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gabrielle-hall23 · 3 years ago

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Chapter 5 Fieldwork: Racism

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Racism

The Hate U Give portrays a prime example of racism that we unfortunately see too often in America. In this scene a white student Hailey is distastefully expressing her opinion that the shooting and death of black teenager Khalil by a white police officer was justified because he was "threatening" and it appeared as if he had a weapon. Starr however (a black student ) voices that she only feels that way due to her racist beliefs that black people are menacing or dangerous. Hailey did not know Khalil personally yet made these assumptions based on the color of his skin. She does not however racially profile Starr and even goes as far as to say its because she is the "non- threatening black girl". Starr not only explains that she does not blatantly have to commit hate crimes against black people to be racist, but makes an example out of her. Starr shows Hailey not only how black people are treated due to racist mindsets such as hers, but invokes the same feeling of fear many victims of these altercations have faced within her. This movie brings awareness to and educates on the matter of racism within America and highlights the severity of the situation.

Individual Racism

The black woman in this video is distressed from an interaction she had with a white lady whom initially had complimented her braids to which she responded thank you. However, the lady follows up by calling her a tree ornament. To some this may seem like a harmless comparison, but this comment is blatantly racist. Christmas ornaments are hung on trees so by calling her an ornament she is stating that she should be or would look "lovely" lynched. Lynching is the act of hanging a person by the neck. This was an extremely popular practice in the 1800's, black people being the main victims of this heinous crime and one which is slowly starting to resurface in certain areas. No crime was committed by these people in order to even attempt to justify this hateful act. Mobs would form and were notorious for spontaneously lynching black people on no grounds other than their race. Therefore, this woman was a victim of individual racism and this could be perceived as a threat to her life. This altercation could have resulted in her being harmed if this white woman had acted based upon her racist beliefs.

Microaggressions

In this video this Chinese woman made a skit based upon the microaggressions she experiences in daily conversation. Due to microaggressions being very subtle, indirect, or in some cases unintentional these instances of discrimination are usually brushed past and not properly addressed. In this case when asked "what kind of Asian are you?" instead of simply asking her ethnicity was the first example of a microaggression. The initial question was where she was from which turned into a question about her ethnicity implying that it was believed that since she was Asian she could not have been from the US. Another subtle hint was the "I knew it" response to her stating she was Chinese which is another common yet racist misconception. There are six main ethnic groups in Asia yet it is usually assumed that an Asian is Chinese before anything else just as how a lot of Hispanics are assumed to be Mexican and so on. Finally the last comment made in regards to her pronunciation of hello in cantonese was also indirectly racist. The person she is portraying making these comments is white and not a native speaker so they have no place to correct her. Instead they generalize the language of an entire group based on a show which only teaches one language and dialect. There is an extreme amount of diversity within language especially in different ethnic groups. Ni Hao Kai-Lan taught its audience mandarin whilst the speaker in this video speaks cantonese which are two distinct dialects.

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Institutional Racism

This video covers events that occurred in a school in Texas in which one of its student Deandre Arnold is facing discrimination. There is a school policy implemented that was being weaponized against Deandre in order to prevent him from attending his graduation because of his hair. There are claims that his locs (which are a cultural black hairstyle) violate the school's dress code in which he would either have to cut his hair or be penalized. Deandre is facing repercussions for a personal choice that does not affect anybody or his learning which eliminates any argument the superintendent is making that this has nothing to do with race. He claims that he has to "be fair" and enforce the dress code to everyone "equally" but that county is notorious for being racist and it is evident that this is also the case. The comparison of a cultural hairstyle to underwear was extremely ignorant and racist because going out in public in your underwear is considered indecent so, he is implying that his hair makes him look indecent as well. Laws have been put in place to ban discrimination of natural hairstyles in institutions such as school and the workplace in order to prevent occurrences such as this, but it is still evidently a problem.

Phenotype

In this video this mother answers a lot of questions that she gets in regards to her red haired children. This red hair trait is linked to a lot of assumptions, the main one being that the hair color is either not real or that the kids are biracial. This is a prime example of how society associates certain phenotypes with certain races because there is a common misconception that people who are 100% black cannot carry traits including colored eyes (excluding brown), colored hair, or a straight hair texture. The phenotypes for black people are extremely diverse and come in many shades and many forms. Accurate assumptions cannot be made about someone simply based on how they look especially in regards to their background or personality, but society has normalized this behavior and it is strongly linked to phenotype.

Racial Ideology

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This song is a satirical play on stereotypes of Mexican people which falls under racial ideology because they list a popular set of beliefs on this group some of which are loosely based on real events or culture, but can be harmful nonetheless due to the assumptions that it brings about. For example, the stereotype that all Mexicans are undocumented or are in cartels or gangs are some of the most harmful beliefs especially considering the mass deportation that has taken place in America which has destroyed multiple families and lives. Mexican people have also fallen victim to harassment from police due to the belief that they deal drugs or participate in gang violence. Beliefs such as these contribute to the unfair treatment of people of color and are used to justify discriminatory actions despite them being a fixed and oversimplified image or idea rather than actual reality.

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thatboomerkid · 4 years ago

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Giff -- SpellJammer Race for Pathfinder

Giff -- SpellJammer Race [19 RACE POINTS] for First Edition Pathfinder

Known to the gnomes of Markovia as the nilski konj vojnici, to the Hin plantation-owners of Covington Farms as los mercenarios gigantes del río, and to the human field-workers laboring near New Arvoreen most-often simply as “those big goddamn bastards,” the giff -- as they are called in their own guttural, roaring language -- represent a recently-contacted species of huge, violent, powerfully-built, terrifyingly-focused, and dangerously cagey combatants.

In the little-over-a-century since their discovery by the Hin, platoons of giff have already carved a bloody name for themselves across the wilds of Verdura -- and far beyond -- as unparalleled river-guides, rowdies, strike-breakers, mob debt-collectors, private enforcers, heavy-weapons units, siege engines, bodyguards, and elite soldiers of fortune.

Brought to you absolutely free to enjoy, to test & to share – as always – by the fine folks of my Patreon.

original image by the incredible Claudio Pozas, here

Type: Monstrous Humanoid (3 RP)

Ability Score Modifiers: Mixed Weakness (-2 RP)

+2 Strength, -4 Dexterity, +2 Constitution, -4 Intelligence, +2 Wisdom

Size: Large (7 RP)

Giff gain a +2 size bonus to Strength and a -2 size penalty to Dexterity (already included above). Giff also suffer a -1 size penalty to their AC and a -1 size penalty on all attack rolls; they gain a +1 bonus on combat maneuver checks and to their CMD, and suffer a -4 size penalty on Stealth checks.

A giff takes up a space that is 10 feet by 10 feet and has a reach of 5 feet.

Base Speed: Normal speed (0 RP)

Languages: Standard (0 RP); giff speak their own eponymous, curiously poetic language, and most are -- in the modern day -- also conversant in Low Kozah-Talosii (usually spoken with a thick, pompous Verduran accent).

This bastardized dialect, the so-called “Common tongue” favored across Pyrespace for use in international, intercultural, and interplanetary trade, is a degraded mongrel variant of High Kozah-Talosii: the ancient root-tongue of both Arvorean and Brandobarin, still employed by the Church of Yondalla for use in sermons, hymns, and in all official records.

Big Damn Guns: Giff are treated as gnomes for purposes of the Experimental Gunsmith Archetype. (0 RP)

Darkvision: Giff have 60 ft. darkvision (0 RP); giff have relatively poor eyesight while out of water, which is easily corrected with simple lenses -- such as a monocle -- for use while reading. This vision is not poor enough to impart a mechanical penalty on Perception checks or attack rolls made by the giff.

Natural Armor: Giff have +3 natural armor (4 RP)

Natural Attack (Headbutt): Giff receive one natural attack, which is treated as a gore attack that deals 1d8 bludgeoning damage. (1 RP)

Natural Swimmers: Giff have a swim speed of 30 feet and gain the +8 racial bonus on Swim checks that a swim speed normally grants. (1 RP)

Powerful Charge (Headbutt): Whenever a giff charges, it deals twice the standard number of damage dice with its headbutt plus 1-1/2 times its Strength bonus. (2 RP)

River-Sense: Giff can sense vibrations in water, granting them blindsense 30 feet against creatures that are touching the same body of water. (1 RP)

Slow On Land: Giff often select the Clumsy, Easy Target, Magically Inept, Nearsighted, and Slow Reflexes Major Drawbacks (0 RP)

Spell Resistance (Greater): Giff have spell resistance equal to 11 + their character level. (3 RP)

Sporting: The species-wide love of warfare exhibited by the giff draws a sharp line of distinction between “sporting” and “unsporting” combat (see below). (-1 RP)

Sporting combat includes arm-wrestling, fisticuffs, darts, cards, dice, checkers, chess, billiards, cricket, rugby, skeet shooting, tennis, and golf, alongside tests of boasting, carousing, headbutting, toast-giving, swimming, push-ups, and a complex, ritualized sort of thunderous, unarmed mixed martial-art performed solely while stripped down to breeches & undergarments, usually in ankle-deep to waist-deep water, ending in pin or submission, which -- up to a point -- also serves as a type of flirting.

The military mentality of the giff even makes special allowances for a variety of “sporting” duels to the death. Establishing a proper duel requires a huge number of complex ritual elements that -- in the end -- mostly boils down to both giff formally acknowledging that:

Both giff are armed with approximately the same quality of weapons & armor (warhammer, combat knife, pistol, full plate, etc.)

Both giff have equal access to military support, including healing

Both giff have a grievance, no matter how petty

Both giff are suffering approximately the same level of injuries

Both giff have made arrangements for their estate, and for the treatment of their body after death

Once a “sporting” challenge to the death has been agreed-to by both parties, anything up to and including outright murder of one’s opponent is considered fair game.

Several major holidays each year celebrated by the giff include a “violent dueling festival” as part of their celebration; to outsiders, these events have a very bizarre, genteel, 1800s-Victorian-Teddy-Roosevelt-meets-The-Purge sort of feel to them:

“Happy holidays, friend; best of health this year to you and to your kin. And I say, old chap, don’t suppose it’s high time for a kukri-duel, eh, wot wot? Seeing as you got drunk on my finest brandy, made a pass at the missus, wiped your prodigious buttocks with my table linens, and micturated in my hedge-row as of Christmas last, well ... in lieu of an apology, what say I have Jenkins fetch the carving blades, eh? See which of has the moxie, shall we? Cheerio and have at thee then, old sport?”

If this formal challenge to a lethal sporting-duel is declined, the challenger must make all possible accommodations to guarantee the immediate physical safety of the giff she just challenged (at least until such time as the two giff part ways once more): providing the giff with weapons, armor, food, water, medicine, reading materials, a place to sleep, liquor, smoking tobacco, and anything else a gentleman or lady of high breeding could reasonably expect to have access to (even while imprisoned).

In short: if the challenged giff dies immediately after declining a duel, it is considered very embarrassing for the challenger.

For his own part, the declining giff must treat her challenger with the very utmost level of respect ... or risk being guilty of unsporting conduct, a fate far worse than mere death.

Any giff who finds herself about to violate the terms of properly “sporting” conduct instantly becomes aware of the error, just as if she were wearing a phylactery of faithfulness and, at all times, actively contemplating the thought of doing bodily harm to another giff: this behavioral limitation is not built as a trap for players to accidentally stumble into, but -- instead -- as an interesting roadblock to navigate around.

If two or more giff find themselves forced into a position of armed conflict against one another on a battlefield, both groups traditionally retire for at least a day of drinking and sorting-out ranks; on rare occasion, one platoon will join the other; more likely, all giff involved in any part of the operation will quit their current hirings and look for work elsewhere.

Any giff who engages another member of her own species in any type of unsporting combat -- attacking another giff with a weapon, for example, or with magic -- immediately suffers a -2 penalty on all skill checks, ability checks, attack rolls and saves; she continues to suffer this penalty until such time as she is able to make amends: presenting her victim with a formal written apology, or seeking our her victim’s family to beg their public pardon.

Each month, this penalty increases by 2. Guilt is a poison that grows by degrees, after all: ever-gnawing.

While she is suffering penalties in this way, if the giff is presented with the chance to punish herself – or a non-giff opponent! – while presented with something that reminds the giff of her betrayal, she may find herself compelled to do so regardless of the consequences:

Any time her betrayal is directly brought to her attention, the giff must make a Will save (DC = 10 + her character level + the Charisma modifier of the wronged giff). Failure means that the giff falls into a rage of abject self-loathing, completely focused on her own guilt for a number of rounds equal to the DC, above. Until she has finished with this exercise in hate, the giff can take no action other than to harm the reminder of her failure or enable herself to harm it: grappling a human shipmate who mentioned her old friend so that she might headbutt the human while strangling them, for example, or calmly loading a shotgun so that she might shoot the human dead in cold blood.

Note that the giff, while wracked with guilt & grief, is not required to do anything or harm anyone: she may simply stare at an old photograph and feel sad, for example, ignoring everyone around her.

During the fury of this black tempest, the giff suffers a -2 penalty to her AC.

Once the giff successfully makes amends, either with the wronged party or with the victim’s next-of-kin, all of the above penalties are removed. Entire subsets of giff society -- mediators, arbitrators, and negotiators -- are explicitly adapted to making absolutely certain that any errors in sporting conduct among giff are resolved quickly, and to the satisfaction of all parties.

Should she fail to make amends before her death, any giff who has harmed another giff in an unsporting way invariably rises again as an undead horror of some kind (often a blood knight or graveknight): reborn as a rotting, lurching mountainside of infinitely destructive hated.

Note that the Sporting Racial Trait is not purely social, but rather acts as a species-wide ingrained psychological virtue: two giff living on Fenris who never expect to see the wide rivers of Verdura again are still bound by the rules of “sporting” conflict; neither could shoot the other in the back any more than either of them could grow wings and fly to the moon.

Undead giff do not possess the Sporting Trait, which is seen -- by living giff -- as the most abhorrent and disturbing quality imaginable.

Note, also, that the desire to behave in a sporting manner extends only to fellow giff: Chaotic Evil giff will routinely massacre unarmed non-giff by the thousands, bellowing with laughter as they do so, and even a Lawful Good giff will rarely think twice before sucker-punching a crude human making drunken threats and impolite remarks at the bar.

-------

Giff Timeline:

1603 A.D. (118 years ago): The colony of New Arvoreen is established on Verdura; giff make contact with Hin (and their human servants) for the first time.

1620 A.D.: First generation of giff who have always known about the existence of Hin, humans, and -- most importantly! -- firearms fully comes of age.

1636 A.D.: New Arvoreen is significantly expanded.

1667 A.D.: Nation of Markovia -- the technological-marvel nation named for its Founder, Monarch and Supreme Leader, Dr. Adlai Markovitch -- founded on Verdua; diplomatic trade established with New Arvoreen.

1669 A.D.: City of New Arvoreen significantly expanded.

1702 A.D.: New Arvoreen significantly expanded; land officially cleared for Covington Farms, soon to be the largest agricultural facility in the system; rates of forcible immigration of indentured humans to New Arvoreen tripled.

1721 A.D.: (current year)

original image here

Giff Ranks: Lieutenant, General, Colonel, Major General, Lieutenant General, Lieutenant Colonel, Captain General, Brigadier General, Field Marshall, Major, Captain, Sergeant Major, Commandant General, Wing General, Lieutenant Colonel General, Staff Sergent, Master Sergent, Master General, Grenadier General; note that “Lord” may be added to any military rank, alongside the designations of “First” and “First Class” (for example, “First Lord Brigadier General First Class”)

Giff military ranks are, effectively, meaningless noise to everyone except the giff themselves: every member of the species is a decorated officer of some complex rank within some elite military company or another, but such ranks are largely ceremonial and may be inherited, purchased, or passed through elaborate, bombastic ritual.

Further, the only thing preventing a young giff from forming an entirely new military organization & immediately naming herself -- of example -- Supreme Acting Field Commander and Secretary General of the Armies and Navies at Wartime is -- up to a point -- her own willingness to do so.

Male Giff Names: Any invented male Hin name.

Female Giff Names: Any invented female Hin name.

Giff Family Names: Any invented male Hin first name

Society

The giff are military-minded, and organize themselves into squads, platoons, companies, corps, and larger groups. The number of giff in a platoon varies according to the season, situation, and level of danger involved.

A giff "platoon" hired to protect a gambling operation may number only a single soldier, while a platoon hired to invade an illithid stronghold may number well over a hundred.

The giff pride themselves on their weapon-skills, and any giff carries a number of swords, daggers, maces, and similar tools on hand to deal with troublemakers.

A giff's true love, however, is the gun. A misfiring weapon matters little to the giff (occasional fatalities amongst soldiery are simply to expected); it is the flash, the noise, and the damage that most impress them.

Even unarmed, the giff are powerful opponents. Against non-giff, they’ll often wade into a brawl just for the pure fun of it, tossing various combatants on both sides around to prove themselves the victors.

Once a weapon is bared, however, and the challenge becomes “unsporting,” the giff consider all restrictions off: the challenge is now to the death.

The giff prize themselves as top-quality mercenaries, and to that end take great pride in owning -- if not always wearing -- elaborate suits of full-plate armor. These suits usually include massive helms featuring hyper-detailed, semi-realistic images of exotic monsters on the crests, inlaid with ivory and bone along the largest plates.

Armor repair is a major hobby among the giff, although great skill at the craft is surprisingly rare.

The giff are deeply suspicious of magic, magicians, and magical devices; their legendary foes, the Five Tiger Princes, are despised for their esoteric abilities as much for their wicked deviltry.

image here

Family

The giff are, for the most part, happiest among fellow members their own race, intermingling broadly with the Ghoran -- whom the giff utilize as an edible, inexhaustible workforce -- and the Tengu: another unofficial “servitor race” of the giff, most often used as messengers and household servants.

Ghoran living on giff lands are stoic: dutifully tending the fields of the giff in exchange for protection from ten-thousand other, vastly more predatory dangers. For all that giff treat the ghoran as disposable -- a ghoran living on Verdura produces one seed each year, and can grow a new member of the species in a single month -- the giff do not want the ghoran hunted to total extermination. That, for the ghoran, is saying something,

Tengu, on the other hand, are deeply prized by the giff as staff, usually in the roles of personal assistants, groomers, decorators, butlers, bartenders, man-servants, attaches, major domos, and maids. Since all giff are “wealthy land owners,” to one degree or another, the true power & prestige of a giff can be accurately measured by the number of tengu he employs.

Giff otherwise consider anything larger than them deeply threatening, yet also complain bitterly -- in private -- about the fragility of the smaller races. Outside their own platoons, the giff are happiest among military organizations with a strong chain of command.

For this reason, giff hold the Church of Yondalla in exceptionally high regard.

Giff especially despise the catfolk: although they don’t speak of it to outsiders, a century ago the giff were on the verge of extinction: hunted for sport and trophy by servants of the Five Tiger Princes, their people nearly cut to nothing and their lands held by only a few remaining families. Since their acquisition of firearms -- and the arrival of the Hin -- the catfolk have broadly retreated.

Every giff -- male, female, and giffling -- has a rank within their greater society, which can only be changed by a giff of higher rank. Within these ranks are sub-ranks, and within those sub-ranks are color-markings and badges. The highest-ranking giff gives the orders, the others obey. It does not matter if the orders are foolish or even suicidal: following them is the purpose of the giff in the universe. A quasi-mystical faith among the giff -- who claim to worship, in a vague way, the Golden General Bahamut, who was killed and eaten by the cowardly Five Tiger Princes in order to steal his strength -- confirms that all things have their place, and the place of the giff to follow orders.

This makes the giff very happy.

Giff platoons can be hired from their sprawling, palatial riverside plantations and mountain hunting-lodges by anyone looking for muscle. The social leaders among the giff are contractors: these specially-trained giff review prospective employers according to ability to pay, then make a recommendation to powerful warlords and famous adventurers among the giff. The leaders, in turn, consider the danger of the job, and whether taking it will enhance their giffdom.

Giff jobs are usually paid in firearms & gunpowder, though they often will accept other weapons and armor. Aboard ship, the giff require their own quarters, and will often request to bring on their own large weapons. They favor fire-projectors and bombards for ground work, and will happily blaze away at opponents regardless of the tactical situation.

The giff require the ships of others because they have -- for the most part -- no spellcasting abilities among them.

Giff of both sexes serve in their platoons, and both fight equally well. Giff young are raised tenderly until they are old enough to survive an exploding arquebus, then are inducted fully into the platoon.

The giff practice equality among the sexes in battle and in childrearing. They live about 70 years, but do not take aging gracefully. As a giff grows older and begins to slow down, he is possessed with the idea of proving himself still young and vital, usually in battle.

As a result, there are very, very few old giff.

#pathfinder #SPELLJAMMER #race #options #1st edition

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acosmic · 4 years ago

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reading/watching/listening, 2021 [pinned]:

books (favourites asterisked):

*Zeroville - Steve Erickson

*The Day of the Locust - Nathanael West

*The Haunting of Hill House - Shirley Jackson

The Bluest Eye - Toni Morrison

The Case Against Satan - Ray Russel

Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art - Scott McCloud

The Shining - Stephen King [ugh]

Batman: The Dark Knight Returns - Frank Miller

*Surfacing - Margaret Atwood

The Love of the Last Tycoon - F. Scott Fitzgerald

Murder Mysteries - Neil Gaiman, P. Craig Russell

The Book of Illusions - Paul Auster

Sandman: Season of Mists - Neil Gaiman

Devil in a Blue Dress - Walter Mosley

*House of Leaves - Mark Z. Danielewski

Come Closer - Sara Gran

*The Drowning Girl - Caitlin R. Kiernan [killer, haven’t finished it]

*Whipping Girl - Julia Serano

Darryl - Jackie Ess

*Laziness Does Not Exist - Devon Price

An Unauthorized Fan Treatise - Lauren James (internet novel available here - for now)

honourable mention/large chunks of poetry but not full books: William Carlos Williams, H.D.

movies:

A Place in the Sun (1951) [hate it]

Barton Fink (1991)

Adaptation (2002)

Nosferatu (1922)

The Maltese Falcon (1941)

Sunset Boulevard (1950)

something by neil breen (roommate is evil)

short films: Illusions (1983), Emak Bakia (1926)

unfinished: The Watermelon Woman (1996), Paterson (2016) [horrible]

secondary sources re: assigned literature:

Batman: “The Dark Knight Errant: Power and Authority in Frank Miller’s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns” - Christopher Bundrick (Riddle Me This, Batman! : Essays on the Universe of the Dark Knight, McFarland, 2011); “Additionality and Cohesion in Transfictional Worlds” - Roberta Pearson, (The Velvet Light Trap, U of Texas, 2017)

House of Leaves: “What’s Beneath the Floorboards: Three Competing Metavoices in the Footnotes of Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves.” - Michael Hemmingson (Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 2011); “House of Leaves: Reading the Networked Novel” - Jessica Pressman, (Studies in American Fiction, 2006)

The Day of the Locust: “Artists in Hollywood: Thomas Hart Benton and Nathanael West Picture America’s Dream Dump” - Erika Doss (The Space Between, 2011); “Productive Desires: Materialist Psychoanalysis and the Hollywood Dream Factory in Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust” - Todd Hoffman (Literature, Interpretation, Theory, 2018) [interesting but objectionable]; "The Paintings in the Day of the Locust" - Jeffrey Meyers (Anq, 2009)

Nietzsche [secondary source for Layton assignment, read originals later]: “Apollo and Dionysos in Dialectic” and bits of “The Tragic Moment” - Paul Raimond Daniels (Nietzsche and “The Birth of Tragedy,” Routledge, 2014).

secondary sources not explicitly related to specific assigned literature:

film [assigned]: “The Whiteness of Film Noir” - E. Lott (American Literary History, 1997); “Reading Hollywood” - Jonathan Veitch (Salmagundi, 2000); “The Oppositional Gaze: Black Female Spectatorship” - bell hooks (Black Looks: Race and Representation). did a lot of skimming of articles and didn’t finish or thoroughly read many of them! probably missing some. rip.

misc: “The Concept as Ghost: Conceptualization of the Uncanny in Late-Twentieth-Century Theory” - Anneleen Maschelein (Mosaic [Winnipeg], 2002)

refreshing concepts [not assigned]: chapters 3/“Narrative” and “16/Genre” in The Craft of Criticism: Critical Media Studies in Practice (Routledge, 2018)

short stories, poems:

Fritz Leiber - Smoke Ghost

Ray Bradbury - There Will Come Soft Rains

T. S. Eliot - The Waste Land

Irving Layton - The Birth of Tragedy; The Fertile Muck

Margaret Atwood - It is Dangerous To Read Newspapers

Leonard Cohen - The Only Tourist in Havana Turns His Thoughts Homewards; A Kite is a Victim

AJM Smith - The Lonely Land

Jillian Weise - Ashley Shew Just Invented The Word Cryborg

Isabel Fall - Helicopter Story

June Martin - I sexually identify as the “I sexually identify as an attack helicopter” controversy

rest TBA

essays/articles [very, very incomplete]:

A. H. Reaume - Brain fog

Michael Hobbes - Everything you know about obesity is wrong

Charlotte Hyde - We already have a name for that: why “zoom” fatigue is nothing new.

Gretchen Felker-Martin - “I wish there was a world for us”: on the choice to consume small art; What’s the harm in reading?;

Katie J.M. Baker - The road to terfdom: Mumsnet and the fostering of anti-trans radicalization

Alex V. Green - The Pride flag has a representation problem

Jamie Mackay - The whitewashing of Rome: Colonialism is built on the rubble of a false idea of ancient Rome

Jules Gill-Peterson - A microdose of liberation

David Davis - XVII, Part 3: On genital preference

Marquisele Mercedes - The unbearable whiteness and fatphobia of “anti-diet” dieticians

Sophie Lewis - Collective turn-off

Daniel M. Lavery - Art criticism in a world where museums let you lick the art

re: helicopter story - How Twitter can ruin a life (Emily VanDerWerff); G F-M piece above; Clarkesworld removes Isabel Fall’s story (Mike Glyer); That Twitter thread [on criticism] (Lee Mandelo); The talented victim is not the point (Conor Friedersdorf);

miscellanea:

smaller stuff by more knowledgeable trans than i

a shitton of student presentations, small papers (pretty good), and slides with audio (terrible)

yewchube: corsetry-related videos by costumers, furniture repairs/restoration, recipes/cooking, friend catchup

note: silly formatting meant to aid reading. very, very incomplete. if you want to read any of the books/articles lmk there’s a 90% chance of me still having the file saved.

#txt

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ohmygodyoulooklikepip-blog · 6 years ago

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How to Translate a Joke, Emi Mahmoud

How to translate a joke

A man walks into the market looking for a date

He asked the village playboy for help

The village playboy says, “Watch and Learn”

He walks up to a girl selling honey and says

“Do you have any honey, hunny?”

She swoons!

Gives him honey, and a kiss!

He walks up to a lady selling flowers and says

“Do you have any flowers, you rose?

She melts!

Gives him flowers and kiss!

He walks up the third woman and says

“Do you have any sugar, sugar?”

She practically dies!

Gives him sugar, and kisses him twice!

The playboy comes back

“Your turn, stud”

The man walks apprehensively to a woman selling dairy and says

“Do you have any milk, Cow?”

Realize that humor transcends all boundaries

That laughter’s a language that knows no borders

That this joke I heard in arabic

Makes perfect sense in

English, and french, and in any other language

Realize that we call women cows in every language

Realize that humor leaves little room for questions

And even less room for victims

And even less rooms for apologies

Realize that in one version of this joke

The man is looking to pick up girls

In another he is looking for a wife

And a third he is looking for an answer

And maybe the Cow slaps him!

Or the Cow asks him to leave and he tries again

Or she walks faster, clutches her purse,

Or maybe she threatens him and is jailed for treason

Or maybe the Cow sues him, and the case gets dismissed or they settle down

We are willing to say “offensive” more than we say “dangerous”

As if harm isn’t transitive

As if it isn’t something you do to another person

We like to pretend that I am not as uncomfortable alone on the streets of New York,

As I am on the streets of Nepal.

That a stroll in Philly, Indiana, or Minnesota,

Doesn’t bring as many stares as in India or Sudan or Egypt

That violence is a “third world problem”

That it isn’t here, in a conversation,

Or in a bouquet, or a market

That not being a alone makes a difference

If they don’t get the joke,

Say it again

Smile more this time

Repeat the punchline

You pause for dramatic effect

Use jazz hands if you have to

Laugh!

In another version,

That man walks into the market looking for a date

And leaves with an unwilling woman, a bounty

Than in my language, I am a sweet

If not that, a decoration, a flower, a gift

He walks up to the girl selling honey

She gives him her eyes, her arms, her silence

He walked up to the girl selling sugar,

She practically dies

He walks up to the girl selling flowers, calls her a rose,

Strips all her thorns and sticks her in a bouquet

She fights, he breaks her, calls her a dead thing,

She melts, is trampled in the market

There are four women in the joke, none of them speak

Realize that humor transcends all realities

That laughter is a language that knows no borders

That this joke I heard in arabic hurts just as much in english,

and french, and in any other dialect

In the last version the man is foaming at the mouth

With another girl’s jugular around his teeth,

His adams apple making excuses for him from all the way over there

And the market is cheering

The girls hair is a bracelet around his neck

And the market is still cheering

Or the audience

Or the school yard

Or the other men

And he asked her name

And she says

“You left a box of your things in my stomach,

Are you still trying to find yourself on another girl’s neck?”

Last week, seven year old brother said

I am the reason I wake up every morning

I gave him a hug,

He whispered to my mother

“Works every time”

I saw the fear in her eyes

We laughed.

Video here!

#poetry #poetrytranscript #spoken poetry

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howyoutalktostrangers · 4 years ago

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This interview was originally published by the Humber Literary Review

So,

Yasuko Thanh is an acclaimed short story writer and novelist from Victoria, B.C. After winning the Journey Prize for her short story about an island leper colony, “Floating like the Dead”, she went on to gain wide acclaim for her historical Vietnam-based novel The Mysterious Fragrance of the Yellow Mountains. Her work often features spiritual or fantastical elements, as well as brutality and violence, and fixates on those who exist just outside the margins of polite society. Her latest is a memoir called Mistakes to Run With that details her upwards ascent from teenage prostitute to literary icon.

The Humber Literary Review’s Will Johnson caught up with Yasuko to talk about George Orwell, what it’s like to leave Christianity behind, and how it feels to be truly naked in public.

HLR: George Orwell once said “Autobiography is only to be trusted when it reveals something disgraceful. A man who gives a good account of himself is probably lying.” I thought about his words while reading your book, where it seems like you’re relentless about unearthing all your past foibles and sins for everyone to see. I admire your dedication to the truth, to introspection, but I wonder what compelled you to complete this public moral inventory.

Why share your darkest secrets and shames with such a huge audience?

YT: When I started writing this memoir, I was still in therapy after a stay in the psych ward. It was Christmas of 2016, and in a six months period I’d won the Roger’s Writers’ Trust Prize and been abandoned by my husband of nine years. Now it was Christmas and my new anti-psychotic meds were addressing the worst of my mental illness symptoms. I no longer spent each day contemplating how to take my life, so I stopped going to therapy, and convinced myself that the writing of the memoir could serve as a replacement for Dialectical Behaviour Therapy. All my life, writing has been a sort of processing mill for experience so this idea, of writing as pseudo-therapy, was nothing new.

I used my experiences to shed light on certain issues. I wanted to examine the stigmatization of street-workers, and its contribution to a social milieu in which violence against sex workers has flourished. The experiences didn’t have to me mine per se but they were the ones I was most intimate with. Stories come from everywhere but the best ones often come from our own lives, what we think and feel, who and what we care about.

At the time of the Pickton murders, the city of Vancouver propelled a harmful myth: that street workers were less valuable than other people. This thinking, this stigmatization of a group, was an obstacle to safer working conditions for them, and created the kind of environment on Vancouver’s downtown eastside from which nearly 60 women went missing.

Various studies have looked at why adolescents start selling sex. At the time I was working the streets, I often felt that Social Services and the legal system had driven me to it. I’d been denied Independent Living – welfare for youth under eighteen – I’d been jailed for shoplifting and could no longer maintain my career as a "booster." I had seen friends arrested and forced by the police to violently choke up whatever acid or hash they had stashed in their mouth. The sex workers I saw wore fur coats and red pig skin boots.

Money was the trade off for the conflicts I would experience with the law and abusive customers and pimps.

I spent much of my career in the sex trade in Vancouver.

From the age of fifteen onward, my life included prostitution, arrests, drugs, an abusive relationship, and struggles with mental health. In 1998, when I realized I was pregnant with my first child, I began to examine my past and consider what I wanted my future to be like. What would I tell my child about the kind of person I was?

The seeds for the memoir were planted back then.

My hope with this book was to begin a dialogue about the continued criminalisation of street-imbedded youth. A new model for understanding is needed, because their criminalisation entrenches them further in street life without addressing the social issues that put them there in the first place. I’d love for this book to spur a dialogue between legislators and the people for whom the skills and attitudes of the streets are logical means of survival. I’d love to contribute in some small way to the struggle for tolerance and open-mindedness.

HLR: In an interview with the Vancouver Sun, you said that you hate the “role of victim into which the sex-traded are often cast — because of all the accompanying pity”. I thought one of the most striking and refreshing elements of your memoir was that you never moralized about sex work, or wrote condescendingly about the people you met during that time. It was simply a choice you made, and a milieu you existed within, before moving on. That being said, the danger and violence associated with that lifestyle clearly took its toll both on you and others you love.

With all the stigma and misunderstanding surrounding the industry, is there something you’d like the average citizen to understand about that world?

YT: During the mid-1980s, right when I was entering the sex trade, working in both Victoria and Vancouver, I remember being chased from sidewalks with a garden hose, and men and women marching with placards. I hid behind dumpsters and waited for the mobs to clear. I was engaged with a profound feeling of puzzlement that people could be so self-assured without even knowing me or my name.

One night, when I was about eighteen-years-old, I was sitting with my friend Frances in a diner called the Korner Kitchen, on the same corner where we caught dates, the corner of Richards and Helmcken. We drank coffee in the vinyl-seated booth; she stirred in her sugar and licked the spoon before laying it on the table. Neither one of us could see ourselves turning tricks forever, and we shared the conviction that we’d be good at a multitude of things, if we only had a chance to try them. She wanted to be a teacher, could see herself in that role.

“But I wonder about a criminal record,” I said.

Both of us had one.

“With the kind of work you want to do,” she said, knowing I wanted to be a writer, “it won’t matter, anyway.”

The British philosopher and writer Iris Murdoch said that the goal of every writer was to cultivate what she called “true sight,” the ability to recognize other people really exist. I’m currently reading The Wisdom of the Body by Sherwin B. Nuland. In his chapter on “Biology, Destiny, and Free Will” he quotes Percy Bysshe Shelley. “Without imagination of another’s mind there can be no understanding of the other and therefore no love, and without love there can be no morality.” To be good, he says, is to imagine intensely and comprehensively the pains and pleasures of others. The great secret is love, or a going out of our own nature, an identification of ourselves with the other.

The intimate tone of a memoir made it the ideal genre to negotiate such intensely personal material, and I hope it gives people the means to walk a mile in someone else’s shoes.

I guess what I’d like people to understand is that we/they have names. We have parents, siblings, spouses, children. To understand that “there but for the grace of God, go I.” That everyone has an identity outside of the roles we play even if, or maybe especially if, that role is dealer, junkie, prostitute, panhandler, street kid, etc.

HLR: You were raised within an evangelical Christian context, but left the church and your faith behind as a teenager. This is a painful and confusing process, one that I went through, that often leaves people without something to replace their beliefs with. Have you ever been successful at filling the God-shaped hole? And is there any sort of spirituality you embrace?

YT: The spirituality I embrace is my personal religion of honouring anything and everything that spurs my writing. I deal with any number of doubts on a regular basis. Will I be good enough? Is what I have to say worth saying? Will anybody care?

It’s enough to stop you in your tracks.

But stopping isn’t the same as quitting.

And what keeps me going, and writing, is, at its core, akin to religious faith.

Writing is what helps me battle the daily truth that people are separated by vast distances. And one of my main motivations, one of the reasons I write, is because it helps me capture something from the inexorable, outward flow of time. It’s nothing less than a fight against my own mortality, and a balm against my sadness at the transience of all things.

“No man writes except to get out of hell,” Antonin Artaud wrote from an insane asylum.

I have to strongly believe in what I’m doing or I can’t do it.

Toni Morrisson, expressing a similar dichotomy, wrote that love “is or it ain’t. Thin love ain’t love at all.” That sums it up nicely.

I write all chips in, plunging ahead confidently, blindly, without real proof that anything will come of it, though maybe being published is a little bit like proof that one is on the right track -- but you can’t wait for signs. My belief or practice is based more on a type of apprehension: that, if I don’t write, something bad may happen.

I’m not sure what.

Maybe I’d stop being me. Or I’d go insane. Or the sky would fall. Not-writing is my version of hell.

I love the Wallace Stevens quote that goes: “After one has abandoned a belief in God, poetry is that which takes its place as life’s redemption.”

Reading can be a spiritual act, in the way it affects the soul. Writing, for me is a way of expressing my hopes and wishes, and in that sense, it is a form of prayer.

HLR: I’m working on a memoir at the moment, and one of the constant concerns is whether or not I’m honestly depicting the people involved—especially if the truth is less than flattering. I know you’ve changed some names, and utilized a composite character, but I’m sure there are people from your past who could potentially read your work and take issue with what you’ve written. How did you navigate these concerns while writing Mistakes to Run With, and how did you decide what to include and what not to?

YT: As you’ve pointed out, the people who share our lives may have very different opinions from us about what is appropriate and what is not to include in a work on nonfiction. I did ask one of my children about a specific episode in their life and whether they would feel comfortable with me sharing the story. They didn’t. So, out of respect for them, I didn’t include it in the book. However, the rest of my family and friends were fair game.

That said, my aim was not to vilify anyone, because that’s bad writing, and I even pulled some punches with the intent of creating well-rounded characters. Good writing portrays character with all its complexity intact. Though, I’m sure there are people out there who are angry about things I wrote about. My answer to them is, Write your own book. I knew well in advance that I wasn’t going to let friends or family read it before it was published. I didn’t want to be swayed by their comments. I didn’t want to censure myself. I think writing by consensus is kind of a terrible idea. Post-publication, I’m happy to talk to anyone who takes issue, but the idea of being vetted beforehand?

I think the prospect of allowing friends and family to sound in with their evaluations and appraisals of the work would make me too nervous to write at all.

HLR: I love how diverse your work is, and how you seem to effortlessly jump genres. Your next novel is about Julia Pastrana, a 19th-century woman born with a genetic condition that resulted in abnormal growths of hair all over her body. I’m curious whether you’re purposefully challenging yourself to try new things, or if inspiration just happened to take you there. How did you land on this particular premise?

YT: That particular idea came about at a time I was reading a lot of books on so-called “freaks.” One book I remember in particular was A Cabinet of Medical Curiosities but Jan Bondeson. I came across Julia Pastrana’s story in there. What intrigues me about her story is the fact that she married her manager and toured across Europe and North America, even meeting royalty according to some versions. The hook (for me) is the way the story can be read one of two ways: her manager was just another kind of pimp who married her and told her he loved her to keep his paycheck close to home, or he was a man who, despite her unlikely appearance, was able to look past her outer shell and see her, love her, for who she was...I like the idea of playing with both versions, and having portions of each stand in for the truth. I like the idea of, perhaps, the truth being unknown even to Pastrana and her manager.

We’re, all of us to varying degrees, mysteries to ourselves, often acting on our feelings whose origins lie in conflicting places. In these apparent dichotomies is where people come most alive for me. These contradictions in ourselves -- that’s when characters come most alive for me.

But here’s where I’m going to burst your bubble. That project has been put on the back-burner. Right now I’m working on two other projects. One is a collection of short stories with the working title, Death Rituals for a Modern Age. The other is a novel set in the present day, tentatively called, The Administration of Elementary Hopes. They share common themes of love and death (what else?) and I’m trying to lighten the load of the material through the use of dark humour, and in the case of the novel, the structure and tropes of the Gothic tale.

HLR: Quill & Quire once quoted you saying “a good scream is worth a whole couple of months of therapy.” You were speaking about your musical projects, including your neo-punk band 12 Gauge Facial. I imagine the artistic impulse involved in creating your music is different than the much slower-paced process of writing a book. How does music fit into your artistic practice?

YT: The artistic impulse involved in creating music is different than the much slower-paced process of writing a book. Music fits into my artistic practice like a really good chocolate bar between meals. It’s one of the things I do between writing different works, or to jog something loose.

It also gives me a chance to express in greater depth things that continue to haunt but that were glossed over in the memoir. You can’t fit everything into the pages of a book. If I had it would have made a better doorstop than a book. The original plan was to release an album at the same time as the memoir. My idea was that it could form a kind of soundtrack for the book -- but, alas, money and time conspired against me. That said, the project hasn’t been abandoned. Only postponed. I have sixteen original tracks that I’m hoping to release at some point in the near future.

HLR: I really appreciated the conclusion of your book, though I won’t share any spoilers here. What I appreciated about your approach was that you didn’t tie things up with a tidy bow, claiming your life issues are resolved, but rather acknowledged that you continue to be a work-in-progress (as we all are) with problems to face. Life doesn’t have endings, really, and neither does your book. Did you have to resist the urge to include a “What I’ve Learned” passage to the end?

YT: Resisting the urge wasn’t hard — in fact, I fought against this type of ending. Initially, the memoir ended many years earlier than the version which iI published. Both my editor and agent urged me to look at the material again, and consider extending the narrative up to the present day. In the end, I agreed to have the ending of the book coincide with the Rogers Writers Trust prize, and I’m happy I did so. But rather than have the book end with a Frank Capra-esque moment, where we know that everything from here on in is going to be rosy, I wanted to convey the sense that, as you said, life doesn’t have endings and we all are continuously working on ourselves by squarely facing our problems. I attempted to do this structurally, in terms of chapter headings, and through repetition of certain key lines or phrases.

I’m glad you think it worked.

The Literary Goon

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howtomovefreely · 7 years ago

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Find ways to GET the dialogue out

Why is the tech on the mobile so “hurtful” : the pushing of buttons, the glare & the light, the reading of fine print, the having to shuffle between screens, so once out-of-sight, I have no idea what was happening & this revulsion to charge it. My mind forgetting to do that & related to a feeling that “life is too hard” so one more mistake that creates stress & it’s over. Like having to put any device on the floor in front of you at any restroom since wasn’t feeling what was in my hand so “forgot” if the item was in my hand. Not unless I visually stare at it, out-of-sight, out-of-mind, so again, very different & why you start noting. You learn from mistakes & you develop effective systems.

Signs of someone who can’t do that is showing their anxiety in ways that reveal true priority & well, we’ll get there. Methods of ways of thinking that aren’t that “unusual” but are also multi-layered, the importance is that there is 100% self-awareness so acting like a doofus, or blonde bimbo is the question & it’s definitely not real. Behind-the-scenes & why I’m happy for these ptsd memories, no seriously, since I can get them out, 1, 2, 3, having done this with all that TEACHER stuff from 2013 & 2015. That is going to be the best there will ever be, the ability to talk about it, frankly, is what a survivor/victim really needs

THESE DIALECTIC CONVERSATIONS requires their own notebook

Practice understanding HOW text messages works to have less FEAR over WHO is in your phone

There are uncontrollable situations & the screen gives me a headache . Easier to avoid, but that is also the way understood confusion to EXIST & linger over it . meaning acute headache on L temple 7/10 (pain) meaning can embrace & keep moving or stop & lost 2 hours. There is no distinction between which is worse : emotional or physical pain | Equally bad | have wanted to die from both in the moment so let’s move forward & focus on fixing this for real

the reflection | The PHYSICAL PAIN IS 100% MORE TOLERABLE : this is written after neck has begun to move (& crack) up & down/side-to-side & rotating so able to “whip” my neck, a move I’ve not done in years (think: hair flip)!

I know physically things are different & I just let thoughts POP UP to distract from the physical pain so here is the writing from BEFORE : the reflection done & this post is FINALIZED.

ask the right questions

label ideas not people

never accept behavior that is disrespectful : yup, there is when the hands were put on me so at the same time, “you choose your battles...” um, no, you recognize the person wasn’t “the good” person they pretended to be

respect is 100% related to everything & this is why people are capable of lying to each other. They can turn it on & off & in reality, it’s something that is earned through action, reliability & trust

deepest folds of MELODY : Scotland & unicorns keep calling me. Not safe to get around the world is a sick state to be. Travel is one of those life’s luxuries & necessities

who gets to eat & who doesn’t? Hunger can make you do “crazy” things but isn’t that the point of being civilized? To identify what makes us barbaric (hate, indifference, in need...like on the edge of death) to the point of SURVIVAL?

An old pic I came across, not sure why I have it, but there must have been a thought. Clearing space since tech (laptop) is telling me, “um, hello, you’ve reached maximum capacity!!!” Letting it go, 1, 2, 3. Highlight then command + delete . That’s sequencing. That’s a lil memory. That’s the only way to make more capacity.

These anxieties NEVER existed before reveal HOW FEAR WORKS since there doesn't have to be a real threat or imminent danger for there to be FEAR : oh great! Fear from not being able to do the work. They can read & write so just help them since the class is so much ahead which isn’t the child with special needs’ fault. Said a specific situation in a school setting & the world didn’t implode...yes, it’s very clear who will understand what this feels like & it’s the individuals who are the last to want to talk about it since that was me -- never -- this was going to my grave until it kept happening. It is still happening so if this is the way to end it all forever than I hope I’m right & if I’m wrong, then I guess it’s back to figuring out what is going to help but I’m pretty sure I’m right since ED IT-- “ED”ucate “I”ntentional “T”riggers-- meaning we’re going to write all wrongs. Make the worst, discrimination against kids with special needs into the best, reminding people it’s how you treat your most needy in society that defines who you are so I’d like to give everyone another chance to do the right thing & make sure everything is done so THIS NEVER HAPPENS AGAIN. I want to try really hard since I’m convinced the modification & elevation of anyone with difference just makes your classroom better.

It’s a voice

It’s a memory

It’s a pattern

It’s an act

It’s a choice

FACE fear & TALK BACK to stop it from escalating

USE the right words

I talked back to all those who put their hands on me & repeated the question of “Why is their safety not important?” and “Why are you pretending you know what you’re doing?” so many times I am sick of my own voice

and why?! This is survival & your body / mind will tell you everything you need to know : stay away from people like this but if you can’t do that LEARN FROM THIS

“I don’t not know” or “I do not understand” is NOT AN ACCEPTABLE ANSWER. It allows them to decide “disability” was the reason for “not wanting to take care of” and what about your participation in the behavior you EXHIBITED : do I have to list it?

SERIOUSLY, I DO NOT ACCEPT THIS ANYMORE because as I tell more & more, my body gives in & out & that is what heals so that is what I’m going to do. I have no idea what the law is, the only thing that is helping is sharing what happened

HARMS ARE TOO REAL not to embrace truth & like I said, I’ve lived my life & this is the drama I’m sucked into since I will forever be managing my physical pain & I accept it so let’s TALK ABOUT IT

#dialectical behavior therapy #writing is prolonged exposure therapy #there are right & wrong words #physical disability #ptsd recovery #ptsDONE #who's IN & who's OUT?#hunger makes you crazy #we know this since everyone loves to try and be healthy #we put a lot time & research into health #let's learn from what we know #in a moral way

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cameoamalthea · 8 years ago

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Emotional Reasoning vs Effective Choices

I’ve been in DBT (dialectic behavioral therapy) for over two years. Originally designed to help people with BPD, DBT is about learning to manage emotions, relationships, and behaviors. Some of the people who benefit from DBT are abusers as DBT is often a court ordered treatment. Others like myself are survivors of abuse (I have PTSD due to child abuse, primarily from my mother who has BPD). It’s unlearning behaviors that harm others and unlearning behaviors that harm yourself or put you in harms way (for me it’s unlearning being an enabler, mentally abusing myself with guilt and shame due to feelings I deserved my initial abuse).

The fact is everyone could benefit from DBT because the skills it teaches are useful.

On tumblr, I’ve seen a lot of arguments degenerate into abuse because people often don’t have the skills to recognize when they’re behaving in ways that may be harmful to their own mental health and to others.

A big issue is what’s called ‘emotional reasoning’

Emotional reasoning is when you feel a certain way about something, and conclude what you feel must be true. (X upsets me, therefor X must be bad).

Emotions are valid, you really are feeling that, but emotions are not objective facts.

Often, acting on emotions does more harm than good. While it’s important to be aware of your emotions and to validate them, it’s important to stop and fact check. It’s important to stop and ask ‘is this effective’.

My mom was a drug addict. A lot of my abuse stemmed from her addiction.

I could say “I hate drug addicts, they should all just die”

Instead, I should stop and realize “I hate drug addiction, I am afraid of it and of addicts, I am hurt and angry”

I should realize that hating drug addicts isn’t effective. Addition is a epidemic. It’s a health problem.

Instead I should say “We should work to end addiction. We need a better system to get addicts help and to recognize the signs so we can intervene to help them and others they may hurt”

Back when “Breaking Bad” was big I hated it. I hated the recipes for “meth candy”. I hated that ‘meth’ and ‘dealing meth’ was treated as a joke or entertainment.

I hated it because my mom was an addict and a dealer. I was hurt because of it. My life was put in danger. As a child I lived in fear of being sold to the cartels or killed.

Meth isn’t funny.

I’ve lost family to over doses and watched other family members disappear into their addiction, leaving more abused an abandoned children behind.

Emotional reasoning is getting mad at Breaking Bad and it’s fans, because it felt like they treating my pain like a joke.

Fact Checking is realizing they enjoy a fictional show about a meth dealer and they don’t even know me. They’re not devaluing my experiences or any one else’s experiences. They’re making themed candy to tie in to a dark show, no different than making scary treats for a halloween party that look like body parts. It’s not meant to trigger anyone.

Triggers happen, and unless someone knows your triggers and is intentionally setting out to trigger you, triggers aren’t anyone’s fault except whoever is responsible for trauma.

Effective is realizing you can’t deal with some things and blacklisting or not interacting with certain things.

I avoid Breaking Bad and the fandom.

These are personal examples, but these principles apply to anything emotional.

Shipping is hot button issue right. I see many comparing fictional ships or dynamics to their own abuse, be it hero/villain ships or age gaps.

Your feelings are valid. If something reminds you of your abuse and upsets you, you have every right to be upset. You can think something is gross.

Fact check: That doesn’t mean it’s harmful to everyone.

Ask what is effective:

Does yelling at people over what fictional characters or dynamics they’re allowed to enjoy reduce abuse? Especially if the person you’re accusing of being ‘an abuse apologist’ is a survivor or has a fantasy of being the ‘abused’ party. (if someone has a crush on villain, at worst they’re possibly at risk of being abused if they seek out someone like that in real life, so yelling at them and calling them ‘abuse apologists’ sort of sends the message that if they’re abused they’re asking for it - let’s not do that).

Does this help anyone?

What is effective:

Raising awareness as to what abuse looks like and recognizing abuse. Criticizing media that shows predatory behavior as romantic (for example, Star Wars).

Helping others to recognize what’s healthy in real life vs what is predatory.

Talking about why age-gap relationships are a bad idea, in detail, and addressing your arguments to potential victims (Saying, don’t rape kids, isn’t going to convince sexual predators to stop being horrible people, they’re sexual predators, they don’t care if they’re horrible. Telling teenagers that the cool older guy who seems to get you and support you might be dangerous (girls have been murdered by men they met on KIK), and giving them tools to recognize red flags if they won’t take your word for it might convince them to make safer choices).

Recognizing that your own mental health matters and if a subject matter upsets you, engaging with it continuously when it hurts you is self harm.

Write essays, criticize, don’t get into emotional arguments or spirals.

Take a moment. Be mindful.

#discourse #agree to disagree without being disagreeable #mental health

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d-is-here-to-help · 8 years ago

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You are still valid if you have:

Borderline personality disorder

(BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder, is a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by unstable relationships with other people, unstable sense of self, and unstable emotions. There is often an extreme fear of abandonment, frequent dangerous behavior, a feeling of emptiness, and self-harm. Symptoms may be brought on by seemingly normal events. The behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations. Substance abuse, depression, and eating disorders are commonly associated with BPD. BPD increases the risk of self-harm and 10% of people affected die by suicide.

BPD's causes are unclear, but seem to involve genetic, brain, environmental, and social factors. It occurs about five times more often in a person who has an affected close relative. Adverse life events also appear to play a role. The underlying mechanism appears to involve the frontolimbic network of neurons. BPD is recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a personality disorder, along with nine other such disorders. Diagnosis is based on the symptoms while a medical exam may be done to rule out other problems. The condition must be differentiated from an identity problem or substance use disorders, among other possibilities.

Borderline personality disorder is typically treated with therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Another type, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) may reduce the risk of suicide. Therapy may occur one-on-one, or in a group. While medications do not cure BPD, they may be used to help with the associated symptoms. Some people require care in hospital.

About 1.6% of people have BPD in a given year. Females are diagnosed about three times as often as males. It appears to become less common among older people. Up to half of people improve over a ten-year period. People affected typically use a high amount of healthcare resources. There is an ongoing debate about the naming of the disorder, especially the suitability of the word "borderline". The disorder is often stigmatized in both the media and psychiatric field.

Borderline personality disorder may be characterized by the following signs and symptoms:

Markedly disturbed sense of identity

Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment and extreme reactions to such

Splitting ("black-and-white" thinking)

Impulsivity and impulsive or dangerous behaviours

Intense or uncontrollable emotional reactions that often seem disproportionate to the event or situation

Unstable and chaotic interpersonal relationships

Self-damaging behavior

Distorted self-image

Dissociation

Frequently accompanied by depression, anxiety, anger, substance abuse, or rage

The most distinguishing symptoms of BPD are marked sensitivity to rejection or criticism, and intense fear of possible abandonment. Overall, the features of BPD include unusually intense sensitivity in relationships with others, difficulty regulating emotions, and impulsivity. Other symptoms may include feeling unsure of one's personal identity, morals, and values; having paranoid thoughts when feeling stressed; dissociation and depersonalization; and, in moderate to severe cases, stress-induced breaks with reality or psychotic episodes.

People with BPD may feel emotions with greater ease, depth and for a longer time than others do. A core characteristic of BPD is affective instability, which generally manifests as unusually intense emotional responses to environmental triggers, with a slower return to a baseline emotional state. People with BPD often engage in idealization and devaluation of others, alternating between high positive regard for people and great disappointment in them. In Marsha Linehan's view, the sensitivity, intensity, and duration with which people with BPD feel emotions have both positive and negative effects. People with BPD are often exceptionally enthusiastic, idealistic, joyful, and loving. However, they may feel overwhelmed by negative emotions ("anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger, etc."), experiencing intense grief instead of sadness, shame and humiliation instead of mild embarrassment, rage instead of annoyance, and panic instead of nervousness.

People with BPD are also especially sensitive to feelings of rejection, criticism, isolation, and perceived failure. Before learning other coping mechanisms, their efforts to manage or escape from their very negative emotions may lead to emotional isolation, self-injury or suicidal behavior. They are often aware of the intensity of their negative emotional reactions and, since they cannot regulate them, they shut them down entirely. This can be harmful to people with BPD, since negative emotions alert people to the presence of a problematic situation and move them to address it which the person with BPD would normally be aware of only to cause further distress. People with BPD may feel emotional relief after cutting themselves.

While people with BPD feel euphoria (ephemeral or occasional intense joy), they are especially prone to dysphoria (inability to experience entirety), depression, and/or feelings of mental and emotional distress. Zanarini et al. recognized four categories of dysphoria that are typical of this condition: extreme emotions, destructiveness or self-destructiveness, feeling fragmented or lacking identity, and feelings of victimization. Within these categories, a BPD diagnosis is strongly associated with a combination of three specific states: feeling betrayed, "feeling like hurting myself", and feeling out of control. Since there is great variety in the types of dysphoria experienced by people with BPD, the amplitude of the distress is a helpful indicator of borderline personality disorder. In addition to intense emotions, people with BPD experience emotional "liability"; or in other words, changeability. Although the term emotional liability suggests rapid changes between depression and elation, the mood swings in people with this condition actually fluctuate more frequently between anger and anxiety and between depression and anxiety.

Impulsive behavior is common, including substance or alcohol abuse, eating disorders, unprotected sex or indiscriminate sex with multiple partners, reckless spending, and reckless driving. Impulsive behavior may also include leaving jobs or relationships, running away, and self-injury. People with BPD act impulsively because it gives them the feeling of immediate relief from their emotional pain. However, in the long term, people with BPD suffer increased pain from the shame and guilt that follow such actions. A cycle often begins in which people with BPD feel emotional pain, engage in impulsive behavior to relieve that pain, feel shame and guilt over their actions, feel emotional pain from the shame and guilt, and then experience stronger urges to engage in impulsive behavior to relieve the new pain. As time goes on, impulsive behavior may become an automatic response to emotional pain.

Self-harming or suicidal behavior is one of the core diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. Self-harm occurs in 50 to 80% of people with BPD. The most frequent method of self-harm is cutting. Bruising, burning, head banging or biting are not uncommon with BPD.

The lifetime risk of suicide among people with BPD is between 3% and 10%. There is evidence that men diagnosed with BPD are approximately twice as likely to die by suicide as women diagnosed with BPD. There is also evidence that a considerable percentage of men who die by suicide may have undiagnosed BPD.

The reported reasons for self-harm differ from the reasons for suicide attempts. Nearly 70% of people with BPD self-harm without trying to end their life. Reasons for self-harm include expressing anger, self-punishment, generating normal feelings (often in response to dissociation), and distracting oneself from emotional pain or difficult circumstances. In contrast, suicide attempts typically reflect a belief that others will be better off following the suicide. Both suicide and self-harm are a response to feeling negative emotions. Sexual abuse can be a particular trigger for suicidal behavior in adolescents with BPD tendencies.

People with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them, by feeling intense joy and gratitude at perceived expressions of kindness, and intense sadness or anger at perceived criticism or hurtfulness. Their feelings about others often shift from admiration or love to anger or dislike after a disappointment, a threat of losing someone, or a perceived loss of esteem in the eyes of someone they value. This phenomenon, sometimes called splitting, includes a shift from idealizing others to devaluing them. Combined with mood disturbances, idealization and devaluation can undermine relationships with family, friends, and co-workers. Self-image can also change rapidly from healthy to unhealthy.

While strongly desiring intimacy, people with BPD tend toward insecure, avoidant or ambivalent, or fearfully preoccupied attachment patterns in relationships, and they often view the world as dangerous and malevolent. BPD, like other personality disorders, is linked to increased levels of chronic stress and conflict in romantic relationships, decreased satisfaction on the part of romantic partners, abuse, and unwanted pregnancy.

People with BPD tend to have trouble seeing a clear picture of their identity. In particular, they tend to have difficulty knowing what they value, believe, prefer, and enjoy. They are often unsure about their long-term goals for relationships and jobs. This difficulty with knowing who they are and what they value can cause people with BPD to experience feeling "empty" and "lost".

The often intense emotions experienced by people with BPD can make it difficult for them to control the focus of their attention—to concentrate. In addition, people with BPD may tend to dissociate, which can be thought of as an intense form of "zoning out". Dissociation often occurs in response to experiencing a painful event (or experiencing something that triggers the memory of a painful event). It involves the mind automatically redirecting attention away from that event, presumably to protect against experiencing intense emotion and unwanted behavioral impulses that such emotion might otherwise trigger. Although the mind's habit of blocking out intense painful emotions may provide temporary relief, it can also have the unwanted side effect of blocking or blunting the experience of ordinary emotions, reducing the access of people with BPD to the information contained in those emotions, which helps guide effective decision-making in daily life. Sometimes, it is possible for another person to tell when someone with BPD is dissociating, because their facial or vocal expressions may become flat or expressionless, or they may appear to be distracted; at other times, dissociation may be barely noticeable.

BPD is related to lower functioning and disability, even when socioeconomic status, medical conditions, and all psychiatric disorders were controlled. Further, it is more common for females with BPD to experience disabilities than males with BPD. More research is necessary to determine if this is due to a genetic sex difference or social reasons, but more females with BPD are diagnosed than males.

As is the case with other mental disorders, the causes of BPD are complex and not fully agreed upon. Evidence suggests that BPD and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be related in some way. Most researchers agree that a history of childhood trauma can be a contributing factor, but less attention has historically been paid to investigating the causal roles played by congenital brain abnormalities, genetics, neurobiological factors, and environmental factors other than trauma.

Social factors include how people interact in their early development with their family, friends, and other children. Psychological factors include the individual's personality and temperament, shaped by their environment and learned coping skills that deal with stress. These different factors together suggest that there are multiple factors that may contribute to the disorder.

The heritability of BPD has been estimated at 40%. That is, 40 percent of the variability in liability underlying BPD in the population can be explained by genetic differences. Twin studies may overestimate the effect of genes on variability in personality disorders due to the complicating factor of a shared family environment. Nonetheless, the researchers of this study concluded that personality disorders "seem to be more strongly influenced by genetic effects than almost any axis I disorder [e.g., bipolar disorder, depression, eating disorders], and more than most broad personality dimensions." Moreover, the study found that BPD was estimated to be the third most-heritable personality disorder out of the 10 personality disorders reviewed. Twin, sibling, and other family studies indicate partial heritability for impulsive aggression, but studies of serotonin-related genes have suggested only modest contributions to behavior.

Families with twins in the Netherlands were participants of an ongoing study by Trull and colleagues, in which 711 pairs of siblings and 561 parents were examined to identify the location of genetic traits that influenced the development of BPD. Research collaborators found that genetic material on chromosome nine was linked to BPD features. The researchers concluded that "genetic factors play a major role in individual differences of borderline personality disorder features." These same researchers had earlier concluded in a previous study that 42 percent of variation in BPD features was attributable to genetic influences and 58 percent was attributable to environmental influences. Genes under investigation as of 2012 include the 7-repeat polymorphism of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4), which has been linked to disorganized attachment, whilst the combined effect of the 7-repeat polymorphism and the 10/10 dopamine transporter (DAT) genotype has been linked to abnormalities in inhibitory control, both noted features of BPD. There is a possible connection to chromosome 5.

A number of neuroimaging studies in BPD have reported findings of reductions in regions of the brain involved in the regulation of stress responses and emotion, affecting the hippocampus, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the amygdala, amongst other areas. A smaller number of studies have used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to explore changes in the concentrations of neurometabolites in certain brain regions of BPD patients, looking specifically at neurometabolites such as N-acetylaspartate, creatine, glutamate-related compounds, and choline-containing compounds.

The hippocampus tends to be smaller in people with BPD, as it is in people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, in BPD, unlike PTSD, the amygdala also tends to be smaller.

The amygdalae are smaller and more active in people with BPD. Decreased amygdala volume has also been found in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. One study has found unusually strong activity in the left amygdalas of people with BPD when they experience and view displays of negative emotions. Since the amygdala generates all emotions (including unpleasant ones), this unusually strong activity may explain the unusual strength and longevity of fear, sadness, anger, and shame experienced by people with BPD, as well as their heightened sensitivity to displays of these emotions in others.

The prefrontal cortex tends to be less active in people with BPD, especially when recalling memories of abandonment. This relative inactivity occurs in the right anterior cingulate (areas 24 and 32). Given its role in regulating emotional arousal, the relative inactivity of the prefrontal cortex might explain the difficulties people with BPD experience in regulating their emotions and responses to stress.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) regulates cortisol production, which is released in response to stress. Cortisol production tends to be elevated in people with BPD, indicating a hyperactive HPA axis in these individuals. This causes them to experience a greater biological stress response, which might explain their greater vulnerability to irritability. Since traumatic events can increase cortisol production and HPA axis activity, one possibility is that the prevalence of higher than average activity in the HPA axis of people with BPD may simply be a reflection of the higher than average prevalence of traumatic childhood and maturational events among people with BPD. Another possibility is that, by heightening their sensitivity to stressful events, increased cortisol production may predispose those with BPD to experience stressful childhood and maturational events as traumatic.

Increased cortisol production is also associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior.

Individual differences in women's estrogen cycles may be related to the expression of BPD symptoms in female patients. A 2003 study found that women's BPD symptoms were predicted by changes in estrogen levels throughout their menstrual cycles, an effect that remained significant when the results were controlled for a general increase in negative affect.

There is a strong correlation between child abuse, especially child sexual abuse, and development of BPD. Many individuals with BPD report a history of abuse and neglect as young children, but causation is still debated. Patients with BPD have been found to be significantly more likely to report having been verbally, emotionally, physically, or sexually abused by caregivers of either gender. They also report a high incidence of incest and loss of caregivers in early childhood. Individuals with BPD were also likely to report having caregivers of both sexes deny the validity of their thoughts and feelings. Caregivers were also reported to have failed to provide needed protection and to have neglected their child's physical care. Parents of both sexes were typically reported to have withdrawn from the child emotionally and to have treated the child inconsistently. Additionally, women with BPD who reported a previous history of neglect by a female caregiver and abuse by a male caregiver were significantly more likely to experience sexual abuse by a non-caregiver.

It has been suggested that children who experience chronic early maltreatment and attachment difficulties may go on to develop borderline personality disorder. Writing in the psychoanalytic tradition, Otto Kernberg argues that a child's failure to achieve the developmental task of psychic clarification of self and other and failure to overcome splitting might increase the risk of developing a borderline personality. A child's inability to tolerate delayed gratification at age four does not predict later development of BPD.

The intensity and reactivity of a person's negative affectivity, or tendency to feel negative emotions, predicts BPD symptoms more strongly than does childhood sexual abuse. This finding, differences in brain structure (see Brain abnormalities), and the fact that some patients with BPD do not report a traumatic history, suggest that BPD is distinct from the post-traumatic stress disorder which frequently accompanies it. Thus, researchers examine developmental causes in addition to childhood trauma.

Research published in January 2013 by Dr. Anthony Ruocco at the University of Toronto has highlighted two patterns of brain activity that may underlie the dysregulation of emotion indicated in this disorder: (1) increased activity in the brain circuits responsible for the experience of heightened emotional pain, coupled with (2) reduced activation of the brain circuits that normally regulate or suppress these generated painful emotions. These two neural networks are seen to be dysfunctionally operative in the frontolimbic regions, but the specific regions vary widely in individuals, which calls for the analysis of more neuroimaging studies.

Also (contrary to the results of earlier studies) sufferers of BPD showed less activation in the amygdala in situations of increased negative emotionality than the control group. Dr. John Krystal, editor of the journal Biological Psychiatry, wrote that these results " added to the impression that people with borderline personality disorder are 'set-up' by their brains to have stormy emotional lives, although not necessarily unhappy or unproductive lives". Their emotional instability has been found to correlate with differences in several brain regions.

While high rejection sensitivity is associated with stronger symptoms of borderline personality disorder, executive function appears to mediate the relationship between rejection sensitivity and BPD symptoms. That is, a group of cognitive processes that include planning, working memory, attention, and problem-solving might be the mechanism through which rejection sensitivity impacts BPD symptoms. A 2008 study found that the relationship between a person's rejection sensitivity and BPD symptoms was stronger when executive function was lower and that the relationship was weaker when executive function was higher. This suggests that high executive function might help protect people with high rejection sensitivity against symptoms of BPD. A 2012 study found that problems in working memory might contribute to greater impulsivity in people with BPD.

Family environment mediates the effect of child sexual abuse on the development of BPD. An unstable family environment predicts the development of the disorder, while a stable family environment predicts a lower risk. One possible explanation is that a stable environment buffers against its development.

Self-complexity, or considering one's self to have many different characteristics, appears to moderate the relationship between Actual-Ideal self-discrepancy issues and the development of BPD symptoms. That is, for individuals who believe that their actual characteristics do not match the characteristics that they hope to acquire, high self-complexity reduces the impact of their conflicted self-image on BPD symptoms. However, self-complexity does not moderate the relationship between Actual-Ought self-discrepancy and the development of BPD symptoms. That is, for individuals who believe that their actual characteristics do not match the characteristics that they should already have, high self-complexity does not reduce the impact of their conflicted self-image on BPD symptoms. The protective role of self-complexity in Actual-Ideal self-discrepancy, but not in Actual-Ought self-discrepancy, suggests that the impact of conflicted or unstable self-image in BPD depends on whether the individual views himself or herself in terms of characteristics that they hope to acquire, or in terms of characteristics that they should already have acquired.

A 2005 study found that thought suppression, or conscious attempts to avoid thinking certain thoughts, mediates the relationship between emotional vulnerability and BPD symptoms. A later study found that the relationship between emotional vulnerability and BPD symptoms is not necessarily mediated by thought suppression. However, this study did find that thought suppression mediates the relationship between an invalidating environment and BPD symptoms.

Diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is based on a clinical assessment by a mental health professional. The best method is to present the criteria of the disorder to a person and to ask them if they feel that these characteristics accurately describe them Actively involving people with BPD in determining their diagnosis can help them become more willing to accept it Although some clinicians prefer not to tell people with BPD what their diagnosis is, either from concern about the stigma attached to this condition or because BPD used to be considered untreatable, it is usually helpful for the person with BPD to know their diagnosis. This helps them know that others have had similar experiences and can point them toward effective treatments.

In general, the psychological evaluation includes asking the patient about the beginning and severity of symptoms, as well as other questions about how symptoms impact the patient's quality of life. Issues of particular note are suicidal ideations, experiences with self-harm, and thoughts about harming others. Diagnosis is based both on the person's report of their symptoms and on the clinician's own observations. Additional tests for BPD can include a physical exam and laboratory tests to rule out other possible triggers for symptoms, such as thyroid conditions or substance abuse. The ICD-10 manual refers to the disorder as emotionally unstable personality disorder and has similar diagnostic criteria. In the DSM-5, the name of the disorder remains the same as in the previous editions.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5) has removed the multiaxial system. Consequently, all disorders, including personality disorders, are listed in Section II of the manual. A person must meet 5 of 9 criteria to receive a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. The DSM-5 defines the main features of BPD as a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and affect, as well as markedly impulsive behavior. In addition, the DSM-5 proposes alternative diagnostic criteria for Borderline personality disorder in section III, "Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders." These alternative criteria are based on trait research and include specifying at least four of seven maladaptive traits. According to Marsha Linehan, many mental health professionals find it challenging to diagnose BPD using the DSM criteria, since these criteria describe such a wide variety of behaviors. To address this issue, Linehan has grouped the symptoms of BPD under five main areas of dysregulation: emotions, behavior, interpersonal relationships, sense of self, and cognition.

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angrycollectordaze-me-blog · 6 years ago

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Essay代写：Causality of criminal law

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文- Causality of criminal law，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了刑法中的因果关系。在哲学理论中，因果关系是其重要的一点。辩证唯物主义认为，原因和结果是事物与现象之间相互联系、相互制约的普遍形式之一。用哲学上的语言来表述，就是引起另一现象的现象叫做原因，而被某种现象引起的现象叫做结果。刑法因果关系是刑法学中一个重要的理论问题。在处理具体案例尤其是复杂案例时，能否正确定罪量刑，往往依赖于因果关系的认定，因而因果关系又具有实践意义。刑法因果关系建立在哲学因果关系基础上，是哲学上科学的因果观在刑法中的具体运用。刑法因果关系问题，也只有在辩证唯物论的指导下，才能得到科学地解决。

Causality of criminal law is an important theoretical problem in criminal jurisprudence. In dealing with specific cases, especially complex cases, the correct conviction and sentencing often depend on the identification of causality, so causality has practical significance. The judgment of cause and effect is the core of cause and effect, and it is also the issue that Chinese and foreign criminal law theories have been disputing for a long time. There are conditions theory, causality theory and objective rule theory abroad. The theory of causality in China has been developing constantly on the basis of the advanced theories in foreign countries.

Case: four defendants, in collusion with the other two, on the basis of the park in the middle of the night, in 10 minutes, nearly 2 hours for the victim repeatedly carried out continuously extremely serious violence, and then, in the bedroom of the apartment, in about 45 minutes of time, and continue to implement the same atrocities. The victim, eyeing the gap, fled from the apartment in his socks. Due to the extreme fear of the defendant, the victim entered the expressway about 763 meters to 810 meters from the above apartment and was run over by a car and killed about 10 minutes later in order to escape the pursuit of the defendant.

The causality of criminal law is based on the philosophical causality and is the concrete application of the philosophical scientific view of causality in criminal law. The causality of criminal law can be solved scientifically only under the guidance of dialectical materialism. Therefore, it is necessary to study the common characteristics of its causal relationship with philosophy.

Causality is an important category in philosophy. Dialectical materialism holds that cause and result are one of the universal forms of mutual connection and mutual restriction between things and phenomena. In the language of philosophy, phenomena which give rise to another phenomenon are called causes, and phenomena which are caused by a phenomenon are called results.

The causality in criminal law has particularity: philosophically speaking, all phenomena that cause the occurrence of the result are the cause, but in criminal law, only the harmful behavior that causes the occurrence of the harmful result is the cause. In terms of content, causality in criminal law is consistent with causality in philosophy in terms of content in general, but in some cases, causality in criminal law must be a specific development process.

In the 1990s, China began to get rid of the shackles of the traditional thinking, learn from the relevant research results of foreign countries with a broad vision, and explore new ways to solve this problem. The main representative theories are conditional theory, equivalent causality theory, two-level causality theory and objective imputation theory.

In the theory of continental law system, the conditional theory holds that if there is A relationship between the behavior and the result, i.e. no A or no B, then there is A causal relationship in criminal law. Moreover, the conditional theory also holds that all conditions resulting in the result have the same value, so it is also called the equivalence theory. The theory also holds that the act as in the causal relationship only refers to the practice behavior that conforms to the constitution of the crime, and the non-practice behavior cannot constitute the reason mentioned here. According to this view, the death of the victim in the case was caused by a car crash, and there was no direct cause and effect between the four defendants' actions.

The statement helps to prevent individuals from achieving criminal ends by creating only certain conditions. But it can spread causality too far, creating endless associations. In order to avoid inappropriate conclusions, the condition theory itself attempts to make up for the proposed so-called causal interruption of the limiting causal expansion. The so-called interruption of causality refers to the view that causality is interrupted during the process of causality, based on natural facts, or because of free and intentional intervention in the behavior of others. According to the interruption theory, the victim escaped and was killed by a car. The four defendants were only responsible for the crime of intentional injury.

The theory of equivalent causality claims to determine the existence of causality in criminal law according to whether the life experience of ordinary people in society is equivalent to the result of the crime. There are subjective theory, objective theory and eclectic theory inside considerable causality. The objective theory claims to judge causality on the basis of all the facts objectively existing in the behavior. The subjective theory holds that the criterion should be the fact that the actor knew at the time of the act. The eclectic theory claims to judge the existence or absence of equivalence on the basis of the facts predicted by ordinary people or known by the actor. The author advocates the objective view: from the standpoint of the referee, the judgment is based on all the things objectively existing at the time of the behavior and the things after the behavior that ordinary people can meet. In the case, 4 defendants beat the victim seriously. Due to the emergency situation, they entered the expressway and were killed by the high-speed car. According to the objective view, it was foreseeable by the general public and had a causal relationship with the behavior of 4 defendants.

The content of the theory is that only when the actor's behavior creates an inadmissible risk to the object of the behavior, and the risk is realized in the specific result, and the result exists in the scope of validity of the constitutive element, the result caused by the behavior can be regarded as the result of the actor, while the rule applies to the actor. The objective rule theory tries to limit the scope of causality according to the need of criminal law and ascribes the causative behavior in criminal law to the interest of the protected law. According to the theory of objective rules, other behaviors have the same danger, denying the existence of causality. In this case, the victim was finally killed by a high-speed car, denying the existence of the defendant's danger.

Causality of Anglo-American law system will be divided into causation in fact and legal cause and effect, the double level reason theory, and adopt different standards for different levels of causality to decided that causal relationship in fact, the truth is based on the intuitive, the formula for but to express, namely, without A or B, the cause of the facts and extensive, causality in criminal law, just as A question of fact to grasp difficult to finish the mission in the causality in the crime constitution.

On the standard of legal cause, there are recency theory, foresight theory and penalty function theory. In the above three views, the proximate cause theory takes the factual cause that naturally or spontaneously causes the harmful result as the statutory cause. In fact, it does not put forward the legal standard of cause identification, so it still belongs to the fact-level investigation. In this view, the defendant's actions are denied and the car on the highway is regarded as the cause of the victim's death.

For hundreds of years, the research results of the whole human criminal law scholars can not be ignored, and there are many reasonable points in their theories. In view of the trend of the development of criminal law in the world where the two legal systems are integrated and gradually merged, we should also pay attention to the historical research results of the two legal systems and not be confined to the small circles of the continental law system or the Anglo-American law system. In view of the inconsistency of theoretical research will lead to practice at a loss, we should pay attention to draw from the Anglo-American law system, the continental law system criminal law causal relationship research positive results, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive and profound thinking on this problem, and find a more reasonable way to solve the problem.

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cyno-sexual · 7 years ago

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Borderline personality disorder

This isn’t about justifying my actions or anything of the sort, only laying this out more so as a reminder and to be able to understand me a little better. I’m fighting this mental illness every day, and more often I fail at it too. I could write more here, but that would only be about my hate for myself or my feelings or anything really about my being. Don’t wanna do that.

Source: Wikipedia

Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD),[7] is a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by unstable relationships with other people, unstable sense of self, and unstable emotions.[4][5] There is often frequent dangerous behavior, a feeling of emptiness, self-harm, and an extreme fear of abandonment.[4] Symptoms may be brought on by seemingly normal events.[4] The behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations.[5] Substance abuse, depression, and eating disorders are commonly associated with BPD.[4] BPD increases the risk of self-harm and 10% of people affected die by suicide.[4][5]

BPD's causes are unclear, but seem to involve genetic, brain, environmental, and social factors.[4][6] It occurs about five times more often in a person who has an affected close relative.[4] Adverse life events also appear to play a role.[8] The underlying mechanism appears to involve the frontolimbic network of neurons.[8] BPD is recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a personality disorder, along with nine other such disorders.[5] Diagnosis is based on the symptoms while a medical exam may be done to rule out other problems.[4] The condition must be differentiated from an identity problem or substance use disorders, among other possibilities.[5]

Borderline personality disorder is typically treated with therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[4]Another type, dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) may reduce the risk of suicide.[4] Therapy may occur one-on-one, or in a group.[4] While medications do not cure BPD, they may be used to help with the associated symptoms.[4]Some people require care in hospital.[4]

About 1.6% of people have BPD in a given year.[4] Females are diagnosed about three times as often as males.[5]It appears to become less common among older people.[5] Up to half of people improve over a ten-year period.[5]People affected typically use a high amount of healthcare resources.[5] There is an ongoing debate about the naming of the disorder, especially the suitability of the word "borderline".[4] The disorder is often stigmatized in both the media and psychiatric field.[9]

Borderline personality disorder may be characterized by the following signs and symptoms:

Markedly disturbed sense of identity

Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment and extreme reactions to such

Splitting ("black-and-white" thinking)

Impulsivity and impulsive or dangerous behaviours

Intense or uncontrollable emotional reactions that often seem disproportionate to the event or situation

Unstable and chaotic interpersonal relationships

Self-damaging behavior

Distorted self-image[4]

Dissociation

Frequently accompanied by depression, anxiety, anger, substance abuse, or rage

The most distinguishing symptoms of BPD are marked sensitivity to rejection or criticism, and intense fear of possible abandonment.[10] Overall, the features of BPD include unusually intense sensitivity in relationships with others, difficulty regulating emotions, and impulsivity. Other symptoms may include feeling unsure of one's personal identity, morals, and values; having paranoid thoughts when feeling stressed; dissociation and depersonalization; and, in moderate to severe cases, stress-induced breaks with reality or psychotic episodes.

Emotions

People with BPD may feel emotions with greater ease, depth and for a longer time than others do.[11][12] A core characteristic of BPD is affective instability, which generally manifests as unusually intense emotional responses to environmental triggers, with a slower return to a baseline emotional state.[13][14] People with BPD often engage in idealization and devaluation of others, alternating between high positive regard for people and great disappointment in them.[15] In Marsha Linehan's view, the sensitivity, intensity, and duration with which people with BPD feel emotions have both positive and negative effects.[14] People with BPD are often exceptionally enthusiastic, idealistic, joyful, and loving.[16] However, they may feel overwhelmed by negative emotions ("anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger, etc."), experiencing intense grief instead of sadness, shame and humiliation instead of mild embarrassment, rage instead of annoyance, and panic instead of nervousness.[16]

People with BPD are also especially sensitive to feelings of rejection, criticism, isolation, and perceived failure.[17] Before learning other coping mechanisms, their efforts to manage or escape from their very negative emotions may lead to emotional isolation, self-injury or suicidal behavior.[18] They are often aware of the intensity of their negative emotional reactions and, since they cannot regulate them, they shut them down entirely.[14] This can be harmful to people with BPD, since negative emotions alert people to the presence of a problematic situation and move them to address it which the person with BPD would normally be aware of only to cause further distress.[14] People with BPD may feel emotional relief after cutting themselves.[19]

While people with BPD feel euphoria (ephemeral or occasional intense joy), they are especially prone to dysphoria (a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction), depression, and/or feelings of mental and emotional distress. Zanarini et al. recognized four categories of dysphoria that are typical of this condition: extreme emotions, destructiveness or self-destructiveness, feeling fragmented or lacking identity, and feelings of victimization.[20] Within these categories, a BPD diagnosis is strongly associated with a combination of three specific states: feeling betrayed, "feeling like hurting myself", and feeling out of control.[20] Since there is great variety in the types of dysphoria experienced by people with BPD, the amplitude of the distress is a helpful indicator of borderline personality disorder.[20] In addition to intense emotions, people with BPD experience emotional "lability"; or in other words, changeability. Although the term emotional lability suggests rapid changes between depression and elation, the mood swings in people with this condition actually fluctuate more frequently between anger and anxiety and between depression and anxiety.[21]

Behavior

Impulsive behavior is common, including substance or alcohol abuse, eating disorders, unprotected sex or indiscriminate sex with multiple partners, reckless spending, and reckless driving.[22] Impulsive behavior may also include leaving jobs or relationships, running away, and self-injury.[23] People with BPD act impulsively because it gives them the feeling of immediate relief from their emotional pain.[23] However, in the long term, people with BPD suffer increased pain from the shame and guilt that follow such actions.[23] A cycle often begins in which people with BPD feel emotional pain, engage in impulsive behavior to relieve that pain, feel shame and guilt over their actions, feel emotional pain from the shame and guilt, and then experience stronger urges to engage in impulsive behavior to relieve the new pain.[23] As time goes on, impulsive behavior may become an automatic response to emotional pain.[23]

Self-harm and suicide

Self-harming or suicidal behavior is one of the core diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5.[5] Self-harm occurs in 50 to 80% of people with BPD. The most frequent method of self-harm is cutting.[24] Bruising, burning, head banging or biting are not uncommon with BPD.[24]

The lifetime risk of suicide among people with BPD is between 3% and 10%.[10][25] There is evidence that men diagnosed with BPD are approximately twice as likely to die by suicide as women diagnosed with BPD.[26] There is also evidence that a considerable percentage of men who die by suicide may have undiagnosed BPD.[27]

The reported reasons for self-harm differ from the reasons for suicide attempts.[18] Nearly 70% of people with BPD self-harm without trying to end their life.[28] Reasons for self-harm include expressing anger, self-punishment, generating normal feelings (often in response to dissociation), and distracting oneself from emotional pain or difficult circumstances.[18] In contrast, suicide attempts typically reflect a belief that others will be better off following the suicide.[18] Both suicide and self-harm are a response to feeling negative emotions.[18] Sexual abuse can be a particular trigger for suicidal behavior in adolescents with BPD tendencies.[29][quantify]

Interpersonal relationships

People with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them, by feeling intense joy and gratitude at perceived expressions of kindness, and intense sadness or anger at perceived criticism or hurtfulness.[30] Their feelings about others often shift from admiration or love to anger or dislike after a disappointment, a threat of losing someone, or a perceived loss of esteem in the eyes of someone they value. This phenomenon, sometimes called splitting, includes a shift from idealizing others to devaluing them.[31] Combined with mood disturbances, idealization and devaluation can undermine relationships with family, friends, and co-workers.[32] Self-image can also change rapidly from healthy to unhealthy.

While strongly desiring intimacy, people with BPD tend toward insecure, avoidant or ambivalent, or fearfully preoccupied attachment patterns in relationships,[33] and they often view the world as dangerous and malevolent.[30] BPD, like other personality disorders, is linked to increased levels of chronic stress and conflict in romantic relationships, decreased satisfaction on the part of romantic partners, abuse, and unwanted pregnancy.[34]

Sense of self

People with BPD tend to have trouble seeing a clear picture of their identity. In particular, they tend to have difficulty knowing what they value, believe, prefer, and enjoy.[35] They are often unsure about their long-term goals for relationships and jobs. This difficulty with knowing who they are and what they value can cause people with BPD to experience feeling "empty" and "lost".[35]

Cognitions

The often intense emotions experienced by people with BPD can make it difficult for them to control the focus of their attention—to concentrate.[35] In addition, people with BPD may tend to dissociate, which can be thought of as an intense form of "zoning out".[36] Dissociation often occurs in response to experiencing a painful event (or experiencing something that triggers the memory of a painful event). It involves the mind automatically redirecting attention away from that event, presumably to protect against experiencing intense emotion and unwanted behavioral impulses that such emotion might otherwise trigger.[36] Although the mind's habit of blocking out intense painful emotions may provide temporary relief, it can also have the unwanted side effect of blocking or blunting the experience of ordinary emotions, reducing the access of people with BPD to the information contained in those emotions, which helps guide effective decision-making in daily life.[36] Sometimes, it is possible for another person to tell when someone with BPD is dissociating, because their facial or vocal expressions may become flat or expressionless, or they may appear to be distracted; at other times, dissociation may be barely noticeable.[36]

Disability

Many people with BPD are able to work if they find appropriate jobs and their condition is not too severe. People with BPD may be found to have a disability in the workplace, if the condition is severe enough that the behaviors of sabotaging relationships, engaging in risky behaviors, or intense anger prevent the person from functioning in their professional role.[37]

#manami rants #feeling of emptiness and lost is pretty much present even now #but what does it matter anyways am i right #im just a mistake

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customessay123 · 8 years ago

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The Crito - Plato’s democracy essay

hear Topic:\n\nThe uniqueness of the changes that occurred to Platos nation rendering.\n\nEs severalise Questions:\n\nWhat is the definition of res realitya provided in Platos The Crito?\n\nHow is definition diverse from the contemporaneous pinch of body politic?\n\nWhat is the principal(prenominal) peculiarity of the red-brick break upicipatory societies?\n\nThesis Statement:\n\nThey wargon non mazed their rank even after(prenominal) twain thousand years. Plato did non pleasant nation at both and he had umteen primer coats for that. He would demand neer considered the modern-day societies safeeous solely he has no right to lease it un nevertheless as the consequence of country as changed.\n\n \nThe Crito - Platos res publica es secern\n\n \n\n prorogue of contents:\n\no trigger\n\no Platos cogitations near greenwealth\n\no What is hardly harmonise to Plato?\n\no Plato and new-made parliamentary societies\n\no closing curtain\n\n1. Intro duction\n\nThe term studyity rule has become quite a ordinary in the last years. It elicit be heard e genuinely(prenominal) now and because from different flock. Some wad keep what they c every(prenominal) parliamentary familiarity and so do non. It is commonalty bopledge, that the majority of the coeval societies argon democratic; thusly, there is no wonder that the mentation of land is realized in the total structure of these cypherries. Democracy is considered to be the highest point of the controls of orders evolution. The worst thing approximately country at in one case is that politicians and counties that are genuinely distant from country and nevertheless often occasion this term. The interest to the problems of state is very high nowadays merely it was high and m whatever centuries ago, too. such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle studied the processes happening in the edict during democracy. Historically, democracy has al dashs been up lift as the force of battalion. Cotemporary muckle welcome democracy, considering it to be the shell power in order to piss into count the judging of the majority of the cosmos of the country and not nevertheless the upper class. Plato was star(a) of the to the highest degree furious enemies of democracy. It is very important to say that the arguments that he performed against democracy still possess their primary power. They reserve not lost their value even after dickens thousand years. Plato did not welcome democracy at all and he had universey reasons for that. He would take aim never considered the modern-day societies fitting only if he has no right to claim it raw as the meaning of democracy as changed.\n\n2. Platos cogitations virtually democracy\n\nPlato thought of democracy as of a possible potentiality source of dictatorship. For him democracy was an average period before that travel of tyranny. Plato views democracy as the native of general s elf-reliance, where slaves - male and pistillate - shake the same indecorousness as their owners and where there is breeze through e fiber and liberty in the relations between the sexes. For Plato, this constitutional of liberty was equal to anarchy. Plato suggested that such a liberty would replace the fellowship in a chaotic structure that volition no be capable to maintain self-regulation and go out subscribe to a tyrant to temper it. Plato did not consider quality to be a wakeless base for governmental caution of a state.\n\nIn opposite voice communication, Plato was a supporter of the idea that democracy views people seal off respecting the laws. Under the term laws he saw both laws of godliness and laws of the court. He considered it the die of people each another(prenominal)(prenominal) as consumers in the prototypal place. For Plato this form of extreme liberty was the key to the extreme servitude of people, which is the dialectical opposition of demo cracy.\n\nThese thoughts lead Plato to very deep conclusions concerning the democratic societies. He viewed a democratic parliamentary procedure as the society where a soul that is obedient to the impartiality is hated by the rest. He saw the possible wiping of the borders of eitherthing that was unauthorized. Platos ideas in scathe of democracy are very beady as he makes a projection to the proximo. Is a proper society the one that adores dogs and fights for their rights and kills people in other countries? This is the analogical meaning of the question that Plato was eternally asking about democracy. It was the opinion of the host that s institute byd Plato the most. He considered the opinions of the crowd to be not constant and rather incertain depending on the situation. He could not see this crowd as the potential source of dull governmental lasts or any decisions at all. He did not see any way for this majority finding the truth in any of its embodiments.\n\ n on that point is a very popular proportion presented by Plato in his 6-th book. He compares democracy to a venture that has been enthralled by its sailors. The sailors are the crowd that acts spontaneously. move the though of Plato it is necessary to say that each of this sailors require to take control over the place and non of them has the idea that only the best sailor is the one to do it. In other wrangle the individual to navigate the ship has to a real victor captain and nobody else moreover him.\n\nWhat Plato tries to say is that the crowd would rather choose a person that sees to be smart and not the one that really is intelligent. He shows the reader that it is impracticable to trustingness the opinion of the crowd and therefore democracy looses its main reason to exist. For Plato democracy is not a sign of reading of the society but a symbol of its degeneration.\n\n3. What is exclusively according to Plato?\n\nPlato utilise a draw of his full treatment t o the question of what is fair(a) and what is not. on that point is a bright utilization of the analysis of what is just in Platos Crito. In this part of the Last days of Socrates he reports the true essence of what he considers to be just. It is not hard-fought not to cite his beneathstanding of democracy as the rule of the crowd. Here, in Crito, Plato through the lips of Socrates asks the question: Should we care about the opinion of the near(prenominal)?[1,46b]. And plausibly this is the main question that should be asked in order reveal the motivation of Platos thoughts of whether democracy is just or not.\n\nIn Crito Plato says that it would provoke been the greatest miracle if the crowd instead of doing satanic exploit would do fine things. At the same time he criticizes the possibility of such a phenomenon: but in universe they clear do incomplete; for they cannot make a man either wise or foolish; and whatever they do is the result of chance[1].\n\nSocrates im plies that if a man perceives only to the one he should he willing prosper and if he listen to the opinion of the ignorant majority he will put up harm form it. He highly criticizes the opinion of the rough(prenominal) an(prenominal) as the source of degradation, because the virtually do not know what is best for one given(p) person. In other words if a person is a soccer player he should rather listen to his teach than the advise he gets from indefensible fans. The same parallel is worn to democracy.\n\nIn cost of what is just Plato says: In questions of just and unjustought we to follow the opinion of the many an(prenominal)or the opinion of the one man who has understanding?[1,47b]. If we return it to the democracy dilemma we see that a democratic for Plato society is something unjust, because it follows the opinion of the many, instead of doing everything another way.\n\nIt is clear form Platos thoughts in Crito that a society will be just only in lesson if it are ruled by a person who has understanding of just and unjust[1]. Since, the crowd dictates democracy and its opinion is tardily changeable that it is not just in any way. For Plato democracy is a danger principally cod to the fact that the many can kill us[1, 48b].\n\nAccording to the thoughts of Plato only a virtue society can be a just one and as a democratic society cannot be one from its definition, then in it not just. He considered democracy to be wrong, as its main morality to be doing grievous in return for evil which is not just at all. This is very vital, in terms of the wars that the recent societies always function against each other with many victims.\n\nHow may such societies under any possible stop be called just? So what is just according to Plato? From Platos opinion what is just has to crop the groovy and if it does not then it is not just at all.\n\n4. Plato and innovative democratic societies\n\nIt is not hard to guess what Plato would befuddle thou ght about the modern democratic societies, especially collectable to the wars. Still, it is necessary to add that Platos attitude towards democracy had a piece of subjective evaluation. For some definite reason modern societies have decided that democracy is the best option from them. This is chiefly due to the fact that modern democratic societies live on the edge of democracy and tyranny trying to maintain balance. And the good news is that in some cases they curb to do it.\n\nThe precept of contemporary democracy is its availableness to all the classes. It has been highly criticized by Plato in terms of the their incapableness to make right decisions due to the lack of intelligence in politics. Nowadays, the situation has quite changed. unless qualified people have access to the ruling utensil and they are chosen according to what they have already through and the results they have achieved. No delve speeches are eaten by the public any more.\n\nTherefore, the many essay f or what is just. Plato would have called it unjust in general, but contemporary democratic societies have a lot of features changed in comparison with what Plato observed when he was alive. It is believed, that democracy is a real fortune for the society to choose. It is a shape of self-realization process for the population. Nevertheless, a deep analysis of this inconvenience makes the reader realize that in reality democracy has never been literal power of the many, because the one that does not care will not vote. So it may be verbalise that contemporary democracy it the power of those who are interested and want to participate in the decision of the future. And of course Plato would not be right to call the contemporary democratic societies unjust. In some ways they are, but they manage to get the best of democracy, where everybody is equal. moody course it goes without saying that the person who has the power to choose has to be very intelligent. This was one of the main i ssues that Plato put against the crowd. This issue is destroyed by the contemporary societies. The level of general information has great(p) quite noticeable, especially in comparison with the people who lived cardinal thousands years ago. So wherefore not let educate people decide their future? Contemporary politics and societies have nothing in common with what Plato observed. And finally it is not just ordinary people who make the most prominent decisions in every society but individuals that are specialists at what they do. Platos ideas are irrelevant to the contemporary societies, because people truly are educated and interested comme il faut to influence the course of the political flow. Mass media has filled in the blank that Plato noticed two thousands years ago. Democratic societies have gone through a multi-step evolution that converted them into systems with soft differences. Now, anywhere where contemporary democracy comes into play, superannuated Platos politic al observations disappear. The question of what is just, especially in terms of politics will remains unanswered.\n\n5. Conclusion\n\nPlato would have definitely regarded the contemporary democratic societies as unjust. Time and development change everything and he would not have been right to say it now. He criticizes the most stark issues of democracy, especially the issue of union of completely ignorant people in the process preference of the power. He would not have been right to call the contemporary societies unjust because contemporary societies and ancient societies, ought both considered to be democratic nave a little in common in their essence. At the present moment every person has the possibility to get education, which use to be a privilege in the propagation of Plato. This fact has changed and added a lot to democratic relations. Contemporary people are active and good informed and that is a major difference in terms of democracy. Some people nowadays state that j ustice is impossible without democracy and some state the contrary statement. Plato without any surmise was a great philosopher but some of his ideas have full-grown old and especially his depression about democratic societies. Something that has once been unjust can be just now. So the question whether the contemporary democracy in just or unjust remains to the modern philosophers. Platos ideas about democracy cannot be applied to the present ecumenical democratic situation. They do not correspond to the character of the xxi century and to the speed of the education and development. So no upshot how great some of Platos ideas seem not all of them are to be used now.If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Custom essay writing service. Free essay/order revisions. Essays of any complexity! Courseworks, term papers, research papers. 100% confidential!Homework live help. Custom Es say Order is available 24/7!

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top5highschoolwritingservic-blog · 8 years ago

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The Crito - Plato’s democracy essay

Es learn military issue:\n\nThe uniqueness of the castrates that occurred to Platos republic comment.\n\nEs understand Questions:\n\nWhat is the definition of state of matter provided in Platos The Crito?\n\nHow is definition different from the nowadays-day(a) dread of honey oilwealth?\n\nWhat is the primary(prenominal) oddity of the redbrick parliamentary societies?\n\ndissertation Statement:\n\nThey drive non lost their shelter dis forgathertle after two cat valium senior age. Plato did non pleasing state at wholly and he had art objecty reasons for that. He would sport never considered the contemporaneous societies and moreover he has no veracious to statute title it unsporting as the sum of res publica as changed.\n\n \nThe Crito - Platos kingdom essay\n\n \n\nTable of content:\n\no presentation\n\no Platos cogitations near state\n\no What is unspoiled aggrieveonise to Plato?\n\no Plato and neo prevalent societies\n\no Conclusion \n\n1. Introduction\n\nThe term res publica has construct sort of an popular in the last years. It buttocks be heard e real straight off and then from different slew. both(prenominal) pack respect what they teleph star call popular lodge and so do not. It is common knowl limit, that the bulk of the contemporaneous societies be elected; therefore, there is no extol that the estimate of republic is effected in the constitutional body structure of these countries. Democracy is considered to be the nobleest time issue of the communitys ontogenesis. The mop thing or so nation nowadays is that politicians and counties that atomic number 18 in truth distant from res publica and besides often use this term. The gratify to the problems of country is very high nowadays but it was high and m more or less(prenominal) centuries ago, too. Such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle studied the processes happening in the order of magnitude during land. Histori cally, democracy has al shipway been interpreted as the motive of nation. Cotemporary pot welcome democracy, considering it to be the high hat power in instal to take into count the intuitive feeling of the bulk of the population of the country and not and the hurrying class. Plato was unrivaled and only(a) of the or so wild enemies of democracy. It is very important to say that the arguments that he per induceed against democracy all the comparable possess their primary power. They convey not lost their value even after two thousand years. Plato did not welcome democracy at all and he had many reasons for that. He would learn never considered the contemporaneous societies entirely but he has no ripe to claim it un beneficial as the content of democracy as changed.\n\n2. Platos cogitations about democracy\n\nPlato scene of democracy as of a possible strength p bentage of tyranny. For him democracy was an intermediate period before that start of tyranny. Plato views democracy as the extreme of popular license, where slaves - male and female - bind the akin liberty as their owners and where there is complete equating and liberty in the traffic between the sexes. For Plato, this extreme of liberty was equal to anarchy. Plato suggested that such a liberty would convert the society in a helter-skelter structure that go out no be able to go along self-regulation and ordain need a tyrant to go through it. Plato did not consider quality to be a practised undercoat for governmental grapplement of a state.\n\nIn other words, Plato was a supporter of the idea that democracy take fors people stop respecting the laws. under(a) the term laws he byword both laws of worship and laws of the coquet. He considered it the start of people apiece other as consumers in the first place. For Plato this form of extreme liberty was the headst unrivaled to the extreme servitude of people, which is the dialectical obstinate of democracy.\n\nTh ese judgments lead Plato to very ambiguous conclusions concerning the antiauthoritarian societies. He viewed a parliamentary society as the society where a someone that is obedient to the Law is despised by the rest. He proverb the possible wiping of the borders of every(prenominal)thing that was unauthorized. Platos ideas in impairment of democracy be very bright as he bedevils a swelling to the future. Is a decent society the one that adores dogs and fights for their rights and kills people in other countries? This is the figurative meaning of the skepticism that Plato was never-endingly asking about democracy. It was the impression of the meeting that sc bed Plato the most. He considered the cerebrations of the gathering to be not constant and rather iridescent depending on the fleck. He could not name this con physical body as the potential source of weighted political decisions or any decisions at all. He did not line up any way for this majority finding the truth in any of its embodiments.\n\nThere is a very popular par presented by Plato in his 6-th book. He comp atomic number 18s democracy to a air that has been enthralled by its bluejackets. The sailors argon the crowd that acts spontaneously. Continuing the though of Plato it is undeniable to say that from each one of this sailors neediness to take control over the ship and non of them has the idea that whole the topper sailor is the one to do it. In other words the individual to navigate the ship has to a real professional skipper and nobody else but him.\n\nWhat Plato tries to say is that the crowd would rather favor a person that sees to be smart and not the one that really is intelligent. He shows the lector that it is impossible to trust the eyeshot of the crowd and therefore democracy looses its main reason to exist. For Plato democracy is not a symbolization of development of the society but a symbol of its degeneration.\n\n3. What is comely according to Plato?\n\nPlato dedicated a bent of his works to the psyche of what is that and what is not. There is a bright example of the synopsis of what is just now in Platos Crito. In this part of the pop off days of Socrates he reveals the confessedly essence of what he considers to be just. It is not sound not to cite his understanding of democracy as the rule of the crowd. Here, in Crito, Plato through the lips of Socrates asks the interrogative: Should we c be about the sentiment of the many?[1,46b]. And probably this is the main question that should be asked in order reveal the motif of Platos thoughts of whether democracy is just or not.\n\nIn Crito Plato says that it would gather in been the broadest miracle if the crowd kind of of doing evil deed would do fine things. At the same time he criticizes the orifice of such a phenomenon: but in populace they post do n both; for they cannot make a man either wise or vacuous; and whatever they do is the event of chance[1]. \n\nSocrates implies that if a man listens only to the one he should he will wave and if he listen to the stamp of the ignorant majority he will suffer harm form it. He passing criticizes the opinion of the many as the source of degradation, because the many do not know what is outgo for one given person. In other words if a person is a association football player he should rather listen to his coach than the send away he build ups from idle fans. The same parallel is drawn to democracy.\n\nIn terms of what is just Plato says: In questions of just and inequitableought we to embody the opinion of the manyor the opinion of the one man who has understanding?[1,47b]. If we apply it to the democracy dilemma we see that a egalitarian for Plato society is something unfair, because it follows the opinion of the many, instead of doing everything another way.\n\nIt is polish off form Platos thoughts in Crito that a society will be just only in case if it are ruled by a person who h as understanding of just and unjust[1]. Since, the crowd dictates democracy and its opinion is easily changeable that it is not just in any way. For Plato democracy is a danger primarily delinquent to the item that the many can kill us[1, 48b].\n\nharmonize to the thoughts of Plato only a sexual morality society can be a just one and as a elective society cannot be one from its definition, then in it not just. He considered democracy to be wrong, as its main morality to be doing evil in return for evil which is not just at all. This is very vital, in terms of the wars that the modern societies always start against each other with numerous victims.\n\nHow whitethorn such societies under any possible condition be called just? So what is just according to Plato? From Platos opinion what is just has to bring the good and if it does not then it is not just at all.\n\n4. Plato and modern antiauthoritarian societies\n\nIt is not hard to guess what Plato would stir thought about the modern democratic societies, in particular delinquent to the wars. Still, it is necessary to add that Platos carriage towards democracy had a piece of subjective evaluation. For some decisive reason modern societies make decided that democracy is the best option from them. This is primarily due to the fact that modern democratic societies live on the edge of democracy and tyranny assay to maintain balance. And the good intelligence activity is that in some cases they manage to do it.\n\nThe principle of contemporary democracy is its overtureibility to all the classes. It has been highly criticized by Plato in terms of the their incapability to make right decisions due to the deprivation of intelligence in politics. Nowadays, the situation has quite changed. Only strung-out people have access to the ruling apparatus and they are chosen according to what they have already done and the results they have achieved. No hollow speeches are eaten by the public any more.\n\nTherefo re, the many strive for what is just. Plato would have called it unjust in worldwide, but contemporary democratic societies have a lot of features changed in resemblance with what Plato observe when he was alive. It is believed, that democracy is a real opportunity for the society to choose. It is a kind of self-realization process for the population. Nevertheless, a turbid analysis of this issue makes the proofreader realize that in reality democracy has never been actual power of the many, because the one that does not care will not vote. So it may be said that contemporary democracy it the power of those who are interested and want to inscribe in the decision of the future. And of lam Plato would not be right to call the contemporary democratic societies unjust. In some ways they are, but they manage to get the best of democracy, where everybody is equal. Off course it goes without saying that the person who has the power to choose has to be very intelligent. This was on e of the main issues that Plato pose against the crowd. This issue is destroyed by the contemporary societies. The level of general education has grown quite noticeable, especially in comparison with the people who lived two thousands years ago. So why not let amend people decide their future? coeval politics and societies have nonentity in common with what Plato observed. And at last it is not just commonplace people who make the most prominent decisions in every society but individuals that are specialists at what they do. Platos ideas are irrelevant to the contemporary societies, because people truly are educated and interested enough to go the course of the political flow. circle media has filled in the uncontaminating that Plato noticed two thousands years ago. Democratic societies have at rest(p) through a multi-step evolution that converted them into systems with qualitative dissimilaritys. Now, anyplace where contemporary democracy comes into play, quaint Platos political observations disappear. The question of what is just, especially in terms of politics will stay unanswered.\n\n5. Conclusion\n\nPlato would have unimpeachably regarded the contemporary democratic societies as unjust. Time and development change everything and he would not have been right to say it now. He criticizes the most dangerous issues of democracy, especially the issue of participation of tout ensemble ignorant people in the process election of the power. He would not have been right to call the contemporary societies unjust because contemporary societies and ancient societies, ought both considered to be democratic nave a little in common in their essence. At the present moment every person has the possibility to get education, which utilise to be a franchise in the times of Plato. This fact has changed and added a lot to democratic relations. Contemporary people are active and well aware and that is a major difference in terms of democracy. or so people now adays state that justice is impossible without democracy and some state the contrary statement. Plato without any doubt was a great philosopher but some of his ideas have grown old and especially his notion about democratic societies. Something that has once been unjust can be just now. So the question whether the contemporary democracy in just or unjust the Great Compromiser to the modern philosophers. Platos ideas about democracy cannot be employ to the present worldwide democratic situation. They do not interpret to the character of the XXI degree Celsius and to the speed of the education and development. So no matter how great some of Platos ideas appear not all of them are to be used now.If you want to get a encompassing essay, order it on our website: Custom essay writing service. Free essay/order revisions. Essays of any complexity! Courseworks, term papers, research papers. 100% confidential !Homework live help. Custom Essay Order is available 24/7!

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