ottocento con la fine dell’Ancien Regime, l’ascesa dei partiti politici, dei movimenti nazionali, delle aspirazioni sociali e lo sviluppo del gusto romantico e medioevale dopo il lungo periodo neoclassico iniziato con la scoperta di Pompei (1738).

1830 - Rivoluzione di luglio in cui viene deposto l’ultimo dei Borboni, Carlo X, e viene eletto Luigi Filippo, il “re vestito da mercante”

1830 - Il rosso e il nero (Stendhal) con protagonista Julien Sorel, un arrivista che si muove nella Francia della rivoluzione del 1830 in cui i protagonisti della Restaurazione non riescono ad ottenere il consenso

1839 - La Certosa di Parma (che Stendhal dedica “to the happy few”), citata solo nell’ultima pagina, ha come protagonista Fabrizio Del Dongo, giovane aristocratico milanese che segue Napoleone a Waterloo. Ritornato a Parma, è protetto dalla zia, la Sanseverina, e dal suo amante, il Conte Mosca, vive numerose vicende d’amore e prigionia.

1844 - I tre moschettieri (Dumas sr.)

Seconda Repubblica (1848 - 1852)

1848

Rivolta contro Luigi Filippo. Comune di Parigi. Al suo termine Hausmann rivede la città per rendere inefficaci le barricate.

La signora delle camelie (Dumas jr.), alla base della Traviata di Verdi. I fiori bianchi o rossi denotavano la disponibilità della protagonista per gli incontri con i clienti.

1850 - Il visconte di Bragelonne (Dumas sr.) contenente la storia della Maschera di Ferro imprigionata alla Bastiglia durante il regno di Luigi XIV

Secondo impero (1852 - 1870)

1852 - Napoleone III imperatore

1856 - Madame Bovary (Flaubert) in cui l’antieroina Emma intende vivere in una dimensione romantica e aristocratica e per questo si indebita e tradisce il marito fino a suicidarsi. Esempio perfetto di realismo.

1857 - I fiori del male (Baudelaire), iniziatore di una poetica decadente, antiromantica ed antiborghese che ha radici romantiche, ma una lettura pessimistica della realtà e simbolista della natura, l’ideal e lo spleen. Simbolo del poeta-veggente è l’albatro, con grandi ali fatte per volare in cielo (“Elevazione”), ma che lo rendono goffo sulla terra. Anche sul piano metrico, prevale il verso libero come negli Stati Uniti in Whitman.

“E' un tempio la Natura ove viventi / pilastri a volte confuse parole / mandano fuori; la attraversa l'uomo / tra foreste di simboli dagli occhi / familiari” (Corrispondenze)

La gigantessa

Nei tempi che con impeto la Natura potentegenerava ogni giorno / qualche essere mostruoso, / avrei voluto vivere accanto a una / gigante, come ai piedi regali un gatto voluttuoso. / Vedere insieme all’anima il suo corpo fiorire / ed ingrassarsi libero in mezzo a giochi loschi; / dalle nebbie fluttuanti nei suoi occhi arguire / quali torbide fiamme il cuore attoschi; / percorrere a piacere le sue grandiose forme, / arrampicarmi in cima al suo ginocchio enorme, / e quando poi d’estate, sotto l’afa inclemente, / lei stanca si distende nella verde campagna, / all’ombra dei suoi seni dormire dolcemente, / come un quieto villaggio ai piè d’una montagna.

“Ecco giungere il tempo in cui, fremente sullo stelo, / come un incensiere fumiga ogni fiore. / Nell'aria della sera profumi e suoni danzano, / valzer malinconico e languida vertigine!” (Armonia della sera)

1858 - Attentato di Felice Orsini

1862 - I miserabili (Hugo)

1863 - Il capitan Fracassa (Gautier)

1870 - Sconfitta di Sedan. Con Napoleone III prigioniero dei Prussiani di Bismarck, gli Italiani prendono Roma.

Sensazione (Rimbaud)

Le sere azzurre d’estate andrò nei sentieri, / Punzecchiato dal grano, calpestando erba fina: / Sentirò, trasognato, quella frescura ai piedi, / E lascerò che il vento m’inondi il capo nudo. / Non dirò niente, non penserò niente: ma / L’amore infinito mi salirà nell’anima, / E andrò lontano, più lontano, come uno zingaro / Nella Natura – felice come con una donna.

Terza Repubblica (1870 - 1940)

1871 - Le bateau ivre (Rimbaud)

1873

“Piange nel mio cuore come piove sulla città. Cos’è questo languore che penetra il mio cuore?” (Verlaine)

“Scrivevo silenzi, annotavo l’inesprimibile. Fissavo vertigini” (Una stagione all’inferno, Rimbaud)

1874 - Ars Poetica (Verlaine): la poesia deve essere prima di tutto musica. Non la razionalità, ma le impressioni contano. Del resto, è l’anno della prima mostra impressionista.

1877 - L’Assommoir (Zola) in cui un’operaia onesta è vittima dell’ambiente degradato del proletariato urbano. Esempio di romanzo naturalista, urbano, frutto di un’osservazione scientifica da parte di un narratore onnisciente.

1883 - Al paradiso delle signore (Zola)

1884 - Languore (Verlaine)

Io sono l’Impero alla fine della decadenza, / Che guarda passare i grandi Barbari bianchi / Mentre compone indolenti acrostici aurei / In cui danza il languore del sole. / L’anima solitaria soffre d’un denso tedio, / Laggiù, si dice, stanno battaglie lunghe e cruente. / Oh, non potervi, così debole nelle mie lente voglie, / Oh, non volervi fiorire un po’ quest’esistenza! / Oh, non volervi, non potervi un po’ morire! / Ah, tutto è bevuto! Bathylle, hai finito di ridere? / Ah, tutto è bevuto, tutto mangiato! Più niente da dire! / Solo, una poesia un po’ sciocca da gettare nel fuoco, / Solo, uno schiavo un po’ frivolo che vi trascura, / Solo, una noia di chissà cosa che vi affligge!

Il simbolismo francese influenzerà la poesia europea, da Pascoli a Rilke, a Kavafis.

Solitudine (Rilke, 1906)

La solitudine è come la pioggia. / Si alza dal mare verso sera; / dalle pianure lontane, distanti, / sale verso il cielo a cui da sempre / appartiene. / E proprio dal cielo ricade sulla città.

Itaca (Kavafis, 1911)

Quando ti metterai in viaggio per Itaca / devi augurarti che la strada sia lunga, / fertile in avventure e in esperienze. / I Lestrigoni e i Ciclopi / o la furia di Nettuno non temere, / non sarà questo il genere di incontri / se il pensiero resta alto e un sentimento / fermo guida il tuo spirito e il tuo corpo. / In Ciclopi e Lestrigoni, no certo, / né nell’irato Poseidone incapperai / se non li porti dentro / se l’anima non te li mette contro. / Devi augurarti che la strada sia lunga. / Che i mattini d’estate siano tanti / quando nei porti – finalmente e con che gioia – / toccherai terra tu per la prima volta: / negli empori fenici indugia e acquista / madreperle coralli ebano e ambre / tutta merce fina, anche profumi / penetranti d’ogni sorta; / più profumi inebrianti che puoi, / va in molte città egizie / impara una quantità di cose dai dotti. / Sempre devi avere in mente Itaca – / raggiungerla sia il pensiero costante. / Soprattutto, non affrettare il viaggio; / fa che duri a lungo, per anni, e che da vecchio / metta piede sull’isola, tu, ricco dei tesori accumulati per strada / senza aspettarti ricchezze da Itaca. Itaca ti ha dato il bel viaggio; / senza di lei, mai ti saresti messo sulla via. / Nulla di più ha da darti. / E se la trovi povera, non per questo Itaca ti avrà deluso. / Fatto ormai savio, con tutta la tua esperienza addosso / già tu avrai capito ciò che Itaca vuole significare.

1885 - Bel Ami (Maupassant) in cui l’ascesa sociale deriva dai rapporti fra giornalismo, politica ed affari.

1897 - Cyrano de Bergerac (Rostand) fra Rossana, Cristiano e il suo talento (“cos'è un bacio…”)

1898 - J’accuse di Emile Zola dopo la farsesca assoluzione di un nobile militare accusato di tradimento con i tedeschi al posto dell’ebreo Alfred Dreyfus. Esterhazy confesserà, Zola morirà per un camino manomesso dalla polizia, Dreyfus subirà un attentato.

1913 - Alla richiesta del tempo perduto (Proust) ispirato dal ricordo suscitato da una madeleine. Scopo della scrittura è redimere, ritrovare il tempo e conservarlo nella memoria.

1932 - Viaggio al termine della notte (Celine) in cui l’autore constata cinicamente la crisi della società del primo dopoguerra.

1933 - La condizione umana (Malraux) che celebra i rivoluzionari marxisti indocinesi contro i nazionalisti.

1938 - L’uomo che guardava passare i treni (Simenon). La nausea (Sartre) in cui l'autore, figura di spicco dell'esistenzialismo, si professa ateo, ma sottolinea come si offre la libertà di esistere nel rispetto dei valori più umani.

1940 - Governo di Vichy

1942

Lo straniero (Camus): un uomo tranquillo e apatico si trova all'improvviso ad assassinare due uomini ed è testimone del fatalismo che dispiega esistenzialisticamente la scelta libera del da farsi.

"Su i quaderni di scolaro / Su i miei banchi e gli alberi / Su la sabbia su la neve / Scrivo il tuo nome / … / E in virtù d’una Parola / Ricomincio la mia vita / Sono nato per conoscerti / Per chiamarti / Libertà" (Eluard)

1943

“Bisognerebbe tentare di essere felici, non fosse altro che per dare l’esempio” (Prevert)

Quarta Repubblica (1946 - 1952)

1947 - La peste (Camus) in cui l'epidemia è metafora della guerra e del rischio che possa tornare lasciando agli uomini come reagire.

1949 - Il secondo sesso (De Beauvoir)

1951

Memorie di Adriano (Yourcenar)

“Quando gli dèi non c'erano più e Cristo non ancora, tra Cicerone e Marco Aurelio, c'è stato un momento unico in cui è esistito l'uomo, solo” (Flaubert)

Spettacoli (Prevert)

I ragazzi che si amano si baciano in piedi / Contro le porte della notte / E i passanti che passano li segnano a dito / Ma i ragazzi che si amano / Non ci sono per nessuno / Ed è soltanto la loro ombra / Che trema nel buio / Suscitando la rabbia dei passanti / La loro rabbia il loro disprezzo i loro risolini la loro invidia / I ragazzi che si amano non ci sono per nessuno / Loro sono altrove ben più lontano della notte / Ben più in alto del sole / Nell'abbagliante splendore del loro primo amore

1952 - Aspettando Godot (Beckett) in cui l’attesa dei protagonisti, in un ambiente isolato e scarno, e l’incontro con altre sue persone legate ad un guinzaglio sono metafora della situazione esistenziale dell’umanità.

Quinta Repubblica (1958 - )

1958 - Semipresidenzialismo di De Gaulle

#letteratura #storia #letteratura francese

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biointernet · 5 years

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The History of Bioelectrography

Kirlian photograph of the electromagnetic discharge between two fingertips.

The Bioelectrography History

Since 500BC HISTORY OF GDV/EPI BIOELECTROGRAPHY KIRLIANGRAPHY, ELECTROPHOTONICS see more about Different names of Bioelectrography 500BC – Testing of genuine amber by static process in China 1541-1603 – Electroscope, William Gilbert

William Gilbert William Gilbert, also known as ‘Gilberd’, was a famous researcher in magnetism. He was famous during the time of Queen Elizabeth I and is best known for his publication, ‘De Magnete’. Credited as one of the originators of the term of electricity, William Gilbert is also known as the father of electricity, magnetism and electrical engineering. He travelled extensively and wrote many publications such as ‘Magnetisque Corporibus’ and ‘ET de Magno Magnete Tellure’ during his lifetime. Apart from being a scientist, Gilbert led a parallel career as an astronomer. He studied the moon’s surface without a telescope and concluded that the craters were in fact land, and the white patches on the moon’s surface were water bodies. One of his other significant contributions was when he pointed out that the motion of the skies occurred due to the rotation of the earth. One of the first people to try to map the markings of the moon’s surface, Gilbert was a celebrated astronomer and scientist. His theories on magnetism and electricity had also been the subject of controversy for many of his successors.

electroscope An electroscope is an early scientific instrument that is used to detect the presence and magnitude of electric charge on a body. It was the first electrical measuring instrument. The first electroscope, a pivoted needle called the versorium, was invented by British physician William Gilbert around 1600. The pith-ball electroscope and the gold-leaf electroscope are two classical types of electroscope that are still used in physics education to demonstrate the principles of electrostatics. A type of electroscope is also used in the quartz fiber radiation dosimeter. Electroscopes were used by the Austrian scientist Victor Hess in the discovery of cosmic rays. Electroscopes detect electric charge by the motion of a test object due to the Coulomb electrostatic force. Since the electric potential or voltage of an object with respect to ground equals its charge divided by its capacitance to ground, an electroscope can be regarded as a crude voltmeter. However, the accumulation of enough charge to detect with an electroscope requires hundreds or thousands of volts, so electroscopes are only used with high-voltage sources such as static electricity and electrostatic machines. Electroscopes generally give only a rough, qualitative indication of the magnitude of the charge. An instrument that measures charge quantitatively is called an electrometer. 1602-1686 – Electrostatic machine, Otto von Guerricke & Hauksbee

Otto Von Guerickes Sulphur Ball Otto von Guericke's electrostatic machine evolved into increasingly improved instruments in the hands of later scientists. Otto von Querricke (1602-1686), the Burgomeister of Magdeburg best known for his demonstration of the effect of atmospheric pressure on evacuated bodies (the Magdeburg Hemispheres), also showed the electrical effects were obtained by rubbing glass. Originally, he used a globe of sulphur mounted on a shaft, with the hand rubbing the rotating sphere. The sulphur was cast in a spherical shell of glass that was subsequently broken away; soon it was discovered that glass, and not sulphur, was the key ingredient of the demonstration. About 1700 Francis Hauksbee the Elder suggested that a glass cylinder be used in place of the sphere. In the early 1700s, Francis Hauksbee designed his own electrostatic generator, a feat stemming from his studies of mercury. 1661-1713 - Resulted in the reproduction of electrical phenomena in the laboratory 1622 – Magnetic declination varies with time, Edmund Gunter 1671 – Electric organ of torpedo fish studied, Francesco Redi 1672 – Living tissues react to environment, Francis Glisson 1702 – Air at low pressure glows during an electrical discharge, Hauksbee 1704 – Electrons, particles, wave forms. Newton 1729 – Photometry, Pierre Bouger 1729 – Electric current, Stephen Gray 1731 – Anything can be charged with static electricity if isolated by non conductive materials, Stephen Gray 1733 – Two types of static electric charge, like charges repel whilst unlike charges attract, (later opposed by Benjamin Franklin), Charles Francois de Cistemay 1746 – Leyden Jar (Leiden) for storing static electricity Pieter Van Musschenbrooek & E G Pieter got a shock when using it suggesting a connection between lightning, VonKleist 1747 – A pointed conductor draws off an electric charge from a charged body, Benjamin Franklin 1747 – First electrometers, Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet (Paris) 1756 – Electricity and the origin of light and the wave theory, Mikhail Valilievich Lomonosov 1766 – That all nerves follow a path through the spinal column to the brain and that the nerves stimulate the muscles, A Von Haller 1766 – Improved electrometer, Horace Benedict de Saussure (Suisse) 1766 – Chart of magnetic inclination, Johna Wicke (German) 1766 - Joseph Priestley, English explorer, registered the colored circles which are obtained by electrical discharge on a metal surface («Priestly's rings»). 1771 – Tissue conduction of electricity, Luigi Galvani 1775 – Early electrical condensers, Alessandro Volta 1777 – Electrographic images, G C Lichtenberg 1777 – GERMANY GEORGE CRHISTOPHER LICHTEMBERG

GEORGE CRHISTOPHER LICHTEMBERG Georg Christoph Lichtenberg was a German physicist, satirist, and Anglophile. As a scientist, he was the first to hold a professorship explicitly dedicated to experimental physics in Germany. He obtained, with dust particles, under Statics Electricity, anything that we can consider as being primitive “Bioelectrographic Images” and those primitive images, in electrified dust were named, by him, as Electro-graphics”. In 1777 a German physicist George Lichtenberg touched a metal electrode covered with glass and connected to voltage with his finger while experimenting with the electrical machine. And suddenly a burst of sparkles flew all around. This was magically beautiful, although a little bit frightening. Lichtenberg jerked back the finger and then repeated the experiment. The finger placed on the electrode was shining with bright blue light and treelike sparkles dispersed from it. Lichtenberg, being a real academic scientist, investigated the behavior of this fluorescence in detail, although he substituted a grounded wire for a finger. The effect was the same, which later suggested an idea that some special energy exists in the body, and first electrical then torsion properties were attributed to it. Articles by Lichtenberg, masterfully done in German, are still cited in books on gas discharge. Further research demonstrated that electrical fluorescence was not so rarely met in nature.

Lichtenberg figures 1777-Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph. De Nova Methodo Naturam Ac Motum Fluidi Electrici Investigandi (Concerning the New Method Of Investigating the Nature and Movement of Electric Fluid). Göttinger Novi Commentarii, Göttingen, 1777. 11 1778-Lichtenberg, G.C. "Super nova methodo motum ac naturum fluidi electrici investigandi," Soc. Reg. Sc. Gottingensis, 1778, T.8, p.168-180. 1779-Lichtenberg, G.C. Commentatio posterior. Commentationes Soc. Reg. Sc. Gott. Glassis mathematicae T.1. p.65-79. 1779. 1779-G.C. Lichtenberg. Zweite Abhandlung uber eine neue Methode, die Natur und die Bewegung der elektrischen Materie zu erforschen. Ebd., Class. Math. tom. I, ad annum 1778, S.65 (1779) (Pup 56). The effect of discharge in the high voltage field observed in the experiments Tesla, Rengo and D'Arsonval, at voltages above 30 kV (especially good discharge visible after a 100kV). Two major invention that allowed to implement a method of photographing images of various objects in the high-frequency field: 1839 - invention of photography Daguerre, 1851 - creation Ruhmkorff coil. 1839-Jacques Daguerre, a French researcher, has published a method for producing an image on a copper plate covered with silver. 1842-G. Karsten, Berlin. Germany. He put a coin on a glass plate and gave it a few sparks from the electric machine. If you then breathe on the glass, it was seen the image of the coin. He called these figures «electrical breath figures». 1851-Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff, German inventor. In 1851, he patented the first version of its induction coil. This further coil is widely used for electrophotographic images.

The History of Bioelectrography - Coil Ruhmkorff

Coil Ruhmkorff - The History of Bioelectrography The device Ruhmkorff coil. The primary winding of the coil, consists of several tens of turns of thick wire wound around the core, and is energized through the electrochemical cell (chemical current source). An important element of the chopper coil is in the form of a hammer, which is attracted by the core to create the primary winding of the magnetic field due to flow through it from the DC power source. Thus, the hammer breaks the circuit and the magnetic field disappears, the hammer returns to its original state, closing the circuit again. The change in the magnetic field reacts secondary winding consisting of thousands of turns of a thin wire, is wound over the primary winding. This leads to a second winding of high instantaneous currents of different directions (closing / opening). Due to a member of the condenser coil, the coil stores energy in a magnetic field, which further increases the currents in both windings, and allows the air gap between the punch pin of the secondary winding. 1876 - I. Goldstein Gittorfor (1850-1931), German physicist, received a specially designed discharge tube coin image using it as a cathode. These experiments were carried out under reduced pressure of the gaseous medium. Relief cathode (coins) was seen in the light of the cathode-ray fluorescence on the opposite wall of the cathode of the discharge tube. 1871 - Cromwell Fleetwood Varley (1828-1883), English engineer-electrician. The interrelation of the phenomena of electricity and spiritualism, studied electrical discharge in gases. 1877 - Lachinov Dmitry Alexandrovich (1842-1902), Russian physicist and electrical engineer, SPGU, Professor of Forest Institute, St. Petersburg. Since 1877 Lachinov worked on the gas discharge visualization. Building on its cycle of meteorological research, continuing to work on the study of the electric arc and pictures in the late 1870s and early 1880s Lachinov published in the "Russian Invalid" a number of articles dealing with different aspects of the research programs, their complex application. In the summer and autumn of 1887 in the physics laboratory of the Forest Institute Lachinov simulated form of atmospheric electricity, differentiation electrodischarges in a gaseous environment. With the assistance of the photographer V.Monyushko photographed or recorded on the plate bromzhelatinovoy direct impact sparks. During the first experiments filmed bright discharge (spark induction coil connected to a capacitor) or dim when entered in a long chain of the resistance gave a discharge discharge. The second and third series of experiments was carried out without a camera, the category of sliding along the surface of the dry bromzhelatinovoy plate and left her a trail that the manifestation is made visible, nothing else, as one of the first examples of the so-called gas discharge visualization. On the progress and results of the experiments reported in V.Monyushko V (photographic) department Russian Technical Society (St. Petersburg Engineering Society) October 9, 1887. He spoke about the possibility of photographing using a variety of metal objects spark. October 27, 1887 Lachinov posts made in Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFHO). Lachinov DA He invented a device for detecting defects of electrical insulation. 1878 DA Lachinov A new way of photographing. Russian invalid. 1878. №14. 1879 DA Lachinov Electrophotography. Russian invalid. 1879. №98. 1880 DA Lachinov Phosphorescence and its application to the photos. Russian invalid. 1880. №331. 1880 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NIKOLA TESLA

Nikola Tesla He showed, in a public presentation, a luminous halo around human body and another objects while exposed to a strong electromagnetic field with high A.C. voltage and high frequency. But he considered this subject only as a scientific curiosity that received the general name of “Corona Effect”. In the Nineteenth century enigmas of electricity were opening to people. One of the great inventors was Nicola Tesla, from whom we now have lamps and television sets. He invented the generator of alternating current. However, if it had not been him, somebody else would have done it. Inventions come to life when a social need for them appears. Then different people simultaneously and independently start arriving at the same ideas. This is connected with the fact that the ideas have their logic of development, and the developers shall only intuitively feel this logic. After raising good money with his patents, Nikola Tesla began the mysterious experiments on energy transfer without wires. He did not finish his developments and died in destitution, but up to now enthusiasts have been trying to investigate his ideas. We get used to our technical progress and reap its fruits with pleasure, but is it the only possible way of development? At the peak of his career Tesla liked to give public lectures and impress the audience with the following experience. The light was turned off in the room, Tesla turned on the generator of his own design, stood on the platform-electrode, and his body got wrapped in the glow. The hair stood on end, glowing rays of light radiated in the space. The experiment was very effective, though not all those who wished managed to repeat it: as a matter of fact, their glow was much less and for some people even missing. Not in vain was it said that Nikola Tesla had special energy state. Further research did not go much beyond investigations of the glow of fingers, sometimes ears, nose and other prominent parts of the body. Is it possible to reproduce Tesla’s experiments and make all the body glow? Yes, it is. But is it necessary? Powerful equipment, which is not safe if not handled properly, is required for such an experiment. Moreover, the stronger electrical glow, the more ozone is generated in the air. A high concentration of ozone is far from being healthy. 1887 - DA Lachinov "Russian Invalid". 1887, №220, №225. November 26th 1887 - DA Lachinov On studies of electrical discharges through photography. ZhRFKhO. 1887, issue 8. s.438. 1888 DA Lachinov On studies of electrical discharges through the photos. Journal of Russian PhysicoChemical Society. 1888 of the Financials. vol.3. s.44-49. 1888 DA Lachinov "Electricity". 1888, №1-2. s.1-7. 1888 DA Lachinov "Yearbook of the St. Petersburg Forestry Institute." 1888 vol.3. s.169-179. 1888 ZRTO. 1888, Issue 1. s.42-48. 1902 DA Lachinov (Obituary). Herald of experimental physics and elementary mathematics. 1889, Czech B. Navratil coined the word "electrography" 1896, a French experimenter, H. Baraduc, created electrographs of hands and leaves Hippolyte Ferdinand Baraduc (1850 - 1909) was a French physician and magnetist parapsychologist, and highly recognized for photographing thought and feelings with iconographies. 1892 – RUSSIA Jakob. J. NARKIEVITCH-JODKO

J. J. NARKIEVITCH-JODKO On an electricized plate, he obtained a type of photo that he simply named Electric Photography, in black and white colors, and started to investigate, through this technique, the human potencialities, but he did not continue his work. Later on, already during the middle of XXth Century, his work was taken back by M. Pogorelski, in Russia, and by B. J. Navratil, in Czechoslovakia, but with no other significative consequence. A significant contribution to the study of these photographs was made by a talented Byelorussian scientist Jacob Narkevich-Yodko in the end of the Nineteenth century. He was an independent landowner and spent most of his time on his estate above the river Neman. There he actively experimented with electricity, applying it in agriculture and medicine. A straight parallel with modern medicine can be drawn from the description of experiments on the stimulation of plants with electrical current, on electrotherapy, and magnetism by J. Narkevich-Yodko. But the scientific achievements of our time are not just “the new as a well-lost old”. This is a new convolution of perception. 1893 - Russia “Electrophotosphenes and energography as a proof of existence of the physiological polar energy”. This was the name of a small book by a doctor from St. Petersburg, Messira Pogorelsky, where he described his experiments in bioelectrography. Book, published in 1893. Many photographs of the glow of fingers and toes, ears and nose show how the pattern of fluorescence varies when the psychic state of a person changes. However, this work was far from being the first one. 1865 - Narkevitch-Yodko finished Minsk provincial classical gymnasium and went abroad. 1869 - entered the medical faculty of the University of Paris. He studied in Vienna, Paris, Florence. 1872 - he returned home, he conducts scientific experiments. 1888 - Metoostantsiya transferred to the estate of over-Neman (80km south-west of Minsk). 1902. Issue 335. s.259. http: /www.vofem.ru/ru/cat/113/ (Russian) 1904 – BRAZIL Father Roberto Landell de Morua (A Brazilian Jesuit Catholic Priest)

Father Roberto Landell de Morua Besides to be a priest, he was a Physicist too and, in Porto Alegre (RS), he invented an engine that he named “Bioelectrographic Machine”. He did take some hundreds of photos and named the halo around the human body as “Perianto”. He researched on this subject during 8 (eight) years, until 1912, when he was obliged by Catholic Church to stop those researches. In Brazil, very similar experiments were performed by a Catholic monk, padre Landell de Morua. A monk’s life left a lot of free time, after reading prayers and performing rituals. Padre de Morua invented the technique of photoregistration of electrical glow and started giving lectures and writing to social leaders in order to attract attention to his offspring. Invention of padre de Morua produced much rapt attention, congratulations, banquets, but was not widespread. Then the little priest invented the radio (practically simultaneously with Popov and Markoni), but again he was unable to draw in large crowds. Even the military. FIRST SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL In the beginning of the Twentieth century nobody even recalled the mysterious glow. There were many other problems: wars, revolutions, breakthroughs in physics, discovery of antibiotics and roentgen rays – everybody was sure that it was very close to the outright victory. Only by 1930’s the life more or less came right. And here appeared the mysterious glow again. And, as if by chance, it was discovered anew, but there is a rule behind every chance. 1904/12 – BRAZIL We can consider that Fr. Landell was the pioneer of the first scientific and systematic researches on the Bioelectrography field, during 8 years, at worldwide level. However, Catholic Church, in that period, did not allow he continued his researches because of purely doctrinary reasons and confiscated almost all of his notes, but many of those reports escaped and are in a safe place, the current Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura Museum, in Porto Alegre (RS) – Brazil. 1939 - Around the World In 1939, two Czechs S. Pratt and J. Schlemmer. published photographs showing a curious glow or aura around leaves. The same year, the Russian electrical engineer Semyon Kirlian and his wife Valentina developed their own technique after observing a patient who was receiving medical treatment from a high-frequency electrical generator. Electrotherapy was popular at the time and they had noticed that when the electrodes were brought near the patient’s skin, there was a glow similar to that seen in an electrified tube filled with neon. Kirlian photography consisted of placing photographic film on top of a conducting plate, and attaching another conductor to a hand, leaf, or other part of a plant. When the conductors were energized by a high frequency high voltage power source, the resulting image showed a silhouette of the object surrounded by an aura of light. 1939 - Experiments in psychics Practical studies in direct writing (automatic) supernormal photography and other phenomena by F. W. Warrick Golinger, Skotographs, Nengraphy, Nensha, Thoughtography, Spirit Photography, Themography, ectoplasm

Semyon & Valentina Kirlian Semyon & Valentina Kirlian 1939 – RUSSIA Semyon and Valentina Kirlian In Krasnodar, former URSS, he re-invented the Bioelectrographic Camera, now renamed as Kirlian Camera, and started systematic and scientific researches, helped by several Soviet Scientists. Those researches were revealed to the rest of the world only in 1960, during a Congress on Parapsychology. Semyon Kirlian spent most part of his life with his wife Valentina in a poor two-room apartment at the corner of Gorky and Kirov streets in Krasnodar. The wooden two-story house where they had started their family life was swept away by progress – a building program turned the small provincial town on the banks of the Kuban river into an industrial center. Kirlians were deeply carried away with the experiments with auras of live subjects, and since 1939 they had worked hard. The only rest they could afford was walking hand in hand under the trees and along blossoming fields so typical of the South Russian cities. The Kirlians published the results of their experiments for the first time in 1958, and in 1961 reported that the characteristics of fingertip auras not only varied in different people, but was also affected by their emotional status. If someone felt very anxious or was in an opposite state of deep relaxation during meditation, there was a corresponding change in the size and intensity of the glow. Their work was virtually unknown in the West until 1970, when two Americans, Lynn Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander published their book, “Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain”. Russian books about Bioelectrography 1967 – BRAZIL Prof. Newton Milhomens

Prof. Newton Milhomens At the end of 1967, in Brasilia (DF), he built his first Kirlian Camera, based on a Soviet electronic scheme, starting his scientific researches in Psychological Clinics, in 1968, and, later on, in Hospitals. Moving to Rio de Janeiro (RJ), in 1981, in that city he continued his researches. Currently, he is living in Curitiba (PR), ever since 1983. Professor Newton Milhomens books 1969 – GERMANY

Dr. Peter Mandel Dr. Peter Mandel YEARS 1970s It was published the book “Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain” that was writen by the American press-women Sheyla Strander and Lynn Schroeder, that popularized worldwide the Semyon Kirlian researches. So, hundreds of persons, in all countries, started to build Kirlian Cameras and began to research with this new device, some of them in an amateur manner but another persons used a systematic and scientific manner. Unfortunately, this subject was divulged by International Press with sensationalism considering the Kirlian Photo as a mystic and supernatural subject. 1970 – BRAZIL Dr. Paulo de Castro Teixeira, a Homeopathic Pharmaceut from do Rio Preto (SP), built his Kirlian Camera and take hundreds of Kirlian Photos of several persons, before and at each 15 minutes, after those persons had ingested any homeopathic remedy, and he found several types of modifications, in the Kirlian Photos. He published several books, in Portuguese, all about his researches in this field and, till today, he is living in S?o Jos? do Rio Preto (SP), where he is the owner of a Pharmaceutic Industry that produces Homeopathic remedies. 1972 – BRAZIL Dr. Hernani G. Andrade He always was considered the greatest divulger of Spiritism in Brazil. He built his Kirlian Camera, in San Paulo (SP), and took many hundreds of Kirlian Photos of plants and human beings intending to prove the existence of Spirit with them, not only in human beings, but even in bacteria too. He only divulged his researches in Spiritist Magazines and Congresses mainly at the State of S?o Paulo (SP) where is considered the greatest one. 1974 - IKRA IKRA – The International Kirlian Research Association 1974 scientists from different countries came together in an international association for the study of Kirlian effect (The International Kirlian Research Association, IKRA) (Drexel University). The organization was formed in December 1974 at a seminar in the Community Hospital in Brooklyn, NY for the purpose of standardization and assistance at all stages of research into the Kirlian phenomenon. Dr. Benjamin Shafiroff, New York College of Medicine, USA President of the Association IKRA.

1974 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Dr. Stanley Krippner, PhD Psychologist and Parapsychologist, published the book “The Kirlian Aura” in which he described all that was known in that period, about Kirlian Photos, under a scientific approach.

The Probability Of The Impossible: Scientific Discoveries and Explorations of the Psychic World 1974 - The Probability Of The Impossible: Scientific Discoveries and Explorations of the Psychic World by Thelma Moss. In The Probability of the Impossible, Dr. Thelma Moss presents a rare picture of a parapsychologist at work in her laboratory and in the field. She explores the seemingly incredible assumptions of parapsychologists and carefully shows how the scientific psychical researcher attempts to recreate, capture, and analyze the elusive phenomena of the paranormal. Step by step, she leads the reader along a continuum from everyday experiences through events that happen only rarely and under "special" circumstances on to the extraordinary, indeed the seemingly impossible, experiences of both well-known and little-heralded psychics. She convincingly presents arguments for a psychic world as "real" as the material one.

Dr. Thelma Moss 1975 – UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Dr. Thelma Moss, PhD Psychologist and Professor of University of California, she started her researches on Kirlian Photos and published the book “The Probability of the Impossible”, where she reported her initial researches. Later on, she published another book “The Electric Body” in which she described her last researches in that University and showed to all, the reasons which provoked her removal, all of them were the result of pure preconception.

The living aura - Radiation field photography and the Kirlian effect 1975 - The living aura: Radiation field photography and the Kirlian effect by Kendall L Johnson 1978 - IUMAB IUMAB – International Union of Medical and Applied Bioelectrography, the maximum and the greatest Organization, at worldwide level, on Bioelectrography. Today, IUMAB is recognized by UNO/WHO and is considered by this UNO’s Organization as the maximum Bioelectrographic Organization on world whose rules, recommendations, directives and other acts are valid and must be observed in Bioelectrographic researches, courses, standards, etc. The International Union of Medical and Applied Bio-Electrography was formed in 1978 to help standardize equipment, research methods, and data acquisition. Researchers such as German naturopath and acupuncturist Peter Mandel and Newton Milhomens in Brazil developed their own way of interpretation of Kirlian photography of human fingers and toes. Peter Mandel was one of the first, who energized certain acupuncture points by using different colored lights to achieve a desired response. Mandel's Energy Analysis Emission diagnostic system utilized Kirlian photography and his Esogetic Colorpuncture therapy is believed to restore yin and yang equilibrium. All of these modalities, as well as non-invasive laser acupoint stimulation, have been used with varying degrees of success in thousands of patients over the years.

1979 - USA The Body Electric: A Personal Journey into the Mysteries of Parapsychological Research, Bioenergy and Kirlian Photography by Dr. Thelma Moss The Body Electric tells the fascinating story of our bioelectric selves. Robert O. Becker, a pioneer in the filed of regeneration and its relationship to electrical currents in living things, challenges the established mechanistic understanding of the body. He found clues to the healing process in the long-discarded theory that electricity is vital to life. But as exciting as Becker’s discoveries are, pointing to the day when human limbs, spinal cords, and organs may be regenerated after they have been damaged, equally fascinating is the story of Becker’s struggle to do such original work. The Body Electric explores new pathways in our understanding of evolution, acupuncture, psychic phenomena, and healing. 1983 – BRAZIL It was published, in Brazil, the book “Kirlian Photos – How to Interpret”, in Portuguese, whose author was Prof. Newton Milhomens, the first, on world, to teach how to diagnose almost all about the main problems of organic and psychic health using Kirlian Photos, where he described in details the way and the results of his researches, since 1968. 1983 – BRAZIL Newton Milhomens founded at Curitiba (PR) , his Industry and started to produce his first models of Kirlian Cameras which were initially sold to Brazilian doctors, psychologists and therapeuts.

Electrographic Imaging in Medicine & Biology by Ion Dumitrescu 1983 - Romania Electrographic Imaging in Medicine & Biology by Ion Dumitrescu 1985 – RUSSIA Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD Physicist, Professor of the University of Saint Petersburg, after innumerable researches with a team of scientists of that University, he discovered that Kirlian Effect is the result of the ionization of gases and vapors exhaled by our skin, through the pores. He named this model GDV (Gas Discharge Visualization) or, simply, GDV Technique, Electrophotonic Imaging, EPI. 1986 – BRAZIL At Curitiba (PR), the Ist Brazilian Congress on Kirliangraphy was realized with more than 250 Brazilian researchers on Kirliangraphy that came from all Brazil. During this Congress, it was approved by unanimous decision the “Newton Milhomens Standard” as the Brazilian Official Standard of Kirliangraphy. 1987 – BRAZIL It was published (in Portuguese) in Revista do Hospital das Foras Armadas (Magazine of the Brazilian Armed Forces Hospital), a scientific magazine on Military Medical Area, a Scientific Article entitled “Kirliangraphic Diagnosis on Oncology” that was written by two military doctors from Curitiba (PR): – Drs. J?lio Grott and H?lio Grott Filho. They discovered a sign that they named “fracture”, which is the sign able to diagnose cancer in human beings. 1987 – ARGENTINA Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited to dictate some lectures at Buenos Aires to hundreds of persons. By this way, Kirliangraphy with a scientific approach was introduced in that South American country. AROUND THE WORLD – YEARS 1987/95 During this period of 8 years, hundreds of articles, theses of post-graduation, and several books using Kirlian Photos, were published at several countries on world, including Brazil. Some of those books were written in an amateuristic manner but other ones, however, were written seriously with many scientific and systematic foundation and accurate statistic treatment. Thus, the scientific phase of Kirliangraphy was starting. 1989 – PORTUGAL Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited to dictate a lecture on Kirliangraphy at Lisbon, Portugal, during a Congress on Parapsychology, sponsored by Escola Superior de Biologia e Sa? de (Superior School of Biology and Health) and so, he introduced Kirliangraphy with a scientific approach in Portugal. During this period, he taught Kirliangraphy as an official matter subject of the course of Naturopatic Medicine in that Portuguese University. 1990 – PORTUGAL Prof. Newton Milhomens returned to Portugal to teach Kirliangraphy in Superior School of Biology and Health, at Lisbon, Portugal. This event was noticed by several local newspaper and the Tass TV Agency, from Russia, asked for him an interview that would be shown to all the russian territory to demonstrate that a Brazilian was teaching in Europe a Russian technique based on an engine that was invented by a Russian, Semyon Kirlian.

Dr. Konstantin Korotkov and GDVCAMERA 1995 – RUSSIA After many years of researches, he was succeeded to build a new Kirlian Camera which declines the photographic film and puts the GDV image directly at a computer’s screen. It was a new milestone in the History of Bioelectrography. First GDVCAMERA by Dr. Konstantin Korotkov on Saint-Petersburg, Russia created. More details on Bio-Well History. The GDV camera is based on the stimulation of photon and electron emissions from an object when it is placed in an electromagnetic field and subjected to brief electrical pulses. This process is called ‘photo-electron emission’ and has been thoroughly studied with cutting edge electronic techniques. The emitted particles accelerate in the electromagnetic field, generating electronic avalanches on the surface of the dielectric (glass) plate in a process called ‘sliding gas discharge. The discharge causes a glow from the excitement of molecules in the surrounding gas which is constantly measured. Voltage pulses stimulate optoelectronic emissions that are amplified in the gas discharge, and light produced by this process is recorded by a sensitive CCD (charge coupled device) camera that converts it into a colored computer image, or BIO-gram. Data obtained from the fingers of both hands are converted into a Human Energy Field image using proprietary sophisticated software. Russian books about Bioelectrography. 1996 – THE “WAVE” Induced by the success of the researches on Kirlian field, radiotechnicians on all countries around the world started to produce Kirlian Cameras from “backyard”. It was the radiotechnicians worldwide “wave”… As their unique intention was merely commercial, they never were interested in a standard and these “backyard standard” Kirlian Cameras never had a good quality and no stability but were enormously cheap, because they used the worse electronic components and also because anyone of these “producers” never made or had any participation in any kind of scientific experiment on Kirlian field and no one of them had any universitary education and the outsiders of Kirlian researches started to use the Kirlian Camera searching Mysticism and Supernatural exploring this new “commercial mystic field” in Fairs and Parks what was again divulged by International Press with much more sensacionalism and the name “Kirlian” lost credibility. Any samples of “backyard standards” around the world. 1998 – THE INTERNET When the Internet becomes firm and trustable, the informations become much more easy to be interchangeable at world wide level and the Kirlian subject appeared in several homepages. Many of them were only showing interest in commercial sales and another ones, on mysticism and supernaturalism. However, many serious homepages were taking aim at scientific publications or at a simple change of scientific informations were beginning to appear as the case of Prof. Newton Milhomens, in Brazil, Dr. Korotkov, in Russia, Dr. Peter Mandel, in Germany. Dr. Tom Chalko in Australia. IUMAB.org, GDVPLANET.com, GDVCAMERA.com, Kirlian.ru, GDVSOFTWARE.com, GDVsputnik.com and many other homepages from serious researchers around the world. 1998 – NEW ZEALAND Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited by Dr. Robert Beasley (center) to dictate a lecture on Kirliangraphy in a Congress at Auckland, New Zealand, where he knew Dr. Tom Chalko (right) that was researching on Kirliangraphy at Melbourne, Australia. 1998 - IUMAB Review IUMAB Review - Annual Digest Established by Professor Pavel Bundzen and Kirill Korotkov in 1998

IUMAB Review 2012 The International Union of Medical and Applied Bioelectrography publishes the IUMAB Review one time per year, and is free to all Regular Members. It contains original articles, news and book reviews. Current and past editions of IUMAB Review are ready for download as PDF files for IUMAB Regular Members. 1999 – RUSSIA In the beginning of this year, Ministry of Health, in Russia, declared that Kirliangraphy was Officially Admitted as a Scientific Fact and its main appliance was recommended in Medical Practice. In September, the Russian Academy of Sciences, during a Congress in Moscow, with more than 300 of the most renown russian scientists, officially admitted Kirliangraphy as a SCIENTIFIC FACT. 1999 – BRAZIL In April, at Curitiba (PR), occurred the IVth Brazilian Congress of Kirliangraphy, with the presence of more than 200 persons and the Russian Physicist, Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD, was invited to be the special international invited lecturer. 2000 – RUSSIA Prof. Newton Milhomens was invited as Honor Invited Lecturer to a Congress that occurred at Saint Petersburg. During a certain night, inside a ship on Ladoga Lake, he was honored because he was the first researcher on world to have discovered how to diagnose problems of psychic and organic health using Kirlian Photos. 2000 – BRAZIL Sponsored by IUMAB it was realized, at Curitiba (PR), the Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, with the presence of 350 persons, where 45 of them were europeans. There were 5 lecturers from several European countries and 5 ones from Brazil. During the Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, were presented two new discoveries on organic health area: – The signs that shows Allergic process, by Dra. Celia Cruz, from St Paulo, and the scientific proof of Flower therapy efficiency, by Prof. Rodrigo Campos, from Minas Gerais, a meeting of IUMAB Directory occurred and the executives deliberated that, on all the world, would be valid only 3 (three) OFFICIAL WORLDWIDE STANDARDS of Kirlian Cameras (in alphabetic order): Brazil – Newton Milhomens Standard Germany – Peter Mandel Standard Russia – Konstantin Korotkov Standard

Konstantin Korotkov, Rosemary Steel, Peter Mandel 2000 – BRAZIL (THE 3 OFFICIAL STANDARDS) Left – Camera and Kirlian Photo of “Newton Milhomens Standard” – Brazil Center – Camera and Kirlian Photo of “Peter Mandel Standard” – Germany Right – Camera and Kirlian Image of “Konstantin Korotkov” – Russia During the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy – 2000’s meeting, Dr. Konstantin Korotkov was elected by unanimous decision the President of IUMAB. Prof. Newton Milhomens was elected the Vice-President of IUMAB on Brazil, and also the IUMAB’s Official Plenipotentiary Representative on Brazil. Yet during the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000, the Rector of UNESC – Universidade do Extremo Sul de Santa Catarina (University of the Extreme South of Saint Katherine), Brazil, officially informed that Kirliangraphy would be introduced in that University, as official subject Matter in the Courses of Medicine and Psychcology, with official authorization from Brazilian Ministry of Education. Yet during the same Vth Worldwide Conference on Kirliangraphy-2000’s meeting, the IUMAB’s Directory deliberated by unanimous decision to change, from day 12/01/2000 toward, the name Kirliangraphy to Bioelectrography, in honor to Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura, the first researcher on world to use this name and to research on this subject during the period from 1904 to 1912. It happened a ceremony of homage to Fr.Landell symbolized by the delivery of a bust of him to Dr. Korotkov by Profa Vania Abatte, Curator of the Landell de Moura’s Museum, at Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil. 2000 – RUSSIA/BRAZIL The letter from Dr. Korotkov, as IUMAB’s President, confirming to exhibit the bust of Fr. Landell in Kirliangraphy Museum, in Russia, what really came to be true. 2000 – RUSSIA The Fr. Roberto Landell de Moura’s bust is in exhibition in the Kirliangraphy Museum, in Russia, beside the busts of Kirlian couple together a book which tells, in Portuguese, the Biography of this Brazilian eminent scientist and another book, in Russian, with the Biography of the Russian couple. 2001 – BRAZIL The Bioelectrography is taught as official subject of the Course of Holistic Terapies, at University Est?cio de S?, in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), where the first course of How to Interpret Kirlian Photos, was taught in official manner, by Prof. Newton Milhomens, to the first graduating class in that University. 2001/2002 – AROUND THE WORLD Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, PhD During this period, Dr. Korotkov was travelling to U.S.A., Europe and another countries to divulge Bioelectrography. Prof. Newton Milhomens also was traveling to several South America countries and to all the Brazil to do the same. 2002 – BRAZIL Several theses of Graduation and Post-Graduation, including theses of Post-PhD, were presented in several Brazilian Universities, for example, USP, UNICAMP and UFSC, in several Post-Graduation Courses of these Universities, all of them using the Bioelectrography as an auxiliary researches’ instrument. Several Professors from USP and from another Brazilian Universities are purchasing Kirlian Cameras and realizing serious researches, on several areas of human and vegetable health using the Bioelectrography as an auxiliary instrument in their researches. Also many of these Professors are coming to Curitiba (PR) to learn How to Interpret Kirlian Photos with Prof. Newton Milhomens. It was officially and legally founded, at Santo Paulo (SP) , the UBBA – Unio Brasileira de Bioeletrografia Aplicada (Brazilian Union of Applied Bioelectrography) that is recognized by IUMAB and is the greatest directive Oranization in Brazil on the Bioelectrographic field. Its current President of Honor is Prof. Newton Milhomens and the current Executive President is Dr. Celia Cruz. 2003 - BRAZIL Dr. Selma Milhomens Psychologist and wife of Prof.. Newton Milhomens, began teaching in Bioelectrography UNIABEL - Open University of Educational Freedom in Curitiba (PR), as a discipline curriculum for the courses that University ofBiotherapy curitibana. 2004 - COLOMBIA Dr. Edith Torres Noboa, Ecuador Medical, based in Cali, Colombia, degenerative disease specialist and former student of Professor. Newton Milhomens, is using the Bioelectrography as an aid to diagnosis in their patients with great success. RUSSIA – 2002-2012 Dr. Konstantin Korotkov Dr. Korotkov is using GDV CAMERA for sport research. He is Professor, PhD, Deputy Director of Saint-Petersburg Federal Research Institute of Physical Culture. Dr. Korotkov’s Laboratory creates new GDV Software and GDV Cameras. Every year International Bioelectrography Congress collects hundreds researchers from over the World. 2012 - Human Light System Research Project launched IUMAB community are growing. Research project Human Light System brings new Energy to IUMAB. 2012 - Korotkov’s images – Kirlian images downloaded and processed on GDV Software.Korotkov’s images – BEO gram, GDV images, EPI images, Bio-Well images, etc.

GDV basic Korotkov image is a complex 2-D figure with each pixel characterized by its brightness coded by integer in the range of 0 (“black”) to 255 (“white”). Geometrical parameters of GDV-images (e.g., the area defined as a sum of pixels exceeding the specified brightness threshold; fractality coefficient defined as relation of the length of the image perimeter to its average radius multiplied by 2Pi, the breadth of streamers) contain the information about the object’s characteristics. For example, with an increase of ion concentration in liquid the glow increases while the streamer breadth decreases. To include such data into the structure of a complex biophysical experiment quantitative processing of the obtained images is required. GDV chart, GDV Diagnosis Chart, GDV Maps, GDV Tables

The Energy of Consciousness - new book by Dr. Korotkov 2014 - Bio-Well New model of GDVCAMERA – BIO-WELL opened next level of Electrophotonic Research. GDVCAMERA BIO-WELL has been developed by Dr. Konstantin Korotkov and brings the powerful technology known as Gas Discharge Visualization technique to market in a more accessible way than ever before. The product consists of a desktop camera and accompanying software, which allows a user to quickly and easily conduct human energy scans. Accessory attachments, like GDV SPUTNIK, BIO-COR and other are also available for purchase to conduct environment and object scans.

2014 - GDV Sputnik GDVSPUTNIK is a sensor and attachment system that affixes to the Bio-Well device, allowing for the energy of an environment to be read. BENEFITS of GDVSPUTNIK: Measure the energy of different places of interest during travels. Allows you to see the influence of Moon phases, Sun storms and environmental conditions to space, and, hence, to your wellbeing. Sputnik allows you to find the best position of a bed in your bedroom. Measure response to human emotions, meditations, pray, both individual and collective within an environment. Sputnik may detect the influence of music to the audience. Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technology was developed in Russia by the team of Professor Konstantin Korotkov in 1995. The GDV camera is a state-of-the-art computerized system that has superseded traditional Kirlian photography for several reasons. A major difference is that it allows direct, real-time viewing and analysis of changes in human energy fields since the data is quantified and analyzed by sophisticated software. Because the results are obtained so rapidly, it has become an ‘‘express-method’’ not only for diagnosis, but also detecting abnormalities that require more detailed investigation. Most importantly, since this technology and the protocols used are standardized, GDV results obtained by different investigators can be compared with reliability. The results are interpreted based on the energy connections of fingers with different organs and systems via meridians that have been used in acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. This technology has extraordinary implications for all health related fields, including conventional as well as complementary or alternative therapies. A comprehensive review of these varied GDV applications can be found in a recent book co-authored with Dr. E. Yakovleva from Moscow Medical University. Research with the GDV device is currently being carried out at universities and research institutes worldwide in medicine, "energy medicine", athletic training, biophysics, parapsychology, and other disciplines (please, see Papers section). GDV has been used in numerous significant research projects that have confirmed its usefulness and reliability and value. GDV technology provides a convenient and user friendly method to assess patients with a wide range of complaints and can also be utilized to assess responses to drugs, meditation, stress reduction therapy or any other interventions.

2014 - Human Light System Online Course Human Light System – Experimental Online 5 years Course. Online lectures, 2-3 times per week. 42 lectures per course. HLS 1.0 – Human Light System devices 2014/2015 Season 2015 - Bio-Well Water tester The Bio-Well Water electrode connects to the Bio-Well Calibration Unit similarly to the Sputnik and allows for the testing of water’s response to environmental stimuli. It is not designed for evaluation of water quality or comparing different types of water from quality standpoint. Bio-Well Water electrode

2015 - Biocor BIOCOR is a unique device that aids in shifting and correcting your energy state and balance through the use of high frequencies. This device can be used independently from BioWell or it can be used in conjunction with the Chakra audio setting in the BioWell software. BIOCOR – correction device of human energy field using information extracted fingers with GDV BIO-WELL. These results may help to develop a better quality of life. Biocor uses super Hight Frequency (SHF) in the range Higo-Hertz (4.9 mm (60.12 HHz), 5.6 mm (53,53 HHz) and 7.1 mm (42.19 HHz) of very low intensity (less than 10 mW/cm2). 2015 - Georges Vieilledent and Electrophotonique Ingenierie · France Electrophotonique Ingenierie is an innovative company working on corona effect and development of solutions based on the use of electromagnetic waves. From its basic research, the company has developed a unique patented device to highlight informational fields never identified to date. This device, designed for research laboratories, universities and specialized institutes, opens important perspectives in the healthcare and biotechnology. 2016 - The Biointernet meditation The Biointernet meditation - online experiment with GDV Sputnik. Every Saturday.

The Biointernet Meditation HLS 2.0 Online Course and Human Light System International Workshop, Prague. 2017 - The Energy of Space https://youtu.be/pnXGbwYLlYE The Energy of Space project established.Bio-Well Glove – new version of BioClip that will be called from now on Bio-Well Glove. Our research has shown that blue BioClip sensor had very low sensitivity and was almost useless in experiments.The Energy of Health - new book by Dr. KorotkovThe Energy of Space - new book by Dr. KorotkovHuman Light System Congress Training, Prague 2017 - New Books by Professor Konstantin Korotkov on IUMAB Library

IUMAB Library 2018 - Online Education by Korotkov.TV Bio-Well AnalysisBio-Well Applications Online workshops and trainings with GDVCAMERA BIO-WELL on Human Light System Course 2018 - Bio-Well 2.0 The same quality (Bio-Well 1.0) plus $600! Another one commercial product from Bio-Well company. 2018 - HLS Congress Beach Human Light System Congress on the Beach, Burgas, Bulgaria. HLS Congress Beach - practical 2 weeks the Biointernet training with Translighters and GDVCAMERA. HLS Congress Beach - new system of Education 2018 - GDVCAMERA Crownscopy updated

GDV Crownscopy Software 2019 - Bioelectrography Education Inside Human Light System Course: Bio-Well video courseGDV Diagnostics video courseGDV Diagnostics 2 with Kirill Korotkov and Alexander Dvoryanchikov GDV BIOELECTROGRAPHY – PAGES OF HISTORY AND MODERN DEVELOPMENT So where is the similarity in the experiments of Lichtenberg, Tesla and the lightning? In all those cases the gas discharge appears near the earth rod. High field intensity is formed near its sharp end when placed into an electrical field. Electrons, which always exist in the air or are emitted by the bodies, start speeding up in this field and, having picked up necessary speed, ionize air molecules. Those, in their turn, emit photons, mostly in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions. Here the glow appears. What is more, from the viewpoint of physics both a nail, a tree, a human finger, and a person can be the rod. Everything depends on the scale. Generators used in Bioelectrography have very small power. It means that they can not give high current, even if you lick the electrode with your tongue. In addition, these generators make use of high-frequency voltages and short impulses, and by the laws of physiology such current can not penetrate into the organism, as it slides on the skin surface. In XX'th century many researchers was attracted by Kirlian photography, hundreds books and papers were published, but scientific acceptance of Kirlian photography was rather limited because the quality of equipment used by early investigators varied considerably and results were inconsistent since there was no standardization. Things improved when a multidisciplinary group headed by William Eidson, professor of physics at Drexel University in Philadelphia, showed it was possible to image electrical parameters of a specimen in real time, thus making it possible to map human energy fields and any rapid changes. This six-year project and related research were summarized in a 1976 article in the prestigious journal Science. Bioelectrography patents.

The History of Bioelectrography Light and Love, Dear Friends! Welcome to IUMAB! See more on IUMAB History Research Department Welcome to IUMAB! Be a Member! https://www.gdvplanet.com/product/umab-regular-memberships/ The History of Bioelectrography 2019 - Bio-Well Element - the same Bio-Well device, but GDVCAMERA Bio-Well Element What is the Bio-Well Element?

GDVCAMERA Bio-Well Element Bio-Well Element is a GDVCAMERA (gas discharge visualization) from 4 Generation of GDVCAMERA. It intended for Kirlian photography of various materials and liquids. It has a larger horizontal glass electrode than a GDV Bio-Well camera, which allows the user to lay conductive objects flat on its surface. This is main difference with GDVCAMERA Bio-Well 2.0. Bio-Well Element has the same low quality of images like Bio-Well or Bio-Well 2.0. 2019 Kirlian Photography as Art and Science - online Kirlian museum Kirlian Photography as Art and Science - group on Facebook Read the full article

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