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docpiplup · 2 years

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A guide through the monarchs of Aragon in La Catedral del mar & Los Herederos de la tierra

@asongofstarkandtargaryen

During the series the role of the members of the monarchy is secondary, but they are used to help to establish a concrete historical context and they're very determinant in the situation of the Puig and Entanyol families involving political estrategies of supporting this or that king, that gave them benefits or dacay (Arnau's rise with Pedro IV, Genís & Roger rise with Juan I and Martín I and Bernat with Fernando I). So, I wanted to make a recopilation of the monarchs shown during these series and their families.

House of Aragon/ House of Barcelona (descendants of the Jimena dinasty)

The Jimena dinasty is called like that because its origin was Jimeno "the Strong", grandfather of Eneko Arizta, and one of its branches was the Arista-Iñiga dinasty started by Eneko.

Eneko, his son García Iñiguez and his grandson Fortún Garcés were Lords of Pamplona, Fortún Garcés married Awriya bint Lubb ibn Musa (great-grandaughter of Musa the Great), and one of their daughters was Oneka Fortúnez, who married Abd Allah I of Cordoba (their son was Muhammad, who fathered the calipha Abd al-Rahman III with a basque woman called Muzna) and then Oneka married Aznar Sánchez de Larraún, and had a daughter with him, Toda Aznárez. Toda married Sancho Garcés I, the truly first king of Pamplona, was Sancho Garcés I (the first king of the Jimena dinasty).

Sancho Garcés III (992-1036) was king of Pamplona, Count of Aragon and king consort of Castile, whose bastard son with Sancha de Aibar, Ramiro I, inherited the counties of Aragon, Sobarbe and Ribagorza, and united them to form the kingdom of Aragon.

Then Petronila I (1136-1173), Ramiro I's great-grandaughter, married Ramón Berenguer IV count of Barcelona. Their son Alfonso II of Aragon was the first king of the Crown of Aragon and Pedro IV's great-great- great-grandfather.

In summary all the Aragonese monarchs are descedants of Eneko Arizta (and that's the way we can link Irati with LCDM/LHDLT)

Pedro IV

Pedro IV of Aragon, II of Valencia and I of Mallorca (Balaguer, Lleida, Catalonia, September 5, 1319 - Barcelona, Catalonia, January 5, 1387), called "the Ceremonious" or the Punyalet ('the one with the dagger', due to a dagger he used to carry), son of Alfonso IV of Aragon and Teresa de Entenza.

King of Aragon, Valencia and Mallorca (1344-1387); Duke of Athens (1380-1387) and Neopatria (1377-1387); count of Barcelona (1336-1387) and of Ampurias (1386-1387).

In 1338 he married María de Navarra (1326-1347), daughter of Felipe III and Juana II of Navarra. Offspring:

Constanza (1343-1363), married in 1361 to Federico III of Sicily, and Juana (1344-1385), married in 1373 with Juan I de Ampurias.

In 1347 he married Leonor of Portugal (1328-1348), daughter of Alfonso IV of Portugal. She died the following year of the Black Death.

In 1349 he married Eleanor of Sicily (1325-1375), daughter of Pedro II of Sicily. Offspring:

Juan I (1350-1396), Martin I (1356-1410) and Leonor (1358-1382), married to Juan I of Castile. Leonor was the mother of Fernando I of Aragon.

In 1377 he married Sibila de Fortiá, daughter of the Empordà nobleman Berenguer de Fortiá. Offspring:

Isabel (1380–1424), who married Jaime II of Urgel, future suitor for the aragonese crown.

During his reign the Aragonese expansionism in the Mediterranean continued, focused on southern Italy and Greece.

Although he was ally of Alfonso XI, Pedro IV had a great rivalry with his son Pedro I of Castile and fought against him in some conflicts, like the War of the two Pedros (1356-1369) and the first Castilian Civil War (1351-1369), in which Pedro I was supported by Pedro I of Portugal (one of his bastard sons, Juan I of Portugal, was the founder and first king of the Avis dinasty) and Muhammad V of Granada, and Pedro IV supported the bastard children of Alfonso XI with his lover Leonor de Guzmán (Pedro de Aguilar, Sancho Alfonso, Fadrique Alfonso, Enrique II of Castile, Fernando Alfonso, Tello, Juan Alfonso, Juana Alfonso, Sancho and Pedro Alfonso), who started several revolts against Pedro I of Castile. The wars ended when Enrique killed Pedro I, and he became the first king of Castile of the Trastamara dinasty.

Sibila de Fortiá

Sibila de Fortiá (Fortiá, Girona, Catalonia, 1350 - Barcelona, Catalonia, 1406), queen consort of the Crown of Aragon (1377-1387). She was the daughter of Berenguer de Fortiá and his wife Francesca de Vilamarí. In 1371 she married for the first time Artal de Foces, an Aragonese nobleman, whom she widowed in 1374, and then she the lover of Pedro IV and had a daughter with him, Isabel.Pedro and Sibila married in 1377. After the wedding, Pedro surrounded himself with Empordà nobles as well as Sibila's relatives.

Pedro IV was very ill at the end of the year 1386, and Sibila, fearful of the wrath of the future King Juan, fled to the castle of San Martín de Sarroca (Barcelona), which belonged to her brother Bernat de Fortiá. There she was imprisoned by Juan I, who treated her harshly, accusing her of abandoning the king on his deathbed and of several robberies in the palace. She was confined in the castle of Moncada (Barcelona) until she renounced his property granted by the king. Finally, Sibila retired to the convent of San Francisco in Barcelona, where she died in 1406.

Juan I

Juan I of Aragon, called the Hunter or the Lover of All Kindness (Perpignan, Occitania, France, 1350 - Torroella de Montgrí, Girona, Catalonia, 1396), King of Aragon, Valencia, Mallorca, Sardinia and Corsica, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdanya ( 1387-1396). Son of Pedro IV and Leonor of Sicily.

His first marriage was with Marta de Armagnac (1347-1378), daughter of Count Juan I de Armagnac. With whom he had: Jaime (1374), Juana, (1375-1407) who married Mateo, Count of Foix. After the death of her father, she claimed the throne with her husband, but they were defeated; Juan (1376), Alfonso (1377) and Leonor (1378).

Widowed, Juan married Violante de Bar (1365-1431), daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar. Offspring:

Jaime Duke of Girona (1382-1388), Yolanda, who married Louis II of Anjou, titular king of Naples. Their son, Luis III, claimed the throne after the death of Martín I, in the engagement of Caspe; Fernando Duke of Girona (1389), Antonia (1391-1392), Juan Duke of Girona (1392-1396), Eleanor (1393), Pedro Duke of Girona (1394) and Juan (1396)

Martin I

Martin I of Aragon, also called the Human or the Old (Girona, July 29, 1356-Barcelona, May 31, 1410), was king of Aragon, of Valencia, of Majorca, of Sardinia and count of Barcelona (1396-1420) and king of Sicily (1409-1410). Second son of Pedro IV of Aragon and his third wife Leonor of Sicily.

Martín was called "the Human" because of his great passion for the Humanities and books. The library of Martín I is the first that could be considered from Renaissance, if at that time in the history of the Iberian peninsula the term can already be used.

Martin married in 1372 with Maria de Luna, daughter of Lope, the first count of Luna, in 1374. From this union they were born:

Jaime (1378), Juan (1380) and Margarita (1388) and Martin I of Sicily "the Younger" (1376-1409), first husband of Blanca I of Navarra.

When Martin the Younger died, Martin married Margarita de Frades, although they left no issue.

His entire reign was marked by the Western Schism that divided Christianity since 1378. He was a supporter of the popes of Avignon (where he went the year of his coronation to swear allegiance to Benedict XIII "the Pope Luna", Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor, with whom it seems that he came to establish a friendly relationship ), from whom he obtained support in his claims over the kingdom of Sicily against the Anjou, supporters of the popes of Rome. In 1400, he would marry his niece Yolanda to Louis II of Anjou in order to defuse tensions. He met in Avignon with the antipope Benedict XIII, Aragonese and a relative of the queen, with the intention of reaching a solution to the schism and, later, in 1403 he intervened militarily against the siege that Benedict suffered in his papal seat, rescuing him and welcoming him in Peñíscola .

House of Trastamara (the Aragonese branch)

Fernando I

Ferdinand I of Aragon (Medina del Campo, Valladolid, Castile and Leon, November 27, 1380-Igualada, April 2, 1416), also called Fernando de Trastámara and Fernando de Antequera, the Just and the Honest, was an infant of Castile, king of Aragon, Valencia, Mallorca, Sardinia, Count of Barcelona (1412-1416), and regent of Castile (1406-1415), during the minority of Juan II of Castile. Son of Juan I of Castile and Leonor of Aragon.

He was the first Aragonese monarch of the Castilian dynasty of the Trastámara, although he was of Aragonese origin on his mother's side.

He married Leonor de Alburquerque

Alfonso the Magnanimous (Medina del Campo, 1394-1458), king of Aragon, with the name of Alfonso V, and of Naples and Sicily, with the name of Alfonso I.

María de Aragón (Medina del Campo, 1396-1445), first wife of Juan II of Castile and mother of Enrique V of Castile

Juan II (Medina del Campo, 1397-1479), King of Aragon and King consort of Navarre.

Enrique (1400-Calatayud, 1445), II Duke of Villena, III Count of Alburquerque, Count of Ampurias, Grand Master of the Order of Santiago.

Leonor (1402-1445), who married Eduardo I of Portugal. Mother of Alfonso V of Portugal, Juana of Portugal (Enrique IV's second wife) and Leonor of Portugal, who married Frederick III of Habsburg (they were parents of emperor Maximilian I of Austria)

Pedro (1406-1438), IV Count of Alburquerque, Duke of Noto.

Sancho (1400-1416)

Alfonso V

Alfonso V of Aragon (Medina del Campo, 1396 – Naples, June 27, 1458), also called the Wise or the Magnanimous, king of Aragon, of Valencia, of Majorca, of Sicily, of Sardinia and Count of Barcelona (1426-1458); and King of Naples (1446-1458).

Alfonso V can be considered as a genuine prince of the Renaissance, since he developed an important cultural and literary patronage that earned him the nickname of the Wise and that would make Naples the main focus of the entry of Renaissance humanism in the sphere of the Crown of Aragon.

From his relationship with his lover Giraldona de Carlino, a napolitan noblewoman, he had three children:

Fernando (1423-1494), his successor in the kingdom of Naples under the name Fernando I.

Maria (1425-1449), married to Lionel, Marquis of Este and Duke of Ferrara.

Leonor, or Diana Eleonora (?-1450), married the nobleman Marino Marzano, Prince of Rossano.

Maria of Castile

María of Castile (Segovia, Castile and Leon, November 14, 1401-Valencia, October 4, 1458). Infanta of Castile, Princess of Asturias (1402-1405) and Queen of Aragon (1416-1458) for her marriage to Alfonso the Magnanimous. First daughter of Enrique III "the Mourner" and Catherine of Lancaster. Sister of Juan II of Castile, untie of Enrique IV and Isabel I.

The marriage between María and Alfonso is celebrated in the Cathedral of Valencia on October 12, 1415. The ceremony was officiated by the antipope Benedict XIII, who also granted the matrimonial dispensation for the wedding.

In 1420, when the king left for Naples for the first time, he left the government of his kingdoms in the hands of Maria as lieutenant general. The absence of the Magnanimous would last three years, during which María had to face the rapid deterioration of the economic situation in Catalonia, the territorial struggle with the Castilian Crown, as well as the conflicts of a social nature that shook her in different kingdoms. On his return to Aragon in 1423, Alfonso V began the war with Castile, along with his brother King Juan of Navarra. But her financial resources were exhausted and in 1429 Queen María had to act as a mediator between her husband and her brother, King Juan II of Castile, to put an end to the dispute. However, Alfonso's situation did not improve, due to the recession suffered by the Catalan economy and the social conflicts caused by it. The Courts of Barcelona in 1431 demanded from the king a series of measures to correct the enormous deficit of the Catalan treasury and trade. But Alfonso, fed up with these matters, returned to Italy and gave full powers to the queen as ruler of Aragon; he left the Iberian Peninsula forever on May 29, 1432. This marked Alfonso V's final break with the Crown of Aragon, which, however, he never renounced.

+ Bonus track (although he doesn't appear in this series)

Juan II

Juan II of Aragon and Navarra, the Great, or the Faithless according to the Catalan rebels who rose up against him (Medina del Campo, June 29, 1398-Barcelona, January 20, 1479) was Duke of Peñafiel, King of Navarre (1425-1479), King of Sicily (1458-1468) and King of Aragon, Mallorca, Valencia, Sardinia (1458-1479) and Count of Barcelona, son of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Leonor de Albuquerque.

From his first marriage to Blanca I of Navarra (daughter of Leonor of Castile and Carlos III of Navarra):

Carlos (1421-1461), Prince of Viana and Girona, Duke of Gandia and Montblanch, titular King of Navarra as Carlos IV (1441–1461), married Agnes of Cleves. He wrote the 'Chronicles of the Monarchs of Navarra', about the history of his antecessors, from Eneko Arizta in the 8th century up to the 15th century.

Juan (1423-1425)

Blanca of Navarra (1424-1464), first wife of Enrique IV of Castile

Leonor (1425-1479), married to Gastón IV de Foix, Queen of Navarre under the name of Leonor I.

From his second marriage to Juana Enríquez:

Leonor of Aragon (1448)

Fernando II (1452-1516), king iure uxoris of Castile (1474-1504) and then regent between 1507 and 1516, under the name of Fernando V due to his marriage to Isabel I, king of Sicily (as Fernando II, 1468-1516), Aragon and Sardinia (as Fernando II, 1479-1516), Naples (as Fernando III, 1504-1516), and from Navarra (as Fernando I, 1512-1516)

Juana (1455-1517), second wife of Fernando I of Naples. Her daughter Juana married Fernando II of Naples (Fernando I of Naples' grandson)

During his youth, Juan fought in the Castilian-Aragonese war (1429-30) and the Castilian Civil War (1437-1445) in the Aragonese team against Juan II of Castile, his son Enrique and the Constable Álvaro de Luna (favourite of Juan II), due to the Aragonese political influences in Castile and the full control that Álvaro de Luna had over Juan II of Castile that allowed him to become very powerful, so some members of the Castilian nobility wanted to remove Álvaro out of Juan II side because of that, and the Aragonese reacted to the anti-aragonese convictons of Álvaro.

Álvaro de Luna arranged a new marriage between Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal (mother of Isabel I) in 1447. The constable intended with this dynastic alliance to strengthen the political ties that united Castile and Portugal against the common enemy: the Catalan-Aragonese Crown, but from 1449, Isabella of Portugal indirectly supported the maneuvers of the Great League of Nobles (allies of the Aragonese) formed against the constable. But it would not be until 1453 when Juan II of Castile, possibly tired of the continuous pressure from the aristocracy, left Álvaro on his own. It has often been said that it was the queen herself who demanded that her husband signed the prison order against Álvaro, through Juan Pacheco, Marquis of Villena.

By 1441 Blanca I de Navarra died and Juan II married the daughter of Fadrique Enríquez (one of his Castilian allies, the admiral of Castile), Juana Enríquez y Fernández de Córdoba.

After the death of Blanca I, a dispute between Juan II and Carlos de Viana about the sucession for the Navarrese throne. Juan was king Iure uxoris of Navarre and wanted to be keep his position as king, but Carlos and his supporters claimed that the prince was the rightful king as firstborn son of the queen and in 1451 the Navarrese civil war started.

In the following years the tension between Juan and Carlos increased with the birth of Fernando, who was pushed by his mother Juana to be the heir of Aragon and Navarra, which Juan later accepted. This change in the sucession was not accepted in Catalonia, that supported Carlos de Viana birthrights, and they started a rebellion against Juan II.

Other supporter of Carlos was Enrique IV, who offered his sister Isabel to Carlos in marriage as a sign of their alliance, but the wedding never happened.

Carlos died in 1461, although the war didn't ended because the Catalan nobility proposed other suitors for the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia, like Enrique IV, Pedro of Portugal (grandson of Jaime II of Urgell) and Renato de Anjou during the Catalan civil war, that ended in 1472.

It's interesting that the interesting that the current situation of the Estanyol family at the end of Los Herederos de la tierra is that there are two brothers from different mothers, and whose father have benefited one of them over the other, so it may lead to tensions from the part that was not benefited, Arnau Jr is the main heir in Bernat's will, so maybe in the future Marta Destorrent will try to pit her son Baltasar against his elder brother to take Arnau Jr's place. By period of time I find very likely that this happens during the reigns Maria of Castile and Juan II, and the situation of the Estanyol succession could parallel the Carlos de Viana-Fernando II problem, although in this case the younger son was the benefited one and the one who inherited his father's kingdoms and maybe the Estanyols are part of the Catalan nobility that defended Carlos' birthrights, although some other Catalan nobles supported Juan II & Fernando alongside of peasants and smallfolk, during the First Remensa War during the Catalan civil war.

The Remensa War consisted in revolts organised by peasants who wanted to end the servitude to which their feudal lords had subjected them, so I think that probably the Estanyol-Llor family would support the peasants because of their backgrounds.

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antguerra · 2 years

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Se trata de uno de los Conservatorios más antiguos de España, creado en 1902 por la Diputación Provincial de Córdoba a partir de la sección de Música de la Escuela Provincial de Bellas Artes. Su primer director fue el músico Cipriano Martínez Rücker. En 1918 terminó la carrera de piano Dolores de Santiago Carrión; también obtuvo medalla de oro por unanimidad en el concurso del tercer año de canto. Su profesor era José Rodríguez Cisneros, director del Conservatorio. En 1922 el Estado da validez oficial a las enseñanzas impartidas en el centro, convirtiéndose en el tercer Conservatorio del país que lo conseguía. Fallecido en 1925 Rodríguez Cisneros, en septiembre de 1932 era director Rafael María Vidaurreta Garriga y secretario Antonio Giménez Román. Iniciada la Guerra Civil, durante los primeros meses se suspendieron las clases. Fue el 18 de enero de 1937 la fecha de inicio del nuevo curso 1936-1937. Pasada la Guerra Civil el centro continuó con el nombre de Conservatorio Oficial de Música hasta 1942, fecha en la que el Ministerio de Educación Nacional le otorga la categoría de Conservatorio Profesional, lo que le permite otorgar las máximas titulaciones previstas en la legislación. Es en 1972 cuando el Conservatorio alcanza su actual estatus de Conservatorio Superior de Música, privilegio sólo compartido por entonces con cinco centros de toda España. Por el auditorio del centro han pasado figuras nacionales e internacionales de la talla de Salvatore Accardo, Narciso Yepes, Pedro Lavirgen, María Orán, Barry Douglas, Josep Colom y, por supuesto, el pianista cordobés Rafael Orozco Flores, que da nombre al Conservatorio desde 1996, fecha de su muerte. (Fuente: Cordobapedia. Foto: Archivo Histórico Provincial) #lamemoriapresente #fotografía #fotografiaartistica #foto #cordoba #córdoba #urbanismo #patrimoniodelahumanidad #historiadecordoba #spain #andalucia #travel #españa #photography #instagood #photooftheday #picoftheday #cordobaesp #travelphotography #art #beautiful #photo #travelgram #instatravel #cordobaespaña #architecture #andalusia #nature #mezquita #wanderlust https://www.instagram.com/p/CmyWmZjqD4T/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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luisbeltranrodriguezlb · 5 months

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Presentado El XVII Trofeo Ciudad de Córdoba de Campo a Través

Luis Beltran/Pedro Merinas.- El próximo día 4 de mayo, se va a celebrar una edición más, del Trofeo Ciudad de Cordoba de Campo a Través en su diecisiete edición. En esta competición participan , la BRI “Guzmán el Bueno X”, Comandancia de la Guardia Civil, Diputación de Córdoba, Consorcio Provincial de Prevención y Extinción de Incendios, Instituciones Penitenciarias, Policía Nacional, Protección…

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citizenscreen · 1 year

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Birthday remembrance - Pedro de Cordoba #botd

#pedro de cordoba

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makairodonx · 9 months

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Las Brujas de San Sebastián

Somewhere in the middle of a little town that stood behind the jagged, green peaks of the Cordobas Mountains, there lived four young witches who led very wild and interesting lives. And while witches in other towns could be tried by the inquisition for what they did and forced to renounce their ways, Angelica, Gabriella, Isabella and Maria continued to secretly keep witchcraft alive in the town of San Sebastian...Without the authorities themselves knowing it.

Seventeen-year-old Angelica saw that a husband had asked her to help him deal with his unfaithful wife. "I will give you this bag of powder," she said to the husband, "And I want you to mix it into the cup of hot chocolate that your wife drinks every morning. Only then will she truly remain faithful to you."

Afterwards, Angelica turned herself into a black vulture and flew out of the window and straight over the reddish-orange-tiled roofs of the houses and shops.

"I'm back!" She said to her fellow witches as she reverted to human form upon landing at the tall, beige-painted house of her three sisters.

"Did you just help Mauricio Alvarez secure the fidelity of his unfaithful wife, Angelica?" Sixteen-year-old Gabriella asked her.

"Yes I have, Gabriella," Angelica replied. "I gave that poor man a special bag of powder for him to mix into the chocolate drink of his unfaithful wife so that she may no longer part ways with him. And were you, Isabella and Maria doing anything else while I was alone?"

"Yes we did, Angelica." Said Gabriella. "I have just used my crystal ball of divination to help Esmeralda de Salamanca see into the future of her children, so that she will guide them away from sinful acts in adulthood."

"I have just used my magic mirror to help a poor man his beloved a dog which he had lost for nine, whole weeks," Sixteen-year-old Isabella added.

"And I have just gave one of my best potions to Luisa Martinez for her abusive husband to drink," Said Fifteen-year-old Maria, "So that he will no longer torment her under his iron will."

"Very well indeed," Said Gabriella. "Now it looks like we've finally been finished with our community errands for the day."

"But I also think that it is very important for us to not expose any our magical practices to the rest of the town." Said Isabella.

"Of course so, Isabella..." Maria said, "For we should always remember what our parents and grandparents did for our community before they were all sadly caught by the Inquisitors and forced to give up the noble examples they once set four our fellow San Sebastianos and San Sebastianas..." Maria said.

And as the sun set over the peaks of the Cordobas Mountains, the four witches gathered in a dark room of their house and lit a few candles in a circle to honor the founders of their great families as they solemnly closed their eyes and whispered prayer-like lamentations of their passing, which heralded a time in which witchcraft was no longer becoming a tradition that was passed down from mothers and fathers to their daughters or sons.

The sisters Angelica and Gabriella both came from the House of Osorio, whose chief patriarch was Brujo Alfonso, and the sisters Isabella and Maria came from the House of Posada, whose chief matriarch Bruja Rafaela happened to be the firstborn daughter of Pedro Posada and Ernesta Osorio. Six hundred years earlier, and twenty years after Alfonso was born from the marriage between Ignacio Osorio and Luisa Posada, Alfonso's sister married one of the two younger brothers of the Bruja Rafaela. Together they started off the Posada Family that Gabriella and Isabella came from. Brujo Alfonso was esteemed throughout San Sebastian for his skills in using herbs and roots to heal all kinds of illnesses or sicknesses, and Bruja Rafaela was equally famous for her carefully-concoted potions, powders, and spells, which were all used to help out the townsfolk deal solve everyday problems they faced throughout their lives. But as the Inquisitors grew very powerful with the help of a class of faithless doctor-priests who loathed the widespread presence of the supernatual, they used a complex system of propaganda to dissuade the townsfolk from seeking the services of the brujos and brujas, who were regularly persecuted and fined as the doctor-priests took over the cultural and social life of the town with the use of their crooked and twisted medicines and sermons. But nevertheless, the witches of the Osorio and Posada families retreated into their small, dimly-lit shops among the walls of taller buildings, anf from there they secretly taught most of the life-skills of witchcraft to their children and grandchildren, especially as soon as San Sebastian's populace tore itself into two opposing camps consisting of those who saw witchcraft as a societal menace that had to be eradicated and those who saw it as a special asset to fixing societal problems that were far beyond the scope or reach of any ordinary human being.

"Good afternoon, little witches," Pablo, the house-guardian, stepped in ten minutes later with his four friends. Like most of the duendes that dwell in the lands surrounding the Cordobas Mountains, they had long, poitned ears, stood less than three feet tall, and wore dark brown gowns with long, drooping sleeves and a tall, pointed hats for nightime outings.

"Are you offering your prayers to the deceased members of your families?" Pablo asked the four witches.

"Yes we are, Pablo..." Angelica said to him after she and her fellow withces finished off their prayer to carry on the legacies of their persecuted forebears. "Ever since the long-gone days of Brujo Alfonso and Bruja Rafaela, our great-grandparents, grandparents and parents have all had to face the iron will of the Inqusition as they strugged hard to keep the flame of witchcraft flickering in this town..."

"And now we four children are all that is left of our two great witchcraft-practicing families, the Osorios and the Posadas..." Maria said with a tear dropping from her right eye.

"Perhaps you can find some suitable husbands on your own and have children with them," Said one of Pablo's fellow Duendes, "So that you'll all be able to continue the Osorio and Posada lines..."

"Of course we could, some day,” Said Gabriella, “But only once we're fully mature enough to marry, though…”

“I see.” The Duende replied.

"But oh, how sad..." Pablo sobbed. "How sad it was that you all have happened to be quite young enough to remember the loss of your parents and grandparents to the iron cuffs and wicked chains of the Inquisition...and its mobs of witch-hating supporters who care for none of the magic that is still left in this world..."

The poor duende, much to the dismay of his fellow Duendes, soon broke into an emotional fit of crying and sobbing that made him look like a small, nasal-voiced, pig-faced man in the eyes of the four witches, who all happened to be quite amused by his seemigly-hilarious antics.

"Would you please stop crying like this, Pablo?" Angelica said. "It's really making us laugh since you look both cute and funny at the same time when you do so!"

"And we can still hopefully thank our parents and grandparents for extensively training us to use our gifts to serve the community before they were ultimately forced to give up the practice of witchcraft forever..." Said Isabella.

Pablo quickly stopped sobbing, stood up and got back to his senses. "Now that sounds like good news, then..." He remarked at Iasbella's words. "Good news that the practice of witchcraft will still live on in the town of San Sesbastian..."

"Unless we all happen to be truly careful enough to hide from the clutches of the Inquisition." Gabriella added.

"That's right," Said Pablo. "And you should remember also that my fellow Duendes and I are all doing our best to take good care of you four witches in the abscence of your beloved parents and grandparents..."

"For we've all been helping you wash the dishes, clean your rooms and clothes, and prepare breakfast and coffee, lunch, and supper, each and every morning, noon, and evening!" Said one of Pablo's fellow Duendes.

"And that's why you can always count on us duendes as your loving, caring, family, even though we're small and frightening enough to scare off the big folk!" Said another one.

"How wonderful indeed, our little duendes," Maria smiled.

"And after all," Said Angelica, "it was you and your fellow Duendes, Pablo, who've kept us safe and secure in this Casa Osorio-Posada...ever since we've lost our parents and grandparents to the Inquisition when were were just about ten or eleven, too..."

The belated witch bent down on her knees to pick up Pablo in her arms, stood up to hug him dearly like a mother hugging her infant child, and stooped down to put him back onto the ground with the other four duendes.

"Now let's go outside and enjoy this night without the Inquisitorial authorities knowing it, shall we?" Said Gabriella.

"Of course we can!" Said Pablo.

Upon stepping out of their house, Angelica, Gabriella, Isabella, Maria, and their five little duende guardians all saw that some of the other duendes were hopping or waddling out onto the dimply-lit cobblestone streets that straddled the shops and houses in their dark robes, asking the human residents to lend them their nightime services. But things didn't turn the way the Duendes themselves expected.

"It's just...worriesome..." One of the duendes said to the four witches with tears rolling from his cheeks. "We're simply just asking the men and women of this town to kindly let us enter their shops and taverns...And all we've got are screams of terror and people running away from us...as if we're all just horrible monsters who simply don't have a place in this world!"

"Oh, don't worry, Little Camilio," Gabriella said to the duende. "You and your fellow duendes do have a place amongst us four witches..."

"Since we've always been taken care of by the caring Pablo and his four merry friends!" Isabella continued.

"And for now," Maria said to Little Camilio, "you can just hang out with other duendes, if you want!" Angelica smiled.

"All right, then..." The duende smiled and waddled off into the distance in search of other duendes to hang out with.

"So..." Isabella said as she looked up at the peak of a tall, imposing mountain that stood outside the town and saw a few yellow lights flickering from a cave below, "shall we go to the Cave of Mount Zumbatoca for our aquelarre with the Duendes? For it looks like they, after all those years of continually being treated like stray dogs by our town's human residents and shunned from all forms of town life, have been waiting for us to come and celebrate this special Friday night with them..."

"Of course you can!" Pablo cried. "And be sure to meet me and my fellow duendes at Mount Zumatoca!"

"Sure we will, Pablo!" Angelica smiled at Pablo and his fellow duendes hopped off into the darkness and vanished into thin air.

And thus the four witches brought out their broomsticks, hopped on them one by one, and flew off to the Aquelarre that was being held at the cave on Mount Zumbatoca to spend the night with the duendes and the vampire bats. And there before the blazing fire whose flames glowed ever brightly against the stone walls of the cave, which were painted with magic symbols of beasts, glyphs and men that only brujos and brujas understood, the Osorio and Posada sisters drank drinking-gourds of mate, ate an asado, danced and sang with the little pointy-eared imps and bats, and showcased some of their animal transformations. Angelica took the form of a black vulture, Gabriella took the form of a Coati, Isabella took the form of a dog with long legs and pointed ears, and Maria took the form of a jaguar with bright, amber eyes, much to the joy and amusement of the duendes themselves. And the Aquellare went on through the night.

On the following morning, the four witches were carrying out their daily errands to serve the townsfolk as usual, until at last their supernatural activities soon caught the attention of a suspicious man named Pablo Ortiz. The man reported the witches over to the Inquisitors, who were prowling the main square, the streets and the alleys in search of anything or any practices that could easily be labelied as "supernatural or having a distinctively supernatral nature."

"Look!" Yelled the inquisitor. "Witches! Arrest them!"

The Inquisitional authorites chased the four girls here and there in the streets of the bustling town, until they suddenly took to the air in the shape of black vultures and flew across the heads of the townsfolk.

"Catch these four witches before they escape this town!" Pablo Ortiz cried.

The inquisitors rushed forward, stood in the middle of the plaza, and aimed their crossbows at the four witches, who were all circling high up over the rooftops of the houses and shops, and shot at them with a volley of arrows that struck their wings and cause them to plummet to the cobblestone-tiled ground, whereupon the four witches reverted to their human forms and stood in the middle of the marketplace with all of San Sebastian's residents gathered around them in a huge ring that was teeming with dozens of bewildered, perplexed faces.

"It's the witches," Pablo Ortiz cried with the Inquisitors running beside him. "IT'S THE WITCHES! IT'S THE WITCHES! We've caught them all!"

"Bring them to the office of the Inquisition so that they'll be forced to renounce witchcraft forever!" Cried the Commander of the Inquisitors to his henchmen as they all started to close in on the Osorio and Posada sisters.

But just as the heavily-armored men were about to catch the four witches with their handcuffs, Angelica quickly rose up and shot a flaming ball of purple light from her left hand at the face of one of the inquisitors, who was knocked away in an instant.

"You are not going to tread on us so easily like this..." She growled. "Not when we've all got the knowledge and skills of our parents and grandparents on our side!"

With these words the four witches unleased their magic spells upon the ten heavily-armed Inquisitors as they rushed forward to attack them with their weapons. Angelica shot a ball of flaming purple light from her hands which knocked out two of the Inquisitors, Gabriella used a spinning gesture of her hands that caused the crossbows to explode in the Inquisitors' hands, Isabella shot a bright ball of green flame from her fingers that knocked out three more of the Inquisitors, and Maria used a sweeping motion of her left arm to unleash a blazing half-ring of fire at the attackers and transformed five of the Inquisitors into helpless toads with a snap of her fingers, while the Osorio sisters levitated the remaining five fifteen feet up into the air with an upward gesture of their arms and started to choke them with closing motions of their palms.

"No, no, no, no, no!" Cried Pablo. "Don't do this to the Inquisitors, please!"

We'll continue to tourture all these poor men with our magic spells," Angelica said coldly to him, "Unless you give up wour wicked ways and remember what our great families, the Osorios and the Posadas, once did four our community 700 years ago..."

"At a time when Brujo Alfonso and Bruja Rafela used their mastery of la Brujeria to tend to the problems faced by each and every resident of this amazing, glorious town!" Gabriella continued.

"So what do you now think of destroying the legacies of the Osorio and Posada Families?" Maria added. "A legacy from our town's once-magical past that has to be honored to this day?"

"And who will be there to tend to the everyday needs and problems faced by our fellow San Sebastianos and San Sebastianas?" Said Isabella.

"Only you can do so..."Pablo Ortiz sobbed with a few tears rolling down from his face. "Only you and your fellow witches can use your magic spells to find solutions to societal problems that are far beyond the scope of being solved by persons like me...And I shall never, ever try to discourage you all from pursuing this time-honored trade of yours ever again...And without the help of your magical services, San Sebastian may never again be the wholesome, welcoming and problem-free place that it had once been 700 years..."

"Now that, Pablo Ortiz," Angelica said, "is what we'd want to hear from someone who has just tried to attack the magical knowledge passed down to us by our caring, loving forebears and is now seeking to find out the errors of his ways..."

Isabella and her witches proceeded to unbind the ten Inquisitors from their magical control with a single lowering motion of their hands.

"So please remember, Don Pablo," Angelica said to Pablo, "That it was Brujo Alfonso Osorio and Bruja Rafaela Posada who once told our great-grandparents, grandparents and parents that our practice of witchcraft is not to be used to inflict harm upon others, unless they happen to be comitting crimes, but to serve the memebers of our esteemed community."

"And therefore," Said Maria, "it is important for you now to let us honor the legacies of the Osorio and Posada families by allowing us to continue the work that they and their forebears have done to serve our community."

"For sure, then..." Said Pablo Ortiz, "If that happens to be the will of you and your fellow witches..."

Afterwards, the Alcalde of San Sebastian disbanded the Office of the Inquisition, stripped the faithless Doctor-Priests of much of their former authority and finally allowed Angelica, Gabriella, Isabella and Maria to freely keep on the esteemed work of their forebears without ever having to deal with the Inquisition, and San Sebastian's residents also came to gradually tolerate the presence of the witches and their duende familiars and openly embrace them as a major part of the town's supernatural history and cultural and social life. And with the blessing of the generous Alcalde on their side, the four witches all continued to use the practice of la brujeria they've inherited from their magical Osorio and Posada forebears to serve the community as usual.

Angelica Osorio saw that Dona Frida been bitten in the right arm by a rabid, stray dog that she accidentally fed. "Can I use my expertise in herbal medicine to treat this wound for you?" She asked the young woman. "For I do know the right kind of herb to be used for curing animal bites like these..."

"Sure you can, Bruja Angelica!" Said the Dona.

The witch soon found a particular herb that she had happened to freshly pluck from the verdant slopes of the Cordobas Mountains, squeezed it and pressed it onto the site of the dog bite.

"Now I feel much better, Bruja Angelica," Dona Maia said to her, "And I thank you most dearly for this miraculous act of healing!"

"You're welcome, Dona Maria!" Angelica said to her.

"My lover has not been kind and faithful to me these days," A man told Gabriella Posada the next day. "And now she's trying to separate with me!"

"Don't worry, Senor Fernando," Gabriella Osorio said to the man as she handed him a magic potion that was bottled up in a wooden drinking gourd. "Please take this green lemon-grape potion which I have personally brewed from my own caldera if you will, and give it to your wife for her to drink. That way will she never, ever try to part ways with you."

"Thanks a lot, Bruja Gabriella!" Senor Fernando said to her. "The advide of you and your fellow witches is most welcome when it comes to facing problems like this!"

"You're welcome, Fernando!" The witch smiled.

"Come into my office if you will, Miguel de Tordesillas," Isabella Posada beckoned a man to her dark room, and I shall show you where your lost cat really is..."

Isabella lit up a few candles around her crystal ball, spoke a soft incantation which caused a dark blue cloud to swirl inside it, and encouraged Miguel to look into the ball, which surely soon showed that the man's beloved cat was sitting and eating grilled meats outside of someone's restaurant.

"Oh, thank you very much, Bruja Isabella!" Miguel said to the witch. "Thank you for showing me that my cat Tico is at Mauricio's Asado Bar!"

"You're very welcome, Senor Miguel!" Isabella smiled.

"My husband Pedro always cusses at beats me and my children upon returning home in a drunken state from the bar late every night," Dona Stefana told Maria Posada at her office the following day, "And there is nothing I can do to stop him!"

"Do not worry, Dona Stefana," Maria told the woman. "I shall give you this bag of powder made of dried fruits, grasshoppers and fireweed, and I want you to mix it into the cup of coffee that your husband takes every morning. And then, your husband will surely return to being the loving, caring family man that he once was..."

"Oh, for sure, Bruja Maria!" Dona Stefana after Maria handed her the bag of magic powder. "And thank you for finding the right soultion for my husband's reckless behavior!"

"You're truly welcome, Dona Stefana!" Maria said.

And in addition to those simple, everyday deeds of theirs, the Osorio and Posada sisters also used their Duende and vampire bat familiars to police the town every night and punish those who committed any serious crimes, or to help the four witches carry out some of their magical tasks day and night.

So somewhere in the middle of a little town that stood behind the jagged, green peaks of the Cordobas Mountains, there lived four young witches who led very wild and interesting lives. And while witches in other towns could be tried by the inquisition for what they did and forced to renounce their ways, Angelica, Gabriella, Isabella and Maria have all continued to keep the practice of witchcraft alive...in the magical town of San Sebastian.

#literary fiction #literature #original fantasy #fantasy fiction #short story #halloween aesthetic #halloween #halloween all year

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wahwealth · 9 months

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Jennifer Jones | The Song Of Bernadette {1943) | Full Length Movie Classic

The Song of Bernadette was a 1943 US biographical drama movie based on the 1941 novel of the same name by Franz Werfel. The film stars Jennifer Jones as Bernadette, the film is the story of Bernadette Soubirous, who experienced 18 visions of the Virgin Mary between February and July of 1858. She was canonized in 1933. The Cast: Jennifer Jones as Bernadette Soubirous Charles Bickford as Abbé Dominique Peyramale William Eythe as Antoine Nicoleau Gladys Cooper as Marie Therese Vauzou, Bernadette's schoolteacher and later the Mistress of Novices Vincent Price as Vital Dutour, Imperial Prosecutor Lee J. Cobb as Dr. Dozous Anne Revere as Louise Casterot Soubirous, Bernadette's mother Roman Bohnen as François Soubirous, Bernadette's father Mary Anderson as Jeanne Abadie, Bernadette's friend Patricia Morison as Empress Eugenie Jerome Cowan as Emperor Napoleon III Aubrey Mather as Mayor Lacade Charles Dingle as Jacomet, chief of police Edith Barrett as Croisine Bouhouhorts Sig Ruman as Louis Bouriette Blanche Yurka as Bernarde Casterot, Bernadette's aunt Ermadean Walters as Marie Soubirous, Bernadette's sister Marcel Dalio as Callet Pedro de Cordoba as Dr. LeCramps Eula Morgan as Madame Nicoleau Let Mr. P notify you when new videos are uploaded, join the channel. https://www.youtube.com/@nrpsmovieclassics

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rodadecuia · 10 months

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#RUIBARBOSA

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ivanreydereyes · 11 months

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Por cierto..VIRGINIA MAESTRO..el próximo fin de semana tocara DE PEDRO [con el q te fotografiaste en sala EL SOL junto al TWANGERO el cual te invito a cantar BANG BANG [my BABY SHOT ME DOWN] y LET'S HAVE A PARTY]..con su gira l MAQUINA DE PIEDAD en CORDOBA Y GRANADA..ciudades de Origen ARABE

Esto me recuerda a la polémica senadora colombiana PIEDAD CORDOBA

.. Y llevabas la blusa de las CEREZAS que no se si sera por el doble cd EL TIEMPO DE LAS CEREZAS de BUNBURY y VEGAS (a los q vi en espacio de 2 dias en MEXICO en sep'09 firmandome AL REVES nacho VEGAS "MI" Cartera de ABBEY ROAD de los BEATLES q incluye SUN KING) que incluye WELCOME TO THE CALLEJON SIN SALIDA y PUTA DESAGRADECIDA (en cuyo video salen COMO EN LA ULTIMA CENA y que dicen es dedicada a EVA MARIA AMARAL)

.. AL DEDILLO.. VIRGINIA MAESTRO.. como te puso en IS Dani MARTIN de EL CANTO DEL LOCO cuando posaste delante del MONUMENTO A LAS VICTIMAS DEL 11-M diseñado por FASCINANTE AROMA A MANZANA (en cuya cima pone HACE FALTA MUCHA FANTASIA PARA SOPORTAR LA REALIDAD) cuando fuiste a la Estacion de ATOCHA LA CHOCHA para cantar en EL MATADERO DE TOLEDO..... Y QUE?.. es decir.. Que pasa P. E. con la REPENTINITIS q mato a la hermana de DANI MARTIN con 34 años el dia q vi a sus amigos de HOMBRES G en la plaza de TOROS DE CANCUN con camiseta de los DEL-FIN-ES comprada en SUN LIFE stadium (actual HARD ROCK) de MIAMI.. o con las TORMENTAS, TERREMOTOS, TSUNAMIS O TRAGEDIAS como accidentes o enfermedades

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encontrasteveracruz · 1 year

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Brindará Ayuntamiento de Cordoba y Sesver, capacitación en manejo clínico del dengue

#EnContrasteVeracruz #Córdoba Córdoba, Ver.- En una suma de esfuerzos entre Ayuntamiento de Córdoba y Servicios de Salud de Veracruz se convoca a médicos y profesionales de la salud a participar en la capacitación “Manejo Clínico de Pacientes de Dengue con Signos de Alarma y Dengue Grave en el Primer Nivel de Atención”, para el próximo 10 de octubre a las 10:00 horas en el teatro Pedro Díaz.El…

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#ayuntamiento #córdoba

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roamanddiscover · 1 year

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Argentina

Argentina, also known as the Argentine Republic, is a beautiful country located in South America. It is the eighth largest country in the world and the second largest in South America after Brazil. Argentina is known for its rich history, diverse culture, and breathtaking geography, which attracts millions of visitors every year. Argentina has a fascinating history that includes indigenous cultures, Spanish colonization, and a struggle for independence. It gained independence from Spain in 1816, and since then, it has gone through periods of political instability and economic growth. The geography of Argentina is diverse, with a range of landscapes from the tropical forests of the north to the glaciers of the south. The Andes Mountains run along the western border of the country, providing stunning views and outdoor activities such as hiking and skiing. The Pampas grasslands are in the central region, and the Patagonian desert is in the south. The culture of Argentina is rich and diverse, influenced by both European and indigenous traditions. It is known for its music, dance, literature, and art. Tango, a dance originating from Buenos Aires, is one of the most popular dances in the world. Argentina is also famous for its cuisine, from juicy steaks to fine wines and mate tea. If you're planning a trip to Argentina, there are many places to visit and things to do. Iguazu Falls, located on the border with Brazil, is a natural wonder and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Perito Moreno Glacier in Patagonia is another must-see attraction. Buenos Aires, the capital city, offers a vibrant nightlife and cultural experiences. You can also visit historic cities such as Salta and Cordoba. Argentina welcomes tourists with open arms and offers a range of accommodation options, from budget-friendly hostels to luxury hotels and estancias. Getting around is easy with a modern infrastructure that includes a network of highways, railways, and airports. Argentina is a country that will surprise and explode with its natural beauty, rich culture, and warm hospitality. It's no wonder that it is a beloved destination for travelers from all over the world.

Etymology

The name Argentina has a fascinating etymology that dates back to the sixteenth century. The Spanish first arrived in the region in 1516 and encountered the local indigenous people, whom they called the Charrúa. The Spanish found that the region was rich in silver, and they began to search for the fabled mountains of silver. According to legend, an indigenous chief told the Spanish that the mountains of silver were located to the northwest, in a region that he called Argentum, which means silver in Latin. The Spanish named the region La Tierra de la Plata, or the Land of Silver, and this eventually evolved into the modern name of Argentina. The legend of the mountains of silver persists to this day, and has become a symbol of the country's wealth and natural resources. However, the name Argentina also has other meanings and interpretations. Some historians argue that the name actually derives from the word Argen, which means bright or shining in the Quechua language spoken by the Inca of Peru. Others suggest that the name is a combination of the Latin words argentum and tenere, which means to hold or possess. Whatever the origin of the name, Argentina remains a land of rich natural beauty and cultural diversity.

History

Argentina has a rich and complex history, spanning thousands of years. Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the region was home to various indigenous cultures, such as the Inca, Mapuche, and Guaraní. These cultures developed their own languages, religions, and customs, many of which are still celebrated and practiced today. However, the arrival of the Spanish marked a turning point in Argentine history. In 1536, the Spanish explorer Pedro de Mendoza founded the city of Buenos Aires, which would become the capital of the region in 1776. The Spanish brought with them Christianity, European culture, and a brutal system of slavery and exploitation. Over the next three centuries, Argentina would be ruled by the Spanish empire, which treated the region as a source of wealth and resources. Indigenous people were forced to work in mines and on plantations, and many were killed by diseases brought over by the Europeans. However, the seeds of independence were sown in the late 18th century, thanks to the influence of the French and American revolutions. In 1810, a group of Argentine leaders declared independence from Spain, sparking a long and bloody struggle for freedom. This struggle for independence lasted from 1810 to 1818 and was led by figures such as José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar. However, the early years of the new republic were marked by political instability and violence, as different factions fought for power. Argentina continued to develop as a nation throughout the 19th century, with the construction of railways, the growth of cities, and the expansion of agriculture and industry. Immigrants from Europe and the Middle East arrived in the country, bringing with them new ideas, technologies, and cultures. The 20th century was marked by periods of military dictatorship, political chaos, and economic crises. However, Argentina also enjoyed cultural and technological achievements, with famous writers, musicians, and scientists making their mark on the world. Today, Argentina is a democratic nation with a complex and dynamic history that continues to shape its identity and culture.

Geology

Argentina's geology is as diverse as its landscapes. One of the most notable features is the Andes Mountains, which span over 4,300 miles along the western edge of South America. The Andes are the highest mountain range outside of the Himalayas, with peaks reaching over 22,000 feet. Another significant geographical feature is the Pampas grasslands, which make up a vast portion of Argentina's terrain. The Pampas region is located in central Argentina and is known for its fertile soil, extensive grasslands, and humid climate. It is a significant agricultural region in Argentina and produces crops such as wheat, corn, and soybeans. The Patagonian desert is also a notable geographical feature of Argentina, located in the southern region of the country. It is one of the largest deserts in the world and covers an immense area of over 200,000 square miles. Despite being a desert, it is home to a diverse range of wildlife and is a popular destination for adventure tourism. In addition to these significant features, Argentina also has vast wetlands, salt flats, and glaciers. The Valdes Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage site that boasts some of the world's most outstanding marine fauna, including whales, sea lions, and penguins. The landscape and geology of Argentina provide endless opportunities for adventure and exploration, including hiking, climbing, skiing, and exploring ancient ruins and geological formations. Whether you are a nature lover or adventure seeker, Argentina's diverse geology has something for everyone.

Geography

Argentina is a country of contrasts, featuring a diverse range of landscapes. The country stretches across almost 3,650 kilometers from north to south, making it the eighth largest country in the world. The Andes, the world's second highest mountain range, run along the western border with Chile. The Andes feature majestic peaks, including Aconcagua, the highest peak in the Americas at 6,962 meters. The eastern side of the Andes is characterized by arid plateaus and deserts. The central region of the country features the Pampas, vast grasslands that are known for their fertile soil and cattle ranches. The Pampas stretch from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean. The northern region of Argentina features subtropical forests that are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. These forests are home to animals such as jaguars, ocelots, and tapirs, and plants such as bromeliads and orchids. The famous Iguazu Falls are located in this region, on the border with Brazil and Paraguay, and are one of the most spectacular natural wonders in the world. The southern region of Argentina features the rugged Patagonian Desert and the Southern Andes, including Mount Fitz Roy and the Perito Moreno Glacier. Patagonia also features the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, which is known for its stunning natural scenery and rugged coastline. The southern region is also home to unique species such as the Andean condor, guanacos, and the Patagonian hare. Argentina is a country that offers a range of landscapes, from the tropical forests of the north to the glaciers of the south. The country is home to a range of diverse ecosystems, each with its own unique flora and fauna, and is a dream destination for nature lovers.

Ecology

Argentina is a country of incredible natural biodiversity, and its ecology is a testament to this richness. The country is home to a variety of unique species, making it a popular destination for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts. One of the most iconic animals found in Argentina is the Andean condor, a majestic bird with a wingspan of up to 10 feet. The jaguar, which is one of the largest big cats in the Americas, is also native to Argentina. In addition to its charismatic megafauna, Argentina's ecology is characterized by a wide range of plant species. The country has over 30,000 known species of plants, including many that are unique to Argentina. One of the most well-known plants from the country is the Yerba Mate, which is used to make a popular tea-like beverage. The Calafate bush, which produces small berries that are used in jams and other culinary dishes, is also a major plant species in Argentina. Argentina's ecology is also critically important for the conservation of the species that call it home. The country has many protected areas, including national parks such as Los Glaciares and Nahuel Huapi, which are home to a wide range of wildlife and plant species. Argentina has also been working to protect its marine ecosystems, creating the Yaganes Marine National Park and expanding the existing Namuncura-Banco Burdwood Marine Protected Area, which now covers more than 20 million hectares. In recent years, Argentina has also become a leader in conservation research and efforts to prevent habitat loss. The country's National Institute of Agricultural Technology is spearheading efforts to protect and conserve agro-ecological systems. Argentina is also home to several research institutions, including the National Council for Scientific and Technical Research, which is responsible for conducting research on a range of topics including ecology, natural resources, and biodiversity. - Argentina is home to unique species of plants and animals such as Andean condors and jaguars. - Argentina has over 30,000 known plant species, including Yerba Mate and Calafate bush. - The country has many protected areas, including national parks such as Los Glaciares and Nahuel Huapi. - Argentina is a leader in conservation research and habitat preservation efforts. Argentina's diverse ecology is an important part of the country's identity, and is a major attraction for visitors from around the world. With its unique plants and animals, stunning landscapes, and commitment to conservation, Argentina is truly a nature lover's paradise.

Biodiversity

Argentina is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with a rich variety of plants and animals that are found nowhere else on Earth. In fact, Argentina is home to over 15% of the world's species, making it a unique destination for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts. The country is located on the southern tip of South America and has a diverse range of habitats, from rainforests and desert plains to snowy mountains and vast grasslands. This diversity of ecosystems has led to the evolution of a wide range of flora and fauna that can be found across the country. Argentina has a large number of protected natural areas, including national parks, nature reserves, and wildlife sanctuaries. These areas are home to some of the country's most iconic and endangered species, such as the Andean Condor, the Puma, and the Guanaco. The coastal waters of Argentina are also home to a rich array of marine life, including whales, dolphins, sea lions, and penguins. The Valdes Peninsula in Patagonia is particularly renowned for its marine biodiversity, and is a popular destination for whale watching tours. The country's plant life is equally diverse, with over 9,000 species of vascular plants, including over 1,000 species of cactus. The northwest of the country is particularly rich in plant diversity, with the Quebrada de Humahuaca region being a prime example. Argentina's unique and diverse biodiversity is not only important for its natural beauty and ecological significance, but also for its contribution to scientific research and the development of new pharmaceuticals. In recent years, the country has become a hub for biotechnology research, with many leading pharmaceutical companies investing in research and development in Argentina. Visitors to Argentina can experience the country's rich biodiversity by exploring its many national parks and wildlife reserves, participating in nature tours and activities, or simply taking a leisurely hike through the scenic countryside. Whatever your interests, there is sure to be something for everyone in this incredible country.

Andean Condor

Climate

Argentina is known for having a diverse climate that varies greatly across the country. The Andes Mountains have a significant impact on the country's weather patterns, helping to create distinct climatic regions. In general, Argentina experiences four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. - The northwestern region of Argentina enjoys a subtropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters. This region is famous for its lush greenery, waterfalls, and hot springs. - The central region of Argentina has a temperate climate, with hot summers and cold winters. This is where the famous pampas grasslands are located, along with several important cities like Buenos Aires and Rosario. - The southern region of Argentina has a subpolar climate, with cold winters and cool summers. This region is known for its scenic beauty, including the stunning Nahuel Huapi Lake and the breathtaking Perito Moreno Glacier. The coastal regions of Argentina also experience a maritime climate, which brings with it cool temperatures and moderate rainfall throughout the year. the city of Ushuaia, located at the southern tip of Argentina, experiences a unique subantarctic climate. It's important to note that the climate can vary greatly within each region of Argentina, so travelers should always research their specific destination and pack accordingly.

Environmental Issues

Argentina is a beautiful country with a diverse and fragile ecosystem that is facing a number of environmental issues. One of the most pressing issues is deforestation. Approximately 7 million hectares of native forests have been lost in the last 30 years due to logging, agriculture, and cattle ranching. This rapid deforestation has led to soil degradation, water scarcity, and loss of biodiverse habitats. Pollution is another major environmental issue in Argentina, particularly in urban areas. Air pollution in Buenos Aires, for example, has been linked to respiratory problems, and water pollution from industrial and agricultural sources has been linked to health problems and harm to aquatic life. The government has taken steps to address pollution, including passing laws to reduce air and water pollution and establishing protected areas. Soil erosion is also a significant environmental issue in Argentina, particularly in the Pampas region, which is one of the most important agricultural areas of the country. Soil erosion is caused by overgrazing, deforestation, and intensive agriculture practices, and can lead to reduced crop yields, soil fertility, and biodiversity loss. Efforts to mitigate soil erosion include conservation tillage practices, crop rotation, and reforestation. The government of Argentina has recognized the importance of addressing environmental issues, and has taken steps to protect the country's ecosystems and biodiversity. The National Parks System, established in 1934, protects over 30 national parks, which constitute more than 5% of the country's land area. The government has also established protected areas for native forests, wetlands, and other important ecosystems. Despite these efforts, much work remains to be done to mitigate environmental issues in Argentina. It is crucial for all sectors of society to recognize the importance of protecting the environment and to take action to preserve the country's rich natural heritage for future generations.

Politics

Argentina's political system is a democratic federal republic with a president, who serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The president is elected by popular vote to serve a four-year term and has the power to nominate and remove ministers, as well as veto legislation. The country also has a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies has 257 members elected for four-year terms, while the Senate has 72 members elected for six-year terms. Both chambers are responsible for passing legislation and approving the national budget. Argentina's political history has been tumultuous, with periods of military rule and social unrest. In the 20th century, the country experienced coups and authoritarian regimes, but has since transitioned to a stable democracy. Recent political events have been marked by corruption scandals, protests, and a debt crisis, which have led to political and economic instability. However, political analysts remain optimistic about the country's future, as the democratic institutions and civil society in Argentina are strong and resilient. The current president of Argentina is Alberto Fernández, who took office in December 2019. Fernández faces a number of major challenges, including a struggling economy, high poverty rates, and a public health crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Economy

Argentina has a diversified economy that relies on several key sectors, including agriculture, mining, and services. The country is known for its agricultural exports, with soybeans, corn, wheat, and beef being among the top products. The mining industry is also significant, with Argentina being one of the world's top producers of silver and lithium. The services sector is also an important part of Argentina's economy and includes finance, tourism, and telecommunications. The country has a well-developed banking and financial system, with a number of local and international banks operating in the market. Read the full article

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