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electronalytics · 1 year ago

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Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market Analysis by 2024-2033

In the dynamic landscape of power generation, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of electrical systems is paramount. Generator Medium Voltage (MV) Circuit Breakers play a crucial role in safeguarding power generation infrastructure, providing essential protection against faults, overcurrents, and other electrical disturbances. This article explores the significance of Generator MV Circuit Breakers in the power generation industry, their key features, applications, and emerging trends.

Introduction to Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers

Generator Circuit Breakers, commonly referred to as Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers, are essential components of power generation systems. They are designed to interrupt the flow of current in the event of a fault or abnormal condition, thereby protecting generators, transformers, and other electrical equipment from damage. These circuit breakers operate within the medium voltage range, typically ranging from 1 kV to 72.5 kV, depending on the specific application and requirements.

Importance in the Power Generation Industry

In the power generation industry, reliability, safety, and efficiency are paramount. Generator MV Circuit Breakers play a critical role in ensuring the uninterrupted operation of power plants, substations, and electrical distribution networks. By providing reliable protection against short circuits, overloads, and other electrical faults, these circuit breakers help minimize downtime, prevent equipment damage, and maintain grid stability. Additionally, they facilitate safe isolation of generators for maintenance and repair activities, ensuring worker safety and operational continuity.

Key Features and Applications

Generator MV Circuit Breakers boast a range of features tailored to meet the unique needs of power generation applications. Some key features include:

High Breaking Capacity: Capable of interrupting high fault currents to protect electrical equipment.

Compact Design: Space-saving designs suitable for installation in power plants, substations, and switchgear assemblies.

Remote Control and Monitoring: Integration with advanced control systems for remote operation and real-time monitoring.

Arc Flash Mitigation: Incorporation of arc-resistant designs to minimize the risk of arc flash incidents and enhance personnel safety.

Modular Construction: Allows for easy maintenance, repair, and upgrades, minimizing downtime and optimizing system reliability.

These circuit breakers find applications across various segments of the power generation industry, including:

Conventional Power Plants: Used to protect generators, transformers, and switchgear in thermal, hydroelectric, and nuclear power plants.

Renewable Energy Systems: Integral components of wind farms, solar power plants, and other renewable energy installations, providing essential protection for inverters, transformers, and interconnection equipment.

Substations: Installed in substations to protect high-voltage transmission lines, transformers, and other substation equipment from electrical faults.

Industrial Facilities: Employed in industrial facilities, manufacturing plants, and process industries to safeguard critical electrical systems and equipment.

Emerging Trends and Innovations

The Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market is witnessing several trends and innovations driven by technological advancements and industry developments. Some notable trends include:

Integration with Smart Grid Technologies: Incorporation of intelligent features such as communication interfaces, sensors, and predictive analytics to enable remote monitoring, diagnostics, and condition-based maintenance.

Enhanced Safety Features: Adoption of advanced safety features such as arc flash detection, arc fault protection, and remote operation capabilities to improve personnel safety and reduce the risk of electrical accidents.

Modular and Compact Designs: Development of modular, space-saving designs that offer flexibility, scalability, and ease of installation in confined spaces or retrofit applications.

Eco-Friendly Solutions: Introduction of eco-friendly circuit breaker technologies such as gas-insulated circuit breakers (GIS) and vacuum circuit breakers (VCB) with low environmental impact and reduced carbon footprint.

𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐄 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 @ https://stringentdatalytics.com/sample-request/generator-medium-voltage-circuit-breakers-market/13708/

Market Segmentations:

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Company

ABB

Siemens

Schneider Electric

Mitsubishi Electric

Eaton

Hitachi

Chinatcs

NHVS-New North east Electric India Private Limited

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Type

Vacuum Circuit Breaker

SF6 Circuit Breaker

Others

Global Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market: By Application

Nuclear Plants

Thermal Power Plants

Hydraulic Power Plants

𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤 𝐓𝐨 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐇𝐞𝐫𝐞 @ https://stringentdatalytics.com/purchase/generator-medium-voltage-circuit-breakers-market/13708/?license=single

Future Outlook and Market Growth

Looking ahead, the Generator Medium Voltage Circuit Breakers Market is poised for significant growth and expansion. Factors driving market growth include:

Increasing Demand for Electricity: Rising energy consumption, urbanization, and industrialization are driving the need for new power generation capacity and infrastructure investments, boosting demand for generator circuit breakers.

Growing Renewable Energy Integration: The shift towards renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power is driving investments in grid modernization and renewable energy integration projects, creating opportunities for generator MV circuit breakers.

Technological Advancements: Ongoing advancements in circuit breaker technologies, materials, and design techniques are enhancing performance, reliability, and efficiency, driving market adoption and expansion.

Regulatory Mandates: Stringent regulatory standards and safety requirements governing power generation and electrical infrastructure drive investments in modernization, upgrade, and retrofit projects, stimulating market growth and demand.

About Stringent Datalytics

Stringent Datalytics offers both custom and syndicated market research reports. Custom market research reports are tailored to a specific client's needs and requirements. These reports provide unique insights into a particular industry or market segment and can help businesses make informed decisions about their strategies and operations.

Syndicated market research reports, on the other hand, are pre-existing reports that are available for purchase by multiple clients. These reports are often produced on a regular basis, such as annually or quarterly, and cover a broad range of industries and market segments. Syndicated reports provide clients with insights into industry trends, market sizes, and competitive landscapes. By offering both custom and syndicated reports, Stringent Datalytics can provide clients with a range of market research solutions that can be customized to their specific needs.

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marketresearch99 · 1 year ago

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Vision 2030 and Beyond: Forecasting the Future of Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in 2023

Saudi Arabia's infrastructure development has been a cornerstone of the kingdom's progress, and the Medium Voltage (MV) Switchgear market plays a pivotal role in supporting this growth. This article aims to delve into the trends, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in Saudi Arabia for the year 2023.

Catalyst for Progress: The Medium Voltage Switchgear market in Saudi Arabia has witnessed significant growth, driven by the country's rapid urbanization, industrialization, and investments in infrastructure projects. With ongoing construction initiatives, including smart cities, transportation networks, and industrial complexes, the demand for reliable and efficient electrical distribution systems has soared.

Medium Voltage Switchgears act as critical components within electrical distribution networks, ensuring the safety, control, and protection of power flow across various applications, including utilities, industries, commercial complexes, and residential areas.

Market Trends and Technological Advancements: In 2023, several trends define Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear market. The evolution of smart grid technologies, integration of digital solutions, and the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable switchgear options are driving innovation within the sector.

Smart switchgears equipped with advanced sensors, communication modules, and digital monitoring capabilities have gained prominence. These systems enable real-time data analysis, predictive maintenance, and improved operational efficiency, aligning with the kingdom's goals of optimizing energy consumption and enhancing grid reliability.

Challenges and Opportunities: While the market exhibits immense potential, it faces challenges such as stringent regulations, the need for continuous technological upgrades, and fluctuations in raw material prices. Additionally, the availability of skilled labor and the integration of legacy systems pose hurdles for market growth.

However, these challenges present opportunities for market participants to innovate and collaborate. Investments in research and development for smart and sustainable switchgear solutions, strategic partnerships, and focus on after-sales services can drive market penetration and competitiveness.

Future Outlook: The future of Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market appears promising, with sustained growth projected in the coming years. The kingdom's Vision 2030 initiative, emphasizing infrastructure development and industrialization, will act as a catalyst for market expansion.

Moreover, the increasing demand for electricity, coupled with the integration of renewable energy sources into the grid, will further stimulate the need for advanced and adaptable medium voltage switchgear solutions.

For More Info@ https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/saudi-arabia-medium-voltage-switchgear-market/

Conclusion: Saudi Arabia's Medium Voltage Switchgear Market in 2023 reflects a landscape shaped by innovation, technological advancement, and a burgeoning need for reliable electrical distribution systems. With a focus on smart solutions, sustainability, and strategic collaborations, the kingdom is poised to bolster its infrastructure development and reinforce its position as a key player in the global medium voltage switchgear industry, fostering a more resilient and efficient energy landscape.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Chemical Engineers Design New Self-He industrial networking aling Hydrogel for Drug Delivery

www.inhandnetworks.com

These scanning electron microscopy images, taken at different magnific wastewater treatment ations, show the structure of new hydrogels made of nanoparticles interacting with long polymer ch industrial IoT Gateway ains.

Chemical engineers from MIT have designed a new type of self-healing hydrogel that consists of a mesh network made of two components: nanoparticles made of polymers entwined within strands of another polymer, such as cellulose.

Scientists are interested in using gels to deliver drugs because they can be molded into specific shapes and designed to release their payload over a specified time period. However, current versions aren’t always practical because must be implanted surgically.

To help overcome that obstacle, MIT chemical engineers have designed a new type of self-healing hydrogel that could be injected through a syringe. Such gels, which can carry one or two drugs at a time, could be useful for treating cancer, macular degeneration, or heart disease, among other diseases, the researchers say.

The new gel consists of a mesh network made of two components: nanoparticles made of polymers entwined within strands of another polymer, such as cellulose.

“Now you have a gel that can change shape when you apply stress to it, and then, importantly, it can re-heal when you relax those forces. That allows you to squeeze it through a syringe or a needle and get it into the body without surgery,” says Mark Tibbitt, a postdoc at MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and one of the lead authors of a paper describing the gel in Nature Communications on February 19.

Koch Institute postdoc Eric Appel is also a lead author of the paper, and the paper’s senior author is Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT. Other authors are postdoc Matthew Webber, undergraduate Bradley Mattix, and postdoc Omid Veiseh.

Heal thyself

Scientists have previously constructed hydrogels for biomedical uses by forming irreversible chemical linkages between polymers. These gels, used to make soft contact lenses, among other applications, are tough and sturdy, but once they are formed their shape cannot easily be altered.

The MIT team set out to create a gel that could survive strong mechanical forces, known as shear forces, and then reform itself. Other researchers have created such gels by engineering proteins that self-assemble into hydrogels, but this approach requires complex biochemical processes. The MIT team wanted to design something simpler.

“We’re working with really simple materials,” Tibbitt says. “They don’t require any advanced chemical functionalization.”

The MIT approach relies on a combination of two readily available components. One is a type of nanoparticle formed of PEG-PLA copolymers, first developed in Langer’s lab decades ago and now commonly used to package and deliver drugs. To form a hydrogel, the researchers mixed these particles with a polymer — in this case, cellulose.

Each polymer chain forms weak bonds with many nanoparticles, producing a loosely woven lattice of polymers and nanoparticles. Because each attachment point is fairly weak, the bonds break apart under mechanical stress, such as when injected through a syringe. When the shear forces are over, the polymers and nanoparticles form new attachments with different partners, healing the gel.

Using two components to form the gel also gives the researchers the opportunity to deliver two different drugs at the same time. PEG-PLA nanoparticles have an inner core that is ideally suited to carry hydrophobic small-molecule drugs, which include many chemotherapy drugs. Meanwhile, the polymers, which exist in a watery solution, can carry hydrophilic molecules such as proteins, including antibodies and growth factors.

Long-term drug delivery

In this study, the researchers showed that the gels survived injection under the skin of mice and successfully released two drugs, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic, over several days.

This type of gel offers an important advantage over injecting a liquid solution of drug-delivery nanoparticles: While a solution will immediately disperse throughout the body, the gel stays in place after injection, allowing the drug to be targeted to a specific tissue. Furthermore, the properties of e M2M router ach gel component can be tuned so the drugs they carry are released at different rates, allowing them to be tailored for different uses.

The researchers are now looking into using the gel to deliver anti-angiogenesis drugs to treat macular degeneration. Currently, patients receive these drugs, which cut off the growth of blood vessels that interfere with sight, as an injection into the eye once a month. The MIT team envisions that the new gel could be programmed to deliver these drugs over several months, reducing the frequency of injections.

Another potential application for the gels is delivering drugs, such as growth factors, that could help repair damaged heart tissue after a heart attack. The researchers are also pursuing the possibility of using this gel to deliver cancer drugs to kill tumor cells that get left behind after surgery. In that case, the gel would be loaded with a chemical that lures cancer cells toward the gel, as well as a chemotherapy drug that would kill them. This could help eliminate the residual cancer cells that often form new tumors following surgery.

“Removing the tumor leaves behind a cavity that you could fill with our material, which would provide some therapeutic benefit over the long term in recruiting and killing those cells,” Appel says. “We can tailor the materials to provide us with the drug-release profile that makes it the most effective at actually recruiting the cells.”

The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the Misrock Foundation, the Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health.

Publication: Eric A. Appel, et al., “Self-assembled hydrogels utilizing polymer–nanoparticle interactions,” Nature Communications 6, Article number: 6295; doi:10.1038/ncomms7295

Image: Courtesy of the researchers

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messunggroup · 4 years ago

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PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES & HAZARDS WITH RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Residual Current is a critical condition impacting hospitals, data centres, industrial plants, etc. It can lead to dangerous situations for both personnel and equipment.

Moreover, it can cause unexpected interruptions, malfunctions and EMC problems that cost time and money. Hence, Residual Current Monitoring is critical for safety, high availability and productivity in industrial and purpose-built environments.

Inside environments like data centres where shielded cables are present, residual current may spread through cable shielding across different parts of the data centre if the racks are insufficiently earthed. This can lead to fires, unexplained IT systems failures, tripping and disconnecting of critical equipment.

Let’s understand RCM, its dangers and the solutions a little better.

WHAT IS RESIDUAL CURRENT?

Residual Current is electrical current that occurs in an unwanted conductive path. It flows from either AC or DC circuit in equipment to the chassis, or to the ground.

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads) causing outflow-related residual currents and stray currents in TN-S systems. RCM classification is based on frequency and waveform of the current that they candetect - Type A, Type B, Type B+.

WHY USE RCM (EARTH LEAKAGE MONITORING)?

RCM is essential to ensure Continuous System Availability. In market segments with sensitive applications (e.g., Critical power locations, Hospitals, Industrial Manufacturing), an uninterrupted power system is of crucial importance.

Uninterrupted operation (Increased Uptime & Availability) of an installation is only ensured by continuous monitoring.Continuous Residual Current Monitoring is the only method to detect dangerous fault currents at an early stage.

Early detection of insulation faults, as well as preventive maintenance and servicing outside of operating hours, can prevent unexpected shutdowns of machines, servers and systems, thus avoiding unwanted interruptions in operation, property damage and high costs.

RCM measurement in accordance with DIN EN 62020 offers the most reliable and safe alternative wherever the realization of Insulation Resistance Measurement or RCDs are not practical in an installation.

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FAULT CURRENTS

While electricity has become an indispensable component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its own hazards to human life and property. The major risks include:

· Electric Shock

· Breaker Tripping

· Fire Hazard

· Server and Computer Shutdown

· Interruption of Communication Networks

· Temperature Rise in Conductors resulting in Insulation Breakdown

· Fast Corrosion of Metal Pipes

· Production Shutdown

· VSD / Inverter Faults

· Sensor Malfunction

· Overvoltage Problems

· Overloaded Neutral Conductor

REASONS FOR INSULATION FAILURE

The purpose of insulation is to prevent the flow of electric current between points of different potential in an electrical system. Failure of insulation is one of the most common failures in an electrical equipment.

Insulation of an electrical circuit becomes weak due to various causes:

· Natural deterioration due to aging

· Accelerated by excessive heat and moisture

· Heat, moisture and dirt are main causes of insulation failure

· Chemical deterioration

· Mechanical damage

· Sunlight

· Excessive voltage stresses

HOW RCM WORKS

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads).

Conductors (L1, L2, L3, N) of the specific measurement point are monitored and passed through the RCM CT. In a fault-free system the sum of all currents is ZERO, so that in the current transformer no current is induced.

If a fault current is flowing, the current difference induces in the differential CT an mA current that is detected by Janitza’s UMG device.

TYPES OF RCM

There are 3 types of RCM:

Type A: Sinusoidal alternating current pulsed direct current. This type of RCM is applied to single-phase electronic devices with electronic regulation & control such as power supplies, computers, lighting systems, single-phase drives, heat pumps, single-phase dimmers, single-phase electronic devices in the three-phase network, etc.

Type B: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents up to 2 kHz. Applications include devices with three-phase bridge circuits and purely direct current devices like photovoltaic systems, controlled three-phase motors, UPS systems, dimmers, medical devices, etc.

Type B+: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents upto 20 kHz.

RCM STANDARDS

RCMs monitor residual currents in electrical installations in real time. They report the level of residual current value and signal when it exceeds a threshold. They comply with DIN EN 62020.

IEC 62020 is a standard used to test RCM accuracy. It defines residual operating current IΔN as the leakage current threshold where the RCM reports an alarm.

Where a circuit is permanently monitored by an RCM in accordance with IEC 62020 or an IMD in accordance with IEC 61557-8, it is not necessary to measure the insulation resistance if the functioning of the IMD or RCM is correct.

When RCM (Earth Leakage Monitoring) is installed and operational, there is “NO” requirement for Mains Power disconnection.

WHERE IS RCM USED?

There are many applications of residual current monitors; they include:

· TN-S Systems

· Drive Systems (Frequency Converters)

· DC Applications

· Hospital & Medical Facilities

· Industrial Manufacturing

· Data Centre & Critical Power Applications

· Power Distribution Busbar

· Rail Networks

ALTERNATIVES FOR RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Insulation Testing as part of Preventive Maintenance Both the ends of the cable need to be disconnected and then meggered for finding the insulation. Long testing times results in long shutdown times and personnel have to deal with the cumbersome procedure of disconnecting the terminated cables. Periodicity of the tests needs long term planning as well.

Insulation Monitors - Online This is a popular but cost prohibitive measuring method wherein a measuring DC voltage is superimposed between the phase and PE conductor. This measurement procedure is suitable for monitoring conventional AC, 3(N)AC systems. If it is used in AC, 3(N)AC systems containing galvanically connected DC components, these DC currents will distort the measurement result.

Residual Current Breakers / Earth Leakage Relays These devices trip the circuit causing incidents. Faults and fires are not predicted, only prevented, and surprise shutdowns can be extremely expensive for operations that require uninterrupted power supply.

RCM WITH JANITZA

Janitza offers a wide range of digital energy meters that provide residual current monitoring in conjunction with energy measurement, which constitute a measure for fire protection and maintenance prevention. Downtimes and the associated costs are thereby reduced.

Timely and preventative maintenance – facilitated through the information additionally gained from an RCM measuring device – also significantly enhances the efficiency and availability of a system.

Scope: Janitza's range of smart RCM devices covers the complete electrical system from utility incomer to the final circuit:

1. MV & LV supply (PCC)

2. LV Main Distribution Switchboard

3. Sub-distribution Switchboards, UPS Outputs

4. PDU, Critical Power Supply Points & Busway Feed Box

5. Outgoing Circuits, Final Sub-measurements & Busway Tap-offs

Devices: Type A RCM measuring devices such as the UMG 96RM-E, UMG 509-PRO, UMG 512-PRO, UMG 20CM from Janitza are suitable for monitoring alternating currents, pulsing DC currents per IEC/TR 60755 (2008-01) and can be used for continuously checking for residual currents in TN-S systems.

Other Type A RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-PN, UMG 96 PA, UMG 806, RCM 201-ROGO, RCM 202 AB.

Type B RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-E, UMG 96 PA, UMG PQ-L, RCM 202 AB. The last three devices are also capable of Type B+ RCM.

Software & Apps: Janitza's power grid monitoring software, GridVis generates the RCM report which allows clear and uncomplicated display of measurement data from residual current measurements. The GridVis RCM Report enables users to:

· Analyse and evaluate residual current violations

· Receive statistics regarding threshold violations with graphically highlighted overviews

· Set up to 4 threshold levels

· Support of dynamic thresholds (RCM measuring device configuration!)

· Custom text, customer logo and export in PDF and XLS format

· Report creation can be carried out at custom time schedule

· Automatically dispatch per E-Mail

Janitza's RCM analysis App is a homepage add-on application with extensive options for setting limit values and for detailed analysis of residual currents. Up to 20 RCM channels can be managed and evaluated via a gateway*. The evaluation includes all types of residual currents and an associated frequency analysis.

For example, 50 Hz, pure DC or high-frequency residual currents in the 20 kHz range can be displayed individually. In addition, the application enables the proven dynamic limit value formation with Janitza energy measuring devices.

Energy measuring devices can be assigned to each of the 20 RCM channels and limit values can be calculated as a function of power.

SUMMARY

Highly automated production systems, computer centres and systems with constant processes (e.g. food sector, cable fabrication, paper production) require a reliable power supply - often even high availability, i.e. an availability of at least 99.9%, frequently even 99.9999 %.

An insulation measurement is required for the repeat testing of fixed electrical systems for which the system must be switched off. Production processes and administration processes are interrupted. This means an increase in work and often also significant costs.

In order to avoid this, the standards offer an alternative: Continuous residual current monitoring, with which it is also possible to locate faults faster. With continuous RCM, it is possible to avoid shut-downs and minimise test work. Constant checking of the system takes place, which enables the immediate detection of faults.

With Janitza’s range of solutions for energy monitoring and management system, comprehensive RCM of the power supply takes place at all levels: from CGP and outputs requiring monitoring in the LVDS and sub-distribution systems, right through to individual critical loads. Together with the GridVis® energy data acquisition software and the integrated alarm management, users can avoid expensive downtimes and prevent fire hazards that are latent due to creeping insulation faults.

In India, Janitza products are brought to you by Messung Electrical Engineering division. Power quality analysers, digital energy meters, active filters, and apps – Messung offers the complete Janitza range of power quality and energy management solutions.visualisation software

#Messung Electrical Engineering #Power quality analysers #digital energy meters #active filters #power quality #energy management solutions.#energy monitoring and management system #energy monitoring

0 notes

messungelectricalengineering · 4 years ago

Text

PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES & HAZARDS WITH RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

Residual Current is a critical condition impacting hospitals, data centres, industrial plants, etc. It can lead to dangerous situations for both personnel and equipment.

Let’s understand RCM, its dangers and the solutions a little better.

WHAT IS RESIDUAL CURRENT?

Residual Current is electrical current that occurs in an unwanted conductive path. It flows from either AC or DC circuit in equipment to the chassis, or to the ground.

WHY USE RCM (EARTH LEAKAGE MONITORING)?

PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FAULT CURRENTS

While electricity has become an indispensable component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its own hazards to human life and property. The major risks include:

· Electric Shock

· Breaker Tripping

· Fire Hazard

· Server and Computer Shutdown

· Interruption of Communication Networks

· Temperature Rise in Conductors resulting in Insulation Breakdown

· Fast Corrosion of Metal Pipes

· Production Shutdown

· VSD / Inverter Faults

· Sensor Malfunction

· Overvoltage Problems

· Overloaded Neutral Conductor

REASONS FOR INSULATION FAILURE

Insulation of an electrical circuit becomes weak due to various causes:

· Natural deterioration due to aging

· Accelerated by excessive heat and moisture

· Heat, moisture and dirt are main causes of insulation failure

· Chemical deterioration

· Mechanical damage

· Sunlight

· Excessive voltage stresses

HOW RCM WORKS

Residual currents are typically the result of insulation faults, defective equipment and components (power supplies, electrical loads).

If a fault current is flowing, the current difference induces in the differential CT an mA current that is detected by Janitza’s UMG device.

TYPES OF RCM

There are 3 types of RCM:

Type B+: Smooth & pulsating direct current as well as alternating currents upto 20 kHz.

RCM STANDARDS

RCMs monitor residual currents in electrical installations in real time. They report the level of residual current value and signal when it exceeds a threshold. They comply with DIN EN 62020.

IEC 62020 is a standard used to test RCM accuracy. It defines residual operating current IΔN as the leakage current threshold where the RCM reports an alarm.

When RCM (Earth Leakage Monitoring) is installed and operational, there is “NO” requirement for Mains Power disconnection.

WHERE IS RCM USED?

There are many applications of residual current monitors; they include:

· TN-S Systems

· Drive Systems (Frequency Converters)

· DC Applications

· Hospital & Medical Facilities

· Industrial Manufacturing

· Data Centre & Critical Power Applications

· Power Distribution Busbar

· Rail Networks

ALTERNATIVES FOR RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING

RCM WITH JANITZA

Scope: Janitza's range of smart RCM devices covers the complete electrical system from utility incomer to the final circuit:

1. MV & LV supply (PCC)

2. LV Main Distribution Switchboard

3. Sub-distribution Switchboards, UPS Outputs

4. PDU, Critical Power Supply Points & Busway Feed Box

5. Outgoing Circuits, Final Sub-measurements & Busway Tap-offs

Other Type A RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-PN, UMG 96 PA, UMG 806, RCM 201-ROGO, RCM 202 AB.

Type B RCM devices include UMG 96 RM-E, UMG 96 PA, UMG PQ-L, RCM 202 AB. The last three devices are also capable of Type B+ RCM.

· Analyse and evaluate residual current violations

· Receive statistics regarding threshold violations with graphically highlighted overviews

· Set up to 4 threshold levels

· Support of dynamic thresholds (RCM measuring device configuration!)

· Custom text, customer logo and export in PDF and XLS format

· Report creation can be carried out at custom time schedule

· Automatically dispatch per E-Mail

Energy measuring devices can be assigned to each of the 20 RCM channels and limit values can be calculated as a function of power.

SUMMARY

In India, Janitza products are brought to you by Messung Electrical Engineering division. Power quality analysers, digital energy meters, active filters, visualisation software and apps – Messung offers the complete Janitza range of power quality and energy management solutions.

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inerginc · 8 years ago

Link

Distribution utilities of all types globally are facing a wide range of new challenges and opportunities brought on by greater customer expectations and enhanced reliability needs. As distributed energy resources (DER) proliferate, new approaches and technologies for managing these new generation resources will add to the complexity of automation approaches at the substation and feeder levels, as well as on low-voltage (LV) transformers at the edge of the grid. Thus, there is a growing need for more intelligence, control, and agility in the distribution grid, particularly at the edge, where many new DER systems are located.

To date, utility automation efforts at the distribution level have been largely focused on issues caused by reliability mandates, outage penalties, customer expectations, electric vehicle (EV) charging, renewables intermittency, shifting loads, capacity constraints, and bi-directional power flows. In the longer term, automation further down in the medium-voltage (MV) and LV network will enable the proactive development of markets for aggregated clean resources and services, service-oriented business models, and end-to-end integrated grid management strategies.

Distribution level automation applications

Distribution automation (DA) and substation automation (SA) technologies and strategies are being adopted to increase the level of monitoring, intelligence, and automation across the distribution grid. These automation solutions can be divided into three major segments:

Distribution substation automation: A mixed variety of sensors and monitoring devices, mechanical and intelligent electronic devices, switches, reclosers, protective relays, and communications devices, as well as transformers, are found in automated distribution substations.

Substation automation at the distribution level is accelerating, particularly in North America, with many utilities deploying fiber communications to accommodate advanced technologies and software systems. Nonetheless, Navigant estimates that distribution level substation connectivity and automation penetration remains well below 50%, and in the 10% to 20% range – or less – in developing regions.

Feeder automation: Distribution feeder systems distribute power over cables via either radial feeders or mesh feeder networks running from the substation. Automated feeders are equipped with sensors and monitoring devices, as well as intelligent electronic devices such as fault detectors, reclosers, disconnect switches, fuses, and relays.

To date, feeder monitoring and automation is limited at best, though forward-looking utilities such as Eversource, Florida Power & Light (FPL), Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Oncor, and others have been deploying sophisticated outage restoration and automation systems.

For example, Eversource’s (formerly NSTAR) 2009–2014 Grid Self-Healing and Efficiency Expansion project involved the deployment of two-way communications infrastructure and DA equipment on 400 circuits in its Massachusetts territory. New switches, sectionalizers, reclosers, and condition monitors were installed to enable automatic detection and isolation of power outages, followed by rapid restoration. The project included LV feeder monitoring in Boston, high-speed fiber optic rings for reliability, monitoring, and control, web-based outage reporting, and a new outage management system.

Transformer automation: Millions of pole mounted, pad-mounted, and underground LV transformers have rarely been automated in any way. Transformer automation and monitoring include the simple real-time monitoring of voltage, current, power factor (PF), and sometimes oil temperatures and other conditions. This segment may also include more sophisticated automation when connected to a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system or a distribution management system (DMS).

Market Outlook

Distribution utilities of all types are now implementing distribution substation, feeder, and transformer automation technologies and solutions. Navigant Research expects Europe to be the largest regional opportunity over the next several years due to feeder system design characteristics. Currently, the region represents more than half of global DA and SA market revenue.

However, the opportunity is relatively short term and tails off after 2021, when major feeder and transformer automation projects are expected to be completed. In all other regions, distribution substation, feeder, and transformer automation revenue is expected to increase steadily through 2025.

Navigant Research expects global cumulative DA and SA revenue for all technologies to reach $109.1 billion between 2016 and 2025. The annual revenue opportunity is projected to grow from $7.6 billion in 2016 to a peak of $12.5 billion in 2021, and then drop to $12.2 billion in 2025. The overall 2016–2025 compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is expected to be 5.5%. Chart 1.1 shows the growth in annual revenue for the 10-year forecast period by global region.

Regional Trends

The key market drivers in North America for increased automation at the distribution level are concentrated around improving reliability, addressing aging infrastructure, changing cost recovery mechanisms, increased visibility into feeder operating parameters, AMI installations, and (to a certain extent) new distribution feeder system and substation construction.

At present, 40–50% of MV substations have some level of automation, and upgrades to more sophisticated control and automation capabilities are being planned.

Feeder automation remains nascent generally, but at FPL in Florida, it became a high priority, as the region is subject to the most lightning strikes in the United States; these storms were a primary cause of faults in FPL’s distribution network. Particularly in remote rural locations and swamps, restoration was time-consuming and costly. In response, FPL elected to complete a system-wide feeder automation improvement project and selected S&C Electric to provide equipment and installation services. The company deployed S&C’s TripSaver II cutout mounted reclosers, which deliver decentralised, intelligent, and autonomous restoration capabilities, across more than 80,000 feeders in its service territory. The project was notable because it covered FPL’s entire network; most feeder automation projects to date are feeder-specific and focus on particularly troublesome segments of the network.

In Europe, the MV substation situation is much different from that in North America. Across many of the countries in Western Europe, the MV substation fleet is 95–100% automated already, though much of the automation may be first generation systems with limited capabilities. Upgrades from early SCADA to more powerful DMSs can be expected to occur.

That said, much T&D system expansion is occurring as Europe’s regional operators reconfigure their networks for large-scale penetrations of DER and large investments in LV transformer substation monitoring and control, as well as feeder monitoring, can be expected. Électricité de France (EDF), for example, is planning LV transformer monitoring and automation across 700,000 or more transformers – the majority of its fleet – by as early as 2020. And Spanish DSO Iberdrola Distribución is implementing its multiyear Network Remote Management and Automation Systems (STAR) project, which has been focused on network remote control and automation in MV substations, as well as on LV transformers and distribution feeders. Once completed in 2018, this $2.2 billion project will monitor and automate approximately 80,000 transformer substations and deploy over 10.3 million smart meters.

Key DA and SA drivers in Asia Pacific include the epic expansion of the T&D system and substations to address both rural electrification and large-scale urban expansion, as well as to replace ageing infrastructure. With a large number of new projects driven by electrification, most if not all new installations will be monitored and (to some extent) automated systems.

The Asia Pacific DA and SA market can be divided into three major territories, each representing approximately one-third of the region’s total market size: China, India, and everywhere else. The DA market in China is led by the country’s Strong and Smart Grid initiatives. Although this market continues to grow, China is notoriously difficult for outside commercial vendors to access, due to price pressure from in-country vendors.

Examples of success in China often include partnerships with Chinese companies. For instance, General Electric (GE) has established a partnership/joint venture with the XD Group, providing local content and presence.

India is experiencing similar price pressures as China, thus giving lower-cost local products and integrators like Tata, Infosys, and Wipro a significant advantage; here too, local partnerships are essential. However, India has fewer centralised protectionist politics compared to China, which has made it easier for international vendors to compete.

The third Asia Pacific segment, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, is still widely accessible. Australia and New Zealand were early adopters in terms of smart grid technology deployments. However, local economies have been weak in recent years, dampening demand. That said, Australia has become a major market for distributed solar; rapidly increasing penetration of variable renewables supplies in Australia will force distribution network upgrades.

Conclusions

The days of a largely electro-mechanical distribution system maintained by crews in trucks are giving way to a highly connected, automated, ‘smart’ grid. Connectivity options are increasingly attractive and necessary to support sophisticated software and analytics solutions which improve grid reliability, operational efficiency and flexibility. Especially as the traditional ratepayer, cost-plus business model is replaced by a system more focused on efficiency and services, distribution utilities will find themselves increasingly dependent upon automation solutions to meet the needs and demands of customers and regulators. As such, investment in these technologies is expected to grow throughout the coming decade. MI

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Richelle Elberg is a principal research analyst contributing to Navigant Research’s Utility Transformations program and heading up the Smart Grid research services, including Connected Grid, Digital Grid, and Dynamic Grid. Her primary focus is on communications networks for utility applications, including AMI and substation and distribution automation applications.

Elberg has more than 20 years of experience in the telecommunications industry, including an extensive background analysing and writing on the wired and wireless communications industries from operational, financial, strategic, technical, and regulatory perspectives.

Image Credit: 123rf

The post Shifting demands driving automation in the distribution grid appeared first on Metering.com.

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#Solar #microgrids

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Astronomers Discover a Superv ipsec-vpn oid 1.8 Billion Light Years Across

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A map of the cosmic microwave background made using the Planck satellite. The Cold Spot, the ellipse at the bottom right, area resides in the constellation Eridanus in the southern galactic hemisphere. The insets show the environment of this anomalous patch of the sky, as mapped by Szapudi’s team using PS1 and WISE data and as observed in the cosmic microwave background temperature data. The angular diameter of the vast supervoid aligned with the Cold Spot, which exceeds 30 degrees, is marked by the white circles.

Using the WISE-2MASS infrared galaxy catalog matched with Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) galaxies, astronomers reveal a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background.

Astronomers may have found “the largest individua remote diagnostics l structure ever identified by humanity”, according to Dr István Szapudi of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr Szapudi and his team report their findings in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

In 2004, astronomers examining a map of the radiation left over from the Big Bang (the cosmic microwave background, or CMB) discovered the Cold Spot, a larger-than-expected unusually cold area of the sky. The physics surrounding the Big Bang theory predicts warmer and cooler spots of various sizes in the infant universe, but a spot this large and this cold was unexpected. Now astronomers may have found an explanation for the existence of the Cold Spot.

If the Cold Spot originated from the Big Bang itself, it could be a rare sign of exotic physics that the standard cosmology (basically, the Big Bang theory and related physics) does not explain. If, however, it is caused by a foreground structure between us and the CMB, it would be a sign that there is an extremely rare large-scale structure in the mass distribution of the universe.

Using data from Hawaii’s Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) telescope located on Haleakala, Maui, and NASA’s Wide Field Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite, Szapudi’s team discovered a large supervoid, a vast region 1.8 billion light-years across, in which the density of galaxies is much lower than usual in the known universe. This void was found by combining observations taken by PS1 at optical wavelengths with observations taken by WISE at infrared wavelengths to estimate the distance to and position of each galaxy in that part of the sky.

Earlier studies, also done in Hawaii, observed a much smaller area in the direction of the Cold Spot, but they could establish only that no very distant structure is in that part of the sky. Paradoxically, identifying nearby large structures is harder than finding distant ones, since we must map larger portions of the sky to see the closer structures. The large three-dimensional sky maps created from PS1 and WISE by Dr András Kovács (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary) were thus essential for this study. The supervoid is only about 3 billion light-years away from us, a relatively short distance in the cosmic scheme of things.

Imagine there is a huge void with very little matter between you (the observer) and the CMB. Now think of the void as a hill. As the light enters the void, it must climb this hill. If the universe were not undergoing accelerating expansion, then the void would not evolve significantly, and light would descend the hill and regain the energy it lost as it exits the void. But with the accelerating expansion, the hill is measurably stretched as the light is traveling over it. By the time the light descends the hill, the hill has gotten flatter than when the light entered, so the light cannot pick up all the speed it lost upon entering the void. The light exits the void with less energy, and therefore at a longer wavelength, which corresponds to a colder temperature.

Getting through a supervoid takes hundreds of millions of years, even at the speed of light, so this measurable effect IoT Connectivity (known as the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect) might provide an explanation for the Cold Spot. The spot is one of the most significant anomalies found to date in the CMB, first by a NASA satellite called the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), and more recently by Planck, a satellite launched by the European Space Agency.

While the existence of the supervoid and its expected effect on the CMB do not fully explain all the properties of the Cold Spot, it is very unlikely that the supervoid and the Cold Spot at the same location are a coincidence. The team will continue its work using improved data from PS1, and from the Dark Energy Survey being conducted with a telescope in Chile to study the Cold Spot and supervoid, as well as another large void located near the constellation Draco.

Publication: Istvan Szapudi, et al., “Detection of a supervoid aligned with the cold spot of the cosmic microwave background,” MNRAS (June 11, 2015) 2g migration450 (1): 288-294; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv488

PDF Copy of the Study: Detection of a Supervoid Aligned with the Cold Spot of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Image: Graphics by Gergő Kránicz. Image credit: ESA Planck Collaboration.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Asia’s Coal Use Up vending computer 500% Since 1980

www.inhandnetworks.com

Whether global warming is really occurring or these temperatures are cyclical, it’s best to keep coal use down as it is terrible for M2M router the environment. We need to stop arguing about why and stop using coal. It produces more CO2 per unit of energy than other mainstream energy source and it is also the main bad guy when it comes to smog and mercury pollution.

E Vending PC ven though many parts of the world have seen slow coal growth, this is offset by Asia, where demand has skyrocketed. Just look at the chart and you get the whole story. In order to keep coal use down, China has to be part of the solution, Cellular IoT Migration but are they willing to be? Probably not, as their civilization is exploding with growth and they would have to make far more changes than other countries since so much of their power comes from coal.

It’s quite a conundrum. Global coal demand has nearly doubled since 1980. In Asia, demand is up over 400% from 1980-2010. Demand in China accounted for 73% of Asia’s consumption and almost half of coal consumption globally in 2010.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

Text

Sleeping On The Job: Russian Rocket Security vending telemetry

www.inhandnetworks.com

As a general rule of thumb, it isn’t a good thing to be sleeping on the job; especially if you are Russian rocket security. To let a blogger and several friends explore and take plenty of photos of the facility you’re supposed to be watching, is even worse. On Thursday, Russia’s deputy prime minist Vending Telemetry er vowed to punish the security officials who were caught sleeping.

Blogger Lana Sator an industrial LTE router d her friends must be great at sneaking about. Or maybe they didn’t have to be, as security is so lax. They were not caught as they roamed around the Energomash facility on not one, not two, but five separate occasions. In almost 100 pictures, they exposed run-down decrepit-looking hardware from inside an engine-fuel testing tower, the plant’s control room, and more.

It&rsqu remote monitoring o;s hard to say which is scarier; the state of the facility or the fact that anyone can easily enter and do whatever they like, never being noticed. A senior space agency official called the breach a shock. “It showed a complete inability to protect anything whatsoever.”

It’s just another embarrassment to a Space agency that has had several recently.

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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NDM-1 Remote Machine Monitoring & Maintenance System Superbug Discovered in a Cat in the USA

www.inhandnetworks.com

The Indian superbug NDM-1, which has a gene that encodes an enzyme conferring resistance to almost all known antibiotics, has been found in the USA in a household cat.

Pets with NDM-1 could be a dangerous vector of infection, since people have close contact with them. The finding was announced by Rajesh Nayak, a research scientist at the FDA’s National Center for Toxicological Research in Jefferson, Arka industrial transport nsas. The gene, blaNDM, was fo low-cost LTE router und in isolates of E. coli that they had received as part of a project to study bacterial samples from veterinary laboratories all over the USA.

NDM-1 was first identified in 2008 in Sweden, in a man of Indian origin who had gone home to India, was hospitalized, recovered and then was hospitalized once again in Sweden. The Klebsiella discovered in his urine was resistant to a vast number of drugs, including some last-resort category drugs known as carbapenems. It was susceptible to only two drugs, one old and toxic. The other was new, but not effective in all tissues of the patient’s body.

In 2009, bacteria containing the NDM-1 gene, traveling on plasmids that can easily move between organisms, were found in the UK. NDM-1 was first found in the USA in 2010, in three residents living in three different states.

Almost all of the patients had ties to India or Pakistan. Since then, research has shown that the organisms containing the gene weren’t confined to hospitals, but were circulating widely in New Delhi transformer monitoring , India, through the water supply and other vectors of infection. NDM-1 has spread to over 12 countries so far.

The actual cat that has the NDM-1 is unknown, as veterinarians collected the samples whenever pets were not feeling well as part of the initial project. The samples were collected between 2008 and 2009, making the timing somewhat perplexing. It was collected at the same time as the earliest recognition of the resistance factor in Europe, nearly a year before it was detected in the US.

[via Wired]

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Liqui M2M wireless producdts d-Gated Membranes Filter Water With Higher Efficiency, Longer Time to Foul

www.inhandnetworks.com

Liquid-gated membranes (white, on left) offer a more economical, less energy-intensive way to filter substances from liquids, as their specially coated, porous surfaces (right, SEM image) resist accumulation and can be tuned to allow particles of specific sizes to pass through. Credit: Wyss Institute at Harvard University

Filtering and treating water, Industrial IoT Gateway both for human consumption and to clean industrial and municipal wastewater, accounts for about 13 percent of all electricity consumed in the U.S. and releases about 290 million metric tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year — roughly equivalent to the combined weight of every human on earth.

One of the most common methods of processing water is passing it through a membrane with pores that are sized to filter out particles that are larger than water molecules. However, these membranes are susceptible to “fouling” — clogging by the very materials they are designed to filter out — necessitating more electricity to force the water through a partially clogged membrane and frequent membrane replacement, both of which increase water-treatment costs.

New research from the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University and collaborators at Northeastern University and the University of Waterloo demonstrates that the Wyss’ liquid-gated membranes (LGMs) filter nanoclay particles out of water with twofold higher efficiency and nearly threefold longer time to foul, and reduce the pressure required for filtration over conventional membranes. It’s a solution that could reduce the cost and electricity consumption of high-impact industrial processes such as oil and gas drilling. The study is reported in APL Materials.

“This is the first study to demonstrate that LGMs can achieve sustained filtration in settings similar to those found in heavy industry, and it provides insight into how LGMs resist different types of fouling, which could lead to their use in a variety of water-processing settings,” said first author Jack Alvarenga, a research scientist at the Wyss Institute.

LGMs mimic nature’s use of liquid-filled pores to control the movement of liquids, gases, and particles through biological filters using the least energy possible, much like the small stomata openings in plants’ leaves allow gases to pass through. Each LGM is coated with a liquid that acts as a reversible gate, filling and sealing its pores in the “closed” state. When pressure is applied to the membrane, the liquid inside the pores is pulled to the sides, creating open, liquid-lined pores that can be tuned to allow the passage of specific liquids or gases, and that resist fouling due to the liquid layer’s slippery surface. The use of fluid-lined pores also enables the separation of a target compound from a mixture of different substances, which is common in industrial liquid processing.

The research team decided to test the LGMs on a suspension of bentonite clay in water, as such “nanoclay” solutions mimic the wastewater produced by drilling activities in the oil and gas industry. They infused Industrial 3G Router 25 mm discs of a standard filter membrane with perfluoropolyether, a type of liquid lubricant that has been used in the aerospace industry for more than 30 years, to convert them into LGMs. They then placed the membranes under pressure to draw water through the pores but leave the nanoclay particles behind, and compared the performance of untreated membranes to LGMs.

The untreated membranes displayed signs of nanoclay fouling much more quickly than the LGMs, and the LGMs were able to filter water three times longer than the standard membranes before requiring a “backwash” procedure to remove particles that had accumulated on the membrane. Less frequent backwashing could translate to a reduction in the use of cleaning chemicals and energy required to pump backwash water, and improve the filtration rate in industrial water treatment settings.

While the LGMs did eventually experience fouling, 60 percent less nanoclay accumulated in their structures during filtration, an accumulation known as “irreversible fouling” because it is not removed by backwashing. This advantage gives LGMs a longer lifespan and makes more of the filtrate recoverable for alternate uses. Additionally, the LGMs required 16 percent less pressure to initiate filtration, adding to the energy savings.

“LGMs have the potential for use in industries as diverse as food and bev remote communication erage processing, biopharmaceutical manufacturing, textiles, paper, pulp, chemical, and petrochemical, and could offer improvements in energy use and efficiency across a wide swath of industrial applications,” said corresponding author Joanna Aizenberg, who is a founding core faculty member of the Wyss Institute and the Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Material Sciences at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS).

The team’s next steps for the research include larger-scale pilot studies with industry partners, longer-term operation of the LGMs, and filtering even more complex mixtures of substances. These studies will provide insight into the commercial viability of LGMs for different applications, and how long they would last in a number of uses.

“The concept of using a liquid to help filter other liquids, while perhaps not obvious to us, is prevalent in nature. It’s wonderful to see how leveraging nature’s innovation in this manner can potentially lead to huge energy savings,” said Wyss Founding Director Donald Ingber, who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical School and the Vascular Biology Program at Boston Children’s Hospital, as well as professor of bioengineering at SEAS.

Additional authors of the paper include Yuki Ainge from Northeastern University; Chris Williams and Aubrey Maltz from the University of Waterloo; and Tom Blough and Mughees Khan from the Wyss Institute at Harvard University.

Publication: Jack Alvarenga, et al., “Liquid gated membrane filtration performance with inorganic particle suspensions,” APL Materials 6, 100703 (2018); 10.1063/1.5047480

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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HARPES Technique Reveals inhand networks Ferromagnetic Secrets of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors

www.inhandnetworks.com

With the HARPES technique, a beam of hard x-rays flashed on a sample causes photoelectrons from within the bulk to be emitted. Measuring the kinetic energy of these photoelectrons and the angles at which they are ejected reveals much about the sample’s electronic structure. Here the Mn atoms in GaMnAs are shown to be aligned ferromagnetically, with all their atomic magnets pointing the same way. Image from Alex Gray

Using a new technique called HARPES, a team of scientists look to uncover the origin of the ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors.

Spintronic technology, in which data is processed on the basis of electron “spin” rather than charge, promises to revolutionize the computing industry with smaller, faster and more energy efficient data storage and processing. Materials drawing a lot of attention for spintronic applications are dilute magnetic semiconductors – normal semiconductors to which a small amount of magnetic atoms is added to make them ferromagnetic. Understanding the source of ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors has been a major road-block impeding their further development and use in spintronics. Now a significant step to removing this road-block has been taken.

A multi-institutional collaboration of researchers led by scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), using a new technique called HARPES, for Hard x-ray Angle-Resolved PhotoEmission Spectroscopy, has investigated the bulk electronic structure of the prototypical dilute magnetic semiconductor gallium manganese arsenide. Their findings show that the material’s ferromagnetism arises from both of the two different mechanisms that have been proposed to explain it.

“This study represents the first application of HARPES to a forefront problem in materials science, uncovering the origin of the ferromagnetism in the so-called dilute magnetic semiconductors,” says Charles Fadley, the physicist who led the development of HARPES. “Our results also suggest that the HARPES technique should be broadly applicable to many new classes of materials in the future.”

Alexander Gray (left) and Charles Fadley at Beamline 9.3.1 of Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source where they are now carrying out HARPES experiments. Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab

Fadley, who holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab’s Materials Sciences Division and the University of California (UC) Davis where he is a Distinguished Professor of Physics, is the senior author of a paper describing this work in the journal Nature Materials. The paper is titled “Bulk electronic structure of the dilute magnetic semiconductor GaMnAs through hard X-ray angle-resolved photoemission.” The lead and corresponding author is Alexander Gray, formerly with Fadley’s research group and now with the Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

For the semiconductors used in today’s computers, tablets and smart phones, etc., once a device is fabricated it is the electronic structures below the surface, in the bulk of the material or in buried layers, that determine its effectiveness. HARPES, which is based on the photoelectric effect described in 1905 by Albert Einstein, enables scientists to study bulk electronic effects with minimum interference from surface reactions or contamination. It also allows them to probe buried layers and interfaces that are ubiquitous in nanoscale devices, and are key to smaller logic elements in electronics, novel memory architectures in spintronics, and more efficient energy conversion in photovoltaic cells.

“The key to probing the bulk electronic structure is using hard x-rays, which are x-rays with sufficiently high photon energies to eject photoelectrons from deep beneath the surface of a solid material,” says Gray, who worked with Fadley to develop the HARPES technique. “High-energy photons impart high kinetic energies to the ejected photoelectrons, enabling them to travel longer distances within the solid. The result is that more of the signal originating from the bulk will be detected by the analyzer.”

In this new study, Gray and Fadley and their collaborators, used HARPES to shed important new light on the electronic bulk structure of gallium manganese arsenide (GaMnAs). As a semiconductor, gallium arsenide is second only to silicon in widespread use and importance. If a few percent of the gallium atoms in this semiconductor are replaced with atoms of manganese the result is a dilute magnetic semiconductor. Such materials would be especially well-suited for further development into spintronic devices if the mechanisms behind their ferromagnetism were better understood.

“Right now the temperature at which gallium manganese arsenide operates as a dilute magnetic semiconductor is 170 Kelvin,” Fadley says. “Understanding the actual mechanism by which the magnetic moments of individual manganese atoms are coupled so as to become ferromagnetic is critical to being able to design future materials that would operate at room temperature.”

The two prevailing theories behind the origin of ferromagnetism in GaMnAs and other dilute magnetic semiconductors are the “p-d exchange model” and the “double exchange model.” According to the p-d exchange model, ferromagnetism is mediated by electrons residing in the valence bands of gallium arsenide whose influence extends through the material to other manganese atoms. The double exchange model holds that the magnetism-mediating electrons reside in a separate impurity band created by doping the gallium arsenide with manganese. These electrons in effect jump back and forth between two manganese atoms so as to lower their energy when their ferromagnetic magnets are parallel.

“Our bulk-sensitive HARPES measurements revealed that the manganese-induced impurity band is located mostly between the gallium arsenide valence-band maximum and the Fermi level, but the manganese states are also merged with the gallium arsenide valence bands,” Gray says. “This is evidence that the two mechanisms co-exist and both act to give rise to ferromagnetism.”

Adds Fadley, “We now have a better fundamental understanding of electronic interactions in dilute magnetic semiconductors that can su industrial networking ggest future materials with different parent semiconductors and different mag m2m iot netic dopants. HARPES should provide an important tool for characterizing these future materials.”

Gray and Fadley conducted this study using a high intensity undulator beamline at the SPring8 synchrotron radiation facility in Hyogo, Japan, which is retail operated by the Japanese National Institute for Materials Sciences. New HARPES studies are now underway at Berkeley Lab’s Advanced Light Source (ALS) using the Multi-Technique Spectrometer/Diffractometer endstation at the hard x-ray photoemission beamline (9.3.1).

Co-authoring the Nature Materials paper with Gray and Fadley were Jan Minár, Shigenori Ueda, Peter Stone, Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Jun Fujii, Juergen Braun, Lukasz Plucinski, Claus Schneider, Giancarlo Panaccione, Hubert Ebert, Oscar Dubon and Keisuke Kobayashi.

This research was primarily supported by the DOE Office of Science.

Images: Alex Gray; Roy Kaltschmidt

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Halogen Levels in Earth-Forming Meteorites Lower Than IoT and M2M Connectvity Previously Thought

www.inhandnetworks.com

Researchers have found the halogen levels in the meteorites that formed the Earth billions of years ago are much lower than previously thought.

The research was carried out by international team of researchers, led by the Universities of Manchester and Oxford, and has been published in Nature.

Halogens such as Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine, form naturally occurring salts which are essential for most life forms – but too much can prohibit life. When previously comparing halogen levels in meteorites that formed the planet, the Earth should have unhealthy levels of salt.

Many theories have been put forward to explain the mystery Cellular modem of why, instead, Earth salt concentrations are ‘just right’ remote PLC programming . The answer turns out to be quite simple – previous estimates meteorites were just too high.

Using a new analytical technique, the team looked at different kinds of chondrite meteorites, a type of primitive meteorite approximately 4.6 billion years old.

Dr Patricia Clay, lead author of the study from the University of Manchester’s School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (SEES), said: “These kinds of meteorites are remnants of the solar nebula, a molecular cloud made up of interstellar dust and hydrogen gas that predates our Solar System. Studying them provides important clues for our understanding of the origin and age of the Solar System.”

How the Earth acquired its volatile elements has long interested scientists. To answer the question the team re-examined one of the largest collection of meteorites assembled for this type of study.

“No single model of Earth formation using the old meteorite measurements could easily account for the halogens we see today. Some of these models needed catastrophic planetary wide removal of halogens without affecting related elements – which just didn’t make sense.” Dr Patricia Clay, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences

They found that previous estimates of halogen levels in meteorites were too high, but the technique used by the team helped them avoid contaminated sources.

Dr Clay explains Industrial IoT Products : “No single model of Earth formation using the old meteorite measurements could easily account for the halogens we see today. Some of these models needed catastrophic planetary wide removal of halogens without affecting related elements – which just didn’t make sense.”

Professor Ray Burgess, co-author and also from The University of Manchester, added: “The new simplified model we have developed is a big step forward in understanding how key ingredients essential for life were brought to our planet, including water that probably helped distribute the halogens between the planetary interior and surface.”

The results were a huge surprise, and time after time each meteorite measured was found to have halogen levels far lower than previously thought, and remarkably consistent between different types of meteorites.

Professor Chris Ballentine, co-author from the University of Oxford and who designed the study, added: “Another big surprise of the study was just how uniform the halogen content of very different meteorites actually is – this is an incredibly important picture into the processes that formed the meteorites themselves – but also means that whatever meteorites formed the earth the halogen ingredients for Earth’s recipe remains the same.”

Publication: Patricia L. Clay, et al., “Halogens in chondritic meteorites and terrestrial accretion,” Nature 551, 614–618 (30 November 2017) doi:10.1038/nature24625

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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Exceptionally Preserved china webdesign Embryos Detail the Life History of a Pterosaur

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The reconstruction image made by Zhao Chuang shows the species Hamipterus tianshanensis according to the discoveries in a desert in Hami, northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Over 200 three-dimensionally preserved eggs of pterosaurs have been unearthed in China, providing new insight into the life history of the rulers of the skies in the age of dinosaurs. (Xinhua)

The pterosaur record is generally poor, and pterosaur eggs are even rarer. Only a handful of isolated occurrences of eggs and embryos have been reported so far. Three-dimensionally preserved eggs include one from Argentina and five reported from the Turpan-Hami Basin, Xinjiang, northwestern China in 2014. Our understanding of several biological questions, including their ontogenetic development and reproductive strategy for pterosaurs is very limited.

After many extensive fieldwork in the past years, Dr. WANG Xiaolin, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and his team reported on hundreds of three-dimensional (3D) pter m2m connectivity osaur eggs of the species Hamipterus tianshanensis from a Lower Cretaceous site in the Turpan-Hami Basin, 16 of which contain embryonic remains, allowing for an unexpected look at the embryology and reproductive strategy of these flying reptiles. Their study was published online 30 November in Science.

“The specimens can be attributed to Hamipterus tianshanensis, the sole species in this bonebed. The most important section is a sandstone block (3.28 m2) that yielded 215 eggs, but up to 300 may be present, because several more appear to be buried under the exposed ones,” said Dr. WANG Xiaolin, lead author of the study and project designer of the IVPP.

The eggs are in an accumulation without a preferential orientation, clearly showing transport. Their external surface shows crackin 3g g and crazing, and all are deformed to a certain extent, which indicate their pliable nature. Although most eggs are complete, small fissures resulting from decomposition and compression during burial must have occurred because all eggs are filled with sandstone, which ultimately accounts for their three-dimensionality.

Internal content could be observed in 42 eggs, either through computed tomography (CT) scanning or micropreparation. From these, 16 had embryonic remains (38% of the sample). Bones are distributed along the egg, and mostly disarticulated and displaced from their natural position.

No embryo is complete, with osteological material varying from one to several bones. This can be explained by several factors, including the presence of embryos in distinct embryological stages, differential preservation of bones, and loss of elements during transport and burial, with part of the egg content expelled. The skull roof was not well ossified before the animal hatched, and no teeth were found in any of the embryos.

More than 200 eggs of Hamipterus tianshanensis preserved in sandstones (IVPP V 18941 to 18943), scale bar 200 mm. Image by WANG Xiaolin

“Although the current available material cannot provide a complete view of the ontogenetic development of Hamipterus, and despite some uncertainty in regarding these embryos as representing late embryonic stages, some general observations can be made that considerably expand our knowledge about the embryology and ontogeny of pterosaurs,” said co-corresponding author Dr. Alexander Kellner, Department of Geology and Paleontology, Museu Nacional-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, “computed tomography scanning, osteohistology, and micropreparation reveal that some bones lack extensive ossification in potentially late-term embryos, hatchlings were likely to move around but were not able to fly, leading to the hypothesis that Hamipterus might have been less precocious than previously assumed for flying reptiles in general and probably needed some parental care.”

Most eggs were collected from white to gray, middle- to fine-grained sandstones that were deposited in a fluvio-lacustrine environment where mudstone pellets and localized lenses of mudstone are present, suggesting that events of high energy such as storms have passed over a nesting site, which might have caused the eggs to be moved inside the lake where they floated for a short period of time, becoming concentrated and eventually buried along with disarticulated skeletons.

“Our findings further demonstrate the exceptional conditions ne intelligent substation cessary for the preservation of such fragile material and can explain the notable paucity of pterosaur eggs and embryos in the paleontological record compared to other reptiles, because the preservation potential of soft-shelled specimens is regarded as very poor,” said co-author Dr. JIANG Shunxing of the IVPP.

“Furthermore, this occurrence implies colonial breeding for Hamipterus tianshanensis, as demonstrated by the osteohistological identification of individuals in different growth stages, a hypothesis previously speculated for pterosaurs on the basis of very limited evidence. Our discovery may indicate that gregarious behavior and potential nesting site fidelity might have been widespread among derived pterosaurs,” said Dr. JIANG Shunxing.

Publication: Xiaolin Wang, et al., “Egg accumulation with 3D embryos provides insight into the life history of a pterosaur,” Science 01 Dec 2017: Vol. 358, Issue 6367, pp. 1197-1201; DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2329

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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MIT Chemists Use Modified Anthrax To 4g router xin to Deliver Cancer Drugs

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MIT chemistry professor Yogesh Surendranath and three colleagues have found a way to use electricity, which could potentially come from renewable sources, to convert methane into derivatives of methanol. The researchers developed a low-temperature electrochemical process that would continuously replenish a catalyst material that can rapidly carry out the conversion.

Scientists at MIT have developed a new way to harness wasted methane that could help curb needless “flaring” of potent greenhouse gas.

Methane gas, a vast natural resource, is often disposed of through burning, but new research by scientists at MIT could make it easier to capture LTE router this gas for use as fuel or a chemical feedstock.

Many oil wells burn off methane — the largest component of natural gas — in a process called flaring, which currently wastes 150 billion cubic meters of the gas each year and generates a staggering 400 million tons of carbon dioxide, making this process a significant contributor to global warming. Letting the gas escape unburned would lead to even greater environmental harm, however, because methane is an even more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide is.

Why is all this methane being w M2M LTE router asted, when at the same time natural gas is touted as an important “bridge” fuel as the world steers away from fossil fuels, and is the centerpiece of the so-called shale-gas revolution? The answer, as the saying goes in the real estate business, is simple: location, location, location.

The wells where methane is flared away are primarily being exploited for their petroleum; the methane is simply a byproduct. In places where it is convenient to do so, methane is captured and used to generate electrical power or produce chemicals. However, special equipment is needed to cool and pressurize methane gas, and special pressurized containers or pipelines are needed to transport it. In many places, such as offshore oil platforms or remote oil fields far from the needed infrastructure, that’s just not economically viable.

But now, MIT chemistry professor Yogesh Surendranath and three colleagues have found a way to use electricity, which could potentially come from renewable sources, to convert methane into derivatives of methanol, a liquid that can be made into automotive fuel or used as a precursor to a variety of chemical products. This new method may allow for lower-cost methane conversion at remote sites. The findings, described in the journal ACS Central Science, could pave the way to making use of a significant methane supply that is otherwise totally wasted.

“This finding opens the doors for a new paradigm of methane conversion chemistry,” says Jillian Dempsey, an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of North Carolina, who was not involved in this work.

Existing industrial processes for converting methane to liquid intermediate chemical forms requires very high operating temperatures and large, capital-intensive equipment. Instead, the researchers have developed a low-temperature electrochemical process that would continuously replenish a catalyst material that can rapidly carry out the conversion. This technology could potentially lead to “a relatively low-cost, on-site addition to existing wellhead operations,” says Surendranath, who is the Paul M. Cook Career Development Assistant Professor in MIT’s Department of Chemistry.

The electricity to power such systems could come from wind turbines or solar panels close to the site, he says. This electrochemical process, he says, could provide a way to do the methane conversion — a process also known as functionalizing — “remotely, where a lot of the ‘stranded’ methane reserves are.”

Already, he says, “methane is playing a key role as a transition fuel.” But the amount of this valuable fuel that is now just flared away, he says, “is pretty staggering.” That vast amount of wasted natural gas can even be seen in satellite images of the Earth at night, in areas such as the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota that light up as brightly as big metropolitan areas due to flaring. Based on World Bank estimates, global flaring of methane Transformer Monitoring wastes an amount equivalent to approximately one-fifth of U.S. natural gas consumption.

When that gas gets flared off rather than directly released, Surendranath says, “you’re reducing the environmental harm, but you’re also wasting the energy.” Finding a way to do methane conversion at sufficiently low cost to make it practical for remote sites “has been a grand challenge in chemistry for decades,” he says. What makes methane conversion so tough is that the carbon-hydrogen bonds in the methane molecule resist being broken, and at the same time there’s a risk of overdoing the reaction and ending up with a runaway process that destroys the desired end-product.

Catalysts that could do the job have been studied for many years, but they typically require harsh chemical agents that limit the speed of the reaction, he says. The key new advance was adding an electrical driving force that could be tuned precisely to generate more potent catalysts with very high reaction rates. “Since we’re using electricity to drive the process, this opens up new opportunities for making the process more rapid, selective, and portable than existing methods,” Surendranath says. And in addition, “we can access catalysts that no one has observed before, because we’re generating them in a new way.”

The result of the reaction is a pair of liquid chemicals, methyl bisulfate and methanesulfonic acid, which can be further processed to make liquid methanol, a valuable chemical intermediate to fuels, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. The additional processing steps needed to make methanol remain very challenging and must be perfected before this technology can be implemented on an industrial scale. The researchers are actively refining their method to tackle these technological hurdles.

“This work really stands out because it not only reports a new system for selective catalytic functionalization of methane to methanol precursors, but it includes detailed insight into how the system is able to carry out this selective chemistry. The mechanistic information will be instrumental in translating this exciting discovery into an industrial technology,” Dempsey says.

The research team included postdoc Matthew O’Reilly and doctoral students Rebecca Soyoung Kim and Seokjoon Oh, all in MIT’s Department of Chemistry. The work was supported by the Italian energy company Eni S.p.A. through the MIT Energy Initiative.

Publication: Matthew E. O’Reilly, et al., “Catalytic Methane Monofunctionalization by an Electrogenerated High-Valent Pd Intermediate,” ACS Cent. Sci., 2017; DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00342

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years ago

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CryoSat Sate industrial internet of things llite Shows Increased Volume of Arctic Sea Ice

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Every year the Arctic Ocean experiences the formation and then melting of vast amounts of ice that floats on the sea surface. This sea ice plays a central role in polar climate and the global ocean circulation pattern.

New measurements from ESA’s CryoSat Satellite show that the volume of Arctic sea ice increased following the unusually cool summer of 2013, suggesting that ice in the northern hemisphere is more sensitive to changes in summer melting than it is to winter cooling.

Scientists at University College London (UCL) and the University of Leeds in the UK used 88 million sea-ice thickness measurements taken by CryoSat between 2010 and 2014.

The study, published today in Nature Geoscience, shows a 14% reduction in the volume of summer sea ice between 2010 and 2012, but the volume of ice jumped by 41% in 2013, when the summer was 5% cooler than the previous year.

Lead author Rachel Tilling, from the Center for Polar Observation and Modelling (CPOM) at UCL, said, “The summer of 2013 was much cooler than recent years, with temperatures typical of those seen in the late 1990s.

“This allowed thick sea ice to persist northwest of Greenland because there were fewer days when it could melt. Although models have sugg wireless atm ested that the volume of Arctic sea ice is in long-term decline, we know now that it can recover by a significant amount if the melting season is cut short.”

Autumn Arctic sea-ice thickness as measured by CryoSat between 2010 and 2014.

Launched in 2010, CryoSat measures the height of ice – both of that floating in the polar oceans and of the vast ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica. This information is essential for working out the thickness of the ice and how it is changing and, ultimately, how the volume of Earth’s ice is being affected by the climate.

The volume of Arctic ice has been steadily falling since the late 1970s, but was difficult to assess accurately before CryoSat.

Rachel added, “Until CryoSat was launched, it was tricky to measure the volume of Arctic sea ice as the pack drifts and measurements could not be taken across the whole region car router .

“Together with maps of sea-ice extent, our measurements of sea-ice thickness now complete the picture because they reveal what’s going on below the water, where most of the action happens.”

The team say although the first five years of CryoSat measurements have revealed important information on the state of Arctic sea ice, the record is still short to establish a long-term trend.

Professor Andrew Shepherd, Director of CPOM, said, “Understanding what controls the amount of Arctic sea ice takes us one step closer to making reliable predictions of how long it will last, which is important because it is a key component of Earth’s climate system.

“Although the jump in volume means that the region is unlikely to be ice free this summer, we still Industrial IoT Products expect temperatures to rise in the future, and so the events of 2013 will have simply wound the clock back a few years on the long-term pattern of decline.

“Our goal is to make sure we do not lose this unique capability to monitor Arctic sea ice when the mission ends.”

The team now plans to use CryoSat’s measurements of changing sea-ice thickness to help improve the models that are used to predict future climate change, and also to assist maritime activities in the Arctic region, which can be dangerous and costly to navigate.

Tommaso Parrinello, ESA’s CryoSat Manager, said, “CryoSat has been in orbit for over five years now and still continues to demonstrate excellence by delivering the precise data that scientists need to advance polar science – we remain very proud of our satellite.”

Publication: Rachel L. Tilling, et al., “Increased Arctic sea ice volume after anomalously low melting in 2013,” Nature Geoscience, 2015; doi:10.1038/ngeo2489

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