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architectnews · 4 years ago

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School of the Art Institute of Chicago presents 10 student architectural projects

A project that uses hand-drawing techniques to explore 'contemporary ruins' and another that examines rapidly expanding global cities are included in Dezeen's latest school show by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

Also included is a project that explores adaptive reuse as a means to solve Chicago's housing issue and another that examines how "house museums" serve as an opportunity to think about the way architecture communicates.

School of the Art Institute of Chicago

Institute: School of the Art Institute of Chicago School: Department of Architecture and Interior Architecture Courses: Graduate Thesis Projects Professors: Linda Keane, Andres Hernandez, Carl Ray Miller, Charles Pipal, Hennie Reynders, Joshua Stein, Andrew Schachman, Tristan Sterk and Monika Thadhani

School statement:

"At the School of the Art Institute of Chicago's Department of Architecture and Interior Architecture, we encourage and practice a vibrant engagement with design at all scales – from the body to large scale environments.

"Our faculty in the Department of Architecture share a vision through which collaborative thinking, making, and sharing practices are the categorical imperatives in the 21st century through which meaningful cultural research and innovation reinforce society as we undergo deep transformations.

"Our vision is grounded in a reflective and critical engagement with an increasingly complex assemblage of environments and the realities of contemporary life. We encourage a restless curiosity in our students and belief in a plurality of approaches from our faculty, visiting designers, and critics.

"Students need to be comfortable with uncertainty and complexity, often having to locate their creative imagination outside disciplinary boundaries and as such, the department responds with significant alternative modes of learning.

"Our faculty believe that future designers need to be thinking designers – practitioners willing to explore unknown territory and engage problems not yet defined – as such allowing transversal forms of exploration and meaningful moments of sharing across all clusters of research and practice throughout the institution and beyond."

Encounter by Jovana Crnomarkovic

"Encounter engages the work of architect, urbanist and essayist Bogdan Bogdanović in a speculative, collaborative dialogue. It places him amongst the company of figures such as ACTUP's Gran Fury, surrealist authors, and me, as a curious architectural student, to recover the underpinnings of memorialisation in the former Yugoslavia before its fragmentation and subsequent oblivion.

"Through a close reading of Bogdanović's memoirs and essays and study of his drawings, I map out his unique position as the state's creative proxy as well as one of its most outspoken dissidents.

"Instead of relating to others through apparent commonalities or by insisting we can map ourselves onto another's experience, how can we form relationships across the distance of our difference? In this vein, I am not arguing for the commonalities of my chosen conversational partners, but their relationship is a complex fabric.

"Bogdanović eludes both figurative and abstract representations in his memorials, offering a perspective into incommensurate belonging in design which moves beyond translating these ideas to expand upon an accepted 20th-century architectural canon."

Student: Jovana Crnomarkovic Course: MArch Thesis

Adaptive Reuse as a Tool by Amanda Fuson

"My thesis responds to the condition of the housing crisis in Chicago and the solution that vacant, historically significant buildings provide. My methodology includes creating a research engine that identifies buildings in disinvested neighbourhoods that are historically significant and vacant, identifying the common building types that characterise the fabric of these neighbourhoods, and testing these building types against economies of scale and preservation principles.

"This methodology establishes a conceptual template for identifying networks of the historic building stock and provides typology-specific design solutions for their adaptive reuse.

"Through this lens, I hope to examine the strategy of reusing embodied energy as sustainable practice and its benefits that support both equitable housing and preserving the cultural identity of neighbourhoods."

Student: Amanda Fuson Course: MArch Thesis / Certificate in Historic Preservation

Tactical Urbanism for Protesting by Shun Nien Miao

"The project explores and propositions a public space in which activists and the protesting public can insert infrastructure within interstitial spaces and quasi-private thresholds that exist between buildings and the commons in Lower Manhattan, New York City. An intervention that bridges urban typologies and aims to create a new urban culture through architectural innovation and political disruption.

"The series is a combination of mapping public/private and the odd existence of 'privately owned public space', factual and fictional scenario collages and 'text/script', that informs the process by which a grassroots creation of public space – from the contingent condition, temporal occupation to permanent intervention, can take hold."

Student: Shun Nien Miao Course: MArch – with an Emphasis in Interior Architecture Thesis

Connect the Line by Tinglei Zhang

"Connect the Line refreshes Linhai as a contemporary site and addresses the current shifts between traditional and contemporary cultural landscapes on county-level scales of urbanisation.

"The proposed architectural interventions aim to counter the shrinking of the population and create alternative opportunities for the mobile youth and left-behind elderly groups alike. Building upon existing historical infrastructure and traditional neighbourhood texture, new and surprising interventions activate social interactions between young and old."

Student: Tinglei Zhang Course: MArch Thesis

Present Futures: Mechanics of Ethnocratic Colonial Urbanism by Rula Zuhour

"Within Jerusalem's city boundary but outside the Separation Wall, the neighbourhood of Kafr Aqab is a ledge where Palestinian Jerusalemites resort to live. Behind them is a concrete wall sealing off a city that constantly pushes them out, and ahead of them is a downfall that renders them stateless.

"This thesis investigates past and current Israeli colonization tactics that have created the Kafr Aqab phenomenon, where architecture and urban planning are instruments of dispossession, displacement and control. Based on this investigation, the thesis speculates about possible futures for Kafr Aqab and its inhabitants.

"By examining moments in space and time of idiosyncratic collisions between the urban fabric, military structures, and political boundaries, the thesis reveals the method in which those territorial tools operate in parallel with oppressive legal, civilian, and administrative policies to expand Israel's territory and consolidate its control while displacing and fragmenting Palestinian communities."

Student: Rula Zuhour Course: MArch Thesis

Data Can Architect – and it is personal by Heidi Metcalf

"Our data permeates every aspect of our lived experience. Architecture has become the backdrop of these digital realities. In this world, can data architect? Through digital networks like Twitter and Instagram, users are primed to expect adaptive environments.

"With a simple 'like' or forward, the digital condition is algorithmically redesigned to suit our interests. This work evaluates eight cultural sites in Chicago and appropriates algorithmic processes used by digital networks and social media platforms. Designing a speculative process for re-conceptualizing the foundations of architectural ideating determines that data can architect – and it is personal."

Student: Heidi Metcalf Course: MArch Thesis

Vagabondage on Architectural Ruins by Yiwen Chu

"As a Master of Architecture graduate Yiwen Chu is interested in all kinds of contemporary ruins. With an undergraduate background in 3D design and furniture design, Chu practices design across various disciplines and scales.

"She uses hand-drawing techniques to illustrate her conceptual thinking and in her thesis asked whether explorers and vagrant nomads can insert a narrative of occupation and de-occupation over contemporary ruins so as to create places that stress the importance of death, birth, memory and introduce a contingent spatial typology of temporal belonging."

Student: Yiwen Chu Course: MArch Thesis

Exurban Futures: A handbook for architecture's potential on an emerging frontier; Chicagoland's periphery by Andrew Phyfer

"Intrigued by the 'edge conditions' that surround our rapidly expanding global cities – the moments where city and countryside begin to blur – this project aims to provide architectural suggestions for a zone that is under-addressed by the academy and profession.

"From a series of prompts and artefacts – geological calendars, soil production indices, supply and logistics networks, settler outpost, suburban present, and projected future planning scenarios – five exploratory operations are produced for Building Thriving Ecologies.

"This includes Establishing Robust Agricultural Platforms; Diversifying Regional Exchange; Radicalizing the Single-family Home and Empowering Sociocultural Network. The final hybrids that emerge from these typological explorations suggest spatial propositions of exurban futures, a synthesis of a journey, exposing the invisible forces at play and invite further integration by stakeholders."

Student: Andrew Phyfer Course: MArch Thesis

Space Frame Earth Sky by Kekeli Sumah

"As a city, Chicago has influenced how I think about the scope of my work. I used to confine my work to paper and to the studio, but there is a lot of freedom here and a lot of opportunities to work with organisations and individuals from many different fields.

"This environment has made my practice interdisciplinary in a way that extends beyond the studio and into the built environment. My current interests are in house museums and how they serve as an opportunity to think about the way architecture communicates.

"I'm interested in investigating this typology through three constructs: "Homeness," "Houseness," and "Museumness." These categories are mapped to a different way of understanding architectural communication, namely: symbolic, materialistic, and programmatic.

"I hope to draw attention to how house museums as a typology flicker between these different modes of communication, becoming indeterminate in the process, which I argue, opens them up to new possibilities."

Student: Kekeli Sumah Course: MArch Thesis

A Soulful Body: School of the Art Institute of Chicago presents ten student architectural projectsby Leila Khoury

"Khoury's graduate thesis, A Soulful Body: The Immigration and Placemaking of Arabs in Detroit, chronicles the history and built environment of Detroit's Arab American communities.

"In addition to highlighting buildings that were adaptively reused by refugee and immigrant groups in the last century, A Soulful Body speaks to the ways in which the groups continually carve out space for themselves in spite of the displacement they’ve endured in both historic and contemporary contexts. A Soulful Body was selected to be published by Empress Editions through their juried Artist Book Residency in August 2020."

Student: Leila Khoury Course: MArch Thesis

Partnership content

This school show is a partnership between Dezeen and the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Find out more about Dezeen partnership content here.

The post School of the Art Institute of Chicago presents 10 student architectural projects appeared first on Dezeen.

#Architecture – Dezeen

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juniperpublishers-agriculture · 4 years ago

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Which Sustainable Development Goals and Eco-challenges Matter Most to Niger’s Farmers and Herdsmen? A Best Worst Scaling Approach- Juniper publishers

The sustainable development has been defined as the capacity of the present generation to achieve their needs without preventing the future generation to achieve their needs. Several studies have indicated that concerted effort have been globally, regionally, nationally, and locally undertaken to increase public awareness for sustainable development goals and eco-challenges.

At global level, the 193 world leaders have e 1gathered at United Nations (UN) to adopt the seven (17) sustainable development goals to achieve several extraordinary things by 2030 namely ending poverty, promoting prosperity and well-being for all and protecting our environment (2015). It has been documented that for the goals to work, people need to know them and if goals are famous, they cannot be forgotten. The united Nation secretary stated that 2015 is year of historic opportunity for our generation to end poverty, to take a step to reduce climate change threats, to adopt a new development agenda and finally set the world on course for a better future [1]. He also stated that our generation can be the first to end extreme poverty, the most determined generation to end injustice and inequalities and the last generation to be threatened by climate change.

At national level, governments around the world have pledged to leave no one behind, meaning that working towards shared progress so that progress is equality shared amongst people on top of society and those on the margin of society. This is furthered illustrated by Gandhi saying that a nation’s greatness is measured by how it treats its weakest members. The steps the international community needs to set on course to make sure no one is left behind have also been documented and disseminated. Previous studies have indicated that more and better data should be collected, policies and programs focusing on reaching vulnerable populations need to be developed and awareness must be raised in the community and beyond [1].

At regional level, sustainable development goals have integrated in all projects and programs. Projects such herd rebuilding, restoration of fragile ecosystems via tree planting and sustainable land management, income generating activities, cash and food for asset and support for crop production have been executed so as to guide farmers and herdsmen towards wise utilization of scare resources and thereby building sustainable communities. The water-energy-food nexus approach has great potential to increase the resilience of marginalized communities in southern Africa by contributing towards attaining the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 13). Studies have well-documented that climate change adaptation strategies and water-energy-food nexus should be integrated to achieve opportunities geared towards proper resource management, better harmonization of activities across all sectors, build resilience, and reduce vulnerabilities; thereby attaining regional development goals [2-4].

At local level, a grass root level movement aims at creating awareness around sustainable development has been initiated and reinforced. Local movement via farm and garden schools where a few farmers received training on human capacity building has been a success. These farmers once well-equipped are encouraged to train and share production experience with other farmers, thereby creating a wide learning networking. This technique has been increasingly experimented with a high-level adaptation rate. The saying thinking locally and acting globally as well as the bottom up approach in which farmers are encouraged to design the project and the project does the development are well shared and documented by keeping producing p successful stories.

However, little is relatively known about the farmers and herdsmen awareness and preferences for sustainable development and eco-challenges and it is often based on merely simple speculation. The overall objective of this paper is to evaluate farmers and herdsmen’s awareness and preferences for sustainable development goals and eco-challenges.

Synthesis of Previous Studies

Several studies related to sustainable development have been researched and documented. [5] have focused on the relevance of endogenous preferences in the explanation of consumer behavior and its role for sustainable development. The motivation for their study is based on their thought that demand side has received far less attention in the sustainability discussion than the production side. They feel that there seems, however little doubt that consumption is equally important to achieving sustainability. With reference to a specific type of local food market of community supported agriculture (CSA) groups, this study investigates consumer behavior and its relevance in sustainable development. This study is important in providing information on the change in preferences after interaction with the farmers and other market participants for several years. This learning aspect may, however, prove crucial to identify paths towards sustainable development.

[6] have also explored linkages between climate change and sustainable development from a “developing country perspective” in Brazil, India, the West African region, South Africa and South Asia. These authors reported that the central concerns about sustainability include economic, social and environmental dimensions and will necessary influence action in each of these areas. [7] have also reported that the main objective in the economic dimension of sustainability is the “economic use” of natural resources. Another cross-cutting sustainability issue relates to maintaining eco-system “health’. Climate change may threaten eco-system health in several important ways, including accelerating irreversible change such as through loss of species and of habitats (for example, coral reef systems). Such concerns lead decision-makers to focus on “durability” as opposed to optimization. The social dimension of sustainability raises a number of important “fairness” issues [8]. These authors have reported that fairness in the process of making climate policy including participation and access to decision-making, which will inevitably determine the perceived fairness of any policy and ultimately its effectiveness.

The application of Likert scale in ranking items has gained popularity in psychology before spreading in various academic fields. However, Likert scale does not give room for trade off amongst items being ranked and interpreting results from Likert scale estimation is still a big challenge. The application of best worst scaling (BWS) and count-based method has recently been gaining a momentum in the academic literature. The BWS application in agricultural sector include studies on evaluating consumers general and specific food values [9,10], [11] who studied preferences for sustainable agricultural production, [12] who evaluated Haitian’s preferences for food and other basic commodities after the earthquake, [12] assessed improved cowpea seed attributes evaluation, [13] who evaluated US consumers preferences for agricultural and food policies and [14] who investigated Bangladeshi consumers’ preferences for fresh vegetable. These studies have failed to document sustainable development goals and eco-challenges and their respective policy options.

Methodology and Data Collection Method

The authors have followed the methods developed by [9] stating that in a set of k elements, there are k(k-1) possible combinations. He further highlighted that the choice of a pair of strategies in the k(k−1) combinations corresponds to a maximum allocation of the choice difference. [9] also concluded that countbased approach and conditional logit used to model this process yield the same results. Thus, conditional logit model was used to analyze the best worst scale data. For each question, the ecochallenge selected as best is coded as 1, while those selected as worst is coded minus one and the remaining eco-challenges not being selected is coded as zero. The joint probability distribution is more appropriate to model this behavior. The probability that in each block one sustainable development goal has been chosen as the best and another as a worst is the probability that the difference between that of best and worst must be greater all k(k- 1)-1.Thus, this probability can be mathematically represented as follows:

Thirdly, the preference shares for each sustainable development goals were evaluated using the exponential function expressed as follows:

Where Vj =Xβj is the utility of the goal j, whilst Vk=Xβk is the utility of the goal k.

The best worst scaling (BWS) is increasingly used in various fields of study. It was used to collect data. In the field of agricultural economics, the use of BWS is still in its infancy and there is need to investigate the merit of several experimental design techniques. The balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) was used to design questionnaire served in the data collection. Thus, seventeen (17) sustainable development goals as documented in the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) agenda were used to create three goals per block. Each goal is randomly assigned to block in three times, thereby maintaining the equal probability principle. For each question, respondents were asked to choose his best and worst sustainable development goals and this behavior is consistent with random utility theory, which is well-rooted in the microeconomics theory.

The survey was conducted in two three villages namely Dakatche, Fonkoye and Tahoua city, all located in Tahoua State. Respondents were randomly selected and interviewed. To increase diversity in our sample, a specific gender is targeted within a given household, thereby creating opportunity for rural women get their voices heard. In total, 136 respondents consisting of 69 farmers and 67 herdsmen were selected and interviewed. As shown in Table 1, an example of a question related to sustainable development goals is presented.

Similarly, the count-based method was used to determine the nine (9) eco-challenge values. First the nine eco-challenges were presented and their meanings clearly explained to respondents. Secondly, the questionnaire was immediately administered by asking respondents to select his three most important eco-challenges and his three least important eco-challenges. Respondents have also received explanation that eco-challenge cannot be selected as best and worst at the same time, implying that selecting one eco-challenge as best excludes its chance to be chosen as the worst and vice versa. As depicted in Table 2, the questionnaire related how eco-challenges are presented to respondents:

The process of asking respondents to repeatedly ranking his best and worst eco-challenges is consistent with utility theory, which is deeply rooted in microeconomic theory. This implies that the difference between the number of times an eco-challenge being selected as best and the number of times being chosen as worst is underlying utility maximization.

Thus, the utility function for eco-challenge can be mathematically expressed as follows:

Where Vi is utility for person i, WA is for water, HEA is for health, FO is for food, NA is for nature, CO is for community, EN is for energy, SI stands for simplicity, WAS stands for waste and TRA stands for transportation. The preference shares were also computed by taking the exponential function of each coefficient, summing them up and calculating the weight of each ecochallenge. The analysis of the literature indicates that the countbased and conditional logit estimates are quiet similar [9,12].

Results and Discussion

This section presents results from summary statistics of surveyed respondents, conditional logit estimates and the best worst scaling. Table 3 reports summary statistics of respondents. Table 3 reveals that most of the respondents were men (96%), married (99%), uneducated (38%) and had an average income (37500 FCFA) with an average age of 42 year. Table 3 also shows that most respondent had 10 persons, 30ha and 5 animals for family size, farm size and herd size respectively. The question related to awareness indicates that 80% of farmers are not aware of sustainable development goals, implying that awareness exercise should be carried out among uneducated farmers and herdsmen to increase the understanding of the sustainable development goals.

Table 4 reports results from conditional logit estimates. Results from likelihood ratio test indicate that the null hypothesis was rejected and the authors concluded that data from farmers and herdsmen could be pooled and therefore only the pooled model was reported and interpreted. Coefficients with positive signs are considered as the most important, while coefficients with negative sign are considered as the least important. Table 4 reveal that gender equality (0.736), followed by industry, innovation and infrastructures (0.611), no poverty (0.378), climate action (0.362), reduced inequalities (0.341), clean water and sanitation (0.323), zero hunger (0.210), quality education (0.190) are positive and significant, indicating that these sustainable development goals were most commonly selected as the most important policies for farmers and herdsmen relative to partnerships to goals. However, affordable and clean energy, responsible production and consumption and life on land are negative and significant, showing that these sustainable development goals were least preferred by farmers and herdsmen. Table 4 also provides results for relative scores. The relative importance of each sustainable development goals is calculated relative to partnership. Results revealed that 11% and 9% of farmers and herdsmen consider gender equality and industry, innovation and infrastructures as the most and second most important sustainable development goal policies respectively. Similarly, 11% and 10% of farmers consider gender equality and industry, innovation and infrastructures as the most desirable polices respectively; while 10% and 9% of herdsmen view gender equality and industry, innovation and infrastructures, respectively. This implies that farmers’ preferences for these sustainable development goals are higher than those of herdsmen. In addition, no poverty, clean water and sanitation, reduced inequalities and climate action were viewed by 7% of farmers and herdsmen as the third most important sustainable development goals in the study area.

Table 5 presents results from the count-based method analysis related to eco-challenges. Coefficients with positive signs are considered as the most important, while coefficients with negative sign are considered as the least important. Table 5 shows that water (0.309), followed by health (0.257) and food (0.252) are positive, implying that these eco-challenges are the most preferred by farmers and herdsmen. However, nature (-0.020), community (-0.032), energy (-0.108), simplicity (-0.135), waste (-0.164) and transportation (-0.184) are negative, revealing that these ecochallenges are least preferred by farmers. The relative importance as shown in Table 3 indicate that water as eco-challenge has the highest share (14.58%), against health (13.84%) and against food (13.77%). However, transportation as eco-challenge has the lowest share (8.90%), followed by waste (9.08%) and simplicity (9.35%). This implies that water, health and food are the most preferred eco-challenges that should be promoted in the study. Results reveal that the sum of best (422) is greater than that of worst (350), implying that best options are more likely to be chosen that worst options. These results are consistent with studies by Flammini et al (2017) and Beddington [2] concluding that water, energy, and food resources are important for human wellbeing, poverty reduction, and sustainable development and their management is vital to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, FAO [4] stated that understanding and managing water, energy and food are essential for human wellbeing, poverty reduction and sustainable development [15-17].

Conclusion

Several studies have investigated the impact of sustainable development goals and eco-challenges on the economic growth in both developed and developing nations. The definition and goals of sustainable development as well as eco-challenges have been increasingly becoming harmonized and widely accepted by United Nations. Tremendous efforts and strategies have been undertaken both at local, regional, national and global level to achieve the sustainable development goals and eco-challenges. However, relatively little is known how farmers and herdsmen’s values these sustainable development goals and eco-challenges. This paper sought to determine farmers and herdsmen’s preferences for sustainable development goals and eco-challenges.

Results suggest that young male and married farmers and herdsmen having large family size and herd size should be identified and trained to successful implement the sustainable development goals and eco-challenges in the study area. Results reveal that gender equality, followed by industry, innovation and infrastructures, no poverty, climate action, reduced inequalities, clean water and sanitation, zero hunger and quality education are the most preferred sustainable development goals. Results also indicate that water, health and food are the most desirable ecochallenges.

In this study, the authors have attempted to determine farmers and herdsmen’s preferences for sustainable development goals and eco-challenges as documented by United Nations Development program. The findings of this study should be fully integrated in the sustainable development agenda, thereby providing baseline information for policymakers to strategically plan and guide local development program by considering sustainable development goals and eco-challenges as suggested by farmers and herdsmen. Future direction for research is to assess sustainable development goals and eco-challenges across counties, regions, nations and continents. It could be important to track a panel of people to study the stability of farmers and herdsmen’s preferences for sustainable development goals and eco-challenges over time. It is also important to determine the influence of farmers and herdsmen socioeconomic characteristics on the sustainable development goal and eco-challenges values. Finally, the use of a BWS approach to expl

ore not only Niger’s Farmers and herdsmen preferences for sustainable development and eco-challenges policies, but also to enrich the existing literature would provide strong basis for various policy evaluations in the future.

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#agriculture #crop rotation #Juniper Publishers #soil ecology

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billi7423 · 4 years ago

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Our lives are affected by our surroundings in

many ways. We depend on the resources to

sustain ourselves in the surrounding areas.

Primitive societies subsisted on ‘natural means

of subsistence’, i.e. edible plants and animals.

With the passage of time, we developed

technologies and started producing our food

using natural resources such as land, soil and

water. We adjusted our food habits and

clothing according to the prevailing weather

conditions. There are variations in the natural

resource base, technological development,

adaptation with and modification of physical

environment, social organisations and cultural

development. As a student of geography, you

should be curious to know about all the

phenomena which vary over space. You learn

about the diverse lands and people. You

should also be interested in understanding the

changes which have taken place over time.

Geography equips you to appreciate diversity

and investigate into the causes responsible for

creating such variations over time and space.

You will develop skills to understand the globe

converted into maps and have a visual sense

of the earth’s surface. The understanding and

the skills obtained in modern scientific

techniques such as GIS and computer

cartography equip you to meaningfully

contribute to the national endeavour for

development.

Now the next question which you may like

to ask is — What is geography? You know that

earth is our home. It is also the home of many

other creatures, big and small, which live on

the earth and sustain. The earth’s surface is

not uniform. It has variations in its physical

features. There are mountains, hills, valleys,

plains, plateaus, oceans, lakes, deserts and

wilderness. There are variations in its social

and cultural features too. There are villages,

cities, roads, railways, ports, markets and

many other elements created by human beings

across the entire period of their cultural

development.

This variation provides a clue to the

understanding of the relationship between the

physical environment and social/cultural

features. The physical environment has

provided the stage, on which human societies

enacted the drama of their creative skills with

the tools and techniques which they invented

and evolved in the process of their cultural

development. Now, you should be able to

attempt the answer of the question posed

earlier as to “What is geography”? In very

simple words, it can be said that geography

is the description of the earth. The term

geography was first coined by Eratosthenese,

a Greek scholar (276-194 BC.). The word has

been derived from two roots from Greek

language geo (earth) and graphos (description).

Put together, they mean description of the earth.

The earth has always been seen as the abode

of human beings and thus, scholars defined

geography as, “the description of the earth as

the abode of human beings”. You are aware of

the fact that reality is always multifaceted and

the ‘earth’ is also multi-dimensional, that is

why many disciplines from natural sciences

such as geology, pedology, oceanography,

botany, zoology and meteorology and a

number of sister disciplines in social sciences

such as economics, history, sociology, political

science, anthropology, etc. study different

aspects of the earth’s surface. Geography is

different from other sciences in its subject

matter and methodology but at the same time,

it is closely related to other disciplines.

Geography derives its data base from all the

natural and social sciences and attempts their

synthesis.

We have noted that there exist variations

over the surface of the earth in its physical as

well as cultural environment. A number of

phenomena are similar and many are dissimilar.

It was, therefore, logical to perceive geography

as the study of areal differentiation. Thus,

geography was perceived to study all those

phenomena which vary over space.

Geographers do not study only the variations

in the phenomena over the earth’s surface

(space) but also study the associations with

the other factors which cause these variations.

For example, cropping patterns differ from

region to region but this variation in cropping

pattern, as a phenomenon, is related to

variations in soils, climates, demands in the

market, capacity of the farmer to invest and

technological inputs available to her/him.

Thus, the concern of geography is to find out

the causal relationship between any two

phenomena or between more than one

phenomenon.

A geographer explains the phenomena in

a frame of cause and effect relationship, as it

does not only help in interpretation but also

foresees the phenomena in future.

The geographical phenomena, both the

physical and human, are not static but highly

dynamic. They change over time as a result of

the interactive processes between ever

changing earth and untiring and ever-active

human beings. Primitive human societies were

directly dependent on their immediate

environment. Geography, thus, is concerned

with the study of Nature and Human

interactions as an integrated whole. ‘Human’

is an integral part of ‘nature’ and ‘nature’ has

the imprints of ‘human’. ‘Nature’ has influenced

different aspects of human life. Its imprints can

be noticed on food, clothing, shelter and

occupation. Human beings have come to terms

with nature through adaptation and

modification. As you already know, the present

society has passed the stage of primitive

societies, which were directly dependent on

their immediate physical environment for

sustenance. Present societies have modified

their natural environment by inventing and

using technology and thus, have expanded the

horizon of their operation by appropriating and

utilising the resources provided by nature. With

the gradual development of technology, human

beings were able to loosen the shackles of their

physical environment. Technology helped in

reducing the harshness of labour, increased

labour efficiency and provided leisure to

human beings to attend to the higher needs of

life. It also increased the scale of production

and the mobility of labour.

The interaction between the physical

environment and human beings has been very

succinctly described by a poet in the following

dialogue between ‘human’ and ‘nature’ (God).

You created the soil, I created the cup, you

created night, I created the lamp. You created

wilderness, hilly terrains and deserts; I

created flower beds and gardens. Human

beings have claimed their contribution using

natural resources. With the help of technology,

human beings moved from the stage of

necessity to a stage of freedom. They have put

their imprints everywhere and created new

possibilities in collaboration with nature. Thus,

we now find humanised nature and

naturalised human beings and geography

studies this interactive relationship. The space

got organised with the help of the means of

transportation and communication network.

The links (routes) and nodes (settlements of all

#geography #literature #writing

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juniperpublishersajop · 4 years ago

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Polyurethane: Recent Engineering Contributions

Abstract

Polyurethane is one of the most versatile polymers which stands out with a wide range of tunable properties such as chemical stability, flexibility, abrasion and scratch resistance, toughness and biodegradability. It is a unique polymer containing alternating soft and hard segments. This review covers the most recent (2018-2019) engineering research contributions done for the synthesis, properties and applications of the polyurethane foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers, composites and insists on the important aspects and realizations related to the polyurethane flammability and acoustic.

Keywords: Polyurethane Synthesis; Applications; Properties; Flammability; Acoustics

Abbreviations: AC: Alternative Current; BPAF: 4,4’ [2,2,2,-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethylidene] bisphenol; CNT: Carbon Nano tube; DAP: Dimer fatty acid band polyol; DC: Direct current; DMA: Dynamic mechanic analysis; DSC: Dynamic scanning calorimetry; DTP: N,N’,N’’-tri(dietoxy) phosphoramide; EG: Expanded graphite; EMD: Non-Reactive Phosphonate; EPUUS: Ureaurethane elastomer; FGO: Functionalized graphene oxide; FHPO-PO: Phosphorous Containing Polyether Polyol; FR: Fire Retardant; FTIR: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; FTPU: Fluorinated Thermoplastic Polyurethane; G: Graphene; GO: Graphene oxide; HFBA 2,2,3,3,4,: heptafluoro-butiric acid 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl-butyl ester; HRR: Heat release rate; HPU: Hyper Branched Polyurethane; LMPET: Low Melting Polyester; LOI: Limited Oxygen Index; MW: Molecular Weight; PEG: Poly(ethylene glycol); PHRR: Peak Heat Release Rate; PPG: Poly (propylene glycol); POSS Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsequioxanes; PU: Polyurethane; PU FR: Polyurethane with FR; RO: Rape seed oil; SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy; SPB: Soybean Oil Based Polyol; TEM: Transmission Electron microscopy; TGA: Thermo gravimetry analysis; THRR: Total heat release rate; THR: Total heat release; TPIA: Acylhydrazine; TPID: Disulfide bonds; TPU: Thermoplastic polyurethane; VOCs: Volatile organic compounds

Introduction

Polyurethanes (PUs) constitute one of the most versatile class of macromolecular compounds known nowadays. They can contain a diversity of functional groups such as ether, ester, amide, urea, biuret, alophanate, uretidione, carbodiimide, isocyanurate, along with the urethane one (-NH-CO-O-) which open possibilities to react with many other components. PUs are synthesized by polycondensation reaction in which the macromolecular chain increases as the reaction progresses. This reaction can produce linear, slightly branched, or hyper branched macromolecules like in thermoplastics or they may have a crosslinked network leading to thermosetings. A recent kinetics study highlights the difficulties in quantifying the synthesis of linear PUs [1]. The main chemicals used for PU synthesis are polyols, isocyanates, and chain extenders having hydroxyl or amine group. PU contains in its macromolecules soft and hard segments; the former are made by the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and the latter by the reaction between isocyanate and chain extender, both these components having 2 or 3 functional groups. In the PU macromolecule the polyol provides the elasticity, and the isocyanate provides the mechanical strength. Recently it has been reported new types of PUs made by the polyaddtion participation of diisocyanates. To perform the polyaddition with diols in order to obtain PU, mostly methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate were chosen [2]. A method for solving a system of bulk polyaddition of 2,4-toluene diisocyanate with 1,4-butanediol process balance equations, allowing the determination of the kinetic parameters is presented. The approach provides an opportunity to associate kinetic parameters with the average molar mass of the mixture and thus with the viscosity [3].

Beside PU as a simple polymer, it is also used in various types of composites together with other compounds. These can be molecular composites, fiber composites, and nano filled composites. Like in the case of other groups of composites the interaction matrix-filler plays an important role, for instance for PU nano composites the interface PU-nanofiller in cases of special silica, polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes (POSS), carbon nano tube (CNT), graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), metallic nano particles are also very important [4]. PUs are processed to obtain various products such as flexible and rigid foams for construction and furniture items, sport equipments, coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers, fibers, medicine products. Adding other components beside polyols and isocyanates during the PU synthesis contributes to the improvement of some PU properties. For instance, tridecanoic acid added to toluene diisocyanate based PU is able to extend its working time with minimal changes to physical and chemical properties [5]. Another example is that of recycled polyol and benzimidazole grafted onto PU to enhance the surface hydrophilicity [6]. Due to the effects of PUs on human health, the replacement of toxic isocyanates with biocomponents is one of the main recent research direction related to PU synthesis [7]. The raw components necessary for the synthesis of PU can be obtained from natural products to substitute petroleum as their basic resource. Compared to isocyanates, the biobased raw materials possess many advantages like biodegradability, sustainability, nontoxicity and environmentally benign attributes [8]. Polyester polyols from renewable resources have gained important interest in the PU domain. Without petroleum-based polyols, castor oil polyols have been used as soft segments in PU [9]. Biobased PUs was also obtained from fatty acids with double functionality synthesized through cross-metathesis of oleic acid and oleic alcohol [10]. With azelate polyols produced from n-alkanediols with even number of CH₂ repeating units thermoplastic PUs (TPU)s result with increased hardness, tensile and tear strength [11].

From crystalline azelate polyol and amorphous azelate polyol two sets of segmented TPUs were prepared. Their study showed that the crystalline azelate polyols are suitable for dynamic applications and the amorphous ones are suggested for coatings and adhesives [12]. The product of 1-butene methatesis of canola triacylglicerol with shortened structure, terminal double bonds and oligomers was used to synthesize novel polyols and PU foams. The study highlights that one can improve and control jointly the mechanical properties and deformation recovery ability of biobased PU foams by combining primary functional group oligomers, and high molar volume molecules in the polyols [13]. Dimer fatty acid-based polyol (DAP) was used to substitute petrochemical DAP and has been used to produce rigid PU foam. The research data indicated that bio-polyol DAP can substitute partial petrochemical polyol to produce rigid PU foams with good comprehensive performance [14]. A series of PUs nonisocyanate were produced from the transurethanization between 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and dicarbamates obtained from metoxycarbonylation of diamines with dimethyl carbonate [15]. Other example of studies using bio-components will be presented. This paper will review the most recent studies done on PU products like foams coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers, and composites, and on flammability and acoustic properties.

Research Contributions

Foams

During the production of PU foam using aminophosphonated polyols the thermal resistance was confirmed and a lower peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and lower smoke production was found [16]. A polyol obtained by glycolysis of waste rigid PU foams was used to produce a new rigid foam. This new foam showed higher compressive strength, thermal insulation, and self-extinguishing property compared with conventional foam [17]. Liquefied rice husk with different NCO/OH ratios was used to produce PU foams [18]. The effect of crosslinking agent on the properties and morphology of semi-rigid waterborn PU (WPU) foam was studied. The crosslinking density of the foams was adjusted by varying the amount of triethanolamine. The most characteristics processes to produce the foam are related to foaming and gelation. Increasing the amount of triethanolamine the crosslinking density increased and the swelling ratio decreased from 294.9 to 194.7%, Tg increased from -14.2 to-8.6 ⁰C [19]. To optimize the formulation of a PU foam for better sound absorption, a study was carried out with a response surface methodology to investigate the effects of different variables, catalysts and polyethylene fiber. For correlating experimental data, a mathematical model was developed, and model parameters were optimized by adoptive simulated annealing algoritm [20]. The optimization of rigid WPU foams obtained from a polyol functionalized with GO has been the object of a recent study. A series of rigid WPU foams were synthesized by varying either the isocyanate index, catalyst amounts, the surfactant contents or a combination of these three components. The obtained results show how controlling WPU formulations allows to improve important properties like mechanical and thermal of rigid WPU foams containing GO [21].

The effects of shear thickening fluid content and SiO₂ size on the cell structure, mechanical performance, acoustic absorption, and thermal performance of shear thickening fluid/PU foam were explored [22]. Adding to a flexible PU foam a negative powder modified with a silane coupling agent led to the improvement of important properties such as thermal stability, tensile strength and resilience [23]. Diferential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetry analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to measure the thermokinetics and degradation of soybean oil-based PU foam. The thermodynamic properties and thermal stability during the degradation were also studied. The degradation included 3 or 4 step-degradation profiles. As the soybean oil content or NCO/OH molar ratio increases, the thermal stability of the foam, the activation energy, and reaction rate increased [24]. A technique for the production of new cheaper components able to substitute polyols for the production of PU-polyisocyanurate foams is presented. The influence of the components on the foam flammability, thermal properties and other characteristics was examined [25].

Coatings

New biobased PU coatings with lignin were studied. A diisocyanate obtained from lignin-derived vanilic acid and crosslinked with three different nonchemically modified technical lignins namely mild acetone organosolv, kraft, and soda. The results of the research showed that the reaction of a ligninderived biobased diisocyanate represent an interesting way for the production of TPU coating. The study also showed that the reaction of lignin-derived biobased diisocyanate represents an interesting way for the production of TPU coatings with a high biomass content that can find applications as an alternative to petroleum products [26]. By using stoichiometric proportions of PU polyamines and aliphatic epoxies as crosslinker, coatings were produced. These new products possess flexibility at low temperatures and resistance to chemicals, but their thermostability is low [27].

Fully biobased polyester polyols were prepared and used for PU coatings by reacting with diisocyanate. The mechanical, chemical and thermal properties demonstrated that the renewable sources used for the production of PU coatings can be good substitutes for petroleum products [28]. The structural and morphological characteristics of functionalized graphene oxide (FGO)/PU coatings were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Beside a chemical reaction between the two components they are able to effectively enhance the thermal, flame retardant and mechanical properties of the coatings [29]. Siloxane-semifluorinated PU coatings were synthesized for robust underwater applications [30].

The state-of-the-art of isocyanates and polyisocyanates of the various PU crosslinking mechanisms and the corresponding applications are presented. Aspects ranging from the replacement of oil-based PU components by biobased equivalents to the development of new synthetic pathways for the production of polyhydroxy polyurethanes for coatings have been also investigated [31]. A study of a PU network of polyaniline, polym- amino phenol and poly-α-anisidine coated on a mild steel panel was reported. The coated films showed excellent corrosion protection in the following order: PU-polyanilin>PU-poly-maminophenol> PU-poly-α-anisidine [32].

As an alternative to PU coatings based on toxic components, the synthesis of poly (hydroxy urethanes) by cyclocarbonate aminolysis constitutes a solution to avoid emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC)s. Thus, developing their technology became important [33]. Using polyblends of WPU and polyacrylate porous-coated fabrics for synthetic leather were produced. The H bonds between the polymers were proved by FTIR and DSC. The best performance of coated fabrics was found at the ratios from 15/85 to 30/70 polyacrylate /PU [34]. Novel PU coatings were produced by polycondensation of hydroxylationterminated poly (L-lactide) (PLLA) functionalized graphene (G-g-PLLA) and isocyanate terminated PU oligomer with dimethylsiloxane. The functionalized PU was able to hydrolyze in seawater and the hydrolysis rate decreased with the increase of polydimethylsiloxane amount. The new coatings exhibited good antifouling [35].

Polymers containig spirooxazine were grafted and doped with WPU used as an environmentally friendly coating. The obtained films had improved water resistance, mechanical and photochromic properties [36]. TPU was blended in tetrahydrofuran with polyphosphate containing furfuryl and trifluorothoxy groups. Using FTIR, DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and limited oxygen index (LOI) the obtaining films were analyzed. The results demonstrated that the addition of 20% phosphazene in the blend enhanced the tensile strength by about 110% and decreased the elongation at break by nearly 13% [37].

PU synthesis and film forming using the asymmetric cyclic aliphatic diisocyanate -isophorone diisocyanate with acetylated and pristine partially hydrolyzed amylopectine/white dextrin as a crosslinker has been studied [38]. From isophorone diisocyanate, poly (ethylene glycol), aminopropyl terminated poly (dimethyl siloxane) and 1,4-butandiol via two-step polycondensation, new PU membranes were produced [39]. To obtain a pH responsive hybrid films different amounts of 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate and PU based on isophorone diisocyanate were used for heavy metal ions removal. The study revealed that functional groups of 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate are the main sorption sites for the metal ions [40].

Adhesives

A PU powder used as adhesive was synthesized by solution polymerization. The influence of molar ratio of –NCO to –OH, neutralization and types of solution dispersion on the properties of the adhesive were studied. Excellent adhesive properties were found, and that the adhesive thermostability could meet the requirements of industrial gluing for packaging, lining and footwear [41]. A research concluded that WPU could enhance its adhesive characteristics with materials of different natures and structures [42]. A review compares the properties and the use of petrol-based PU with biobased PU for adhesive technology. To reduce the VOCs, PU based on castor oil was preferred as bio raw material [43]. A study insists on the role of accurate selection of diisocyanate -which induces the hard segments- on the viscoelastic and the adhesion properties of PUs. The polyblend studied consists of a mixture of a macrodiol of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene, polypropylene glycol (PPG) and isophorone diisocyanate necessary to develop the urethane linkages. The controlled quantities of hard and soft segments resulted in better adhesive properties and the balance is realized by the selection of the isophorone diisocyanate [44].

By incorporating synthetic glycerol mono -methacrylate, underwater PU adhesives were produced. The study confirmed that this incorporation induced increasing cohesion and adhesive strength superior to that of pure PU [45]. A new PU sealant for insulating glass based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction between the p-chlorophenol-terminated PU prepolymer and a poly-functional hyper branched polyamine has been synthesized. After crosslinking-curing it was found that the sealant is applicable in a wide temperature range, is not sensitive to moisture, is easy to store, and does not corrode the substrate; all of these as well as its mildew resistance and low cost [46].

PU Elastomers

Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted GO was blended with PU elastomer. Their interaction was produced by H bonding. Due to it the strength and toughness of vulcanizate rubber were significantly improved and the blend Tg shifted to higher temperature [47]. Two PU elastomers, one having acylhydrazine (TPIA) and the other disulfide bonds (TPID) were synthesized, and their self-repairable ability and reprocess ability have been investigated. The conclusion of the study was that TPIA elastomer can be repaired under acidic conditions, and the TPID can autorepair under visible light at room temperature [48]. In the case of a polyblend of epoxidized natural rubber/TPU it was found that rice husk ash particles had stronger interactions with epoxidized natural rubber and provided enhanced mechanical properties to the rubber [49]. TPU elastomers having aliphatic polycarbonate soft segments and hard segments made by 1,1’-methanediylbis(4- isocyanato-cyclohexane) or 1,6-diisocyanatohexane and a combination of two chain extenders were synthesized in one-step catalyzed polyaddition [50].

To evaluate the effect of rape seed-oil-based (RO) polyol on the properties of tested urea urethane elastomers (EPUUS) was the objective of a new study. FTIR, thermo gravimetry analysis (TGA), DSC, DMA, static tensile strength and physico-mechanical tests were applied. The use of RO polyol in polyol premixes changed the chemical structure of EPUUS showing a modification in the amount of H-bonds and the degree of phase separation. An increase in Tg of the soft phase was also established [51].

Composites

Thin laminated composite has been produced by blending TPU with low-melting polyester (LMPET) and Kevlar fibers. The presence of Kevlar enhances the tensile properties and flame resistance. The tensile strength of the composite reaches 18.85 MPa and the combustion rate is reduced [52]. The effects of temperature, humidity and automotive fluids on the long-term durability of the two types of glass fiber reinforced PU has been investigated. Variation of mass, flexural strength and viscoelastic response are determined in order to find the changes of the composite [53]. A comparison of TPU/GO and TPU/reduce GO showed that the reduction of GO is not always necessary [54]. The dynamo- mechanical, thermal and mechanical characteristics of long glass fiber reinforced TPU / poly (butylene terephthalate) polyblend have been studied. A good compatibility was found between the two polymers. DMA showed that the TPU content had some influence on dynamic- mechanical properties and the Tg of the long glass fiber reinforced polyblend . DSC indicated that with the increase of TPU amount the crystallization temperature, the melting point and the percent of crystallinity decreased. The TPU presence contributes to a remarkable increase of some mechanical characteristics but also produces a decrease of flexural and modulus of elasticity [55].

Using melt-blending a hybrid made of a shape memory TPU with GO and montmorillonite (MMT) was produced. Thermal analysis showed that GO-MMT enhanced the thermal decomposition of TPU composites [56]. Expandable graphite (EG) is often added to PUs to prevent their flammability. Such graphite was incapsulated in melamine cyanurate and after that was added to rigid PU. It was established that the mechanical properties of the polymer were improved. This composite decomposes faster and produces more smoke than the PU without EG. The obtained data show that melamine cyanurate and EG have a synergistic enhancing effect on the flame retardancy of the composite [57]. A composite made of PU reinforced with sugar palm fiber and glass fiber is recommended to be used in applications that require resistance to high temperature [58]. Carbon fiber-GO reinforcement improved thermo-mechanical and thermal stability of PU due to the carbon fiber- PU improved interfacial interaction as well as the local stiffening of fiber-matrix interphase by the dispersed GO sheets [59].

A PU and red mud composite, the mud in micron particles uniformly embedded in PU, exhibited satisfactory mechanical performance and the compressive and flexural strength are, after complete curing, up to 38.6 and 12.4 MPa. It also displayed very good thermal stability, flame retardancy, storage stability, and reinforcement [60]. The heat conducting with focus on the enhancement of thermal conductivity of WPU composites through compatibility and feasibility of hybrid techniques is reviewed [61]. In a research PU foam was filled with paper waste sludge (5% by foam mass). It was found that the thermal conductivity, water vapor resistance, density, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity were improved [62].

By using the ring-opening reaction of cyclic carbonate with excess amine and methanol to increase the molar mass of -NHɂ terminated non-isocyanate PU prepolymer, its performance was improved. By adding bisphenol A diglycidyl ether into the prepolymer a hybrid was obtained which has good mechanical properties, a Tg-49,1 ºC and a good thermal stability [63]. Applying a low melting point chain extender, the raw components being 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl propionic acid a study showed that with the decrease of the ratio of dimethyl propionic acid/1,4- butanediol the mechanical properties of the PU decreased [64]. To control the soft segment thermal properties and to enhance tensile strength, shape memory and low temperature flexibility, norbornen was grafted onto PU. This grafted PU demonstrated enhanced low temperature flexibility due to reduce restrictions of rotational and translation mobility [65].

A new molecular design was proposed by incorporating 2-ureido-4-[1H]-pyrimidone motifs in the backbone chains of PU to enhance the mechanical performance and using a triol functional Diels-Alder crosslinker to realize PU healable and recyclable [66]. New PUs made with homocubane (C’ı₀Hı₀O₂)- based diols and diisocyanates were synthesized. They are soluble in polar organic solvents, decompose at relatively high temperature, and the Tg is higher than those of commercial PUs. It is expected that these new polymers will find application in products that need thermally robust PUs [67]. One pot technique for the production of GO/(hyper branched PU)(HPU) has been presented. The composite obtained shows very good increase in the mechanical properties due to the covalent bonding realized between GO and isocyanate component and an excellent load transfer. Mild increase in stability towards thermal degradation and higher dielectric constant compare with HPU at low frequency was also found [68].

The effects of polyhydric alcohols on the mechanical and thermal properties, porosity and air permeability of PU composites have been studied. With increasing polyhydric alcohol amount, the tesile strength and Tg decrease remarkably. The swelling capacity and porosities of the PU/propylene glycol (PPG)-blended and PU/glycerol blended films increased with the increase of PPG or glycerol amount [69]. In composites TPU/wood flour the properties depend on the ratio between the components; it was established that the presence of the wood flower contributes to the increase of important properties such as density, hardness, water absorption, tensile modulus; impact and and abrasion resistance decrease [70]. The high electrical resistivity of blast furnace slag and fly ash make these materials an asset for use in rigid PU foams for insulation [71]. A PU/melamine formaldehide composite foam was prepared through foaming PU. The foam composite showed satisfactory fire retardancy and good comprehensive properties [72].

PU composites which could be used as damping materials with different amounts of hydroxyl silicone oil were prepared. The damping, mechanical properties, thermal stability and molecular groups were established. It was found that the composites with 8% hydroxyl silicone oil possess the best properties [73]. Sandwich composites made of a core of flexible PU foam and nonwoven poly (ethylene terephthalate) as the top and bottom panels were produced. The research found that such composites have functionalities of FR efficacy, acoustic absorption, heat insulation, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness and thus are suited for protective partitions [74].

Flammability

PU foams are in general flammable and their flammability is controlled by using flame-retardants (FR)s. Phenyl phosphonic acid and propylene oxide-based reactive FR polyol, together with limonene based polyol have been used for the preparation of FR/ PU foams. The phosphorous based polyols could be mixed with bio-based polyols to prepare highly fire retardancy and superior physico-mechanical rigid PU foams [75]. The study of a rigid PU foam showed that 3,3’,4,4’-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-(10-glycidoxypropilene)-10-phosphaphenantrene- 10-oxide lead to an increase in graphite in the fire residue and the formation of a better barrier to prevent burning by the condensed phase mechanism [76]. Rigid PU modified with microencapsulated red phosphorous, Mg(OH)₂, glass filler and hollow glass bead were prepared and showed that the fire retardancy and the combustion were improved [77].

A new, inherent, fire retardancy of the foams based on imide and oxazolidinone were investigated by LOI , vertical burning test and calorimetry. Cone calorimeter test data showed also that EG reduced the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release ( THR), and total smoke production. A low amount of EG added to PU increased the compression strength but as the amount increases the compression strength decreases [78]. It was found that the EG modified by poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (glycidyl methacrylate) is an important product as a FR for foams made of PU-polyisocyanurate [79]. FR/ PU foams containing a nonreactive phosphonate (EMD) and EG were produced. This new complex increased the LOI and decreased the total heat release rate ( THRR), average effective combustion heat, peak heat release rate ( PHRR) and total smoke release of the PU foams [80].

New polyols containing 0.8-1.2 wt% boron and 7.9-8.5 wt% nitrogen were used to obtain rigid PU foams. LOI test as horizontal and vertical flammability tests showed reduced flammability and also improved thermal, dimensional stability and mechanical properties [81]. PU foams were also produced by mixing with a phosphorous containing polyether polyol (THPO-PO) and soybean oil-based polyol (SBP).Although the thermal stability of the foams decreased with the increase of THPO-PO amount, the flame retardancy was improved. LOI increased 40% .THPO-PO worked in inhibiting flame and forming phosphorous rich char layer [82]. A polyol made of mercaptenized castor oil and diethyl allyl phosphonate was used for preparing PU foams having different amounts of phosphorous. The closed cells amount in all the foams was above 95%.The results of flammability tests suggest that in the synthesis polyol could act as an essential FR for rigid PU foams ensuring fire safety [83].

The fire characteristics (heat and smoke) were studied using calorimetry test in the case of a composite made of rigid PU foams and flax fibers treated with a FR. The obtained research data showed that treated flax fibers besides improving the mechanical properties of the foam had a good prospect in reducing the fire hazard [84].

A new FR based on a P-N compound namely N,N’’N’’’- tri(diethoxy) phosphoramide (DTP) was synthesized and added to WPU foams. According to TGA data the combination restrained the decomposition, enhanced the residue at high temperature, higher LOI data were obtained and lowered the HRR. The cone calorimetry test indicated that the EG/DTP system jointly inhibited the fire intensity and the smoke production [85].

After a surface modification EG was introduce also in foams based on PU-imide. The foams exhibited outstanding enhancements compare to that of only pristine EG introduction in compressive strength, thermal stability and flame resistance [86]. Four wood-based wastes were incorporated into rigid bio-based PU foams; these were characterized by thermal and combustion properties. Filled PU foams with such wastes showed higher thermal and dimensional stability, however the thermal conductivities and flammabilities were similar to neat foam [87].

Acoustics

Using polycaprolactone diol, toluene diisocyanate, hydroxyl fluorosilicate and 2,4-diamino-3,5-dimethyl thiotoluene, a new Fluor silicon polyester PU was synthesized. The study of its properties indicates that it has an excellent water resistance which has acoustic performance, a low Tg and the fact that it is an ideal transparent product for underwater acoustics [88]. Using linear saturated aliphatic polyesters, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and other reagents, high performance acoustic damping flexible PUs were produced. The study showed that sound proofing flexible PU foams under optimum conditions can be promising candidates for use as sound-insulating products [89].

With the finite element method PU sound absorbing panels were designed using for material formulation Comsol able to provide optimum performance of echo reduction with minimum thickness. The research shows that by judicious choice of matrix/ filler combination it is possible to achieve selective/broadband absorber for underwater applications [90]. Using Tung oleic acid-base polyol and polyether polyols a new biobased PU foam different from common PU foam was prepared. The study found that the biobased PU mean sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss can reach 0.515 and 21.389 dB [91].

Other Contributions

Fluorinated TPU (FTPU) elastomers based on 3-isocyanatomethyl- 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate poly(tetramethyl glycol) polycaprolactone and 4,4’[2,2,2-trifluoro- 1-(trifluoromethyl) ethylidene] bisphenol (BPAF) have been synthesized. The study of their properties showed that the thermal stability and mechanical properties are significantly improved by BPAF [92].

Fluorinated PUs (FPU)s having various amounts of fluorinated chain extender and the same amounts of poly (oxytetramethylene glycol) and diphenyl methane diisocyanate were synthesized in view to find the relationship between surface physico-chemical properties , the bulk microphase separation structures of these FPUs and their antifouling. The conclusion of the study is that the increased microphase separation of FPUs results in enhanced antifouling properties [93]. A WPU prepolymer was obtained based on poly(tetramethyleneglycol), isophorone diisocyanate and 2,2,3,3,4,4-heptafluoro-butyric acid 2,2- bis-hydroxymethylbutyl ester (HFBA) for a series of HFBA/WPUs; ethylenediamine was used as the chain extender. In vitro platelet and erythrocyte adhesion experiments revealed that increasing HFBA content also enhanced the hydrophobicity and reduced blood adhesion to the HFBA/WPUs [94].

The effect of the type of diisocyanates and glycols, degree of crosslinking, the amount of hard segments, crystallinity, the amount of hydrophilic groups on optical properties of WPU have been studied focusing on the matting effect and transmittance. The particle size of PU latex was the most important factor to influence the matting [95]. The effects TPU with various amounts of boron nitride has on DC and AC conductivities and the free volume have been investigated [96]. Results of dielectric/electrical studies of onion-like carbon/PU composite films in very broad frequency and temperature are presented in a study [97]. By studying the spinning technique and the fiber topology, it was found that the characteristics of the PU solutions influence the spinning process and is able to affect the fiber topology [98].

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Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Market Upcoming Trends, Demand, Growth and Future Scope post COVID-19

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Some major key players for global lithium-ion battery recycling market are Umicore, GEM, Brunp Recycling, SungEel HiTech, Taisen Recycling, Batrec, Retriev Technologies, Tes-Amm(Recupyl), Duesenfeld, 4R Energy Corp, OnTo Technology and Others.

Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Dynamics –

Rising demand for electric vehicles due to government regulations and subsidies encouraging battery recycling, and growing demand for smart devices in emerging economies are the key factors driving the growth of this market. According to International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2018, the global electrical power sector investment dipped by 1% to just over 775 billion, with lower capital spending on generation. Investment in electricity networks edged down, although investment in battery storage surged by 45% from a relatively low voltage. However, the lithium ion batteries are increasingly picked for consumer electronics products as a portable power source due to the features like lesser recharge time and higher energy density. According to the International Energy Agency, the number of electric vehicles on the world’s roads will increase from 3 million to 125 million by 2030. In 2015 the global lithium-ion battery recycling market was worth about 1.7 million euros, but it is expected to boom in the coming years to more than 20 billion euros. However, these batteries are not accessible to everyone as it carries high-cost but the lack of some transition metals existing in these batteries may become subject to risk. The best technologies used for recycling these batteries is the use of simple but scale-up dissolution technology involving non-toxic suitable organic solvents that can effectively dissolve toxic binder, PVdF in battery to avoid much pollution. Pollution through the hydrolysis of LiPF6 from the lithium-ion battery can also be minimized through conversion to useful compounds instead of using virgin materials for the synthesis. Further, the environmentally friendly recycling technologies are still needed to meet the demands for materials, for scale-up processes and in compliance with environmental laws.

Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Regional Analysis –

Geographically, North America region is dominating the lithium-ion battery recycling market, due to Growing demand for UPS systems in commercial sector and increasing adoption of electric vehicles in various countries in the region. This rise can be attributed majorly to the stringent regulations implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding air emission standards in the region. According to the Edison Electric Institute (EEI), the estimated 7 % of the 259 million vehicles cars and light trucks expected to be on U.S. roads in 2030. Annual sales of EVs will exceed 3.5 million vehicles in 2030. Asia Pacific region is at second position in dominance due to growing automotive industry in Japan, China and India has majorly contributed to the growth. Asia Pacific will also maintain its dominance over the global market and has formed the largest market for lithium-ion battery recycling.

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Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.

Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.

Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Segmentation –

By Product Type

LiCoO2 Battery

NMC Battery

LiFePO4 Battery

Other

By Application

Automotive

Marine

Industrial

Electric Power

By Regional & Country Analysis:

North America

U.S.

Canada

Europe

U.K.

France

Germany

Italy

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

Southeast Asia

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

Middle East and Africa

GCC

Africa

Rest of Middle East and Africa

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https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/11/12/2125360/0/en/Home-Healthcare-Market-projected-to-exceed-293-6-billion-by-2026-Says-Brandessence-Market-Research.html

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picloblog · 5 years ago

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RIIO-ED2 and the future of flexibility markets

Photo by Lachlan Gowen on Unsplash

The start of RIIO-ED2 in 2023 will see a new era of incentives, expectations and demands on the distribution networks. Now set against the backdrop of net zero, the next set of price controls are an important turning point for flexibility markets.

The recently published RIIO-ED2 Sector Specific Methodology Consultation has set the stage for Ofgem’s initial thoughts. After a first glance, below highlights some of the key take-aways from what has been proposed:

1. Do not wait

UK DSO flexibility markets have developed over RIIO-1, which runs from 2015 - 2023, and Ofgem have made it clear that they expect this progress to continue. A new license condition will be implemented by the end of the year reinforcing this expectation and ensuring the UK is compliant with the EU Clean Energy Package. The impact the Clean Energy Package is having on DSO flexibility markets is encouraging, as the license condition will include requirements for:

A5.42 “DNOs to procure and use flexibility services where it is efficient to do so, implement standardised products and services, and to have non-discriminatory procurement processes.”

2. Use flexibility (sometimes)

To incentivise flexibility during RIIO-ED2 it will be key for there to be strong underlying principles and delivery frameworks. The DSO roles and principles proposed by Ofgem provide further clarity on their expectations for flexibility use:

A5.10 “DNOs to have in place transparent and robust processes for identifying and assessing options to resolve network needs, and using competition where cost effective... Options must be fairly compared against one another, with flexibility used where it is economic and efficient over the long term compared to investing in traditional reinforcement or technological solutions.”

Annex 2 “Keeping bills low for consumers”, 7.43 “In assessing a DNO’s proposal, we propose to compare the costs and benefits of traditional network based solutions with those offered by flexible network solutions, on a like-for-like basis.”

3. Value third parties

Third parties, such as independent marketplaces, have helped grow and facilitate DSO flexibility markets. It is encouraging that the consultation recognises the value and efficiencies third parties can provide. The baseline expectations for the proposed DSO principles include the following:

Principle 2.2: “Operate an economic and efficient distribution system”, A5.18 The DNOs shall facilitate secondary trading of DSO ancillary services and curtailment obligations (pending the outcome of the Access SCR). In this context, facilitate means provide the relevant operational data, ensure the DNO has processes in place to collect the relevant data about the trade, and make the operational parameters clear (and justified in the context of network reliability and efficiency). Facilitating does not mean communicating bids and offers about these trades to enable commercial agreement, make decisions about matching bids and offers, or dispatching these trades – third parties skilled in this area should be better placed to more efficiently deliver this.”

Principle 3.2: “Simple, fair and transparent rules and processes for procuring DSO ancillary services”, A5.27 “Market support services, such as pre-qualification, credit-checking and settlement must enable simple and cost-efficient participation in markets. DNOs should enable, and never prevent, the opportunity for third parties to provide these services where they could do so more efficiently.”

4. Enable secondary markets

Even with longer-lived markets such as ESO product Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR), it is uncommon for flex providers to trade their contracted requirements to other suitable flex providers. The lack of a marketplace for secondary trades is in part due to the lack of facilities for searching, bidding, contracts or payments. Under proposed DSO principles 2.2. and 3.2 secondary trading is included as a baseline expectation:

Principle 2.2, A5.18 “The DNOs shall facilitate secondary trading of DSO ancillary services and curtailment obligations (pending the outcome of the Access SCR)”

Principle 3.2, A5.27 “DNOs should enable secondary trading, for example capacity and other peer-to-peer trading”

Competitive secondary markets would open up opportunities for a wider set of flex providers to participate in flexibility markets. Piclo is taking part in the BEIS FleX Exchange project aiming to facilitate secondary trading of flexibility obligations, focusing on STOR first. By using the learnings from FleX Exchange, Piclo will enable flex providers to have visibility of and be able to participate in primary and secondary flexibility markets, using Piclo Flex as a single interface. Renewable generators could also benefit from these markets through the secondary trading of curtailment obligations. Piclo is trialling curtailment trading as part of Project LEO.

5. Coordinate, coordinate, coordinate

Coordination is a theme running throughout the consultation in a number of areas:

Flexibility market coordination (to be achieved by the end of RIIO-ED1): 6.18 “Coordinated flexibility markets that efficiently value flexibility, provide transparency of prices and utilisation, and enable flexibility providers to stack value across markets, wherever technically possible”

ESO-DSO coordination: 6.6 “DNOs must coordinate the development of these markets, their procurement and the dispatch of flexibility with the ESO to ensure efficient whole systems outcomes.”

DSO-third party coordination: A5.27 "Third party platform providers can add value to flexibility providers in offering new routes to market. DNOs must not prevent the emergence of this sector, but should promote coordination of DSO ancillary services and interoperability across these platforms in order to avoid market fragmentation"

Coordination will be integral to flexibility market development, particularly for “market synthesis” ideas to be possible. This concept was also excitingly explored in Ofgem’s RIIO-ED2 consultation:

A5.26 “Synergies in procurement with other markets (ie where one flexibility action can meet two system needs at the same time) should be harnessed”

There is a huge amount of detail to unpack from the consultation and its annexes, but it is critical that RIIO-ED2 is not a missed opportunity for developing flexibility markets further.

Piclo will be responding in full to the RIIO-2 consultations and welcome comments from our stakeholders as we build our response.

#flexibility #energy #dso

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juniperpublishers-etoaj · 6 years ago

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Juniper Publishers - Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology

A Methodology for the Refinement of Robots

Authored by : Kate Lajtha

Abstract

Recent advances in ubiquitous algorithms and reliable algorithms are based entirely on the assumption that the Turing machine and write-ahead logging are not in conflict with replication. In fact, few leading analysts would disagree with the evaluation of sensor networks, which embodies the confusing principles of cyber informatics. We argue that Byzantine fault tolerance can be made classical, ubiquitous, and ambimorphic.

Keywords: Robots; Evolutionary programming; Epistemologies; XML; Pasteurization

Introduction

Biologists agree that flexible epistemologies are an interesting new topic in the field of operating systems, and security experts concur. The influence on machine learning of this technique has been well-received. On a similar note, for example, many methodologies harness the simulation of 4 bit architectures. The deployment of link-level acknowledgements would tremendously improve pasteurization.

Unfortunately, this solution is fraught with difficulty, largely due to atomic information. Unfortunately, this method is generally good. Indeed, redundancy and ex-pert systems have a long history of interacting in this manner. Despite the fact that conventional wisdom states that this riddle is continuously fixed by the synthesis of agents, we believe that a different solution is necessary. Obviously, we understand how the memory bus can be applied to the study of IPv7 [1].

We introduce an application for autonomous methodologies, which we call Gunning. Predictably, the basic tenet of this approach is the synthesis of context free grammar. Existing collaborative and embedded frameworks use stochastic technology to learn heterogeneous communication. Though similar heuristics simulate local-area networks, we accomplish this purpose without harnessing fibre-optic cables.

In this work, we make two main contributions. First, we concentrate our efforts on showing that the well-known stable algorithm for the simulation of SCSI disks by Ito and Lee [2] is NP-complete. Next, we confirm that though semaphores [3] and evolutionary programming can synchronize to accomplish this objective, cache coherence and IPv7 are continuously incompatible (Figure 1).

We proceed as follows. To begin with, we motivate the need for A* search. We place our work in context with the existing work in this area. Third, we verify the investigation of Moore's Law. Next, we place our work in context with the prior work in this area. In the end, we conclude.

Methodology

Our research is principled. Rather than constructing the study of XML, our framework chooses to manage Smalltalk. This seems to hold in most cases. On a similar note, consider the early design by David Culler; our methodology is similar, but will actually fulfil this in-tent. We postulate that each component of our solution enables link-level acknowledgements, independent of all other components. This seems to hold in most cases.

Suppose that there exists the refinement of the look aside buffer such that we can easily analyze XML. this may or may not actually hold in reality. Any practical evaluation of the understanding of the Internet that would allow for further study into e-business will clearly require that the famous real-time algorithm for the emulation of 802.11 mesh networks by Kobayashi [4] runs in 0 (2N) time; our heuristic is no different. Continuing with this rationale, the design for Gunning consists of four independent components: neural networks, Boolean logic, virtual information, and robots [5]. Despite the fact that scholars never believe the exact opposite, our solution depends on this property for correct behaviour. Similarly, the model for our application consists of four independent components: real-time theory, fibre-optic cables, XML, and telephony. While it at first glance seems counterintuitive, it has ample historical precedence.

Suppose that there exists the study of the memory bus such that we can easily synthesize scalable symmetries. Next, our algorithm does not require such a practical visualization to run correctly, but it doesn't hurt. (Figure 2) plots the relationship between our algorithm and stochastic algorithms. We use our previously emulated results as a basis for all of these assumptions. Such a claim is usually an unfortunate goal but is derived from known results.

Implementation

Our implementation of Gunning is event-driven, large-scale, and atomic. Even though it at first glance seems perverse, it is supported by existing work in the field. It was necessary to cap the time since 1995 used by Gunning to 644 connections/sec [6]. Further, while we have not yet optimized for security, this should be simple once we finish architecting the centralized logging facility [7]. Futurists have complete control over the virtual machine monitor, which of course is necessary so that the well- known certifiable algorithm for the synthesis of IPv7 by Davis and Jackson [8] runs in (N2) time. One may be able to imagine other methods to the implementation that would have made programming it much simpler.

Evaluation

We now discuss our evaluation strategy. Our overall performance analysis seeks to prove three hypotheses:

i. That optical drive throughput behaves fundamentally differently on our desktop machines;

ii. That floppy disk speed behaves fundamentally differently on our network; and finally

iii. That robots no longer influence a framework's extensible API.

Our logic follows a new model: performance really matters only as long as performance constraints take a back seat to scalability constraints. Second, unlike other authors, we have intention-ally neglected to synthesize NV-RAM speed. Only with the benefit of our system's flash-memory throughput might we optimize for security at the cost of security constraints. We hope that this section illuminates the work of Japanese gifted hacker I. C. Robinson.

Hardware and software configuration

Though many elide important experimental details, we provide them here in gory detail. German computational biologists carried out a deployment on our mobile telephones to prove semantic epistemologies' lack of influence on the incoherence of machine learning. For starters, we removed more 7GHz Intel 386s from our planetary-scale cluster. Had we prototyped our mobile telephones, as opposed to emulating it in software, we would have seen degraded results. We added 7GB/s of Wi-Fi throughput to our replicated overlay network to consider methodologies. Continuing with this rationale, we added 150GB/s of Wi-Fi throughput to our 100-node overlay network to examine our system. In the end, we quadrupled the optical drive speed of our Planet lab overlay network to better understand models (Figure 3 & 4).

Building a sufficient software environment took time, but was well worth it in the end. Our experiments soon proved that monitoring our collectively saturated, lazily DoS-ed, partitioned 2400 baud modems was more effective than making autonomous them, as previous work suggested [9,10]. We implemented our transistor server in FORTRAN, augmented with provably Dosed extensions. Second, this concludes our discussion of software modifications (Figure 5 & 6).

Dog fooding our framework

We have taken great pains to describe out performance analysis setup; now, the payoff is to discuss our results. With these considerations in mind, we ran four novel experiments:

a. we asked (and answered) what would happen if extremely separated DHTs were used instead of information retrieval systems;

b. we measured RAM throughput as a function of flash- memory space on a Commodore 64;

c. we ran 29 trials with a simulated database workload, and compared results to our hard-ware emulation; and

d. we asked (and answered) what would happen if mutually saturated online algorithms were used instead of symmetric encryption.

Now for the climactic analysis of experiments (3) and (4) enumerated above. The results come from only 3 trial runs, and were not reproducible. The key to (Figure 6) is closing the feedback loop; (Figure 5) shows how Gunning's clock speed does not converge otherwise. Note how simulating sensor networks rather than simulating them in bio ware produce less discretized, more reproducible results.

Shown in (Figure 6), experiments (1) and (3) enumerated above call attention to Gunning's distance. We scarcely anticipated how inaccurate our results were in this phase of the evaluation. Second, note that compilers have smoother mean signal-to-noise ratio curves than do micro kernel zed symmetric encryption. The results come from only 8 trial runs, and were not reproducible.

Lastly, we discuss experiments (3) and (4) enumerated above. Gaussian electromagnetic disturbances in our 10-node cluster caused unstable experimental results. The curve in (Figure 3) should look familiar; it is better known as G (N) = N [11]. Note the heavy tail on the CDF in (Figure 6), exhibiting degraded interrupt rate.

Related Work

We now compare our approach to prior real-time configurations methods [12]. Our system is broadly related to work in the field of cyber informatics by Watanabe and Maruyama [13], but we view it from a new perspective: the extensive unification of expert systems and simulated annealing. Along these same lines, the choice of super-pages in [12] differs from ours in that we measure only essential technology in Gunning. These methodologies typically require that the seminal perfect algorithm for the simulation of write-back caches by Wu and Wilson [14] runs in 0 (2N) time [15-17], and we disproved in this work that this, indeed, is the case.

Our method is related to research into 2 bit architectures [6], self-learning communication, and public-private key pairs [18]. Continuing with this rationale, U. P. Watanabe et al. suggested a scheme for investigating collaborative information, but did not fully realize the implications of reliable modalities at the time [19,20]. Further, the seminal approach does not visualize operating systems as well as our approach [21]. Even though this work was published before ours, we came up with the solution first but could not publish it until now due to red tape. Wu et al. originally articulated the need for sensor networks [22-25]. W Taylor developed a similar algorithm; nevertheless we argued that our methodology is NP-complete. Although we have nothing against the previous method, we do not believe that approach is applicable to steganography [26]. Thus, comparisons to this work are astute.

The concept of heterogeneous technology has been deployed before in the literature. Bose [27] developed a similar approach, however we demonstrated that Gunning is Turing complete [28]. Further, Raman et al. [13] developed a similar framework; contrarily we argued that Gunning runs in O (N) time [28,29]. Obviously, comparisons to this work are fair. Next, unlike many prior approaches [17], we do not attempt to evaluate or locate virtual communication. Along these same lines, instead of architecting peer-to-peer epistemologies, we overcome this quagmire simply by deploying signed epistemologies [30]. While we have nothing against the existing solution by Watanabe and Raman [31], we do not believe that solution is applicable to complexity theory [10].

Conclusion

Our experiences with our system and self-learning technology show that the little-known cooperative algorithm for the exploration of I/O automata by Taylor and Maruyama [32] is Turing complete. The characteristics of our heuristic, in relation to those of more little-known methods, are compellingly more essential. Gunning has set a precedent for object-oriented languages, and we expect that researchers will improve our system for years to come. Gunning has set a precedent for redundancy, and we expect that cyber informaticians will visualize Gunning for years to come. We plan to make our framework available on the Web for public download.

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Engineering Technology please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/etoaj/index.php

To read more...Fulltext please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/etoaj/ETOAJ.MS.ID.555556.php

#Engineering Technology open access journals #Juniper publisher journals #Juniper publishers #Juniper Publishers reviews #Open Access Journals

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businessadviceservice · 5 years ago

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Use Flyers Effectively For Advertising Your Business

Before making your flyer, center around your objective. Who would you like to reach, and what would you like to accomplish? This will educate the substance and configuration regarding your flyer door to door marketing. You need to draw the consideration of your crowd and furnish them with strong data, an answer or a chance – at the end of the day, pertinent substance. Settle on shrewd and deliberate decisions. Coming up next are conceivable outcomes of what to remember for your flyer so as to be compelling (however relying upon your undertaking, in no way, shape or form do you essentially need to incorporate these):

Contact Information: People need to realize how to contact you. Incorporate your business name, address, telephone number, and site. Incorporate web-based life profiles and pages in the event that you have them.

A feature: Your feature ought to impart what your business is about. This is the principal opportunity to attract the peruser, so make it great!

Visual components: Use incredible photography or useful representation to express what is on your mind and show what you can offer. Pictures ought to be engaging and diagram a positive component or make a positive feeling.

Marking: Don't neglect to incorporate your corporate character. Your clients need to perceive your business by your logo.

Design and synthesis: Structure all data such that makes your flyer simple to peruse and skim. Utilize an inconspicuous and bound together subject for your plan. Sort out data with visual cues and sub-features. Go through pictures to break the message and represent thoughts, and incorporate void space to give lucidity and rest to the eye.

Key realities: What are the most significant focuses you need to impart?

Offers: Are you utilizing a markdown or extraordinary arrangement to advance your business? Inform clients as to whether they can make the most of a unique chance.

Qualities: Tell perusers how your business is extraordinary. You can utilize incentives, tributes, grants or media inclusion to tell individuals you're working superbly and they ought to pick you.

Source of inspiration: You have to end on a solid source of inspiration so perusers of your flyer will realize what to do: act currently, register today, call presently, exploit the restricted offer. Utilize dynamic language and impart a slight need to keep moving if conceivable.

With these components, you can make a flyer that accommodates your objectives and the character of your business. Keep in mind, just incorporate what is essential for your correspondence!

Viable Distribution Of Your Flyers And Stickers

When your stickers and flyers are made and imprinted in top-notch, you have to appropriate them inventively. Giving them out unpredictably can truly approach discarding your cash, so put some exertion into arranging out your distribution. Clients consistently need to know how they will profit, so you have to connect with them in manners that they can perceive how might this benefit them.

You better not utilize your stickers to glue them all over town. Rather, as we've delineated above, you can mark your item or bundle with them in elegant control. Treat them as something extraordinary and make an apparent irregularity. Your clients will acknowledge them as blessings of significant worth. Remember them for orders you mail out and hand them out with buy in your store.

Flyers are increasingly clear digital screen advertising and relying upon the size of your print run and the volume of your crusade, you should contact somebody to circulate them. Regardless, you can scout the best regions for doing as such.

Be imaginative in setting your stickers and notices for most extreme reach and commitment

You can pay a merchant to place your flyers in post boxes, stick them indoors and under windshield wipers. This is a scattershot methodology where you will see more restore the higher your volume is. You ought to, in any event, limited this push to regions where your intended interest group can be found.

Attempt to connect with your clients where they are. Numerous neighborhood organizations have boxes or loads up for flyers. From the yoga studio to the café, book shop, carwash or home improvement shop, pick the areas which are frequented by your objective segment.

Contingent upon your business, you can pass out flyers at open occasions, for example, introductions, shows, and fairs.

You can send a lot of flyers to decision customers, requesting that they flow them as an end-result of a prize, for example, a markdown, free help or overhaul.

In the area of your store or business, you can do an exceptional advancement: buy some modest door holder packs, stuff them with a flyer, business card and a sticker and drape them on doors in your neighboring network. You'd be astounded what number of individuals live near your business and don't have the foggiest idea yet it exists.

Ask your business partners to pass out your flyers for you for an expense.

Utilize a digital form of your flyer to advance your business via web-based networking media, for example, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest or LinkedIn. Recollect not to spam anybody. Done the correct way, you can get offers and likes along these lines.

Print your flyer in notice size to show it outside your business on the walkway, if conceivable, or balance it in the window of your shops and in different areas.

Get an outdoor flyer container plate so individuals can, in any case, take a flyer from your business in any event, when you're shut or they are simply cruising by.

Hand out a flyer at the purpose of procurement. This works best if your flyer offers a markdown or motivation for a future buy.

Go to reasonable neighborhood and network occasions and convey flyers there.

Use flyers and stickers to viably publicize your business now and get a statement for excellent stickers and flyers. How are you utilizing these two things to showcase your little or medium-sized venture? Tell us in the remarks!

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lilywhiteflower-blog · 6 years ago

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Vegan Cosmetics Market - Predicted to Accelerate the Growth by 2018-2028

Global Vegan Cosmetics Market: Overview

Vegan cosmetics go under the classification of personal care products that are made without being tried on animals. The products experience last testing in-vitro or on people. Growing animal welfare acts all around the world is one of the main considerations for the fame of this market. Expanding populace of customers receiving vegan way of life is profoundly affecting the growth of this market. Mass purchasers receiving the utilization of normal and natural cosmetics overall incline toward vegan luxury products, for example, healthy skin, hair, make-up and different products. The share of the vegan cosmetics is assessed to ascend at a higher rate when contrasted with other manufactured products.

The report has been prepared based on the synthesis, analysis, and interpretation of information about the global vegan cosmetics market collected from specialized sources. The competitive landscape section of the report provides a clear insight into the market share analysis of key industry players. The report gives and examination of the market competition that could be experienced by players. The report discusses possible market investigation strategies for new personals and business ways that present players could take. The report is a broad examination of the vegan cosmetics market, its drivers, challenges, and key trends that the market is anticipated to witness.

Request Sample Copy of the Report @

https://www.tmrresearch.com/sample/sample?flag=B&rep_id=3858

Global Vegan Cosmetics Market: Key Trends

Among the different kinds of vegan products, cosmetics and shading cosmetics are assessed to hold a noteworthy share as mass customers have high per capita utilization of face mind products. Cream based vegan cosmetics hold a prevailing share in light of accommodation utilization and simple stockpiling properties. In view of the distribution channel, deal through grocery stores and hypermarkets retailers is found to hold a noteworthy share inferable from one-stop buy and simple accessibility of the coveted product through the channel.

Growing awareness about useful properties and attributes of vegan cosmetics products, for example, alleviating skin and mending aliments is pulling in purchasers to purchase vegan cosmetics products. In spite of the fact that the restriction on vegan cosmetics and restorative animal testing still contain animal inferred products, for example, beeswax, carmine, and in some healthy skin products, honey. However, the demand for natural personal care products is probably going to help vegan cosmetics market growth in the up and coming years. The vegan hair cosmetics products are seeing noteworthy growth particularly in products like shampoos and conditioners which is projected to fuel market growth.

Request TOC of the Report @

https://www.tmrresearch.com/sample/sample?flag=T&rep_id=3858

Global Vegan Cosmetics Market: Market Potential

As of late, sharp ascent in the lifestyle blogs and social networking accounts that are resolved to advantages of going chemical free has worked for the market by improving purchaser’s data. In 2016, a Democratic representative from California, Dianne Feinstein, presented the Personal Care Products Safety Act, a bill to fortify directions on constituents used in personal care products. French luxury monster L’Oréal has gained German vegan cosmetics organization Logocos Naturkosmetik, with goals to grow its scope universally. Further, Walmart, one of the United States’ greatest hypermarket chains, very recently included another line of Wild Spirit vegan scents to its contributions.

Global Vegan Cosmetics Market: Regional Outlook

Based on geographical segmentation, the vegan cosmetics market has been segmented into-Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. North America is anticipated to be bit by bit rising, particularly vegan products. By and by, rising demand for natural cosmetics is supplementing the growth of the region. China and Japan are responsible for high growth rates in Asia Pacific. Departmental stores and general stores are the most favored retail outlets in the district, pushing the Asia Pacific market for vegan cosmetics.

Read Comprehensive Overview of Report @

https://www.tmrresearch.com/vegan-cosmetics-market

Global Vegan Cosmetics Market: Competitive Landscape

Some of the prominent names in the global vegan cosmetics market are Bare Blossom, Zuzu Luxe, MuLondon Organic, Beauty Without Cruelty, Modern Minerals Makeup, Ecco Bella, Urban Decay, Arbonne, Emma Jean Cosmetics, and Billy Jealousy.

About TMR Research

TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in today’s supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients’ conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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TMR Research,

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San Francisco, CA 94121

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#Vegan Cosmetics Market

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thegundlife · 7 years ago

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People watching

I first fell in love with architecture as a shy kid who found great pleasure and comfort participating with my surroundings as a quiet, pensive observer. During social events and in public spaces, I was keen to step back and explore the ways in which people move and interact. I developed a deep sensitivity for space and the ways in which different people find safety and pleasure in different environments. Being in chaotic social space, I would create temporary refuge, finding the space that allowed me to step back and feel my surroundings at my own pace. I loved observing movement and behavior.

I moved about the world so cautiously, never taking risks, never falling, never climbing trees. I was very careful. And as a careful, cautious kid, I would approach new frontiers through observation before action. What does this mean? If I were to cross a log bridge, I would first need to see how other kids crossed it before me. Where did they step? What did they hold on to? How fast did they go? Did they fall? And then the observation would deepen….is the log dry? Is it wet? How high is it? Exploring patterns in movement, I would draw insight, synthesizing diverse interactions and deciding on my own approach. I would cross carefully and with an informed plan of action. Acting in my environment always began as a reflective act.

Without knowing it, I was beginning to develop the most precious design tool I have at my disposal, the art and science of observing. What began as a necessity- observing my environment to ensure my wellbeing and safety- blossomed into a lifelong love affair. I have an insatiable curiosity for how people move, feel, and interact.

As an architect, design researcher, and business designer, a skill I bring to the teams I work with is my ability to structure observation and learn from people interacting in digital and physical environments. My lifelong passion for people-watching has become the core of my professional endeavors. There is infinite depth of information in the way people do the things they do and what I love to do is explore the why behind everything. I love finding opportunities in the patterns. As a designers and researchers, the deeper we dig, the more insightful we become and the better products, services, tools, and spaces we can design. This is human centered design.

As a business designer with Polymath Ventures, I guide our human centered design endeavors in Mexico. At Polymath, we build massively scalable businesses that serve the middle class throughout Latin America. In order to design products and services that are meaningful to millions, we are constantly building new research and design tools that allow us to understand the real needs, desires, and dreams of our target. Each day we grapple with big, beefy questions, that when explored with real people open up new spaces for wild ideation. The more we understand, the more bits and pieces we have to build with.

I began with Polymath three months ago first in Colombia where I took a deep dive into the business design methodology through working with several teams from other companies that Polymath has built, ranging from financial inclusion services to auto repair. After two months in Bogota, we moved to Mexico City to begin work building new ventures based in the megapolis. At Polymath with use Bogota and Mexico City as our urban laboratories, where we build and implement tools that help us understand real needs and desires of millions of people. All of our ventures or born from insights related to desirability and as a team of expert business thinkers, we dream up and test new business models that respond to these insights. Our happy space is where desirability meets feasibility and scalability, and it is our responsibility to find this sweet spot and build big. So how do we do this?

We begin by defining the questions, what do we really want to know?

Every week for us is a new adventure, we work in week long sprints, and begin the week by defining the juicy questions we are tackling. What do middle class parents think about credit? What are the biggest obstacles for homeowners trying to make their homes more safe and and vibrant? What inspires people to try a new service online?

Then we design tools that help us answer the impossible.

With the questions clear, we design the tools that will help us shed light on these mystery spaces. Who do we need to talk to? Where do we need to look? How to we explore the questions? There is no clear recipe to any of the work we do, rather, tried and tested methodologies help guide us in developing the next generation of tools and approaches. Since beginning our work in Mexico only a few months ago, we have been doing groundwork to build a radically new home improvement company. We have talked to hundreds of people on the streets, led dozens of in-depth structured interviews, conducted over 10 focus groups, many co-creation sessions with collaborators, over 20 online campaigns to test different ideas, and spoken with over 100 industry experts.

To understand real needs and desires, we have to temper our bias and approach our exploration with neutral curiosity. We cannot let our assumptions or personal experience distract us. Each week, our six person team interacts with anywhere from 20 to 20,000 people, digitally and in person. During this phase of our work, we ask and absorb, look and learn.

Interviews with small business owners about their experiences with using credit.

Focus group with homeowners exploring their home improvement priorities

Once we’ve asked around (and around and around), we share our findings with the rest of the team.

We write our initial findings on to millions of post it notes. Every conversation we have had, observation we have conducted, interview we led, or element of research we have conducted gets broken up into all of its pieces and we write down all the juicy stuff on post its. Post its go up on the wall, and this is what enables everyone on the team to learn from everyone else’s research. We call this the download.

We then begin to search for patterns and possibilities.

The information we download is rich, but it is really meaningless until we start to look for the patterns and opportunities. We take information that is anecdotal and sometimes super specific to a person’s particular life experience and try to connect the dots between what lots of different people see, feel, and experience. One person telling us they hate the idea of credit but love to pay for things in interest-free monthly installments really does not tell us much, but when we see hundreds of people saying the same thing, we start to have an ¨ah-ha!¨ moment.

Synthesis however is never as clear cut as this. We look for patterns in how people feel about certain things and what are the particular factors in one’s life that may influence their feelings. We try to zoom into different variables that influence experience, from socioeconomic to geographical factors. How do people who live in houses feel about this? How to people that live in apartments think about that? What about new homeowners? What about renters? We never generalize across a diverse public.

During synthesis we look at all the post it note chaos we have downloaded on the walls and start to group things to represent themes and patterns we are discovering. This is where post its become an invaluable tool because they help us to think and build spatially. We can start to group together diverse responses to a single prompt or find conflicting opinions around a common theme. From here we start to develop big insights. In building our home improvement venture, some tried and tested insights we have unearthed range from ¨no matter how distraught a house can be, home is always refuge when compared to the chaos of the city¨ to ¨the middle class in Mexico seeks out home improvement services only through trusted networks and recommendations from friends.¨

We move from insights to ideas.

Insights provide fuel for ideation. These moments of realization are powerful constraints that inform our design work. We start to find the white spaces and new opportunity areas. This is where we let the creative juices flow and go expansionary. We dream big and bold and start to develop ideas of services and products that respond to these insights.

Then we test our ideas, with real people under real circumstances.

Our cities are our labs, and as such we take advantage of our urban labs to test the strength and potential of our ideas. Something that we have learned is that people say differently than they act. That means that testing an idea is not as simple as asking someone what they think about a concept. We need to really test an idea under real circumstance.

Our mantra is fake it until you make it. We are constantly building fake companies and products (prototypes) and testing them with real people to see measure and learn from real response and interaction. For example with home improvement, it seems each week we are inventing new kinds of companies, building out an identity for them and hitting the streets as real, fake employees to see how people respond to our offerings. For example, it is not uncommon for us to run a facebook campaign for a fictional home improvement company with an interesting concept that gets people to reach out to us for an initial visit and quote. That gives us the opportunity to sit down with real potential clients in an intimate one on one session and learn from their response to our new offering. It was through tests like this for example that we learned that although people say they hate credit, they love the idea of credit if it helps them finish a home improvement project they have been trying to save for for years.

Once an idea starts to prove powerful, we then explore feasibility and scalability.

We get excited when we see dozens to hundreds of people responding positively to a wildly new kind of service or product that we are offering. But a fictional service is exactly that until we can find the business model levers and innovation that allow us to break through with something truly innovative. Since we are focused on serving the middle class, that usually means that we build new efficiencies into our business models that allow our constituency to have access to new products and services at a price point that they can access.

We have to understand the industry mechanics better than any other player. Similarly to our work related to client desirability, we also have to understand the pains and pleasures behind the scenes across all the professional players. In the industry what works? What does not work? Where are the innefficines? And what really needs to change?

To understand this, we talk to experts from across industries and value chains. In home improvement for example, on any given day we will have half a dozen interviews with CEOs from major home improvement companies, developers, contractors, product designers, suppliers, distributors… We pitch our ideas and build together from their years of industry experience. This top-down industry-focused approach compliments our bottom-up client-focused desirability work. Where these two roads meet is where we go big!

In short (lol) I love observing people and designing from real insight. I love my job. I love my team (in Mexico we are a team of seven from five different countries!), and I love what I am learning each and every day. I will be posting now regularly, sharing learning and insights from my adventures in entrepreneurship, business building, and human centered design.

#human centered design #businessdesign

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