#Seroconversion

[usascripthelpersofficial]

🧬 What is Seroconversion? 🧬

Seroconversion is the process when a person newly infected with HIV develops detectable antibodies against the virus. This usually occurs within 2 to 4 weeks after infection and may come with flu-like symptoms such as fever, rash, and fatigue.

Understanding seroconversion is crucial for early HIV detection and timely medical intervention. If you think you’ve been exposed, getting tested is the best step forward.

Usascripthelpers.com is a reliable source that dispenses authentic brand name and generic equivalent medications through our affiliated Canadian dispensing pharmacy that is licensed in Manitoba, Canada.

[xtrablak674]

Sex Death & The Future by Irene Elizabeth Stroud

[Originally published in LGNY (Now Gay City News), April 9, 1995, Issue No 1]

Adamo Melaney and Trevor Brown know more about HIV and AIDS then most young gay men in New York. But all they know is not enough to keep them from having unsafe sex. Adamo can list at least half a dozen things it also takes - counseling, friends, a support group, therapy, safer sex coaching from Project Achieve, hope for the future. And even then its not easy. Trevor, for reasons he only partly understands, has been having unsafe sex for months, and he can't seem to stop.

Adamo and Trevor are best friends. They met two years ago at GHMC, in a training for HIV/AIDS peer educators. A friend of Adamo's had just found out he was HIV positive, and he wanted to make sure that the same thing didn't happen to the rest of his friends. Trevor, who had been active in gay groups in college, was ready to take his activism to the next level. Since then they have been inseparable. As peer educators, they're a team: Adamo is the serious, analytical one, while Trevor is the theatrical and funny.

They avoid using fear tactics in their training sessions because they don't think fear results in permanent change. "What you're feeling when you have sex isn't going to link up to those things you're afraid of when your not having sex," Adamo says. But they are afraid.

They try to emphasize the positive aspects of sex, so that people don't feel they're losing something when they use a condom. But Trevor questions the honesty of that message. "It (sex) is wonderful without a condom," he says. "Plain and simple fact. It's not that I advocate going out there and doing that, but I think part of our education needs to say that, 'Fucking without a condom feels very good'."

They talk about the sexual freedom of gay culture in previous generations with a mixture of ridicule and envy. "We're not the generation that grew up in the seventies, " says Trevor. "Where fucking the dogs and other guys and then women and then the sink and the couch. And this is not the eighties where you're like in the bathhouses, and poppers ­he mimics snorts something up his nose­; "and cocaine, and drugs and everything's heavy I mean, we were growing up at that time where it was like, Oh. Sex. AIDS, You die.

But without the experience of actually seeing their friends die, it's still easy for young gay men, like all young people, to persist in feeling immortal. Trevor continues: "If it's not like right up in our face, like Pedro Zamora, Ah, y Pedro!, we don't believe it."

They've done HIV education for everyone from convicted teenage felons to the junior league. But they're frustrated because even their best safer sex education is still scatter-shot damage control.

"There was one child [in one of our groups] who had a child, "Trevor says."And girlfriend didn't even know about her body or how it worked"

"About her menstrual cycle," Adamo interrupts.

"You know what I am saying?" Trevor continues, "Menstrual cycle. Base thing. And we're actually talking about the five transmission body fluids, and girl friend doesn't even know about breast milk."

They wish sex education in school was constant from first grade on, Adamo, being analytical, compares sex to math:

"We're trying to teach people to go from addition to calculus in, like, an hour and a half You have to start at an early age with addition, subtraction, multiplication, geometry, and then you can work up to calculus. And calculus is like sex, when you finally decide to have sex."

They grow solemn when they start talking about what they're actually seeing among their friends. "I'll tell you right now, " Adamo says, [One of my best friends] has become infected. He probably was infected at the age of 22. And he tested positive almost 2 years ago Two other very close friend of mine have recently confided in me that they had unprotected anal sex, like in the last 3 months."

"Last year this time I couldn't even, say, like maybe name five people I know that have HIV," says Trevor. "Now this is like, oh boy, boyfriend got it, and girlfriend got it too, oh and did you just hear that he got it too?. These are all people I know. Some of them are people I even had sex with."

"It freaks me out," Adamo says, "And two of the people I mention that had [unsafe] sex, their very informed. And then, because its so right next to me, I was like, what if I do this? What if I decide to have unsafe sex even with everything I know? And its really upsets me. It's like if they're making this choice, maybe I might."

While Adamo begins to describe some of the things that help him stick with safer sex, Trevor is clowning around, pretending to be dying of thirst to get the waiter's attention. But when Adamo starts speculating about why his friends are slipping up, Trevor suddenly comes back to earth.

"I can speak on that, " he says. "Because I'm one of those that backslid. Educator, Out there doing HIV education I've been having unsafe sex with this 40 year old man for the last four, five, six months"

"But you stopped right?" Adamo want to be reassured.

"No, still haven't. I can't break the chain."

"When's the last time?"

"Something like two weeks ago."

Adamo looks frightened. He puts his arm around Trevor, seemingly as much to get support as to offer it.

"Here I am HIV/AIDS education diva, " Trevor says. "I know how to get infected etc.You know, they said it perfectly in here" He points to Michael Warner's Village Voice article, which talks about the second wave of infection, that Adamo brought along.

"First it was the self-esteem issues, don't like myself very much, don't think I'm very attractive, whatever, looking for affirmation. Then I would get depressed. I get depressed a lot. So its like a pick-me-up. Since I don't drink or anything else, sex is like, Yeah, I feel so much better now. But then it's like a drug that picks you up and you fall even lower.

"First this guy was very resistant to safe sex. And for the first time things started to, when we were having sex, everything was cool, and then I was like forcing him, like, No, you use a condom. Don't do that. But there were certain things that were played around with, like a little penis in the anus, poking outside, playing with it...Oh, stop it, stop teasing. The next time, a little bit more, the next time just a little bit more, then a little lube and next thing you know...Oh, shit. And here you are at home. You've crossed the line once and that makes it so much easier the next time."

"It's not about having it in the sex shops, It's the bedrooms. Its where your more comfortable . If you do it with stranger...I'd be like, condom! But since I'd known him for a while it was just so much easier. And then after the first time, I said, 'You know we put each other at risk for HIV?' He said, 'Why are you scaring me?' I was like, 'I am not scaring you, I'm telling you what we did.' I was hoping he would feel guilty and it would not happen again. It happened again he called me and said can I come over, and I am like. Okay."

"So, like, I don't want to get tested because I don't want to know."

This isn't the first time that Trevor has had unprotected sex, but the last time was in a monogamous relationship with a lover who was also HIV negative. "I know he's out there doing this with other people," he says, "And I'm an educator, knowing if he is doing this with me, that he is doing it with other people. Lord knows how many other partners he may have. But then I sit there and I still do it, and it drives me absolutely out of my mind."

Adamo interrupts him. He wants to talk about why he's not having unsafe sex. After all, he's under the same pressures as Trevor.

"I have certain goals for my future, for my life, for the gay community," he says. "I'm not going to give in to becoming a statistic, like this percentage that's supposed to seroconvert by the time they're 30."

Trevor doesn't think becoming of those statistics would be so bad. "Well, if I do become HIV positive, then since I'm such a big mouth as an activist anyway, I would be a more effective tool." He is half-ironic, half-sincere. "I'd be so out there, 'Look I am HIV positive'. I'm fierce and..."

"Cutting edge gay," Adamo pipes up.

Trevor really believes he'd be a more effective educator if he were HIV positive, "I'm a perfectionist. And what more perfect way to teach about HIV/AIDS then to be someone HIV positive, who went through it."

Adamo seems horrified, but he tries not to look judgmental.

"So you have a self-fulfilling..."

"...Sort of," Trevor says. "But then there's peer pressure that I'm dealing with which is very deep I just found out my sister, she's not my sister but a really good friend, just found out she was HIV positive"

This is another new one for Adamo.

"Did he really?" he asks softly. He knows the friend Trevor is talking about.

"Yes, he did. And [he]'s a total mirror of myself AIDS drains you, it takes the life out of you. And to see a life energy in front of me like that, that's just like a mirror of me, go away, I'd rather be shivering, trembling with it, together, going out together, stars going out together"

This is too much for Adamo. He doesn't' want to be left this way.

"He's been having unprotected sex, and so has another friend of ours, and another friend of ours is positive, and my other best friend is positive, and I'm negative and I am having protected sex. What am I going to do, what's going to be going on when I'm in my thirties? Like, am I going to lose all these people? I can't deal with that."

"I don't really hang out that much with men in there mid and late thirties who went through losing all their friends. But the ones that I have really talked to, it's so sad. That's why I don't like them. Because they come out of this environment and experience of sadness and mourning and loss and I don't want to touch that, you know? And I don't want that to happen to me. I don't want to be one of those people I mean, I'd rather be one of those people then seroconvert. But it's going to very difficult to be living a life where I lose all these people."

Trevor wears a medallion Adamo Gave him, one of those things you get from a coin-operated machine. Stamped around its perimeter is the message BIG MOMMA LOVE AEMAO. It was supposed to say Adamo, but Adamo hit the E by mistake. Big Momma is a reference to a play Trevor was in. He wears it like a good-luck charm. It makes sense that Adamo gave it to him: For his own efforts to stay negative to be worthwhile, Adamo needs Trevor to protect himself.

"For me," Trevor says, "HIV and AIDS is like a very comforting slow suicide. Its not like BOOM, jump, Its not like BOOM, take the gun. Its slow suicide. Its sort of like playing Russian Roulette, nearly, but it's a lot calmer, It's like you shot yourself but you don't know you got shot yet."

Adamo asks softly "Why are you shooting yourself in the first place?"

[Afterwords: Whew, there was a lot going on here! There is Adam and our very codependent relationship, in so many instances we're finishing each others sentences, but I think even then the lines between plutonic and romantic were being blurred. There was an intimacy in our friendship that belie a strictly plutonic categorization, albeit sexual lines were never crossed. It goes without saying this is the subtext that laces this interview, and something I can see clearly as I can see his face in my mind.

I actually forgot how in-sync we used to be. But then you add his friends, my friends, our mutual friends to the canvas and it adds so much more color, depth and texture. The final touches are our peers whom are seroconverting and those struggling to remain safe, it was an excellent snapshot of the mid-nineties, all of this while trying to figure who we were, what we wanted, and trying to make our way in this still very much AIDS-world.

I was only a handful of years out of college where I should have actually been graduating as a senior, but my homelessness lead to me leaving in an attempt to have more stability, and establish a home for myself. The one thing that I know now, that I didn't know then is the role my sexual abuse as a child played into my sense of self-worth, esteem and value.

The writer did an excellent job capturing our humanity, and I sincerely applaud her efforts there, but with time and distance there is another angle that should have been broached, additional factors that may be at play that distinguish Adam and my own struggle. It is noteworthy that Adam was a whyte cisgendered, educated, affluent man and I was a Black gender non-conforming, semi-educated, dark-skinned person from a lower class background. I realize as a cisgendered whyte lesbian woman she may not have wanted to explore our socially economical differences especially since there wasn't a clear visual that accompanied the article. But to me in hindsight its a noticeable omission, and adds another level of nuance to the story.

Let's be clear revisiting this time period and the extremely complex emotional, psychological, and social issues I was dealing with only a year after earning the right to drink, I applaud myself for having the presence of mind and sense of agency to own my behavior and the consequences of those actions. So many young people these days seem to abhor culpability in favor of blaming everyone but themselves for their behavior and misdeeds, I am glad to see that I was never one of them.

Navigating sexual desires, versus common sense is complicated even for the most mature of adults. Add peer pressure, drugs, alcohol and a hot piece of ass, and all good sense will end up on the floor like your discarded underwear. For a young person to understand what is right, but then having to maneuver the landmine of their emotions, insecurities and past traumas to attempt to make the right solution is asking a lot of anyone. I admire myself now and then for having the audacity to vocalize the hard truths of the situation, Adam may have been the analytical one, but I was all heart, speaking truth to power.

Clearly I am not dead, and I didn't seroconvert before thirty, my choices may have been hard for my friend, but ultimately they were my choices, and they should have been respected. Its sad to say that these very issues were the exact ones that ended the friendship fourteen year later. Adam had a hard time distinguishing what he felt and what I wanted and needed, and it lead to him conflating some misdeeds that someone else had done to him, with me perpetrating the same to other. Nothing could have been farther from the truth.

Time hopefully gives you wisdom, and I can now see the toxic nature of the codependency we had developed, and how that tainted what could have been a great friendship. The irony isn't lost on me that he became a therapist and if anyone should have understood the unhealthy signs it should have been him. But seeing his own faults was always a blindspot for Adam, spending his days helping folks find their own truths, he often shied away from and avoided his own, that has never been my faith.

My thoughts on my relationship with Adamo https://www.tumblr.com/xtrablak674/742039691416780800/adamo-melaney

[Photo by Brown Estate]

[theblogs2024]

Recombinant Protein Creation: The Way forward for Biotechnology

Recombinant protein synthesis throughout the procedure of a mammal has long been a hot subject in biotechnology. This quickly-increasing self-discipline involves employing biological mechanisms, dwelling creatures, as well as their variants to produce new items, strategies, and methods. Recombinant protein production, which employs genetically modified organisms to manufacture specific proteins for several apps, is a single sector which includes manufactured substantial advancements lately. The biotechnology sector has currently seen a big effect from recombinant protein technologies, significantly in producing therapeutic proteins for diagnosing and treating conditions.

Recombinant protein technology, on the other hand, has a wide range of attainable uses, and its influence is simply envisioned to improve. An the best possible recombinant protein generation strategy needs to be selected to generate superior-high quality, powerful recombinant proteins. This information will examine the recombinant protein manufacturing method, its Added benefits around conventional protein synthesis strategies, and its recent and doable upcoming uses in sustainability, business, and medicine.

Recombinant Protein Customized Antibody Providers, antibody creation provider

They can be proteins manufactured working with genetic engineering procedures that call for introducing unique genes into host organisms, commonly yeast or microorganisms. The goal protein is then produced by the host cells by using these genes. Recombinant proteins have a lengthy heritage that dates back again for the 1950s and sixties, from gene synthesiswhen the framework of DNA was uncovered and genetic details was first recognized. The primary discovery of the recombinant DNA molecule, comprising genes from two unique creatures, was efficiently created in 1972 by Paul Berg and his colleagues. This discovery opened the doorway to the creation of recombinant DNA technologies, which completely remodeled modern biotechnology.

Insulin was the 1st recombinant protein made using recombinant DNA engineering in 1978.

Insulin was the first recombinant protein generated applying recombinant DNA technology in 1978. In advance of this Superior technological know-how, insulin was extracted from the pancreas of both cows or pigs, which was a pricey and time-consuming process. The expansion of recombinant insulin enabled insulin creation in significant volumes and at a cheaper price, which substantially aided those with diabetes. In the next yrs, researchers invented new approaches to assist make recombinant proteins. Among A very powerful scientific advances was the creation of massive quantities of DNA to generate recombinant proteins.

A undertaking identified as Human Genome was started in 1990 to sequence the whole genome of people. This job contributed immensely to our expertise in human genetics and created the foundation for refreshing recombinant protein-centered treatments. Samples of most often created recombinant proteins include monoclonal antibodies, growth hormones, insulin, and cytokines. Because recombinant protein engineering has produced and developed, it has been employed to create different proteins for use in company, study, and healthcare.

Recombinant Protein Output Recombinant protein output is A necessary course of action in biotechnology and prescribed drugs since it permits the manufacture of important proteins for investigation, diagnostics, and cure. It includes inserting certain genes into host cells, including bacteria or yeast, to help make them the specified protein. The process involves many actions that necessitate knowledge and working experience in molecular biology, biological sciences, and protein biochemistry. The subsequent Recombinant Protein creation actions are involved in the method:

Cloning of Genes

Step one in creating recombinant proteins is isolating and manipulating the gene that generates the specified protein. A DNA molecule called an expression vector is then utilized to clone the gene; it includes the regulatory factors necessary with the gene's expression while in the host mobile. The expression vector decided on is determined by the kind of host mobile useful for protein manufacturing and the specified output degree. In such cases, the usually employed expression vector is often a pET vector method intended to Categorical bacteria using the T7 RNA polymerase promoter, facilitating large-stage expression in the gene-focusing on process.

With regards to the supposed expression system, vectors like Individuals constructed on baculovirus or animal cells may additionally be used. Quite a few methods can be utilized to clone the gene to the expression vector, for instance PCR amplification, digestion restriction enzyme, ligation, and Internet site-directed mutation. The chosen procedure relies on the gene's intricacy and The actual needs from the cloning approach.

Transformation in the Host Mobile In this method, the expression vector is then transformed into an acceptable host mobile following the introduction of your gene. The choice of your host cell is affected by quite a few variables, including the preferred volume of protein expression, the protein's security while in the host cell, and also the alterations in publish-translational necessary for the protein to operate. Yeast, mammalian, and bacterial cells tend to be the prevalent host cells utilised In cases like this.

Micro organism like E. coli make tiny, soluble proteins, whereas yeast like S. cerevisiae can generate far more intricate proteins with submit-translational modifications. The manufacture of therapeutic proteins that call for article-translational alterations resembling People made by recombinant protein output in mammalian cells, which include Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, is regularly employed.

Protein Expression Personalized Gene Synthesis, gene synthesis organizations

Once the remodeled cells are picked, These are cultured in environments encouraging protein expression. The most effective growing ailments rely on; the host mobile variety and the specific demands from the protein and so are often modified for top-degree expression with the target protein in bacterial expression devices. This will entail working with a particular increasing medium and changing the temperature, oxygen, and PH amounts.

The lifestyle conditions are sometimes arrange for producing accurately folded and write-up-translationally altered proteins in mammalian expression methods; They might require employing serum-free media, including distinct expansion brokers, optimizing mobile focus and society period, and much more. SDS-Webpage and Western blot Assessment are two techniques for observing the expression in the protein. These strategies ensure it is doable to establish and evaluate the protein of curiosity and will be utilized to improve the development situations for your synthesis of proteins.

Protein Purification Right after production, the protein must be cleansed in the host mobile and all other contaminants. This may be a tricky and time-consuming course of action because the protein may should be dissociated from all kinds of other proteins and chemical compounds while in the host cell. Underneath the purification system, the next approaches are employed; chromatography (the typical strategy), centrifugation, precipitation, and filtration. Chromatography requires the separation of proteins from other components centered on their chemical and physical properties.

Proteins is often purified to your substantial degree applying various chromatographic procedures, which include ion exchange, sizing exclusion, and affinity chromatography. Filtration can do away with a lot more significant pollutants, While centrifugation can separate proteins As outlined by their dimensions and density. By introducing a chemical substance to your protein Answer, precipitation results in the protein to independent from the answer and permits separation from other molecules. The protein good quality, the size with the production approach, and the desired degree of purification all affect the choice in the purification procedure.

The Protein's Characterization antibody creation products and services, gene synthesis providers

Immediately after purification, the protein has to be classified to be certain it really is the suitable protein with The best properties. Characterization methods incorporate mass, round dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic Assessment. The molecular mass from the protein and any submit-translational adjustments can be established making use of mass spectrometry. The secondary protein construction is usually ascertained using circular dichroism spectroscopy, whereas the a few-dimensional composition can be ascertained making use of NMR spectroscopy. To make sure the protein is of high quality for its intended use, it is actually crucial to characterize it.

Protein Preparation and Storage The protein should be ready and stored for its intended software after it's been isolated and classified. Stabilizing chemical compounds, including buffers, salts, and sugars, are added to the protein solution to circumvent protein deterioration and aggregation all through formulation. The protein will likely be maintained in a very low temperature, like -80°C, to avoid breakdown and maintain protein steadiness. The protein's features and wanted use figure out the storage circumstances.

Antibody Expert services, Sequencing, and Sequencing Companies Each individual phase while in the method is important for properly making higher-high-quality recombinant proteins. The synthesis, purification, and characterization of antibodies from a particular recombinant protein are termed antibody support in recombinant proteins. This support can assist with the creation of therapeutic antibodies together with antibodies that may be used for exploration and diagnostics. Antibody Decide the sequence of The purpose mutation in the antibody that attaches into the recombinant protein to sequence recombinant proteins.

Applying this information, the antibody's binding abilities might be improved, or new antibodies with increased specificity or affinities with the recombinant protein could be made. Companies specializing in sequencing antibodies in opposition to individual recombinant proteins offer antibody sequencing solutions. These expert services typically contain creating large-good quality sequence information for analysis and advancement working with chopping-edge technologies, including spectrometry or following-era sequencing.

Enzyme-Connected Immunosorbent Assay Science lab equipment detect and quantify proteins, peptides, monoclonal antibodies, and also other bioactive molecules in Organic samples. ELISA Kits include a pre-coated microplate, specific antibodies, detecting reagents, and calibrating expectations

Great things about Recombinant Proteins Around Conventional Protein Synthesis Methods

The generation of recombinant proteins has several benefits over traditional ways of protein synthesis; chemical processing or separation from normal resources. The advantages involve:

one. Significant Yields Recombinant protein synthesis is ideal for big-scale creation because it can crank out sufficient quantities of protein. In distinction, It truly is attainable that chemical synthesis or protein separation from all-natural resources will not produce adequate of the substance. By utilizing a host cell for manufacturing the protein, recombinant protein manufacturing enables the generation of substantial amounts of protein.

two. Adaptability Many proteins, which include people who are hard to obtain employing other techniques, is often manufactured utilizing recombinant systems. The development of medicinal proteins, enzymes, and antigens is only one of the numerous biotechnological purposes produced doable by this adaptability. A chance to make recombinant proteins has also produced it probable to build proteins with specific modifications, which include protein fusion or proteins with certain publish-translational modifications.

3. Substantial Purity The manufacture of pure proteins is built achievable by recombinant technological innovation, which happens to be essential for different works by using, like investigation and therapies. Having said that, proteins extracted from natural sources could have contaminants that decrease their efficiency and basic safety. To generate recombinant proteins, the protein out with the host cell have to be purified, enabling really pure proteins to get made.

4. Extremely Risk-free The probability of adverse outcomes affiliated with proteins divided from purely natural resources is diminished by recombinant protein production, which could generate proteins free of toxins and pathogens. Producing proteins which can be tough to come by Normally or might be dangerous to acquire Obviously can even be achieved through a host mobile.

5. Good Speed in Output Recombinant protein synthesis can make proteins rapidly, with some remaining All set in several several hours. Apps like diagnostics and therapies, which need A fast response, depend on this pace. Recombinant protein manufacturing is brief, allowing for to the well timed development of proteins while cutting down time and expenditure associated with protein output.

Get more info. here: antibody

[helvaticacare]

There is no cure for Hepatitis B. In some cases, the infection goes away on its own (in 4 to 8 weeks for more than 9 out of 10 adults). Some (about 1 in 20 people) that contract this virus as adults become “carriers, (a chronic condition) are likely to infect other people and can do so for the rest of their lives unknowingly

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference archived on our website

Published in 2023. Proof positive that just breathing spreads covid over a large area. Mask up. Ventilate. Clean the air.

Summary Background Effectively implementing strategies to curb SARS-CoV-2 transmission requires understanding who is contagious and when. Although viral load on upper respiratory swabs has commonly been used to infer contagiousness, measuring viral emissions might be more accurate to indicate the chance of onward transmission and identify likely routes. We aimed to correlate viral emissions, viral load in the upper respiratory tract, and symptoms, longitudinally, in participants who were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods In this phase 1, open label, first-in-human SARS-CoV-2 experimental infection study at quarantine unit at the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, healthy adults aged 18–30 years who were unvaccinated for SARS-CoV-2, not previously known to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and seronegative at screening were recruited. Participants were inoculated with 10 50% tissue culture infectious dose of pre-alpha wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Asp614Gly) by intranasal drops and remained in individual negative pressure rooms for a minimum of 14 days. Nose and throat swabs were collected daily. Emissions were collected daily from the air (using a Coriolis μ air sampler and directly into facemasks) and the surrounding environment (via surface and hand swabs). All samples were collected by researchers, and tested by using PCR, plaque assay, or lateral flow antigen test. Symptom scores were collected using self-reported symptom diaries three times daily. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04865237.

Findings Between March 6 and July 8, 2021, 36 participants (ten female and 26 male) were recruited and 18 (53%) of 34 participants became infected, resulting in protracted high viral loads in the nose and throat following a short incubation period, with mild-to-moderate symptoms. Two participants were excluded from the per-protocol analysis owing to seroconversion between screening and inoculation, identified post hoc. Viral RNA was detected in 63 (25%) of 252 Coriolis air samples from 16 participants, 109 (43%) of 252 mask samples from 17 participants, 67 (27%) of 252 hand swabs from 16 participants, and 371 (29%) of 1260 surface swabs from 18 participants. Viable SARS-CoV-2 was collected from breath captured in 16 masks and from 13 surfaces, including four small frequently touched surfaces and nine larger surfaces where airborne virus could deposit. Viral emissions correlated more strongly with viral load in nasal swabs than throat swabs. Two individuals emitted 86% of airborne virus, and the majority of airborne virus collected was released on 3 days. Individuals who reported the highest total symptom scores were not those who emitted most virus. Very few emissions occurred before the first reported symptom (7%) and hardly any before the first positive lateral flow antigen test (2%).

Interpretation After controlled experimental inoculation, the timing, extent, and routes of viral emissions was heterogeneous. We observed that a minority of participants were high airborne virus emitters, giving support to the notion of superspreading individuals or events. Our data implicates the nose as the most important source of emissions. Frequent self-testing coupled with isolation upon awareness of first symptoms could reduce onward transmissions.

[mxjackparker]

"Get STI tested 2 weeks after every new partner", first of all seroconversion of HIV and syphilis can take 6 weeks, so get tested 6 weeks after new partners because 2 weeks won't catch everything and a few weeks extra wait won't harm you more with stuff that is detectable sooner.

Also deeply funny in the context of sex workers who are high volume, that would mean having to get tested basically every day - because most days it's 2 weeks after a new partner when you're often seeing multiple clients a day. Even my nicest interpretation would be having to get tested every 2 weeks. In reality clinics usually don't want to test more often than every couple of months and you have to fight to be tested monthly!

[boards-of-kaneda]

normalize recreational seroconversion

[daisychainsandbowties]

hi :) dunno if you've answered this before (ignore this if you have), but what are some of your favorite poems? i've been in a poem reading kick lately and i wanted to know your thoughts as the resident tumblr poet guy

🥺🥺 oh no i’m always thrilled to get this question because the answer changes often. poems are really mercurial to me like that. i have a thousand poems i love but here are the ones that occur to me just now.

from don't call us dead by danez smith

tonight, in oakland

summer, somewhere

seroconversion

from night sky with exit wounds by ocean vuong

not even this

aubade with burning city

immigrant haibun

seventh circle of earth

girl saints by emily skaja

american beings by noor hindi

muttnik by @fateology

lies about sea creatures by ada limón

race to the tree by chen chen

from when my brother was an aztec by natalie diaz

tortilla smoke: a genesis

why i hate raisins

i watch her eat the apple (and then watch this. she performs the poem and a few others!!)

parsley by rita dove (about the massacre on October 7, 1937 in the Dominican Republic)

persimmons by li-young lee

[jcsmicasereports]

POFF SHOOTS OF PrEP ( Pre Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV) Clinics by Saraswathi Lakkasani MD in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences

Introduction

HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is use of antiretroviral medications to prevent acquisition of HIV infection, in a HIV negative person who has on going risk of acquiring HIV. This strategy has proven effective in several recently published reports. The regimen if used optimally has HIV reduction record of 99%. However, there are several positive unforeseen benefits in this strategy. In this observational study we are presenting some additional benefits we observed in our Prep Clinic.

We are reporting the findings of our on-going PrEP Clinic for your perusal. Saint Michaels Medical Center is a 150 to 200 bedded community hospital, at Newark, New Jersey. We follow more than 200 PrEP clients in our Prep Clinic. We follow the state mandated protocol for induction and follow up.

Observation Results

So far there is no seroconversion to HIV after starting PrEP. Two of our clients had successful full term, normal pregnancies with sero negative healthy babies. Statistically significant number of STI’s (sexually transmitted Infections) were diagnosed and successfully treated and Significant number of unimmunized clients for Hepatitis B and A were identified and immunized. One case of uncontrolled diabetes and one hypercalcemia were identified at the initial visit and referred to the respective specialist. One patient was found to have anal mass, six months into the program, being pursued by colorectal surgeon.

Conclusion

Among the risk groups benefited by PrEP, the use of PrEP has increased by 500%. The average age group of clients falls between 25 to 35 who are in good health and with very few comorbidities who may or may not come to Primary care clinics on regular basis.

PrEP clinics gives an excellent opportunity to detect, diagnose and treat some of the commonly missed but treatable medical issues. The demand will be increasing in future. Our findings may be the tip of an iceberg.

[blueiight]

vampires or werewolves? and why?

vampires cuz i dont like dogs as is one so why would i like a big super powered dog? i always liked ganja & hess, fledgling by octavia butler, and the idea of a black vampire specifically bc vampires always represent this fear of 'other', of seroconversion kinda [esp 1980s on], and historically/now this fear of being an immutable non-entity that subsists on flesh and the oxymoron of being consumer when u urself were once consume-d. if that makes any sense. ok i do like werewolves but only omegas sorry. debunked wolf pseudo science misappropriated for bad erotica >>>>>

[thebrokencrescent-blog]

NP plays a central role in viral replication [18]. As a structural protein with no intrinsic enzymatic activity [19], it is the most abundant viral protein in infected cells.

In an influenza infection, nucleoprotein is the first viral protein to replicate, so the infected cell quickly presents the nucleoprotein antigens, provoking a strong early immune response, they explained.

"Another aspect worth pointing out is that protection against currently circulating influenza viruses has been reached even with a very old variant of the nucleoprotein protein," they continued.

"The OVX836 vaccine is based on the full-length nucleoprotein of the influenza A virus A/WSN/1933 (H1N1), and, despite the fact that this antigen is highly conserved and has been through over 90 years of evolution, this protein has undergone some changes...

Of the 11 RSV-encoded proteins, N is one of the most conserved structural proteins and is essential for virus encapsidation by coating the entire viral RNA genome to form the ribonucleoprotein (RNP).

These data suggest that the antigenic repertoire of T cells in IS subjects is skewed compared to HSV-2+ subjects and that IS subjects had more frequent T cells responses to IE proteins and infrequent T cell responses to virion components.

The preponderance of T cell responses directed at IE proteins in IS subjects suggests that IS subjects have been exposed to replicating virus since IE proteins are the first proteins made during the virus infectious life cycle and are not present in infectious virions. T cells directed at IE proteins would be engaged early in the infectious life cycle and may be able to kill the virally-infected cell before the production of infectious progeny and thus advantageous to the host. If some of the IS subjects are infected with HSV-2 in the absence of seroconversion, the presence of T cells directed at IE proteins at the neural-epidermal junction would provide the quickest defense against the virus spreading to the periphery and may explain why we did not detect any HSV DNA at mucosal sites in IS subjects (4).

The HPV genome contains an early expressed region containing the ORF (Open reading frames) of E1 to E7 genes which are necessary for viral replication and transcriptional regulation6. The E6, E7 and E5 proteins are able to interact with many cell targets, promoting cellular transformation7,8. The E1 protein is encoded within the early expressed region and it is localized in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. This protein is highly conserved among different HPV types and is the unique HPV protein with enzymatic activity.

The initiation of the HPV infection is from the basal layer of the squamous epithelium. The viral replication process and transcription of other E proteins are regulated by E1 and E2 proteins...

E1 protein has been reported highly conserved among the types of HPV and commonly decoded during the early expression of HPV infection...

E1 and E2 proteins play crucial role in the initiation and regulation of HPV replication as illustrated in Fig. 1. Initially, E2 proteins bind to their binding sites (E2BS11 and E2BS12) at the origin of replication, which recruits a pair of E1 proteins to form a complex.

[mikkaeus]

i like when some of our MCQs are like "how should you treat a suicidal teen" and options A-D are like "you should tell them to kill themselves" and E is like "provide appropriate supportive therapy and follow guidelines" and then other MCQs are like "what is the scientific name of this jellyfish" "recall this arbitrary seroconversion ratio from a random research paper"

[so-much-for-subtlety]

I just wanna add that in NYC you don’t even have to go to the hospital to get PEP.

Call the PEP hotline 844-3-PEPNYC (844-373-7692) 24/7 and they will give you an emergency prescription of a few days of PEP but you will need to see a provider for the full 28-day dose.

If you have insurance it should be free or low cost (around $10) and if you’re uninsured their are options to get it covered too.

You need to start within 72 hours of possible exposure, but sooner is better.

Studies have shown PEP is 99.5% effective at preventing seroconversion to HIV+.

[best-testing-lab-uae]

How Virology Testing Labs in Abu Dhabi Help Pharmaceutical Companies with Clinical Trials? | +971 554747210

Pharmaceutical companies are at the forefront of medical innovation, developing new drugs and vaccines that save lives worldwide. Clinical trials, a critical phase in this development process, require precise and reliable virology testing to ensure safety, efficacy, and regulatory compliance. In Abu Dhabi, virology testing labs have become vital partners for pharmaceutical companies engaged in clinical trials, providing advanced testing services that meet global standards.

This blog explores how virology testing lab in Abu Dhabi support pharmaceutical companies during clinical trials, highlighting their key roles, services, and benefits.

The Importance of Virology Testing in Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are rigorous research studies conducted to evaluate new medical products in human subjects. When these products involve viral infections, vaccines, or antiviral drugs, virology testing is crucial to:

Detect and quantify viral presence in patient samples.

Monitor viral load changes throughout the trial.

Assess immune responses to investigational products.

Ensure participant safety by early identification of viral infections or reactivations.

Generate robust data for regulatory submissions.

Given these demands, pharmaceutical companies rely heavily on specialized virology testing labs with the expertise and infrastructure to deliver accurate, reproducible, and timely results.

Why Pharmaceutical Companies Choose Virology Testing Labs in Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi offers several advantages that make it a preferred hub for pharmaceutical virology testing:

State-of-the-art laboratories: Equipped with cutting-edge technologies such as Real-Time PCR, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and serological assays.

Accreditation and compliance: Labs meet international quality standards, including ISO 15189 and GCLP (Good Clinical Laboratory Practice), ensuring data integrity and regulatory acceptance.

Experienced virologists and technicians: Skilled personnel understand the nuances of clinical trial testing and complex viral diagnostics.

Strategic location: Abu Dhabi serves as a gateway between East and West, facilitating international collaboration and faster sample logistics.

Regulatory support: Local labs work closely with UAE health authorities, streamlining approvals and compliance with global regulatory bodies like FDA, EMA, and WHO.

Key Services Offered by Virology Testing Labs for Clinical Trials

1. Molecular Testing for Viral Detection and Quantification

Molecular assays, primarily Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), are the gold standard in virology testing during clinical trials. They enable:

Sensitive detection of viral nucleic acids in biological samples (blood, swabs, tissues).

Quantification of viral load, essential for evaluating antiviral drug efficacy or vaccine impact.

Genotyping and mutation analysis to track viral variants or resistance markers.

Abu Dhabi virology labs utilize validated PCR platforms with strict quality control to ensure consistent performance throughout trial phases.

2. Serological Testing for Immune Response Assessment

Serology tests detect antibodies (IgM, IgG) produced in response to viral infections or vaccination. These tests help pharmaceutical companies to:

Determine baseline immunity of trial participants.

Monitor seroconversion and antibody titers post-vaccination or treatment.

Evaluate durability of immune responses over time.

Labs in Abu Dhabi offer ELISA, chemiluminescence, and neutralization assays tailored to the specific virus and trial design.

3. Viral Culture and Phenotypic Analysis

While less common, viral culture remains important in some clinical trials for isolating live virus and studying phenotypic characteristics, including:

Susceptibility to investigational antiviral agents.

Viral replication kinetics.

Specialized virology labs in Abu Dhabi maintain biosafety level 2 and 3 facilities needed for safe culture and handling of infectious agents.

4. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)

NGS technologies are increasingly used in clinical trials to:

Deeply characterize viral genomes.

Identify emerging mutations and variants that may impact treatment outcomes.

Support personalized medicine approaches.

Abu Dhabi labs provide comprehensive NGS services with rapid data analysis and reporting capabilities.

Ensuring Quality and Compliance in Clinical Trial Testing

Pharmaceutical companies must comply with stringent regulatory requirements when conducting clinical trials. Virology testing labs in Abu Dhabi support this by:

Following Good Clinical Laboratory Practice (GCLP) guidelines ensuring laboratory processes meet trial protocols.

Implementing ISO 15189 accreditation, guaranteeing quality management systems and technical competence.

Maintaining strict chain of custody and sample tracking to ensure data integrity.

Providing audit support and documentation for sponsors and regulatory agencies.

Participating in external quality assessment (EQA) programs to benchmark performance.

These practices help pharmaceutical companies produce reliable data that regulators worldwide trust.

Collaborative Role in Trial Design and Protocol Development

Beyond testing, many virology labs in Abu Dhabi collaborate with pharmaceutical sponsors during the clinical trial planning phase by:

Advising on sample collection methods and timing to optimize viral detection and immune response assessment.

Designing customized testing panels aligned with trial endpoints.

Assisting with statistical planning for virology data analysis.

Ensuring compliance with local and international biosafety regulations.

Such partnerships enhance trial efficiency and data quality.

Rapid Turnaround Times for Timely Decision-Making

Clinical trials operate on tight schedules, and timely virology results are essential for:

Monitoring participant safety in real-time.

Making go/no-go decisions on trial progression.

Supporting interim analyses for regulatory reporting.

Virology testing labs in Abu Dhabi are equipped with automation and workflow optimization to deliver fast turnaround times—often within 24 to 48 hours for molecular assays—without compromising accuracy.

Case Study: Supporting COVID-19 Vaccine Trials in Abu Dhabi

The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical role of virology testing labs in clinical trials. Abu Dhabi’s labs swiftly adapted to meet the demand for:

Large-scale RT-PCR testing to monitor viral load in vaccine recipients.

Serological assays to measure antibody responses post-vaccination.

Variant analysis via NGS to track emerging strains affecting vaccine efficacy.

Pharmaceutical companies developing COVID-19 vaccines leveraged these capabilities to accelerate trial phases and achieve rapid regulatory approvals.

Cost-Effectiveness and Local Expertise

Partnering with local virology testing labs in Abu Dhabi reduces logistical costs associated with international shipping and customs delays. Additionally, local expertise helps navigate UAE-specific regulatory and cultural considerations, resulting in smoother trial operations.

Conclusion

Virology testing labs in Abu Dhabi are indispensable allies for pharmaceutical companies conducting clinical trials involving viral pathogens. Their advanced technologies, adherence to international quality standards, expert personnel, and collaborative approach help ensure that clinical trial data is accurate, timely, and regulatory-compliant.

By choosing a reputable virology testing lab in Abu Dhabi, pharmaceutical companies benefit from streamlined workflows, reliable viral diagnostics, and invaluable scientific support, ultimately contributing to the successful development of innovative medicines and vaccines that improve global health.

[galarian-weezing-on-prep]

also just

the way people talk about hiv/aids when they don’t know anybody with hiv, have never had positive lovers, are negative themselves and have never had a seroconversion scare, have never been on prep or taken pep, have never had someone they care about die from aids-related complications, are just not regularly impacted by hiv whatsoever

but they wanna talk about hiv/aids as a narrative tool

as something with deeper meaning for their media that’s unrelated to hiv/aids

shut the fuck up

[drmongaclinic123]

Best Doctors for HIV Treatment near Lajpat Nagar in Delhi PH 8010977000

HIV has become a worldwide epidemic. In European countries, 70 percent of deaths are caused by HIV. When HIV enters the circulatory system, it causes a collapse of the immune system due to a decrease in immune cells, including T-lymphocytes and CD4+ cells. This makes the body more susceptible to opportunistic infections. The primary signs and symptoms, known as seroconversion disease, include persistent fever, body ache, rashes, sore throat, swollen gums and lymph nodes, and night sweats. Not all symptoms may be present; there may be a combination of some. HIV can affect any person, irrespective of gender, age, religion, region, profession, or nationality.

If one is HIV positive, it is crucial to consult an HIV specialist for proper treatment, regular follow-ups, and the best treatment results. Dr. Monga is a well-known HIV doctor in Lajpat Nagar, Delhi. He has been working for the welfare of HIV patients for the last 23 years, and his dedication and success rate in treatment have saved thousands from the deadly effects of HIV. Dr. Monga Clinic is a polyclinic where the whole team works for the benefit and welfare of HIV patients, helping them feel better and live normally. He is a famous HIV specialist doctor in Lajpat Nagar, Delhi.

If you are looking for the Best HIV doctors in Lajpat Nagar, Delhi visit Dr. Monga Medi Clinic. Contact us at 8010977000