#User Defined Function In C Programming

[ccoderlearner]

User Defined Function In C Programming: 

In the realm of C programming, efficiency and organization are paramount. One of the key tools that C programmers employ to achieve these goals is the concept of User Defined Functions (UDFs). These functions serve as the building blocks of a C program, allowing developers to modularize their code and enhance its readability. In this article, we'll delve into the world of User Defined Functions in C Programming, exploring their significance, structure, and practical applications.

1. Understanding Functions in C

Before delving into User Defined Functions, it's essential to grasp the concept of functions in C. In C programming, a function is a self-contained block of code designed to perform a specific task. Functions are essential for breaking down complex programs into manageable segments.

2. What are User Defined Functions (UDFs)?

User Defined Functions, as the name suggests, are functions that C programmers create themselves to meet specific requirements. Unlike built-in functions, which come with the C library, UDFs are tailored to the unique needs of a program.

3. The Anatomy of a User Defined Function

Function Prototype

A UDF starts with a function prototype, which includes the function's name, return type, and parameters. This declaration informs the compiler about the function's existence and how it should be called.

Function Definition

The function definition contains the actual code that executes when the function is called. It specifies what the function should do when invoked.

Function Call

To use a UDF, you need to call it within your program. The function call triggers the execution of the code within the function.

Advantages of Using UDFs

User Defined Functions offer several benefits, including code reusability, better organization, and improved readability. They allow programmers to break down complex problems into simpler, manageable parts.

How to Declare and Define a UDF

Creating a UDF involves two main steps: declaring the function prototype and defining the function. This section explains how to do both.

Parameters and Return Values

UDFs can accept parameters and return values, enabling them to work with different inputs and produce varying outputs. We'll explore this aspect in detail.

Scope and Lifetime of Variables

Understanding the scope and lifetime of variables within UDFs is crucial for preventing bugs and optimizing memory usage.

Recursion in User Defined Functions

Recursion is a powerful technique where a function calls itself. We'll investigate how recursion can be applied in UDFs.

Best Practices for Using UDFs

To make the most of UDFs, it's essential to follow some best practices. These guidelines ensure your code remains efficient and maintainable.

Error Handling with UDFs

Learn how to implement error handling mechanisms within your UDFs to make your programs more robust and user-friendly.

UDFs in Real-world Applications

Explore real-world scenarios where User Defined Functions play a pivotal role in solving complex problems efficiently.

Case Study: Creating a Calculator Program

We'll walk through a practical example of building a calculator program using UDFs, demonstrating their practical application.

Performance Considerations

Discover how UDFs impact the performance of your C programs and strategies for optimizing their execution.

Conclusion

In conclusion, User Defined Functions in C Programming are indispensable tools that enhance code modularity, readability, and efficiency. By creating functions tailored to specific needs, programmers can simplify complex tasks and build more maintainable software.

[4okra]

my term paper written in 2018 (how ND games were made and why they will never be made that way again)

hello friends, I am going to be sharing portions of a paper i wrote way back in 2018 for a college class. in it, i was researching exactly how the ND games were made, and why they would not be made that way anymore.

if you have any interest in the behind the scenes of how her interactive made their games and my theories as to why our evil overlord penny milliken made such drastic changes to the process, read on!

warning that i am splicing portions of this paper together, so you don't have to read my ramblings about the history of nancy and basic gameplay mechanics:

Use of C++, DirectX, and Bink Video

Upon completion of each game, the player can view the game’s credits. HeR states that each game was developed using C++ and DirectX, as well as Bink Video later on.

C++

          C++ is a general-purpose programming language. This means that many things can be done with it, gaming programming included. It is a compiled language, which Jack Copeland explains as the “process of converting a table of instructions into a standard description or a description number” (Copeland 12). This means that written code is broken down into a set of numbers that the computer can then understand. C++ first appeared in 1985 and was first standardized in 1998. This allowed programmers to use the language more widely. It is no coincidence that 1998 is also the year that the first Nancy Drew game was released.

C++ Libraries

          When there is a monetary investment to make a computer game, there are more people using and working on whatever programming language they are using. Because there was such an interest in making games in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, there was essentially a “boom” in how much C++ and other languages were being used. With that many people using the language, they collectively added on to the language to make it simpler to use. This process ends up creating what is called “libraries.” For example:

          If a programmer wants to make a function to add one, they must write out the code that does that (let’s say approximately three lines of code). To make this process faster, the programmer can define a symbol, such as + to mean add. Now, when the programmer types “+”, the language knows that equals the three lines of code previously mentioned, as opposed to typing out those three lines of code each time the programmer wants to add. This can be done for all sorts of symbols and phrases, and when they are all put together, they are called a “package” or “library.”

          Libraries can be shared with other programmers, which allows everyone to do much more with the language much faster. The more libraries there are, the more that can be done with the language.

          Because of the interest in the gaming industry in the early 2000’s, more people were being paid to use programming languages. This caused a fast increase in the ability of programming. This helps to explain how HeR was able to go from jerky, bobble-headed graphics in 1999 to much more fluid and realistic movements in 2003.

Microsoft DirectX

          DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for tasks related to multimedia, especially video game programming, on Microsoft platforms. Among many others, these APIs include Direct3D (allows the user to draw 3D graphics and render 3D animation), DirectDraw (accelerates the rendering of graphics), and DirectMusic (allows interactive control over music and sound effects). This software is crucial for the development of many games, as it includes many services that would otherwise require multiple programs to put together (which would not only take more time but also more money, which is important to consider in a small company like HeR).

Bink Video

          According to the credits which I have painstakingly looked through for each game, HeR started using Bink Video in game 7, Ghost Dogs of Moon Lake (2002). Bink is a file format (.bik) developed by RAD Game Tools. This file format has to do with how much data is sent in a package to the Graphical User Interface (GUI). (The GUI essentially means that the computer user interacts with representational graphics rather than plain text. For example, we understand that a plain drawing of a person’s head and shoulders means “user.”) Bink Video structures the data sent in a package so that when it reaches the Central Processing Unit (CPU), it is processed more efficiently. This allows for more data to be transferred per second, making graphics and video look more seamless and natural. Bink Video also allows for more video sequences to be possible in a game.

Use of TransGaming Inc.

          Sea of Darkness is the only title that credits a company called TransGaming Inc, though I’m pretty sure they’ve been using it for every Mac release, starting in 2010. TransGaming created a technology called Cider that allowed video game developers to run games designed for Windows on Mac OS X (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findev). As one can imagine, this was an incredibly helpful piece of software that allowed for HeR to start releasing games on Mac platforms. This was a smart way for them to increase their market. 

          In 2015, a portion of TransGaming was acquired by NVIDIA, and in 2016, TransGaming changed its business focus from technology to real estate financing. Though it is somewhat difficult to determine which of its formal products are still available, it can be assumed that they will not be developing anything else technology-based from 2016 on.

          Though it is entirely possible that there is other software available for converting Microsoft based games to Mac platforms, the loss of TransGaming still has large consequences. For a relatively small company like Her Interactive, hiring an entire team to convert the game for Mac systems was a big deal (I know they did this because it is in the credits of SEA which you can see at the end of this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0gAzD7Q09Y). Without this service, HeR loses a large portion of their customers.

Switch to Unity

          Unity is a game engine that is designed to work across 27 platforms, including Windows, Mac, iOS, Playstation, Xbox, Wii, and multiple Virtual Reality systems. The engine itself is written in C++, though the user of the software writes code in C#, JavaScript (also called UnityScript), or less commonly Boo. Its initial release took place in 2005, with a stable release in 2017 and another in March of 2018. Some of the most popular games released using Unity include Pokemon Go for iOS in 2016 and Cuphead in 2017.

          HeR’s decision to switch to Unity makes sense on one hand but is incredibly frustrating on the other. Let’s start with how it makes sense. The software HeR was using from TransGaming Inc. will (from what I can tell) never be updated again, meaning it will become virtually useless soon, if it hasn’t already. That means that HeR needed to find another software that would allow them to convert their games onto a Mac platform so that they would not lose a large portion of their customers. This was probably seen as an opportunity to switch to something completely new that would allow them to reach even more platforms. One of the points HeR keeps harping on and on about in their updates to fans is the tablet market, as well as increasing popularity in VR. If HeR wants to survive in the modern game market, they need to branch outside of PC gaming. Unity will allow them to do that. The switch makes sense.

          However, one also has to consider all of the progress made in their previous game engine. Everything discussed up to this point has taken 17 years to achieve. And, because their engine was designed by their developers specifically for their games, it is likely that after the switch, their engine will never be used again. Additionally, none of the progress HeR made previously applies to Unity, and can only be used as a reference. Plus, it’s not just the improvements made in the game engine that are being erased. It is also the staff at HeR who worked there for so long, who were so integral in building their own engine and getting the game quality to where it is in Sea of Darkness, that are being pushed aside for a new gaming engine. New engine, new staff that knows how to use it.

          The only thing HeR won’t lose is Bink Video, if that means anything to anyone. Bink2 works with Unity. According to the Bink Video website, Bink supplies “pre-written plugins for both Unreal 4 and Unity” (Rad Game Tools). However, I can’t actually be sure that HeR will still use Bink in their next game since I don’t work there. It would make sense if they continued to use it, but who knows.

Conclusions and frustrations

          To me, Her Interactive is the little company that could. When they set out to make the first Nancy Drew game, there was no engine to support it. Instead of changing their tactics, they said to heck with it and built their own engine. As years went on, they refined their engine using C++ and DirectX and implemented Bink Video. In 2010 they began using software from TransGaming Inc. that allowed them to convert their games to Mac format, allowing them to increase their market. However, with TransGaming Inc.’s falling apart starting in 2015, HeR was forced to rethink its strategy. Ultimately they chose to switch their engine out for Unity, essentially throwing out 17 years worth of work and laying off many of their employees. Now three years in the making, HeR is still largely secretive about the status of their newest game. The combination of these factors has added up to a fanbase that has become distrustful, frustrated, and altogether largely disappointed in what was once that little company that could.

Suggested Further Reading:

Midnight in Salem, OR Her Interactive’s Marketing Nightmare (Part 2): https://saving-face.net/2017/07/07/midnight-in-salem-or-her-interactives-marketing-nightmare-part-2/

Compilation of MID Facts: http://community.herinteractive.com/showthread.php?1320771-Compilation-of-MID-Facts

Game Building - Homebrew or Third Party Engines?: https://thementalattic.com/2016/07/29/game-building-homebrew-or-third-party-engines/

/end of essay. it is crazy to go back and read this again in 2025. mid had not come out yet when i wrote this and i genuinely did not think it would ever come out. i also had to create a whole power point to go along with this and present it to my entire class of people who barely even knew what nancy drew was, let alone that there was a whole series of pc games based on it lol

[souhaillaghchimdev]

How to Build Software Projects for Beginners

Building software projects is one of the best ways to learn programming and gain practical experience. Whether you want to enhance your resume or simply enjoy coding, starting your own project can be incredibly rewarding. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started.

1. Choose Your Project Idea

Select a project that interests you and is appropriate for your skill level. Here are some ideas:

To-do list application

Personal blog or portfolio website

Weather app using a public API

Simple game (like Tic-Tac-Toe)

2. Define the Scope

Outline what features you want in your project. Start small and focus on the minimum viable product (MVP) — the simplest version of your idea that is still functional. You can always add more features later!

3. Choose the Right Tools and Technologies

Based on your project, choose the appropriate programming languages, frameworks, and tools:

Web Development: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, or Django

Mobile Development: Flutter, React Native, or native languages (Java/Kotlin for Android, Swift for iOS)

Game Development: Unity (C#), Godot (GDScript), or Pygame (Python)

4. Set Up Your Development Environment

Install the necessary software and tools:

Code editor (e.g., Visual Studio Code, Atom, or Sublime Text)

Version control (e.g., Git and GitHub for collaboration and backup)

Frameworks and libraries (install via package managers like npm, pip, or gems)

5. Break Down the Project into Tasks

Divide your project into smaller, manageable tasks. Create a to-do list or use project management tools like Trello or Asana to keep track of your progress.

6. Start Coding!

Begin with the core functionality of your project. Don’t worry about perfection at this stage. Focus on getting your code to work, and remember to:

Write clean, readable code

Test your code frequently

Commit your changes regularly using Git

7. Test and Debug

Once you have a working version, thoroughly test it. Look for bugs and fix any issues you encounter. Testing ensures your software functions correctly and provides a better user experience.

8. Seek Feedback

Share your project with friends, family, or online communities. Feedback can provide valuable insights and suggestions for improvement. Consider platforms like GitHub to showcase your work and get input from other developers.

9. Iterate and Improve

Based on feedback, make improvements and add new features. Software development is an iterative process, so don’t hesitate to refine your project continuously.

10. Document Your Work

Write documentation for your project. Include instructions on how to set it up, use it, and contribute. Good documentation helps others understand your project and can attract potential collaborators.

Conclusion

Building software projects is a fantastic way to learn and grow as a developer. Follow these steps, stay persistent, and enjoy the process. Remember, every project is a learning experience that will enhance your skills and confidence!

[digitaldetoxworld]

C++ Programming Language – A Detailed Overview

 C++ is a effective, high-overall performance programming language advanced as an extension of the C language. Created via Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early Eighties, C++ delivered object-orientated features to the procedural shape of C, making it appropriate for large-scale software program development. Over the years, it has emerge as a extensively used language for machine/software program improvement, game programming, embedded systems, real-time simulations, and extra.

C ++ Online Compliers 

C++ combines the efficiency and manage of C with functions like classes, items, inheritance, and polymorphism, permitting builders to construct complex, scalable programs.

2. Key Features of C++

Object-Oriented: C++ supports object-orientated programming (OOP), which include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Compiled Language: Programs are compiled to machine code for overall performance and portability.

Platform Independent (with Compiler Support): Though not inherently platform-unbiased, C++ programs can run on a couple of structures when compiled therefore.

Low-Level Manipulation: Like C, C++ permits direct reminiscence get right of entry to thru suggestions.

Standard Template Library (STL): C++ consists of powerful libraries for facts systems and algorithms.

Rich Functionality: Supports functions like feature overloading, operator overloading, templates, and exception dealing with.

3. Structure of a C++ Program

Here’s a primary C++ program:

cpp

Copy

Edit

#encompass <iostream>

the use of namespace std;

int important() 

    cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;

    return zero;

Explanation:

#encompass <iostream> consists of the enter/output stream library.

Using namespace std; allows using standard capabilities like cout without prefixing std::.

Foremost() is the access point of every C++ program.

Cout prints textual content to the console.

Four. Data Types and Variables

C++ has both primitive and user-defined statistics types. Examples:

cpp

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Edit

int a = 10;

glide b = 3.14;

char c = 'A';

bool isReady = true;

Modifiers like short, lengthy, signed, and unsigned extend the information sorts’ range.

5. Operators

C++ supports, !

Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, and many others.

Increment/Decrement: ++, --

Bitwise Operators: &, 

    cout << "a is greater";

 else 

    cout << "b is extra";

Switch Case:

cpp

Copy

Edit

transfer (desire) 

    case 1: cout << "One"; ruin;

    case 2: cout << "Two"; smash;

    default: cout << "Other";

Loops:

For Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

for (int i = zero; i < five; i++) 

    cout << i << " ";

While Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

int i = 0;

at the same time as (i < five) 

    cout << i << " ";

    i++;

Do-While Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

int i = zero;

do 

 cout << i << " ";

    i++;

 whilst (i < 5);

7. Functions

Functions in C++ growth modularity and reusability.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

int upload(int a, int b) 

    go back a + b;

int major() 

    cout << upload(three, 4);

    return 0;

Functions may be overloaded via defining multiple variations with special parameters.

Eight. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP is a chief energy of C++. It makes use of instructions and objects to represent real-international entities.

Class and Object Example:

cpp

Copy

Edit

magnificence Car 

public:

    string logo;

    int pace;

void display() 

        cout << brand << " velocity: " << pace << " km/h" << endl;

    int main() 

    Car myCar;

    myCar.Emblem = "Toyota";

    myCar.Pace = 120;

    myCar.Show();

    go back zero;

9. OOP Principles

1. Encapsulation:

Binding facts and features into a unmarried unit (elegance) and proscribing get admission to the usage of private, public, or blanketed.

2. Inheritance:

Allows one magnificence to inherit properties from another.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

elegance Animal 

public:

    void talk()  cout << "Animal sound" << endl; 

;

class Dog : public Animal 

public:

    void bark()  cout << "Dog barks" << endl; 

; three. Polymorphism:

Same characteristic behaves in a different way primarily based at the item or input.

Function Overloading: Same feature name, special parameters.

Function Overriding: Redefining base magnificence method in derived magnificence.

Four. Abstraction:

Hiding complicated information and showing handiest vital capabilities the usage of training and interfaces (abstract training).

10. Constructors and Destructors

Constructor: Special approach known as while an item is created.

Destructor: Called whilst an item is destroyed.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

magnificence Demo 

public:

    Demo() 

        cout << "Constructor calledn";

    ~Demo() 

        cout << "Destructor calledn";

    ;

11. Pointers and Dynamic Memory

C++ supports tips like C, and dynamic memory with new and delete.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

int* ptr = new int;   // allocate reminiscence

*ptr = 5;

delete ptr;           // deallocate memory

12. Arrays and Strings

cpp

Copy

Edit

int nums[5] = 1, 2, three, 4, 5;

cout << nums[2];  // prints 3

string name = "Alice";

cout << call.Period();

C++ also supports STL boxes like vector, map, set, and many others.

Thirteen. Standard Template Library (STL)

STL offers established training and features:

cpp

Copy

Edit

#consist of <vector>

#consist of <iostream>

using namespace std;

int important() 

    vector<int> v = 1, 2, 3;

    v.Push_back(four);

    for (int i : v)

        cout << i << " ";

STL includes:

Containers: vector, list, set, map

Algorithms: sort, discover, rely

Iterators: for traversing containers

14. Exception Handling

cpp

Copy

Edit

attempt 

    int a = 10, b = 0;

    if (b == zero) throw "Division by means of 0!";

    cout << a / b;

 seize (const char* msg) 

    cout << "Error: " << msg;

Use attempt, capture, and throw for managing runtime errors.

15. File Handling

cpp

Copy

Edit

#consist of <fstream>

ofstream out("information.Txt");

out << "Hello File";

out.Near();

ifstream in("records.Txt");

string line;

getline(in, line);

cout << line;

in.Near();

File I/O is achieved the usage of ifstream, ofstream, and fstream.

16. Applications of C++

Game Development: Unreal Engine is primarily based on C++.

System Software: Operating systems, compilers.

GUI Applications: Desktop software (e.G., Adobe merchandise).

Embedded Systems: Hardware-level applications.

Banking and Finance Software: High-speed buying and selling systems.

Real-Time Systems: Simulations, robotics, and so on.

17. Advantages of C++

Fast and efficient

Wide range of libraries

Suitable for each high-level and low-level programming

Strong item-orientated aid

Multi-paradigm: procedural + object-oriented

18. Limitations of C++

Manual reminiscence management can lead to mistakes

Lacks contemporary protection functions (in contrast to Java or Python)

Steeper studying curve for beginners

No built-in rubbish series

19. Modern C++ (C++11/14/17/20/23)

Modern C++ variations introduced capabilities like:

Smart recommendations (shared_ptr, unique_ptr)

Lambda expressions

Range-based totally for loops

car kind deduction

Multithreading support

Example:

cpp

Copy

Edit

vector<int> v = 1, 2, three;

for (auto x : v) 

    cout << x << " ";

 C++ is a effective, high-overall performance programming language advanced as an extension of the C language. Created via Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early Eighties, C++ delivered object-orientated features to the procedural shape of C, making it appropriate for large-scale software program development. Over the years, it has emerge as a extensively used language for machine/software program improvement, game programming, embedded systems, real-time simulations, and extra.

C ++ Online Compliers 

C++ combines the efficiency and manage of C with functions like classes, items, inheritance, and polymorphism, permitting builders to construct complex, scalable programs.

2. Key Features of C++

Object-Oriented: C++ supports object-orientated programming (OOP), which include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Compiled Language: Programs are compiled to machine code for overall performance and portability.

Platform Independent (with Compiler Support): Though not inherently platform-unbiased, C++ programs can run on a couple of structures when compiled therefore.

Low-Level Manipulation: Like C, C++ permits direct reminiscence get right of entry to thru suggestions.

Standard Template Library (STL): C++ consists of powerful libraries for facts systems and algorithms.

Rich Functionality: Supports functions like feature overloading, operator overloading, templates, and exception dealing with.

3. Structure of a C++ Program

Here’s a primary C++ program:

cpp

Copy

Edit

#encompass <iostream>

the use of namespace std;

int important() 

    cout << "Hello, World!" << endl;

    return zero;

Explanation:

#encompass <iostream> consists of the enter/output stream library.

Using namespace std; allows using standard capabilities like cout without prefixing std::.

Foremost() is the access point of every C++ program.

Cout prints textual content to the console.

Four. Data Types and Variables

C++ has both primitive and user-defined statistics types. Examples:

cpp

Copy

Edit

int a = 10;

glide b = 3.14;

char c = 'A';

bool isReady = true;

Modifiers like short, lengthy, signed, and unsigned extend the information sorts’ range.

5. Operators

C++ supports, !

Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, and many others.

Increment/Decrement: ++, --

Bitwise Operators: &, 

    cout << "a is greater";

 else 

    cout << "b is extra";

Switch Case:

cpp

Copy

Edit

transfer (desire) 

    case 1: cout << "One"; ruin;

    case 2: cout << "Two"; smash;

    default: cout << "Other";

Loops:

For Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

for (int i = zero; i < five; i++) 

    cout << i << " ";

While Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

int i = 0;

at the same time as (i < five) 

    cout << i << " ";

    i++;

Do-While Loop:

cpp

Copy

Edit

int i = zero;

do 

 cout << i << " ";

    i++;

 whilst (i < 5);

7. Functions

Functions in C++ growth modularity and reusability.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

int upload(int a, int b) 

    go back a + b;

int major() 

    cout << upload(three, 4);

    return 0;

Functions may be overloaded via defining multiple variations with special parameters.

Eight. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP is a chief energy of C++. It makes use of instructions and objects to represent real-international entities.

Class and Object Example:

cpp

Copy

Edit

magnificence Car 

public:

    string logo;

    int pace;

void display() 

        cout << brand << " velocity: " << pace << " km/h" << endl;

    int main() 

    Car myCar;

    myCar.Emblem = "Toyota";

    myCar.Pace = 120;

    myCar.Show();

    go back zero;

9. OOP Principles

1. Encapsulation:

Binding facts and features into a unmarried unit (elegance) and proscribing get admission to the usage of private, public, or blanketed.

2. Inheritance:

Allows one magnificence to inherit properties from another.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

elegance Animal 

public:

    void talk()  cout << "Animal sound" << endl; 

;

class Dog : public Animal 

public:

    void bark()  cout << "Dog barks" << endl; 

; three. Polymorphism:

Same characteristic behaves in a different way primarily based at the item or input.

Function Overloading: Same feature name, special parameters.

Function Overriding: Redefining base magnificence method in derived magnificence.

Four. Abstraction:

Hiding complicated information and showing handiest vital capabilities the usage of training and interfaces (abstract training).

10. Constructors and Destructors

Constructor: Special approach known as while an item is created.

Destructor: Called whilst an item is destroyed.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

magnificence Demo 

public:

    Demo() 

        cout << "Constructor calledn";

    ~Demo() 

        cout << "Destructor calledn";

    ;

11. Pointers and Dynamic Memory

C++ supports tips like C, and dynamic memory with new and delete.

Cpp

Copy

Edit

int* ptr = new int;   // allocate reminiscence

*ptr = 5;

delete ptr;           // deallocate memory

12. Arrays and Strings

cpp

Copy

Edit

int nums[5] = 1, 2, three, 4, 5;

cout << nums[2];  // prints 3

string name = "Alice";

cout << call.Period();

C++ also supports STL boxes like vector, map, set, and many others.

Thirteen. Standard Template Library (STL)

STL offers established training and features:

cpp

Copy

Edit

#consist of <vector>

#consist of <iostream>

using namespace std;

int important() 

    vector<int> v = 1, 2, 3;

    v.Push_back(four);

    for (int i : v)

        cout << i << " ";

STL includes:

Containers: vector, list, set, map

Algorithms: sort, discover, rely

Iterators: for traversing containers

14. Exception Handling

cpp

Copy

Edit

attempt 

    int a = 10, b = 0;

    if (b == zero) throw "Division by means of 0!";

    cout << a / b;

 seize (const char* msg) 

    cout << "Error: " << msg;

Use attempt, capture, and throw for managing runtime errors.

15. File Handling

cpp

Copy

Edit

#consist of <fstream>

ofstream out("information.Txt");

out << "Hello File";

out.Near();

ifstream in("records.Txt");

string line;

getline(in, line);

cout << line;

in.Near();

File I/O is achieved the usage of ifstream, ofstream, and fstream.

16. Applications of C++

Game Development: Unreal Engine is primarily based on C++.

System Software: Operating systems, compilers.

GUI Applications: Desktop software (e.G., Adobe merchandise).

Embedded Systems: Hardware-level applications.

Banking and Finance Software: High-speed buying and selling systems.

Real-Time Systems: Simulations, robotics, and so on.

17. Advantages of C++

Fast and efficient

Wide range of libraries

Suitable for each high-level and low-level programming

Strong item-orientated aid

Multi-paradigm: procedural + object-oriented

18. Limitations of C++

Manual reminiscence management can lead to mistakes

Lacks contemporary protection functions (in contrast to Java or Python)

Steeper studying curve for beginners

No built-in rubbish series

19. Modern C++ (C++11/14/17/20/23)

Modern C++ variations introduced capabilities like:

Smart recommendations (shared_ptr, unique_ptr)

Lambda expressions

Range-based totally for loops

car kind deduction

Multithreading support

Example:

cpp

Copy

Edit

vector<int> v = 1, 2, three;

for (auto x : v) 

    cout << x << " ";

C Lanugage Compliers 

[genericnbbuddy]

Pressenting myself (and this silly little blog)

Well, I've been using this account for +2 years (according to Tumblr's notification system), so I think it's a good time to introduce myself...

"I'm the weirdest person alive"... You'll see why:

I'm autistic. That alone makes me really weird. "Now everyone is autistic these days" "You just want to feel special"... I have the diagnosis since 2012, way before autism was a "trend" (I don't have a better term)... So FCK YOU!

I'm a Linux enthusiast. However, I won't impose Linux on ya, even less any particular software (seestemdee bad, ooboontoo bad, kaydee-e bad >:c /j)

I'm a math nerd. If you know math blogs, let me know (better if they are college-level math, and even better if they're high-level math [topology, real analysis, functional analysis or more advanced])

I study computer science. Anything about computers and programming makes my day :D (I'm also into theoretical Comp. Sci., things like automata theory, lambda calculi, category theory, etc.)

Yes, as an Arch user btw, I'm queer af. My labels are: quadrigender (four genders at the same time), gender fluid (5%), pangender (5%), trans woman, transfemme (85%), xenogender (5%, I know how to define it but don't know if it currenty exists [if not, I'm gonna coin it]), fictionkind (I have the "soul" of a fictional race, if you will, more on it later), bisexual, panromantic, polyamourous

My interests are kinda limited. I love Undertale, Minecraft, Terraria, TBoI, Spiderman I/ATSV, D&D, Pathfinder and WoD. On the later, I LOVE Mage the Ascension, and my fictionkind race is a Orphan Mage.

I'm kinda into philosophy. I suspect I might have AHDH (not autodiagnosing tho), so I find kinda hard to start reading ACTUAL philosophers (specially people like Hegel and Kant, who ABUSE of weird jargon), but I usually read Wikipedia articles about the topic (which, despite misconceptions, it's actually a reliable source)

I'm an anarchist. I read a few anarchist and marxist authors back at the day, and I'm starting to do actual praxis. I consider myself an "anarchist without labels", as I see all anarchist branches having their valid point but also falling into fallacies and biases (DISCLAIMER: I don't see any right-winger "anarchism" as actual anarchism. If you're "anarcho"-capitalist/monarquist/fascist [yes, those exist, apparently], GO FCK YOURSELF!!!

And despite all the previous items (except 1st and 5th), I'm highly spiritual. I believe in anything mystical, religious, esoteric or spiritual there might be out there... And I mean EVERYTHING... I have my way to make sense out of it.

Welp, I think that's all...

[mercyjuliet1512]

The Trendy Path to Web Automation: Selenium's Effortless Approach

In the vast expanse of the digital landscape, automation has emerged as the North Star, guiding us toward efficiency, precision, and productivity. It's in this realm of automated wonders that Selenium, a powerful open-source framework, takes center stage. Selenium isn't just a tool; it's a beacon of possibilities, a bridge between human intent and machine execution. As we embark on this journey, we'll dive deep into the multifaceted world of Selenium, exploring its key role in automating web browsers and unleashing its full potential across various domains.

Selenium: The Backbone of Web Automation

Selenium is not just a tool in your toolkit; it's the backbone that supports your web automation aspirations. It empowers a diverse community of developers, testers, and data enthusiasts to navigate the complex web of digital interactions with precision and finesse. It's more than lines of code; it's the key to unlocking a world where repetitive tasks melt away, and possibilities multiply.

1. Cross-Browser Compatibility: Bridging the Browser Divide

One of Selenium's defining strengths is its cross-browser compatibility. It extends a welcoming hand to an array of web browsers, from the familiarity of Chrome to the reliability of Firefox, the edge of Edge, and beyond. With Selenium as your ally, you can be assured that your web automation scripts will seamlessly traverse the digital landscape, transcending the vexing barriers of browser compatibility.

2. Programming Language Support: Versatility Unleashed

Selenium's versatility is the cornerstone of its appeal. It doesn't tie you down to a specific programming language; instead, it opens a world of possibilities. Whether you're fluent in the elegance of Java, the simplicity of Python, the resilience of C#, the agility of Ruby, or others, Selenium stands ready to complement your expertise.

3. Interaction with Web Elements: Crafting User Experiences

Web applications are complex ecosystems, abundant with buttons, text fields, dropdown menus, and a myriad of interactive elements. Selenium's prowess shines as it empowers you to interact with these web elements as if you were sitting in front of your screen, performing actions like clicking, typing, and scrolling with surgical precision. It's the tool you need to craft seamless user experiences through automation.

4. Automated Testing: Elevating Quality Assurance

In the realm of quality assurance, Selenium assumes the role of a vigilant guardian. Its automated testing capabilities are a testament to its commitment to quality. As a trusted ally, it carefully examines web applications, identifying issues, pinpointing regressions, and uncovering functional anomalies during the development phase. With Selenium by your side, you ensure the delivery of software that stands as a benchmark of quality and reliability.

5. Web Scraping: Harvesting Insights from the Digital Terrain

In the era of data-driven decision-making, web scraping is a strategic endeavor, and Selenium is your trusty companion. It equips you with the tools to extract data from websites, scrape valuable information, and store it for in-depth analysis or integration into other applications. With Selenium's data harvesting capabilities, you transform the digital terrain into a fertile ground for insights and innovation.

6. Integration: The Agile Ally

Selenium is not an isolated entity; it thrives in collaboration. Seamlessly integrating with an expansive array of testing frameworks and continuous integration (CI) tools, it becomes an agile ally in your software development lifecycle. It streamlines testing and validation processes, reducing manual effort, and fostering a cohesive development environment.

In conclusion, Selenium is not just a tool; it's the guiding light that empowers developers, testers, and data enthusiasts to navigate the complex realm of web automation. Its adaptability, cross-browser compatibility, and support for multiple programming languages have solidified its position as a cornerstone of modern web development and quality assurance.

Yet, Selenium is merely one part of your journey in the realm of technology. In a world that prizes continuous learning and professional growth, ACTE Technologies emerges as your trusted partner. Whether you're embarking on a new career, upskilling, or staying ahead in your field, ACTE Technologies offers tailored solutions and world-class resources.

Your journey to success commences here, where your potential knows no bounds. Welcome to a future filled with endless opportunities, fueled by Selenium and guided by ACTE Technologies. As you navigate this web automation odyssey, remember that the path ahead is illuminated by your curiosity, determination, and the unwavering support of your trusted partners.

[nishakrishnan1996]

From Novice to .NET Pro: Tips for Smooth Learning and Skill Enhancement.

Welcome to the dynamic world of .NET, where the possibilities are endless, and innovation knows no bounds. In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, one question often emerges: Is learning .NET an achievable feat? Whether you're a seasoned developer seeking to expand your skill set or a passionate novice ready to embark on a coding adventure, the journey into .NET is filled with both challenges and opportunities. In this comprehensive blog post, we will dive headfirst into the intricacies of .NET, shedding light on its learnability, potential hurdles, and the plethora of resources at your disposal. By the time we reach the conclusion, you'll be armed with the knowledge and confidence to take on this versatile framework and thrive in the realm of software development.

Is .NET Easy to Learn?

For Seasoned Developers:

For those who have already ventured into the realm of programming languages like C# or VB.NET, the path into .NET may appear as a well-trodden trail. Familiarity with these languages provides a solid footing, allowing you to transition into .NET with relative ease. After all, these languages are the very building blocks of the .NET framework, and your existing proficiency can serve as a robust foundation.

For Beginners:

However, for beginners stepping into the world of programming for the first time, .NET might present a more formidable challenge. Here's why:

Complexity: The .NET framework sprawls like a vast digital metropolis, offering an array of tools and libraries for diverse applications, from web development to desktop software and mobile apps. Navigating this intricate landscape can be akin to a newcomer trying to navigate a bustling city without a map.

Learning Curve: As is often the case with comprehensive technology stacks, .NET features a learning curve. To master it, you'll need to comprehend its various components and understand how they seamlessly intertwine to create cohesive and functional applications.

Versatility: While versatility is undoubtedly one of .NET's standout strengths, it can also introduce complexity, particularly for beginners. The sheer range of options and possibilities within the framework can be both exciting and overwhelming.

On the Bright Side:

Documentation: One of the defining advantages of delving into .NET is the wealth of documentation at your disposal. This extensive and meticulously maintained resource can serve as your guiding light, offering clarity through comprehensive explanations and illustrative examples.

Visual Studio IDE: In the universe of software development, the Visual Studio integrated development environment shines as a beacon of user-friendliness and functionality. Whether you're an experienced developer or just starting, this tool can significantly simplify the development process and enhance your productivity.

Community: The .NET community is a vibrant, global network of developers and enthusiasts who are passionate about knowledge-sharing. Within this community, you'll find a wealth of resources, tutorials, and forums ready to assist you on your learning journey, transforming potential obstacles into stepping stones towards mastery.

In conclusion, the ease with which you can learn .NET ultimately hinges on your starting point and your commitment to the learning process. Whether you're a seasoned developer looking to broaden your skill set or a programming neophyte taking your first steps, .NET opens doors to a realm of boundless opportunities.

ACTE Technologies stands as a steadfast companion on your journey to mastering .NET. Their meticulously designed courses cater to diverse learners, ensuring that you receive the support and guidance needed to conquer this versatile framework. Whether you aim for career advancement or simply wish to explore the vast possibilities within .NET, equips you for the adventure.

Remember, learning any technology takes time, dedication, and practice. Maintain your curiosity, continue coding, and consider enrolling in a course aligned with your goals. With the right resources and a growth-oriented mindset, the mastery of .NET becomes an attainable goal. Embark on this journey with unwavering confidence, and the sprawling world of .NET will reveal its wonders to you. May your pursuit of knowledge yield tremendous achievements. Good luck on your learning odyssey!

[upyourmarketingskills]

WHAT YOU NEED TO BUILD PC?

Title: Building a High-Performance PC: A Comprehensive Guide

Are you a tech enthusiast looking to embark on the journey of building your own high-performance PC? Whether you're a gamer, content creator, or simply seeking a custom computing experience, building your PC can be both rewarding and empowering. In this guide, we'll take you through the step-by-step process of assembling a powerful PC from scratch. Let's dive in!

1. Planning Your Build:

Before you dive into the build process, take some time to plan out your PC build. Define your use case – gaming, video editing, programming, etc. Set a budget, consider compatibility between components, and make a list of parts you'll need.

2. Selecting Components:

a. CPU (Central Processing Unit): Choose a CPU that matches your needs. Consider factors like core count, clock speed, and compatibility with your chosen motherboard.

b. Motherboard: Your motherboard choice affects compatibility and expansion options. Ensure it supports your CPU, has enough RAM slots, and the necessary connectors.

c. GPU (Graphics Processing Unit): For gaming or graphics-intensive tasks, invest in a powerful GPU. Research benchmarks and choose a card that meets your performance expectations.

d. RAM (Random Access Memory): Opt for sufficient RAM for multitasking and running applications smoothly. 16GB is a good starting point for most users.

e. Storage: Decide between SSDs (faster) and HDDs (more storage). Consider an SSD for your OS and frequently used software.

f. Power Supply: Choose a reliable PSU that provides enough power for your components. Ensure it's from a reputable brand and offers some headroom for future upgrades.

g. Cooling: Depending on your CPU choice, you may need an aftermarket cooler for efficient heat dissipation.

h. Case: Select a case that accommodates your components, offers good airflow, and has space for cable management.

3. Building Process:

a. Prepare Your Workspace: Clear a clean, well-lit area to assemble your PC. Have tools like screwdrivers ready.

b. Install CPU and Cooler: Follow your CPU manufacturer's instructions to install the CPU onto the motherboard. Apply thermal paste and attach the cooler.

c. Install RAM: Insert your RAM sticks into the designated slots on the motherboard.

d. Mount Motherboard: Secure the motherboard in the case, ensuring standoffs are correctly aligned.

e. Install Storage and GPU: Install your storage drives and GPU into their respective slots.

f. Connect Cables: Connect power cables, SATA cables, and data cables as needed. Route cables neatly to ensure good airflow.

g. Connect Case Fans: If your case includes case fans, connect them to appropriate headers on the motherboard.

h. Power Supply Connections: Connect the PSU cables to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and storage drives.

4. First Boot and Testing:

a. Double-Check Connections: Before powering on, double-check all connections to ensure everything is properly connected.

b. Power On: Press the power button and check if all components light up and fans spin. If not, troubleshoot connections.

c. BIOS Setup: Enter the BIOS to configure boot order, RAM settings, and other necessary adjustments.

5. Software Installation:

a. Operating System: Install your chosen operating system using a USB drive or optical disc.

b. Drivers: Install motherboard, GPU, and other hardware drivers to ensure proper functionality.

c. Software and Updates: Install essential software and update your OS to the latest version.

6. Final Touches:

a. Cable Management: Neatly organize cables for better airflow and aesthetics.

b. System Monitoring: Install monitoring software to keep an eye on temperatures, performance, and other metrics.

c. Benchmarking: Run benchmark tests to ensure your PC is performing as expected.

Congratulations! You've successfully built your own high-performance PC. Remember that building a PC is a continuous learning experience. Stay updated on hardware trends, software updates, and potential upgrades to keep your system running smoothly and efficiently. Enjoy your custom-built powerhouse for years to come!

[swizajoy]

The Ultimate Guide to Developing a Multi-Service App Like Gojek

In today's digital-first world, convenience drives consumer behavior. The rise of multi-service platforms like Gojek has revolutionized the way people access everyday services—from booking a ride and ordering food to getting a massage or scheduling home cleaning. These apps simplify life by merging multiple services into a single mobile solution.

If you're an entrepreneur or business owner looking to develop a super app like Gojek, this guide will walk you through everything you need to know—from ideation and planning to features, technology, cost, and launching.

1. Understanding the Gojek Model

What is Gojek?

Gojek is an Indonesian-based multi-service app that started as a ride-hailing service and evolved into a digital giant offering over 20 on-demand services. It now serves millions of users across Southeast Asia, making it one of the most successful super apps in the world.

Why Is the Gojek Model Successful?

Diverse Services: Gojek bundles transport, delivery, logistics, and home services in one app.

User Convenience: One login for multiple services.

Loyalty Programs: Rewards and incentives for repeat users.

Scalability: Built to adapt and scale rapidly.

2. Market Research and Business Planning

Before writing a single line of code, you must understand the market and define your niche.

Key Steps:

Competitor Analysis: Study apps like Gojek, Grab, Careem, and Uber.

User Persona Development: Identify your target audience and their pain points.

Service Selection: Decide which services to offer at launch—e.g., taxi rides, food delivery, parcel delivery, or healthcare.

Monetization Model: Plan your revenue streams (commission-based, subscription, ads, etc.).

3. Essential Features of a Multi-Service App

A. User App Features

User Registration & Login

Multi-Service Dashboard

Real-Time Tracking

Secure Payments

Reviews & Ratings

Push Notifications

Loyalty & Referral Programs

B. Service Provider App Features

Service Registration

Availability Toggle

Request Management

Earnings Dashboard

Ratings & Feedback

C. Admin Panel Features

User & Provider Management

Commission Tracking

Service Management

Reports & Analytics

Promotions & Discounts Management

4. Choosing the Right Tech Stack

The technology behind your app will determine its performance, scalability, and user experience.

Backend

Programming Languages: Node.js, Python, or Java

Databases: MongoDB, MySQL, Firebase

Hosting: AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure

APIs: REST or GraphQL

Frontend

Mobile Platforms: Android (Kotlin/Java), iOS (Swift)

Cross-Platform: Flutter or React Native

Web Dashboard: Angular, React.js, or Vue.js

Other Technologies

Payment Gateways: Stripe, Razorpay, PayPal

Geolocation: Google Maps API

Push Notifications: Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM)

Chat Functionality: Socket.IO or Firebase

5. Design and User Experience (UX)

Design is crucial in a super app where users interact with multiple services.

UX/UI Design Tips:

Intuitive Interface: Simplify navigation between services.

Consistent Aesthetics: Maintain color schemes and branding across all screens.

Microinteractions: Small animations or responses that enhance user satisfaction.

Accessibility: Consider voice commands and larger fonts for inclusivity.

6. Development Phases

A well-planned development cycle ensures timely delivery and quality output.

A. Discovery Phase

Finalize scope

Create wireframes and user flows

Define technology stack

B. MVP Development

Start with a Minimum Viable Product including essential features to test market response.

C. Full-Scale Development

Once the MVP is validated, build advanced features and integrations.

D. Testing

Conduct extensive testing:

Unit Testing

Integration Testing

User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

Performance Testing

7. Launching the App

Pre-Launch Checklist

App Store Optimization (ASO)

Marketing campaigns

Beta testing and feedback

Final round of bug fixes

Post-Launch

Monitor performance

User support

Continuous updates

Roll out new features based on feedback

8. Marketing Your Multi-Service App

Marketing is key to onboarding users and service providers.

Strategies:

Pre-Launch Hype: Use teasers, landing pages, and early access invites.

Influencer Collaborations: Partner with local influencers.

Referral Programs: Encourage user growth via rewards.

Local SEO: Optimize for city-based searches.

In-App Promotions: Offer discounts and bundle deals.

9. Legal and Compliance Considerations

Don't overlook legal matters when launching a multi-service platform.

Key Aspects:

Licensing: Depending on your country and the services offered.

Data Protection: Adhere to GDPR, HIPAA, or local data laws.

Contracts: Create terms of service for providers and users.

Taxation: Prepare for tax compliance across services.

10. Monetization Strategies

There are several ways to make money from your app.

Common Revenue Models:

Commission Per Transaction: Standard in ride-sharing and food delivery.

Subscription Plans: For users or service providers.

Ads: In-app promotions and sponsored listings.

Surge Pricing: Dynamic pricing based on demand.

Premium Features: Offer enhanced services at a cost.

11. Challenges and How to Overcome Them

A. Managing Multiple Services

Solution: Use microservices architecture to manage each feature/module independently.

B. Balancing Supply and Demand

Solution: Use AI to predict demand and onboard providers in advance.

C. User Retention

Solution: Gamify the app with loyalty points, badges, and regular updates.

D. Operational Costs

Solution: Optimize cloud resources, automate processes, and start with limited geography.

12. Scaling the App

Once you establish your base, consider expansion.

Tips:

Add New Services: Include healthcare, legal help, or finance.

Geographical Expansion: Move into new cities or countries.

Language Support: Add multi-lingual capabilities.

API Integrations: Partner with external platforms for payment, maps, or logistics.

13. Cost of Developing a Multi-Service App Like Gojek

Costs can vary based on complexity, features, region, and team size.

Estimated Breakdown:

MVP Development: $20,000 – $40,000

Full-Feature App: $50,000 – $150,000+

Monthly Maintenance: $2,000 – $10,000

Marketing Budget: $5,000 – $50,000 (initial phase)

Hiring an experienced team or opting for a white-label solution can help manage costs and time.

Conclusion

Building a multi-service app like Gojek is an ambitious but achievable project. With the right strategy, a well-defined feature set, and an expert development team, you can tap into the ever-growing on-demand economy. Begin by understanding your users, develop a scalable platform, market effectively, and continuously improve based on feedback. The super app revolution is just beginning—get ready to be a part of it.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. How long does it take to develop a Gojek-like app?

Depending on complexity and team size, it typically takes 4 to 8 months to build a fully functional version of a multi-service app.

2. Can I start with only a few services and expand later?

Absolutely. It's recommended to begin with 2–3 core services, test the market, and expand based on user demand and operational capability.

3. Is it better to build from scratch or use a white-label solution?

If you want custom features and long-term scalability, building from scratch is ideal. White-label solutions are faster and more affordable for quicker market entry.

4. How do I onboard service providers to my platform?

Create a simple registration process, offer initial incentives, and run targeted local campaigns to onboard and retain quality service providers.

5. What is the best monetization model for a super app?

The most successful models include commission-based earnings, subscription plans, and in-app advertising, depending on your services and user base.

[promptlyspeedyandroid]

Unlocking the Basics: A Comprehensive C Programming Language Tutorial for Beginners

Introduction

C programming language is often referred to as the backbone of modern programming. Developed in the early 1970s, C has influenced many other programming languages, including C++, Java, and Python. Its efficiency, flexibility, and powerful features make it a popular choice for system programming, embedded systems, and application development. This tutorial aims to provide beginners with a solid foundation in C programming, covering essential concepts, practical examples, and best practices to help you unlock the basics and start your programming journey.The

Why Learn C?

Before diving into the tutorial, it’s important to understand why learning C is beneficial:

Foundation for Other Languages: C serves as a stepping stone to learning other programming languages. Understanding C concepts will make it easier to grasp languages like C++, Java, and C#.

Performance and Efficiency: C is known for its speed and efficiency, making it ideal for system-level programming and applications where performance is critical.

Portability: C programs can be compiled and run on various platforms with minimal changes, making it a versatile choice for developers.

Rich Libraries: C has a vast collection of libraries that provide pre-written code for common tasks, speeding up the development process.

Strong Community Support: With decades of history, C has a large community of developers, providing ample resources, forums, and documentation for learners.

Getting Started with C Programming

1. Setting Up Your Development Environment

To start programming in C, you need to set up a development environment. Here’s how:

Choose a Compiler: Popular C compilers include GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) for Linux and MinGW for Windows. You can also use IDEs like Code::Blocks, Dev-C++, or Visual Studio.

Install the Compiler: Follow the installation instructions for your chosen compiler. Ensure that the compiler is added to your system’s PATH for easy access.

Choose a Text Editor or IDE: You can write C code in any text editor (like Notepad++ or Sublime Text) or use an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for a more user-friendly experience.

2. Writing Your First C Program

Let’s start with a simple "Hello, World!" program to familiarize you with the syntax:#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; }

Explanation:

#include <stdio.h>: This line includes the standard input-output library, allowing you to use functions like printf.

int main(): This is the main function where the program execution begins.

printf("Hello, World!\n");: This line prints "Hello, World!" to the console.

return 0;: This indicates that the program has executed successfully.

3. Understanding C Syntax and Structure

C has a specific syntax that you need to understand:

Variables and Data Types: C supports various data types, including int, float, char, and double. You must declare variables before using them.

int age = 25; float salary = 50000.50; char grade = 'A';

Operators: C provides arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators for performing operations on variables.

Control Structures: Learn about conditional statements (if, else, switch) and loops (for, while, do-while) to control the flow of your program.

4. Functions in C

Functions are essential for organizing code and promoting reusability. Here’s how to define and call a function:#include <stdio.h> void greet() { printf("Welcome to C Programming!\n"); } int main() { greet(); // Calling the function return 0; }

5. Arrays and Strings

Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same type, while strings are arrays of characters. Here’s an example:#include <stdio.h> int main() { int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; char name[20] = "John Doe"; printf("First number: %d\n", numbers[0]); printf("Name: %s\n", name); return 0; }

6. Pointers

Pointers are a powerful feature in C that allows you to directly manipulate memory. Understanding pointers is crucial for dynamic memory allocation and data structures.#include <stdio.h> int main() { int num = 10; int *ptr = &num; // Pointer to num printf("Value of num: %d\n", *ptr); // Dereferencing the pointer return 0; }

7. Structures and Unions

Structures allow you to group different data types under a single name, while unions enable you to store different data types in the same memory location.#include <stdio.h> struct Student { char name[50]; int age; }; int main() { struct Student student1 = {"Alice", 20}; printf("Student Name: %s, Age: %d\n", student1.name, student1.age); return 0; }

Best Practices for C Programming

Comment Your Code: Use comments to explain complex logic and improve code readability.

Use Meaningful Variable Names: Choose descriptive names for variables and functions to make your code self-explanatory.

Keep Code Organized: Structure your code into functions and modules to enhance maintainability.

Test Your Code: Regularly test your code to catch errors early and ensure it behaves as expected.

Conclusion

Learning C programming is a rewarding journey that opens doors to various fields in software development. By following this comprehensive tutorial, you’ve unlocked the basics of C and gained the foundational knowledge needed to explore more advanced topics.

As you continue your programming journey, practice regularly, build projects, and engage with the C programming community. With dedication and persistence, you’ll become proficient in C programming and be well-equipped to tackle more complex challenges in the world of software development.

Ready to dive deeper? Explore advanced topics like memory management, file handling, and data structures to further enhance your C programming skills! Happy coding with Tpoint-Tech!

[govindhtech]

Quantum Portfolio Optimizer: Global Data Quantum, IBM Qiskit

Portfolio optimisation for quantum computing

Global Data Quantum introduced the Quantum Portfolio Optimiser function in IBM Qiskit. Quantum computing optimises investment portfolios.

A detailed breakdown:

Quantum Portfolio Optimiser Goal

The Quantum Portfolio Optimiser optimises investment performance while reducing transaction costs and risks. Its dynamic portfolio optimisation goal is to find the optimum investment plan across many time periods to maximise projected return and minimise risks, often while considering budget, transaction costs, and risk aversion. Dynamic portfolio optimisation modifies assets based on asset performance, unlike traditional portfolio optimisation, which uses a single rebalancing time. The program targets analysts, investors, and portfolio managers. Portfolio optimisation allows backtesting trading approaches.

Quantum Portfolio Optimiser Access:

Discover the function in IBM Qiskit Functions Catalogue. This experimental functionality is only available to IBM Quantum Premium and Flex Plan users in preview release. Request a catalogue to access Global Data Quantum.

Quantum Computing—Why?

Traditional methods become slow and inefficient as resources or limits increase. Quantum computing's capacity to analyse several variables in parallel can solve complex problems faster and more efficiently than classical solvers like CPLEX, Gurobi, and Pyscf on HPC resources.

Quantum Portfolio Optimiser Functions?

The Quantum Portfolio Optimiser has four steps:

It receives financial asset values and user-specified investing conditions.

Quantum circuits convert classical input data into a quantum-resolution problem. This requires constructing the dynamic portfolio optimisation problem using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary optimisation (QUBO) and converting it into a quantum operator (Ising Hamiltonian).

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithm is considered. The VQE was designed to determine the optimal solution-wide investment combinations. In this hybrid quantum-classical approach, the quantum circuit estimates the cost function and Differential Evolution is used for classical optimisation.

Adjusting post-processing to eliminate quantum device noise yields an optimal, trustworthy, and realistic recommendation. For optimal output, the system uses noise-aware (SQD-based) post-processing.

Formulating Problems

Portfolio optimisation uses multi-objective Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimisation (QUBO). The QUBO function optimises four goals:

Max out the return function (F).

Reduce investment risk (R) and transaction costs.

Respect investment limits. The QUBO function is defined as O = -F + (γ/2)R + C + ρP, where γ is the risk aversion coefficient and ρ is the constraints reinforcement coefficient (Lagrange multiplier The minimum qubit count for a problem is the number of assets (na), time periods (nt), and bit resolution (nq) used to describe the investment.

Input

This function requires several input parameters:

A dictionary of asset prices uses dates as supplementary keys. All assets must have consistent data for the same dates.

Qubo_settings: A dictionary that configures the QUBO problem with parameters like nq resolution qubits, dt time window each step, maximum investment per asset, risk aversion coefficient, transaction charge, and restriction coefficient.

Optimizer_settings (Optional): Sets up the standard optimisation technique, including primitive settings (sampler_shots, estimator_shots) and differentiation_evolution algorithm parameters (num_generations, population_size).

ansatz_settings (Optional): Select “optimized_real_amplitudes” or “tailored” and enable multiple pass managers, dynamical decoupling, and other options to configure the quantum circuit ansatz.

Optional: QPU backend name, such as “ibm_torino.”

previous_session_id (Optional): A list of past session IDs to continue execution or retrieve data.

Apply_postprocess (Optional): True applies noise-aware SQD post-processing.

tags: An optional text list to label the experiment.

Output

Function returns two dictionaries: “result” and “metadata”.

Result: optimal optimisation outcomes, such as the optimal investment strategy over time and the lowest target cost. Investment weights are normalised by total investment.

Metadata: Metadata describes all optimisation results. It includes counts, investment pathways, objective costs, Sharpe ratios, returns, limitation violations, samples/states, and transaction costs. The session ID, asset order, QUBO matrix, and resource consumption summary are all included. Return, Sharpe ratio, restriction deviation, and least objective cost are key metadata for the best solution.

Application Function Context Qiskit

Application functions like the Quantum Portfolio Optimiser provide a comprehensive quantum pipeline by abstracting the quantum workflow. Because quantum methods use conventional classical inputs and return domain-familiar classical outputs, they can be easily integrated into present application processes without quantum computing knowledge.

Analysis of Performance and Benchmarks

The function is verified using different resolution qubit, ansatz circuit, and asset grouping configurations. Benchmarks evaluate solutions using two metrics:

Objective cost: To evaluate optimisation, the objective cost compares the cost function value to Gurobi (free version) output.

Sharpe ratio: Measures portfolio risk-adjusted return. Benchmark data shows the quantum optimiser finds viable investment plans. For a test using IBEX35 assets (Set 3, 4 time steps, 2-bit encoding, 56 qubits), the Optimised Real Amplitudes ansatz had an objective cost of -3.67 and a Sharpe ratio of 14.48, while Gurobi had 16.44 and -4.11. Comparing quantum sampling to random sampling, visual inspection shows that lower prices dominate the distribution.

[hats-off-solutions]

iOS Apps Development: A Complete Guide for Beginners and Professionals

In the digital age, mobile applications have revolutionized the way we communicate, shop, learn, and entertain ourselves. Among the leading platforms, iOS — Apple’s mobile operating system — holds a significant position due to its high security, performance, and loyal user base. Developing iOS apps has become a lucrative and innovative career path for developers worldwide. Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned developer, understanding the essentials of iOS app development is crucial in delivering high-quality applications for iPhone, iPad, and other Apple devices.

What is iOS App Development?

iOS app development refers to the process of creating mobile applications for Apple hardware, including iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, and Apple TV. These apps are built using languages like Swift and Objective-C, and the development is done within Apple’s Xcode environment. The final product is submitted to the App Store, where users can download and use the app.

Tools and Technologies Required

To get started with iOS development, you’ll need to be familiar with certain tools and technologies:

Xcode: Apple’s official IDE for iOS app development. It includes a code editor, simulator, debugger, and tools for designing user interfaces.

Swift: A modern, powerful, and intuitive programming language introduced by Apple. It is currently the preferred language for iOS development.

Objective-C: An older but still-used programming language for iOS apps, especially for legacy code.

Interface Builder: A part of Xcode used to design app UIs with drag-and-drop elements.

Cocoa Touch: A UI framework used to develop applications that run on iOS.

Simulator: An emulator that allows developers to test their apps on virtual Apple devices.

Key Stages of iOS App Development

Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the iOS app development process:

Ideation and Planning Define the app’s purpose, target audience, features, and functionality. Conduct market research and competitor analysis.

UI/UX Design Design user-friendly interfaces with intuitive navigation. Use tools like Sketch or Figma, and follow Apple’s Human Interface Guidelines.

Development Start coding using Swift or Objective-C in Xcode. Follow modular architecture and use design patterns like MVC or MVVM for clean and scalable code.

Testing Thoroughly test the app for bugs, crashes, and performance issues using XCTest, UI tests, and the Xcode simulator.

Deployment Prepare your app for the App Store by creating an Apple Developer account, setting up certificates, and submitting the app through App Store Connect.

Maintenance and Updates After the app is live, gather user feedback, fix issues, and release updates to enhance the app’s performance and features.

Benefits of Developing for iOS

High-Quality Users: iOS users are known for their willingness to spend money on apps and in-app purchases.

Strong Security: Apple provides a secure environment with robust encryption and sandboxing techniques.

Consistent User Experience: The uniformity of iOS devices helps developers create apps with a consistent look and feel.

Global Reach: With the App Store available in over 175 countries, developers can access a worldwide user base.

Future of iOS App Development

With the continuous evolution of iOS and the introduction of technologies like SwiftUI, ARKit, CoreML, and Wearables Integration, iOS development is set to become more dynamic and impactful. Developers will be able to build smarter, more interactive, and more efficient apps that cater to the next generation of users.

Learn More About iOS APP Development

iOS app development is an exciting and rewarding field for developers who want to build robust, user-centric mobile applications. Whether you’re developing your first app or refining your skills, understanding the tools, process, and future trends in iOS development is key to success. With Apple’s thriving ecosystem and global audience, the opportunities are endless for those ready to dive into the world of iOS apps.

[servotechinc78]

Mechatronic Design Engineer: Bridging Mechanical, Electrical, and Software Engineering

The role of a Mechatronic Design Engineer is at the cutting edge of modern engineering. Combining the principles of mechanical engineering, electronics, computer science, and control systems, mechatronic engineers design and develop smart systems and innovative machines that improve the functionality, efficiency, and intelligence of products and industrial processes. From robotics and automation systems to smart consumer devices and vehicles, mechatronic design engineers are the architects behind today’s and tomorrow’s intelligent technology.

What Is Mechatronic Engineering?

Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that integrates various engineering disciplines to design and create intelligent systems and products. A mechatronic system typically consists of mechanical components (such as gears and actuators), electronic systems (sensors, controllers), and software (embedded systems and algorithms).

In practical terms, a Mechatronic Design Engineer might work on:

Industrial robots for factory automation.

Autonomous vehicles.

Consumer electronics (like smart appliances).

Medical devices (robotic surgery tools, prosthetics).

Aerospace systems.

Agricultural automation equipment.

These professionals play a vital role in building machines that can sense, process, and respond to their environment through advanced control systems.

Core Responsibilities of a Mechatronic Design Engineer

Mechatronic design engineers wear multiple hats. Their responsibilities span the design, simulation, testing, and integration of various components into a unified system. Key responsibilities include:

Conceptual Design:

Collaborating with cross-functional teams to define product requirements.

Designing mechanical, electrical, and software systems.

Creating prototypes and evaluating design feasibility.

Mechanical Engineering:

Designing moving parts, enclosures, and structures using CAD tools.

Selecting materials and designing components for performance, durability, and manufacturability.

Electrical Engineering:

Designing circuit boards, selecting sensors, and integrating microcontrollers.

Managing power systems and signal processing components.

Embedded Systems and Software Development:

Writing control algorithms and firmware to operate machines.

Programming in languages like C, C++, or Python.

Testing and debugging embedded software.

System Integration and Testing:

Bringing together mechanical, electrical, and software components into a functional prototype.

Running simulations and real-world tests to validate performance.

Iterating design based on test data.

Project Management and Documentation:

Coordinating with suppliers, clients, and team members.

Preparing technical documentation and user manuals.

Ensuring compliance with safety and industry standards.

Skills Required for a Mechatronic Design Engineer

Being successful in mechatronic engineering requires a broad skill set across multiple disciplines:

Mechanical Design – Proficiency in CAD software like SolidWorks, AutoCAD, or CATIA.

Electronics – Understanding of circuits, PCB design, microcontrollers (e.g., Arduino, STM32), and sensors.

Programming – Skills in C/C++, Python, MATLAB/Simulink, and embedded software development.

Control Systems – Knowledge of PID controllers, motion control, automation, and feedback systems.

Problem Solving – Ability to approach complex engineering problems with innovative solutions.

Collaboration – Strong communication and teamwork skills are essential in multidisciplinary environments.

Industries Hiring Mechatronic Design Engineers

Mechatronic engineers are in demand across a wide array of industries, including:

Automotive: Designing autonomous and electric vehicle systems.

Robotics: Creating robotic arms, drones, and autonomous platforms.

Manufacturing: Developing automated assembly lines and CNC systems.

Medical Devices: Designing wearable health tech and robotic surgery tools.

Aerospace: Building UAVs and advanced flight control systems.

Consumer Electronics: Creating smart appliances and personal tech devices.

Agriculture: Developing automated tractors, irrigation systems, and crop-monitoring drones.

Mechatronics in the Age of Industry 4.0

With the rise of Industry 4.0, smart factories, and the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for mechatronic design engineers is rapidly increasing. These professionals are at the forefront of integrating cyber-physical systems, enabling machines to communicate, adapt, and optimize operations in real-time.

Technologies such as AI, machine learning, digital twins, and cloud-based monitoring are further expanding the scope of mechatronic systems, making the role of mechatronic engineers more strategic and valuable in innovation-driven industries.

Career Path and Growth

Entry-level mechatronic engineers typically begin in design or testing roles, working under experienced engineers. With experience, they may move into project leadership, system architecture, or R&D roles. Others transition into product management or specialize in emerging technologies like AI in robotics.

Engineers can further enhance their careers by obtaining certifications in areas like:

PLC Programming

Robotics System Design

Embedded Systems Development

Project Management (PMP or Agile)

Advanced degrees (MS or PhD) in mechatronics, robotics, or automation can open opportunities in academic research or senior technical roles.

Future Trends in Mechatronic Design Engineering

Human-Robot Collaboration: Cobots (collaborative robots) are transforming how humans and robots work together on factory floors.

AI and Machine Learning: Enabling predictive maintenance, adaptive control, and smarter decision-making.

Wireless Communication: Integration with 5G and IoT platforms is making mechatronic systems more connected.

Miniaturization: Smaller, more powerful components are making devices more compact and energy-efficient.

Sustainability: Engineers are designing systems with energy efficiency, recyclability, and sustainability in mind.

Conclusion

A Mechatronic Design Engineer by Servotechinc plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of intelligent machines and systems. As industries become more automated and interconnected, the demand for multidisciplinary expertise continues to rise. Mechatronic engineering offers a dynamic and rewarding career path filled with opportunities for innovation, creativity, and impactful problem-solving. Whether you’re designing a robot that assembles products, a drone that surveys farmland, or a wearable medical device that saves lives—mechatronic design engineers are truly the bridge between imagination and reality in the world of modern engineering.

[gurukashigku]

Complete Guide to Choosing Courses After 12th for Indian Students and Parents

Choosing the right course after 12th is a crucial turning point in a student’s academic and professional journey. This decision doesn't just define the next few years but also shapes long-term career goals, job opportunities, and future study options. In India’s diverse education system, making this choice can be overwhelming—but with the right guidance, it becomes a step toward a rewarding future.

Whether you're a student exploring your interests or a parent trying to help your child decide, this guide breaks down the top course options in a clear and structured way.

Why the Right Course After 12th Matters

Class 12 marks a significant milestone. It opens the door to higher education and career opportunities. At this point, students can choose from a variety of traditional degrees and modern skill-based programs.

Making an informed choice:

Builds a strong foundation for future success.

Reduces the chances of changing courses midway.

Aligns studies with personal strengths and interests.

Parental support is key here—parents can offer perspective, emotional backing, and help in evaluating options that suit both aptitude and ambition.

Popular Courses at Guru Kashi University Online

Among the many undergraduate options, three programs at Guru Kashi University Online stand out for their relevance and career potential:

Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA)

Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

Let’s explore each course in detail:

Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA)

BCA is ideal for students interested in technology, coding, and IT services. It offers strong foundations in programming, web development, and database systems.

Key Subjects:

Programming Languages (C++, Java, Python)

Data Structures

Database Management

Web Technologies

Computer Networks

Top Career Paths:

Software Developer: Build applications that solve user needs or enhance business functions.

Web Developer: Create and maintain websites and web applications.

Data Analyst: Use data tools to support business decisions.

IT Support Executive: Provide technical support and troubleshoot systems.

App Developer: Develop mobile applications for Android or iOS.

Who Should Choose BCA? Students with an interest in coding, software, and logical problem-solving will enjoy this course. It’s a strong starting point for careers in tech and further studies like MCA or certifications.

Bachelor of Arts (BA)

BA is one of the most flexible degrees, offering a wide range of specialisations in humanities and social sciences.

Specialisation Options:

English, History, Political Science, Psychology

Journalism and Mass Communication

Economics, Sociology, Fine Arts

Career Options:

Civil Services Aspirant: BA subjects align well with competitive exam prep.

Content Writer/Editor: Craft content for media, websites, or publications.

Psychologist/Counsellor: Further studies open doors in mental health roles.

Teacher/Researcher: With additional qualifications like B.Ed or MA.

Media Professional: Work in print, TV, or digital journalism.

Who Should Choose BA? Ideal for students who enjoy reading, writing, analysis, and social topics. It also prepares students for postgraduate degrees like MA, MSW, or even MBA.

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

BBA focuses on business, management, and entrepreneurship. It teaches how businesses operate and trains students for leadership roles.

Key Subjects:

Marketing Management

Financial Accounting

Human Resource Management

Organisational Behavior

Business Law

Career Opportunities:

Marketing Executive: Manage promotional campaigns and brand outreach.

HR Executive: Handle recruitment, training, and employee engagement.

Business Analyst: Use data to optimize business processes.

Operations Manager: Ensure smooth day-to-day business functioning.

Entrepreneur: Start your own venture using business fundamentals.

Who Should Choose BBA? Students with leadership aspirations and interest in the business world will find this course valuable. It also serves as a stepping stone to an MBA.

Factors to Keep in Mind Before Choosing a Course

Choosing a course after 12th should be a well-thought-out process based on:

Interest: Choose what genuinely excites you.

Aptitude: Understand where your strengths lie.

Career Goals: Think about your ideal job and industry.

Industry Trends: Look into in-demand roles and skills.

Eligibility: Ensure your 12th stream matches the course requirements.

Affordability: Consider tuition fees, scholarships, and ROI.

Mode of Learning: Decide if you prefer online, on-campus, or hybrid learning.

Family Input: Talk to your family—they know you well and want the best for you.

Making a Confident Choice

India offers a wide range of professional courses after 12th—but having more choices doesn’t always make the decision easier. It’s normal to feel uncertain. The key is to research, reflect, and seek guidance.

Whether your passion lies in tech, business, humanities, or a specialised field, the right course is the one that aligns with your strengths and goals. Programs that offer skill-based learning and industry relevance—like the ones at Guru Kashi University Online — can also boost early career growth.

Your path after 12th is the first step toward a fulfilling future. With the right mindset and support, it’s a step you can take with confidence.

[codingprolab]

CSCE 1030: Homework 3

The purpose of this programming project is to write a C++ program that uses programmer-defined functions to validate user input, calculate some results, and then print out a triangle shape to the screen based on input from the user. REQUIREMENTS: • As with all homework programs in this course, your program’s output will initially display the department and course number, your name, your EUID, and…

[nursingwriter]

Substance Abuse Continued use of research Continued use of research in professional life: Stable housing for substance abusers Substance abuse is strongly correlated with a wide array of risky behaviors, including a failure to live in some form of stable housing, as well as high-risk sexual behaviors. This is significant, because stable housing situations in the form of rehabilitation centers or 'halfway' homes are often used as bases of treatment for addicts. However, a review of the existing literature indicates that simply providing housing for addicts should not be regarded as a panacea or as an automatic form of treatment for addiction. In fact, the results are mixed regarding a correlation between substance abuse and the ability to obtain stable housing. For the purposes of this review, a definition of 'stable housing' will be defined as "not having lived on the street" versus "living in a shelter or single room occupancy hotel (SRO)" at any time in the past 6 months (Des Jarlais 2007). Literature review According to Palepu (et al. 2010), "unstable housing and homelessness is prevalent among injection drug users (IDU)" and finding a stable housing situation is often a critical component of drug treatment for substance abusers. However, in a study of 992 intravenous drug uses, "exposure to addiction treatment" and "the attainment of stable housing among participants who were homeless or living in single room occupancy (SRO) hotels…was negatively associated with attaining stable housing and may have represented a marker of instability among this sample of IDU " (Palepu 2010). This caused the authors of the study to surmise that the most effective housing placement was actually occurring outside of addiction treatment. Thus, surprisingly, addiction treatment was associated with persons less likely to have found stable housing, despite the clear intent of most treatment programs to introduce a more stable life situation for participants. Drawing upon these findings, it seems probable that addicts only seek treatment after addiction has had an extremely negative impact upon their life situation, and has made them less likely to be employable and able to fit into society. Even after addiction treatment, these 'hardened' addicts still struggled with finding housing, more so than addicts with 'less' treatment. This clearly reflects the tendency towards recidivism within most substance abuse programs. The results point to a larger goal for addiction treatment as a whole: rather than simply focusing upon attempting to find stable housing for hardened addicts, also focusing upon treating addicts before their situation has had a negative impact upon their housing situation and their ability to hold a job is the wider policy is wise. The suggestion that addiction treatment is negatively associated with the ability to find stable housing does not mean that improving addicts' housing situation is still not a laudable goal, though. According to Des Jarlais (2007) in a study of substance abusers in 15 syringe exchange programs who engaged in injection risk behavior, there was consistently "more frequent injection risk behavior among unstably housed exchange participants" (Des Jarlais 2007). A lack of appropriate social controls, as imposed by a lack of a stable housing situation, can have an extremely negative effect upon substance abusers. The need to find stable housing not only normalizes the addict's life and hopefully increases exposure to treatment but can also protect the addict against the risks associated with dangerous needle use, such as Hepatitis C and AIDS. From a public health perspective, stable housing can thus perform an important function for society as well as heal the individual addict. In the study, Des Jarlais (2007) also noted that of participants in substance abuse programs, there was a "lack of significant variation in the odds ratios for increased injection risk" suggesting that "none of the programs were 'better' or 'worse' at reducing injection risk behavior among unstably housed participants" (De Jarlais 2007). Once again, there was an extremely high rate of recidivism for programs for addicts and a notable lack of efficacy, suggesting a need for "dramatically new interventions to reduce injecting risk behavior" given the failure of current programs to result in permanent life changes (Des Jarlais 2007). However, another, smaller study 336 adult women supported the usefulness of providing stable housing for female drug users identified at high risk for engaging in HIV risk behaviors: stable housing was associated with lower-risk behavior, regardless of the specific program in which the women were enrolled (Elifson 2007). Conclusion Neither stable housing nor existing addiction treatment programs are 'silver bullet' solutions to the problem of drug abuse. There are some indications that stable housing can reduce risky behavior in addicts. However, making use of treatment programs is often associated with a more unstable lifestyle, indicating that many existing programs are inadequate in addressing the full range of problems suffered by drug users which lead to homelessness and behaviors that put users at risk for HIV. Early intervention, before the behaviors associated with addiction become entrenched is a vital component of treatment, given that even repeated participation in programs show mixed ore relatively moderate positive results for hardened addicts. References Des Jarlais, D., C., Braine, N., & Friedmann, P. (2007). Unstable housing as a factor for increased injection risk behavior at U.S. syringe exchange programs. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 78-84. Elifson, K.W., Sterk, C.E., & Theall, K.P. (2007). Safe living: The impact of unstable housing conditions on HIV risk reduction among female drug users. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 45-55. Retrieved: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9306-8 Palepu A, Marshall BD, Lai C, Wood E, Kerr T. (2010). Addiction treatment and stable housing among a cohort of injection drug users. PLoS One. 5(7):e11697. Retrieved: http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011697 Read the full article