#Nova and Thrace

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.19 (before 1930)

295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. 43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. 947 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite rebel leader, is defeated and killed in the Hodna Mountains in modern-day Algeria by Fatimid forces. 1153 – Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon. 1458 – Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope. 1504 – In Ireland, the Hiberno-Norman de Burghs (Burkes) and Cambro-Norman Fitzgeralds fight in the Battle of Knockdoe. 1561 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France. 1604 – Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate. 1612 – The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history. 1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire". 1692 – Salem witch trials: In Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft. 1745 – Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45". 1745 – Ottoman–Persian War: In the Battle of Kars, the Ottoman army is routed by Persian forces led by Nader Shah. 1759 – Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King. 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown. 1812 – War of 1812: American frigate USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides". 1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate. 1839 – The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world". 1848 – California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January). 1854 – The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred. 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps. 1862 – Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. 1903 – The Transfiguration Uprising breaks out in East Thrace, resulting in the establishment of the Strandzha Commune. 1909 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens for automobile racing. William Bourque and his mechanic are killed during the first day's events. 1920 – The Tambov Rebellion breaks out, in response to the Bolshevik policy of Prodrazvyorstka. 1927 – Patriarch Sergius of Moscow proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union.

[the-estranged-estrangedaframian]

@pasiphaedemetriadevil

“... Well, basically, I was gonna say you were takin’ a drink to smooth things over... You know... ‘cause of that smoothie on the counter...” Honestly, he was a nerd. The biggest fu— Pardon his ‘french’— He actually spoke rudimentary François, so he could perhaps get by with the political incorrectness better than some— nerd in New England.

You might be wondering why New England as opposed to England (or even the area where Nova had her shop), after hearing his Cockney accent, and the answer is that he had, during extensive travels, fallen in love with that particular region of the ‘States due to the inhabitants enthusiasm for Halloween; too, the crisp autumn-esque weather they hosted year round. As such, he lived there now.

Ambrose: Oh, right. You asked where I found him-

Ambrose: Man owns the oldest Halloween specialty store in America!!

Ambrose: I’ve even heard rumours he’s as old as the store itself... think 150+ uhhh but don’t let that stop you ;)

Ambrose: I’m serious. I consulted the STARS on this one, ‘kay? Do you know how hardball those little guys are? Stick a needle in my eye, they each twinkled like they “shipped” it.

“I’m looking for a horse's skull,” D’arme replied with a straight face. “It’s rather necessary that the skull be genuine bone... I’ll know straightaway whether it is or not...”

He licked his lips, seeing how Ambrose appeared to have no intention whatsoever to interrupt the other two. Corey was really starting to suspect that this had been a planned meet-cute from the very beginning.

“I also need something Chalkidian, erm, from Rhegion, or Caere— Euboea, if that’s all that’s stocked— but nothing from the Thrace-Chalkidians... Can be anything, anything at all... Even just a chip of stone, or a grain of soil...”

[ajanefantasy]

Book Love part 6 - Nova Blast

And now we have Nova Blast. After finishing the Brothers Trilogy, I was in a position I hadn’t been in for a while: What book was I going to write next? Do I start something new or maybe continue writing about the brothers. After a small rest, I started looking about at the various characters I had met in the journey of all the previous books and those that I only knew in passing--characters mentioned, but not introduced.

Well, there was Sari and Jayd, who I had been attempting to write before I wrote about Rum and Gin. But there was also Nova and Thrace chattering at me.

So I tried writing both, see who was talking loudest. Turned out that Nova and his treasure wanted their story told more.

Nova started talking to me...(looks at my files) back in 2007. Wait, really? That would have come around not too long after Golden Boots. Okay then. How time flies. Back in 2007, Nova and Thrace weren’t quite ready. I had an opening. I knew how they met, sorta. There were bits and pieces that weren’t quite fitting together. In 2007, who they each were, what their exact motives were, wasn’t for me to know. I kept checking on them periodically, but nothing.

Flash forward to 2012/2013 and well, these two men started making themselves very well known. Thrace wanted adventure before he settled down to run his estate. Nova wanted vengeance for the death of his sister. What better start could there be to a relationship? (Ha!)

As what usually happens in my stories, the pirate finds their treasure and, surprise, their treasure is not who they thought they were getting (usually surprises me too). Their treasure ends up turning things around and changing the rules while leading their pirates on a merry chase.

Nova never expected someone like Thrace and Thrace wasn’t having any of Nova’s shenanigans...at first. It was adventure Thrace was in want of after all.

[Image ID: Image of a three mast ship sailing through a snowy, icy passage with the words Nova Blast written across it]

Longing for adventure, Thrace never expected to be kidnapped by a wild and lusty pirate seeking vengeance. Looking to avenge his sister’s death, Captain Nova Blast steals his enemy’s betrothed only to find his treasure. But time is short for both men as duty to home and hearth complicate everything. Story contains strong language and explicit sex. 195,000 words

Amazon / Smashwords / Kobo / Apple / BN

A preview of Nova Blast can be found under the cut.

Thrace could not fully relax as he bathed after cleaning the fish. He kept expecting Nova to barge into the cabin, take the cloth and soap from him, and insist upon aiding him. Nova had whispered of such as they were cleaning the fish, whispered what he would do, how he would touch him. He closed his eyes and tried to push away the image of the rotten pirate doing just that.

He failed.

And never could he mind; no one need know his thoughts. A soft moan slipped from his lips, he could nigh feel Nova’s big hands gliding over…

“Then I am not too late.” Nova grinned wide seeing Thrace in the tub. He closed the door behind him and strode over to the tub, pulling off his coat as he went.

“Fuck!” He glared.

“Do ye wish it then?” He tossed his coat aside and started pulling at his jerkin, uncaring if he lost a button. “A hot tumble?”

“Nae. I seek not a tumble, but was swearing that I took too long.” Thrace gripped the cloth tight, ready to fight for its keep. “How is this a seduction when constantly are you badgering me? ’Twas only three days previous that we met, two of which I saw hardly a moment of you for the storm, and suddenly I am supposed to fall into bed with you?”

Nova stopped undressing, realizing what Thrace said was true. He was moving quick, quicker than he usually would. “My apologies. I…” Shit. “Admit I must to being anxious.”

“Anxious to gain your vengeance against Xaev? That makes me want to fall into bed,” his voice dripped with sarcasm.

Nova opened his mouth and then closed it. Again he opened his mouth, certain he knew what to say, but closed it once more knowing that whatever words he thought to say, they were wrong. Finally he decided the truth needed telling. “Nae. Were it just that, I would be moving slow and proper, gain yer trust, yer affection. I… Anxious I am because…because the thought of marrying Yoona fills me with dread. You and Feather spoke of such things so ye know that I am to marry this autumn and unless…unless something catastrophic were to occur, there is naught that can stop it.”

Thrace lessened his hold on the cloth and knew in that moment that something was changing betwixt them. Whether or not ’twas a good thing would be decided later. “I… I felt the same regarding mine. Handsome is Xaev, but when he kissed me, I felt naught for him. I felt much unease with the embrace. Truth be told, never was I able to imagine accepting him into my bed. No desire did I feel to undress him, to touch him, to have him do the same with me.”

Nova grabbed a chair and sat by the tub. He stretched his legs out and crossed his arms over his chest and concentrated his line of vision upon Thrace’s face or he might continue undressing and join him in the tub. “I know not why he would want to marry ye, for never had I known him to be interested in men. Many times when one protests an interest, ’tis oft proven that they do indeed hold interest, but never did he even make face or comment when he would see me seek out a man for the evening. He held nae care, nae thought; ’twas a non-event. Truth is…I never knew what interested him for never had I seen him go off with a woman either. Only do I have his insistence that he would marry naught but a maiden. For all I know that was a joke upon his part.”

“He kissed me not as a man would kiss another man.”

“Then ye have been kissed by other men?”

“Aye, aye. A certain way there is when men kiss, a strength to the kiss that is missing when a man kisses a woman. Though since we are being truthful, I wondered about his own experience for there seemed little in his kiss.”

“And methinks that ye cannot be maiden to know such a thing.”

Thrace laughed and began rubbing the washing cloth over his arms. “Never did I say I was. If Xaev thought it of me, I know not where he gained the notion. Also have I kissed a woman, which I found interesting, but not interesting enough to attempt more than once.”

Nova’s eyes suddenly took notice of the cloth’s movement over Thrace’s finely muscled right arm and found himself staring at an ornate set of markings covering from shoulder to hand. “Tattooed ye are.”

Thrace stopped washing and looked at his arm. “Aye, tattooed I am; tattooed are you.”

“Aye, but I knew not that those of the Northern Seas held such decoration.” He motioned to the tattoo. “What is it?”

“The Asqa Spear.” He held up his hand to show the tip of the spear. “Every Grand Dusal or Dusalla has held it. Received it I did the day I commanded my first splitfan migration—I was sixteen. There was quite the celebration that evening.”

“Most surprising I must say.”

His brow furrowed. “I understand not your surprise when you have tattoos covering nigh the whole of your left side.”

“’Tis…a cultural thing.”

With a nod of understanding, he returned to washing. “’Tis quite extensive the work done. Beautiful as well.”

“A prince I am and first born, and…” He pushed that away. “Do ye have other tattoos or is the spear the extent of yer decoration?” Nova grinned when Thrace glowered at him, again his hand pausing. “’Tis a simple question and one asked in sincerity.” He motioned to a spot on Thrace’s chest, just under the wet mat of hair. “It looks like ye have one over yer heart.”

“Two ravens to represent my father and grandfather’s journey to The Everafter.”

“Ravens? Why ravens?”

“’Tis cultural, dating back to the time of the very first Everdaimon, long before Yeryl and Zasara, when the Northern Continent was filled with unending war over territory. Ravens aided in escorting the spirits of the dead to The Everafter.”

“Surprised I am such things still remain.”

“Those of the Northern Seas hold long memories.”

“I suppose much can be answered with cultural. Any other tattoos?”

“Three…” Thrace paused trying to decide if he mentioned… He tried not to think of that one, but not wishing to lie… He sighed. “Four others do I have. One on my back, two upon my right leg and,” he turned his right arm over to display a bow nocked with three crossing arrows on the inside of the forearm, “this one. ’Twas done after a successful hunting competition. Won it I have thrice.”

“And why there are three arrows?”

“Nae, ’tis three because when I received it, I could hold three, now am I able to hold five. I need prove it at The Hunt so it may be added to.” He pointed to the filigree lines behind it. “These indicate the three wins. ’Tis much the deal, The Hunt; all of the Northern Countries compete.”

“Like yer hoquet?”

Thrace thought about that for a moment. “Mayhap, or very close to it. Hoquet, at least at this time, ’tis just Nortand and her provinces that compete, though the other countries do play. Plans I had to enter The Hunt once more—’tis being held in Sandyl this time—but it looks as if ’twill not bear fruit.” He brushed his hand over the tattoo and then once again returned to bathing, running the cloth under his arms, washing the pits.

“What is hunted?” Nova shifted his position slightly, crossing and uncrossing his ankles as he watched Thrace lift his arm up, exposing the side of his chest, admiring the way the muscles and skin stretched along the ribs. “Is there a quantity hunted, a specific size of the quarry needed?”

“Nae, nae. ’Tis… We do hunt various quarry, but ’tis only a small part, and what is hunted is used to feed those present for the competition. The Hunt, ’tis mostly a competition of skill. Inanimate targets are set up at various heights amongst the trees—small ones, large ones, those that move, those that are still—and each competitor hunts them, strikes as many as possible in the allotted amount of time. No set course is there, so each hunt is different for each participant. The targets are set by magik and counted by magik.”

“Are there those that cheat?”

“There have been such individuals, but always are they outed. The magik used is strict and unforgiving. Does one cheat, one is turned bright red and their scent turned most foul for a year.”

Nova laughed. “Aye, sounds indeed strict. And would make life most unpleasant. So, you have won thrice?”

“Aye. ’Tis quite the endurance challenge as ’tis held within one of the various mountain ranges across the Northern Continent—every two years a different country hosts which keeps the areas fresh, the game plentiful, the competition fierce. Some of the targets, the ones worth the most points, are at the higher elevations. Mayhap next time. ’Twill be in Koniaq then. Never have I been, so should prove exciting.”

“Would ye be my lover?” Nova blurted. He went still, unable to believe that he had actually asked it. He had never asked before, there had never been need to ask. But the words were out and all he could do was wait and try not to call them back.

Thrace went still, even his lungs, but then his prick dared twitch at the offer and his breath continued in and out, but perhaps a little quicker than before. “Captain, whether or not you seek vengeance, ’tis a temporary acquaintance ours. You are to marry and I am to return to Asqala.”

“Is it something ye would regret, being with me?”

“Most likely not, but… Allow me to think upon the matter, at least for a few days.”

“If lovers ye have had previous…”

“I have cared for each of my lovers, some more deeply than others, but I have cared for them. Sex is naught I play with, ’tis a most serious endeavor. I need decide if the ache I will feel at the end of our time is something I could deal with.” He looked at Nova. “And I think I would ache greatly when ’tis over betwixt us.”

Nova dropped to his knees beside the tub and slipped his hand behind Thrace’s neck. He leaned in to kiss the object of his desire, needing to kiss him, but a sopping wet washing cloth was shoved against his mouth.

“I said, I need think upon this, you rotten pirate.”

Nova started laughing. He had never known an individual such as Thrace. He shoved the cloth away and spit out the water that spilt into his mouth. “I just wished a kiss.”

“’Tis never just a kiss with you.”

He bobbed his head from side to side. “When ’tis ye I hope to kiss, I must agree.”

--

© A. Jane

Book Love: Part 1  Part 2  Part 3  Part 4  Part 5  Part 6  Part 7  Part 8  Part 9

[archaeologyinbulgaria]

12 Awesomely Inspiring Ancient Inscriptions Discovered by Archaeologists in Bulgaria Recently and What They Reveal

12 Awesomely Inspiring Ancient Inscriptions Discovered by Archaeologists in Bulgaria Recently and What They Reveal

One of the most intriguing ancient inscriptions discovered in Bulgaria in the past few years. Check out the list below. Photo: Parvomai.net

Ancient inscriptions are among the best windows into the past that archaeologists can find during their research. (more…)

[storytelleratheart]

Once again I was tagged by @cmdrjamesfitzjames! Thank you for making me look at all my writing projects again! Sometimes I forget how much fun some of these have been!

Rules: List the first lines of your last 20 stories (if you have less than 20, just list them all), see if there are any patterns. choose your favorite opening line. then tag 10 authors! 

The Glass Vault

‘Mistress Aurica, the Blackhat has returned!’

The Devils Next Door

The Evilish family waited patiently outside what could only be described as the evilest looking doors in existence.

Rolling Thunder

The Transport shuddered and rocked as it plunged through the Atlesian atmosphere, the skies above Atlas were turbulent, more so than expected.

Verity’s Crusade

The live studio audience cheered as Elaine Hassiah, the newest darling of the silver screen on Nova Constantine announced her newest project for the first time

Contact Thrace

Alarms blared throughout the crew quarters of the AN Sparrowhawk.

Skysea

Long ago the Earth was shattered in a barely half remembered cataclysm.

The Song of Arlen

The hearth crackled as Arlen descended the stairs from the upper room.

Iron

‘We don’t need chaos, chaos has always needed us. I’ve seen the slaves it makes of those addicted to it’s power!’

The King’s Highwaymen

A light drizzle fell over the misty fields of Glawrwick, softening the earth where it would soak until the end of autumn.

Wyrdhunter

The stench of sulphur, smoke and Witchcraft clung to the stone walls of the Wilted Rose, overpowering the stench of rot and decay.

The Watch on Willow Street

Morwen cursed as her foot connected with something solid in the dark.

Hounds

A motley gang of boys assembled by the old gate.

I honestly feel like The Devils Next Door has my favourite opening line.

Also, The King’s Highwaymen and Wyrdhunter are available as ebooks on Amazon if you’re interested in reading more of them! (https://www.amazon.com.au/Kings-Highwaymen-Witches-Gunpowder-Hemlock-ebook/dp/B07WS5KH78)

One day I should probably put them up elsewhere on the internet for purchase too...

But I should probably finish The Watch on Willow Street to finish up that trillogy of Novellas first...

[thegrapeandthefig]

Hey I've been looking into something and I figured you might be a good source (maybe adri can also add in if you make this a post).

Do you know anything about the difference between Maenads and Bassarids? I know the terms are used interchangeably, though Bassarids usually wore foxskins (possibly where the name comes from) and that they where common to Thrace. Idk if the terms actually are interchangable or if the Bassarids belonged to a specific place/practice/epithet of Dionysos so using them interchangeably is incorrect (and if they do idk what the difference exactly is but I'm curious). Anything you know could be helpful ^^

It’s one of those topics where I’m not sure I can provide a satisfactory answer, but I’ll try to be as succinct as possible:

1) The epithet Bassareus does exist for Dionysus. We know of one (1) dedication to him under this epithet dating back to the 3rd century BC, in Histria (modern day Romania), which is, in fact in Thrace.

2) We know the term is obviously older, since Aeschylus wrote a now lost play titled Bassarai. The play is unfortunately in a very fragmentary state so there's not much for us to speculate on there.

However, it is possible that perhaps, the term was interchangeable for the Athenians, assuming this epithet/title was foreign or marginal to them but might have been much more important in Thracian cultus.

3) This aside, the most important use of the term as a title, to my knowledge, comes from Torre Nova (Latium, Italy) in the Ist century AD. The document is an inscription listing participants/members of a local Dionysian association, which very possibly performed mysteries of some kind. And it is in this particular context that we find a distinction between the participants:

Some are archibassarai (2 males and 4 females), while others are called belt-wearing bacchants (15 males, 3 females), and then you also find "sacred bacchants" (over a 100 people) and others are simply called bacchants ( about 44 females). And those are not all the titles (there are 27!): I've left out the priests and priestesses, the torch bearers, the phallus bearers etc.

What is interesting in the case of the association of Torre Nova is that there is a hierarchy amongst participants, that might be linked to the level of initiation. However, the problem is that it is very likely that this organization is particular to this association (one of a wealthy roman family, might I add) and not a standardized way of doing things. Not to mention the geographical and chronological context, which is far from 5th century Athens or 3rd century Thrace. It should be noted also, that the term maenad isn’t used in the inscription at all. 

TL;DR To summarize, and coming back to your initial question: we know very little of the use of the term in Classical Greece, but, as you have mentioned, we have some traces of a Thracian use of the term in cultic context. Clear disctinction and use as a cult title is attested much later in Roman Italy. 

[damianatx]

"What would happen to your ashes?" Lexa hesitates, then leans into Clarke, head coming to rest on top of hers where it lies on Lexa's shoulder. "Take them with you to Nova. Scatter them amongst the land. I would...like to be near you."

within me an invincible summer - thrace

[travelsinser]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[banskotravel]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[travelsinn]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[summertravelsbg]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.19 (before 1920)

295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. 43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. 947 – Abu Yazid, a Kharijite rebel leader, is defeated and killed in the Hodna Mountains in modern-day Algeria by Fatimid forces. 1153 – Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon. 1458 – Pope Pius II is elected the 211th Pope. 1504 – In Ireland, the Hiberno-Norman de Burghs (Burkes) and Anglo-Norman Fitzgeralds fight in the Battle of Knockdoe. 1561 – Mary, Queen of Scots, aged 18, returns to Scotland after spending 13 years in France. 1604 – Eighty Years War: a besieging Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange forces the Spanish garrison of Sluis to capitulate. 1612 – The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history. 1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire". 1692 – Salem witch trials: In Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft. 1745 – Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45". 1745 – Ottoman–Persian War: In the Battle of Kars, the Ottoman army is routed by Persian forces led by Nader Shah. 1759 – Battle of Lagos: Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France. 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King. 1782 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown. 1812 – War of 1812: American frigate USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides". 1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate. 1839 – The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world". 1848 – California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January). 1854 – The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred. 1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps. 1862 – Dakota War: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way. 1903 – The Transfiguration Uprising breaks out in East Thrace, resulting in the establishment of the Strandzha Commune. 1909 – The Indianapolis Motor Speedway opens for automobile racing. William Bourque and his mechanic are killed during the first day's events.

[travelbalkan]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[traveltoobulgaria]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[holidaysinn]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.

[bookinghotelbg]

MOESIA AND THRACE IN THE PERIOD OF ROMAN RULE

A number of towns were founded in Moesia and Thrace in the period of Roman rule; some of them grew out of the civilian settlements around the Roman camps on the Danube at Ratiaria (Archar), Almus (Lorn), Oescus (Ghighen), Novae (near Svishtov), and Durostorum (Silistra); others developed on the site of former Thracian settlements at important crossroads, near mineral springs and so on. Such are Martianopolis (Reka Devnya), Nicopolis ad Istrum in Moesia, Serdica (Sofia), Pautalia (Kyustendil), Augusta Trajana (Stara Zagora), Nicopolis ad Nestum (not far from the town of Gotse Delchev) and a number of other towns. Of the old towns in Thrace the Greek colonies along the Black Sea and Aegean coasts continued to exist, and so far as we know, in the interior — Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Cabyle (not far from the town of Yambol) and in Eastern Thrace — Uscudama (Hadrianopolis), Bizye and others. Roman rule was favourable to the development of urban life in both provinces.

Conditions were favourable here for the appearance of a considerable and wealthy landed aristocracy, based on exploitation of the population, mainly the peasantry; in the course of time this aristocracy included elements of a local origin within its ranks. This class, regardless of its ethnical origin, became the prop and mainstay of Roman rule, seeing in the latter a guarantee for its own prosperity. The entire history of Moesia and Thrace under Roman rule is one of constant struggle of the oppressed masses in the economic :sphere of the antique world in this period. They developed their productive forces still further, experienced a great cultural advance, and the predominance of the antique Graeco-Roman culture was fully established. Considered from the outside, the period of Roman domination was one of a great economic and cultural advance in the lands of the Balkan Peninsula travel bulgaria.

The prosperity which Roman domination

However, this was only one side of the matter. The prosperity which Roman domination brought here was the privilege of a minority only, viz. of the ruling class.True peace appeared to have set in, the pax Romana. But it was a peace which the cruel Roman military regime imposed by sheer force upon the broad strata of the population — the peasants, the small artisans and the slaves. Actually, here too, as in the remainder of the Empire, contradictions in the slave-owning society grew more and more acute; they caused great unrest in the country, and particularly from the 3rd century on were expressed in endless social and political revolts of the exploited, which merged with invasions of the peoples and tribes of the north and north-east.

A large part of the cities which sprang up in the period of Roman domination, continue their life to this day, having changed both their name and their aspect: Sofia, Kyustendil and so on. The remains of these cities lie deep under the present-day districts, and it is therefore very difficult to study them. There are other cities also, which had a shorter term of life; at the end of late antiquity they fell into decay, lost their importance, and the Middle Ages found them reduced to the status of small settlements.