#amerikan history

[revolutionarysuicide]

all those videos of dems chanting "four more years" to drown out ppl talking about palestine is so fucking crazy and mask-off... there isn't even anything to say it speaks for itself yknow. these ghouls don't even respond to what pro-palestine hecklers are saying, they don't contest any of it, they're just saying they don't care and want the genocide to continue. like actually astonishing, white amerikans' responses to pro-palestine people heckling us politicians should be studied in history classes as an example of how brazenly, openly, and flagrantly white ppl support genocide

[sylwanin-was-right]

So'lek saying that seeing his clan butchered and being one of the last of his clan left to survive was his lesson about learning the RDA ways (or more specifically how to use their weaponry) is incredibly profound and honestly inspiring when you interpret it a certain way.

I dont directly relate ofc, bc I'm not a warrior, nor the last of my clan lol, but as a woman of African descent living in the Amerikan diaspora, this rlly hit bc it true that seeing what your oppressors do to your people to keep us repressed and dying will teach you more about them and their ways than anything. Its why history revisionism is such a potent poison for oppressed peoples.

Teylan mentioned how John Mercer taught the residential school Na'vi that Eywa was wicked and deceitful and shouldnt trust her, and of course we learned that he made sure to teach that their Na'vi ancestors are savage and relentless. Such teaching genuinely inspired fear and distrust of their own home and peoples.

I take So'lek's line as an important reminder to stay woke, esp since the actions of white supremacists, imperialists, misogynists, and other bigots, like those that fill the RDA, speak louder than the words of their lies!!!!

[onesettleronebullet]

I need every naaier in the notes of that post being like "South Africa? How ironic 😏" to shut the fuck up and read a gotdamn history book. Fokken dom amerikaners.

[skaldish]

Till en viss det förstår jag personen som skickade hatet. Det är väldigt udda att se amerikaner... jag vet inte hur jag ska formulera det, men typ, ta en del av våran kultur och sprida den? Nu pratar jag inte bara om asatro, den båten har seglat, men vår folktro, vår historia, sägen, osv. Saker som känns mer hemligt, mer "vårt". Och visst, kultur är till för att delas, men... Det känns bara lite udda. Även om amerikanerna som "snor" har nån random gammal släkting som är härifrån trakterna. Lite "gammelmormor var en indiansk prinsessa" vibes haha 😂

Nu säger jag det här bara för att visa att det finns skandinaver som har liknande syn som den som skickade den tidigare asken, dock så följer vi kanske sig och tycker att din syn på saker kan vara intressant. Dessutom verkar du vara duktig på att leta reda på saker som kanske inte är så vidspridda här heller, även om du kanske ibland feltolkar delar av vår kultur.

Så detta är inget hatbrev, det är ett "jag förstår varför den tidigare personen skrev som den gjorde, och jag vill ge en snällare förklaring". Typ. Om det makes sense.

God dag! 😁

To a certain extent, I understand the person who sent the hate. It's very odd to see Americans… I don't know how to put it, but like, take a part of our culture and spread it? Now I'm not just talking about Ásatrú, that boat has sailed, but our folk beliefs, our history, legends, etc. Things that feel more secret, more "ours". And sure, culture is meant to be shared, but… It just feels a bit odd. Even if the Americans who "steal" have some random old relative who is from around here. A little "great grandmother was a Native American princess" vibes haha 😂 Now I say this just to show that there are Scandinavians who have similar views as the one who sent the previous box, however, we may follow you and find your view of things interesting. Also, you seem to be good at finding out things that may not be so widespread here either, although you may sometimes misinterpret parts of our culture. So this isn't a hate mail, it's a "I understand why the previous person wrote the way they did, and I want to give a kinder explanation". Sort of. If that makes sense. Good day to you! 😁

Nah, I understand completely. And I know the image you're seeing of American Heathenry looks batshit. It looks batshit for me too—but that's because I understand it's a fairy-tale and it's always looked like one to me.

I think that's something important to keep in mind here, though. The Heathenry you see in America is manufactured for us, mostly by American companies, orgs, and snake-oil salesmen for the purpose of their own agendas. Whatever these actors can snag from the Nordic countries that makes their fairy tale look more real, they do.

One of the things this fairy-tale tells us is that "Heathenry died off with the vikings a long time ago, so it's up to us to return to our ancient roots to restore it." Often when I bring up your culture, it's to illustrate that this is bullshit, and that your current culture matters when it comes to how we Americans understand Heathenry. (I'm also trying to compare cultural senses to illustrate the differences.)

But if I'm blatantly getting something wrong or being insensitive about something in this process, you are more than free to tell me.

What I don't appreciate is when people are just angry that I exist and want me to take responsibility for the fact they feel angry about my existence. The fact the other person didn't return to explain what the actual problem I was causing was, tells me they just wanted a punching bag.

I understand getting angry about Americans taking what's "yours" without a care—and I agree it's a problem—but getting angry at Americans doesn't solve this problem. It's certainly won't get the tens of thousands of American Heathens to stop being Heathen. A better approach would be to just help us get better educated about it.

[john-laurens]

In the first days of September, Müller arrived at his parents' house with his American friend [Francis Kinloch]. He had made his visit conditional on the condition that neither the return to Schaffhausen nor theology could be discussed during his stay. The promise was undoubtedly kept. Müller received the most loving reception, which also extended to his traveling companion. The noble nature of the young American might dispel certain reservations that the parents had previously had about the two young men living together. On his departure on September 6th, Müller left a tender farewell letter to his parents, and Kinloch enclosed a warm letter of thanks for the kind welcome and hospitality he had enjoyed. The friendship between him and Müller will continue, even if they are at different ends of the world. "Every young man who enters life must have some goal; I have several, and one of the main ones is to increase the happiness of my friend as much as possible, as I feel I owe to he whose example has improved my heart, and whose care cultivates my mind."

From Johannes von Müller, 1752-1809, Volume 1 by Karl Henking

The original text was in German/French and was translated with Google Translate.

Schaffhausen was Müller's hometown. As for the note about theology, Müller's father was a clergyman and had encouraged Müller to pursue theology. It appears there was a disagreement between father and son when Müller chose to pursue history instead.

Also, why does this read like a gay son anxiously bringing home his first boyfriend, and the parents don't quite understand all of it but they see that their son is happy so they're happy for him.

In den ersten Tagen des September traf Müller mit seinem amerikanischen Freunde im Elternhause ein. Er hatte seinen Besuch an die Bedingung geknüpft, daß während seines Aufenthaltes weder von der Rückkehr nach Schaffhausen noch von der Theologie gesprochen werden dürfe. Die Zusage wurde ohne Zweifel gehalten; Müller fand die liebevollste Aufnahme, die sich auch auf seinen Reisebegleiter erstreckte; das edle Wesen des jungen Amerikaners mochte gewisse Bedenken, welche die Eltern bisher gegen das Zusammenleben der beiden jungen Männer gehabt hatten, zerstreuen. Bei seiner Abreise am 6. September ließ Müller den Eltern einen zärtlichen Abschiedsbrief zurück, und Kinloch fügte einen warmen Dankbrief bei für die gütige Aufnahme und die genossene Gastfreundschaft; die Freundschaft zwischen ihm und Müller werde fortbestehen, auch wenn sie an verschiedenen Enden der Welt sich aufhalten werden. "Tout jeune homme qui entre dans la vie, doit avoir quelque but; j'en ai plusieurs, et un des principaux en est d'augmenter la félicité de mon ami autant qu'il me sera possible, comme je sens que je dois à celui dont l'exemple a amélioré mon coeur, et dont les soins cultivent mon esprit."

[fiercynn]

Hey do you have any poetry you can suggest because I saw your response to that OP, I’d love some stuff to read!

so i started responding to another similar ask by @unitedstates0fdakota but i accidentally posted it when it was incomplete so i decided to continue here! check out that post for the first two recs, george abraham's birthright and romeo oriogun's sacrament of bodies

more than organs, kay ulanday barrett

kay ulanday barrett is a poet, performer, and educator, navigating life as a disabled filipinx-amerikan transgnder queer in the u.s. with struggle, resistance, and laughter. pamela sneed, one of the reviewers quoted on the back of more than organs, describes the collection as about “hunger that is physical, spiritual, and queer”, and i think hunger is an excellent way to put it. i love how the pieces in this collection oscillate between visceral and playful – there’s a poem called “pain, an epistle” but also one called “actually, jenny schecter wasn’t the worst”.

you googled “authentic” / & now are seated next to me. / as I speed walk you to the cart / aunty gives me the last dish / gets the idea that I’ve waited too long / for something to just taste right. / I wish for a dumpling stuff / of bullet skins to be the shrapnel / in every white man’s throat. / go ahead / say the word oriental / at my table / one more time. —  “I just want dimsum undisturbed by wypipo”

a theory of birds, zaina alsous

zaina alsous is a prison abolitionist, a daughter of the palestinian diaspora, and a movement worker in south florida. the blurb for a theory of birds describes it as “putting ecological conservation in conversation with arab racial formation, state vernacular with the chatter of birds”, and as someone who wanted to be an ornithologist as a child and now works in climate policy, it feels like she wrote this to speak to my soul.

Inside the dodo bird is a forest, Inside the forest a peach analog, Inside the peach analog a woman, Inside the woman a lake of funerals, disappointed male lovers, scientists, Inside the lake a volcano of whale songs, Inside the volcano a language of naming, Inside the language an algorithm for de-extinction, Inside the algorithm blued dynamite to dissolve the colony’s Sun, twinkle twinkle, I didn’t mean to fall in love with failure, its molting rapture, I didn’t mean to name myself from a necklace of silent vowels, I didn’t go looking from for the bird, I entered through the empty cage, hips first —  “Bird Prelude”

boy with thorn, rickey laurentiis

rickey laurentiis is a poet who was raised in new orleans, louisiana, to study light. this is true for a lot of poetry imo, but every piece in boy with thorn requires reading at least twice in a row, because laurentiis’s use of language is so deft and stuffed with meaning that i needed to experience it from different angles. the description for the collection tells us “in a landscape at once the brutal american south as it is the brutal mind, boy with thorn interrogates the genesis of all poetic creation—the imagination itself, questioning what role it plays in both our fascinations with and repulsion from a national history of racial and sexual violence”.

Therefore, my head was kingless. I was a head alone, moaning in a wet black field. I was like any of those deserter slaves whose graves are just the pikes raised for their heads, reshackled, blue and plain as fear. All night I whistled at a sky that mocked me, that fluently changed its grammar as if to match desire in my eye. My freedom is possible, it said. —  “Conditions for a Southern Gothic”

eye level, jenny xie

this is kind of cheating because i first read eye level when it came out in 2017, but i recently reread it so i feel like it counts! jenny xie was born in anhui province, china, and now lives in the united states. eye level travels with xie from phnom penh to corfu to hanoi to new york city, and her descriptions piercing, sensual, and bottomless.

Sunday, awake with this headache. I pull apart the evening with a fork. White clot behind the eyes. Someone once told me, before and after is just another false binary. The warmed-over bones of January. I had no passport. Beneath the stove, two mice made a paradise out of a button of peanut butter. Suffering operates by its own logic. Its gropics and reversals. Ample, in ways that are exquisite. And how it leaves —not unlike how it arrives, without clear notice. —  “Zuihitsu”

i also post about english-language palestinian poetry (both written in english and in translation) in my #palestinian poets series, each of which features poems you can find online!

[ferntumbles]

Have you ever wondered about how change comes about? There are many well thought out ideas that suggest that, to see our society change we must focus on the south. The US South from Fl/Ga to Southern Cali and down into Central and South America. These regions sum up a great portion of US labor and the deepest levels of exploitation.

James Baldwin put out an idea that if this country (US) would allow itself a history, we might see ourselves to a brighter future. We might acknowledge the harm that has occurred and actually turn away. The way we’ve seen it played out so far is new renditions of slavery. New renditions of the same hatred. And so far I see we’ve addressed the same issues in the wrong order. I despise the racist KKK which holds the same presence as modern day police and prison guards.

The miscalculation in our efforts to oppose oppression is not acknowledging that their racist means of enforcement are an arm of capitalism. Time and time again we have seen that the direction of the police is more tied to maintaining wealth than actually keeping people safe or rehabilitating anyone. Their role is a means of exploitation.

So what can we do moving forward? One, acknowledge the way pursuit of wealth drives everything. Two, police are upholding Amerikan capital. The president made it illegal for railway workers to strike, and they organized around their own safety and well-being as well of those in the communities they travel across. The students currently organizing are not allowed to address the funds they (we all) produce and it’s allowance to fund war(war is an industry $$). Three, let go of petty quarrels, and align with working class struggles around the world. People are dying who don’t need to die. My job determines if I have a roof over my head.

[oguzhanahmetkara]

Vultures in the Cultures of the World - Dünya Kültürlerinde Akbabalar

Sonika Kushwaha

Indian Biodiversity Conservation Society, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India Email: sonika2107@gmail.com

Received: 18th Jan. 2016, Revised: 26th Jan. 2016, Accepted: 17th March 2016

ABSTRACT

Throughout the ages, vultures have been revered as symbols of power and insight. The cultures of various communities not only in India but from all over the world have mentioned about vultures such as Egyptians, American Indians, Pueblo Indians, Greeks, Persians and Romans. The vulture was an important being in the everyday lives of ancient people. For many vultures may be an ugly bird with a myth that they attack livestock or even human beings but the fact is vultures are an important link in the ecosystem, feeding on the dead rotten carcasses. Our ancestors valued them and utilized their scavenging nature to dispose off the dead (humans as well as animals) and keep the surroundings healthy. Various Government departments, Scientists and Conservationists are coming together to work for vulture conservation. Conservation includes both ex-situ and in-situ measures. Since we are losing them every day, International Vulture Awareness Day (First Saturday of every September) is being celebrated all over the world to make the future generation sentient about the plight of vultures.

Key words: Ancient history, Vulture, World

ÖZET

Çağlar boyunca akbabalar güç ve içgörü sembolleri olarak saygı görmüşlerdir. Sadece Hindistan'da değil, Mısırlılar, Amerikan yerlileri, Pueblo yerlileri, Yunanlılar, Persler ve Romalılar gibi dünyanın dört bir yanından çeşitli toplulukların kültürleri akbabalardan bahsetmiştir. Akbaba, eski insanların günlük yaşamlarında önemli bir varlıktı. Pek çok kişi için akbabalar, çiftlik hayvanlarına ve hatta insanlara saldırdıkları efsanesiyle çirkin bir kuş olabilir, ancak gerçek şu ki akbabalar ekosistemin önemli bir halkasıdır ve ölü çürümüş leşlerle beslenirler. Atalarımız onlara değer vermiş ve ölüleri (hem insanlar hem de hayvanlar) ortadan kaldırmak ve çevreyi sağlıklı tutmak için leş yiyici doğalarından yararlanmıştır. Çeşitli Devlet daireleri, Bilim İnsanları ve Koruma Uzmanları akbabaların korunması için bir araya geliyor. Koruma hem ex-situ hem de in-situ önlemleri içermektedir. Akbabaları her geçen gün kaybettiğimiz için, Uluslararası Akbaba Farkındalık Günü (her Eylül ayının ilk Cumartesi günü) tüm dünyada kutlanmakta ve gelecek neslin akbabaların kötü durumu hakkında duyarlı olması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Antik tarih, Akbaba, Dünya

INTRODUCTION

India lost millions of them….. the loss irreversible. Vultures, one of the most commonly sighted birds started disappearing from the Indian skies in mid 1990s. Today we are left with few thousands of them. Besides their economic importance and ecological role in keeping the environment disease free, vultures find important place in mythology too. Throughout the ages, vultures have been revered as symbols of power and insight. Throughout history and across many cultures, people have regarded Vultures with enthrallment and admiration. Vultures have been feared and respected, unloved and well-liked, considered dirty and clean, and associated with black magic and medicine, birth and death. Assumption about Vultures began in primitive legends, ages ago but passed over to the future generations through tales and fables. In early different myths, Vultures represent bravery and goodwill, and have powers of foresight. The cultures of various communities not only in India but from all over the world have mentioned about vultures such as Egyptians, American Indians, Pueblo Indians, Greeks, Persians and Romans.

The aim of this paper is to reflect the magnitude of the most efficient scavengers throughout the ancient times not only in India but across the world. There have been detailed studies regarding the role of vultures in Nature, this paper reflects their role in various cultures.

GİRİŞ

Hindistan milyonlarca akbabasını kaybetti..... bu kayıp geri döndürülemez. En sık görülen kuşlardan biri olan akbabalar 1990'ların ortalarında Hindistan semalarından kaybolmaya başladı. Bugün elimizde birkaç bin tanesi kaldı. Ekonomik önemleri ve çevreyi hastalıklardan uzak tutmadaki ekolojik rollerinin yanı sıra akbabalar mitolojide de önemli bir yer tutuyor. Çağlar boyunca akbabalar güç ve içgörü sembolü olarak saygı görmüşlerdir. Tarih boyunca ve birçok kültürde insanlar akbabalara hayranlık ve hayranlıkla bakmışlardır. Akbabalar korkulan ve saygı duyulan, sevilmeyen ve sevilen, kirli ve temiz kabul edilen, kara büyü ve tıp, doğum ve ölümle ilişkilendirilen varlıklar olmuştur. Akbabalar hakkındaki varsayımlar çağlar önce ilkel efsanelerde başlamış, ancak masallar ve tabletler aracılığıyla gelecek nesillere aktarılmıştır. Erken dönem farklı mitlerde Akbabalar cesareti ve iyi niyeti temsil eder ve öngörü güçlerine sahiptir. Sadece Hindistan'da değil, Mısırlılar, Amerikan yerlileri, Pueblo yerlileri, Yunanlılar, Persler ve Romalılar gibi dünyanın dört bir yanından çeşitli toplulukların kültürleri akbabalardan bahsetmiştir.

Bu makalenin amacı, sadece Hindistan'da değil tüm dünyada eski çağlar boyunca en etkili leş yiyicilerin büyüklüğünü yansıtmaktır. Akbabaların doğadaki rolüne ilişkin ayrıntılı çalışmalar yapılmıştır, bu çalışma ise çeşitli kültürlerdeki rollerini yansıtmaktadır.

METHODOLOGY

To know the importance of the Mother Nature’s Cleaners in various cultures around the World, all existing scientific and grey literature was located and reviewed on the mythological, cultural, occurrence and rituals associated with vultures within India and the World. Data was also collected during visits to various places like Orchha in Tikamgarh.

METODOLOJİ

Doğa Ana'nın temizleyicileri'nin dünyanın çeşitli kültürlerindeki önemini bilmek için, Hindistan ve dünyadaki akbabalarla ilişkili mitolojik, kültürel, oluşum ve ritüeller hakkında mevcut tüm bilimsel ve gri literatür bulunmuş ve gözden geçirilmiştir. Tikamgarh'daki Orchha gibi çeşitli yerlere yapılan ziyaretler sırasında da veri toplanmıştır.

VULTURES IN INDIAN CULTURE

In the epic Ramayana, Jatayu, a vulture king or Giddhraj (Fig 1) is believed to have informed Lord Rama the direction in which his wife, Sita had been abducted by Ravana, a demon (Griffith, 1870). Besides this, Sampati (Jatayu’s elder brother) helped in searching Mother Sita by telling Hanumanji, Angada and Jambuvana who were leading the group of monkeys in search of Sampati had superios vision and 100 yojans was not a big distance for him. The bird is attributed with a keen eyesight with long and high flights in the epic Ramayana. Griddhraj Parvat, which means the “hills of vultures” is a hill of religious, archeological and ecological importance situated in Devrajnagar village of Madhya Pradesh, India. Griddhraj Parvat is of great religious importance in Hindu mythology. It is believed to be the birth place of Sampati, the brother of Giddhraj “Jatayu” (Diwan, 1907).

HİNT KÜLTÜRÜNDE AKBABALAR

Ramayana destanında, bir akbaba kralı ya da Giddhraj olan Jatayu'nun (Şekil 1) Lord Rama'ya karısı Sita'nın bir iblis olan Ravana tarafından kaçırıldığı yönü bildirdiğine inanılır (Griffith, 1870). Bunun yanı sıra, Sampati (Jatayu'nun ağabeyi), Sampati'yi aramaya çıkan maymun grubuna liderlik eden Hanumanji, Angada ve Jambuvana'ya Sita Ana'yı aramada yardımcı olmuş, Sampati'nin süper vizyonu olduğunu ve 100 yojanın onun için büyük bir mesafe olmadığını söylemiştir. Kuş, Ramayana destanında uzun ve yüksek uçuşları ile keskin bir görüşe sahip olarak nitelendirilir. "Akbabaların tepeleri" anlamına gelen Griddhraj Parvat, Madhya Pradesh, Hindistan'ın Devrajnagar köyünde bulunan dini, arkeolojik ve ekolojik öneme sahip bir tepedir. Griddhraj Parvat Hindu mitolojisinde büyük bir dini öneme sahiptir. Giddhraj "Jatayu "nun kardeşi Sampati'nin doğum yeri olduğuna inanılmaktadır (Diwan, 1907).

Another place known as 'Griddhakuta' or “The Hill of Vultures” is located at Rajgir, Bihar. Lord Buddha used to dive into meditation and preaching on 'Griddhakuta' or 'The Hill of Vultures'. This was the site where he returned just after the attainment of enlightenment. Lord Buddha professed his law of motion or Dharma Pravartana Chakra on its peak (www.ajanta-ellora.com/rajgir.html). 'Griddhakuta' ya da "Akbabalar Tepesi" olarak bilinen bir başka yer de Rajgir, Bihar'da bulunmaktadır. Lord Buddha 'Griddhakuta' ya da 'Akbabalar Tepesi'nde meditasyona dalar ve vaaz verirdi. Burası aydınlanmaya eriştikten hemen sonra geri döndüğü yerdi. Lord Buddha hareket yasasını veya Dharma Pravartana Çakra'yı zirvede ilan etmiştir (www.ajanta-ellora.com/rajgir.html).

Fig.1: Wounded Jatayu with Lord Rama

Şekil 1: Yaralı Jatayu ile Lord Rama

In the history of Central Indian Art, the wall paintings of Orchha occupy a unique position (Fig.2). The artists adopted long-lasting techniques in the creation of murals, based on Vedas, the Epics and the Puranasher.

Orta Hint Sanatı tarihinde, Orchha'nın duvar resimleri eşsiz bir konuma sahiptir (Şekil 2). Sanatçılar, Vedalar, Destanlar ve Puranasher'e dayanan duvar resimlerinin yaratımında uzun ömürlü teknikler benimsemişlerdir.

Fig 2: The wall paintings of Orchha occupy a unique position

Şekil 2: Orchha'nın duvar resimleri eşsiz bir konuma sahiptir

The vultures are still seen in the antique pieces in Orchha (fig. 3). Orchha still abodes a promising population of vultures.

Akbabalar hala Orchha'daki antika eserlerde görülmektedir (Şekil 3). Orchha hala umut verici bir akbaba nüfusu barındırmaktadır.

Fig. 3: Antiques with vultures

Şekil 3: Akbabalı antikalar

The Egyptian Vulture was also considered to be a good bird in India. There is a story about two birds that visited the temple of Thirukkalukundram (hill of sacred vultures) daily for centuries: they would appear at 11 o'clock in the morning, and were ceremonially fed sweet rice and other delicacies by the priests (fig 4). According to a myth, the two birds used to be sages cursed by Shiva to live as vultures, and were visiting the temple in penance. Egyptian Vultures used to be rather common in India; what makes this case so special, however, is that it was always a pair of vultures that would visit the temple - never more. Although it is true that two birds were indeed regular visitors to the temple and photos exist of them, we can easily suppose that they were multiple generations of vultures and not incredibly long-lived individuals (The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram).

Mısır Akbabası da Hindistan'da iyi bir kuş olarak kabul edilirdi. Yüzyıllar boyunca her gün Thirukkalukundram (kutsal akbabalar tepesi) tapınağını ziyaret eden iki kuş hakkında bir hikaye vardır: sabah saat 11'de ortaya çıkarlar ve rahipler tarafından törenle tatlı pirinç ve diğer lezzetlerle beslenirlerdi (şekil 4). Bir efsaneye göre, bu iki kuş eskiden Şiva tarafından akbaba olarak yaşamaları için lanetlenmiş bilgelerdi ve kefaret için tapınağı ziyaret ediyorlardı. Mısır Akbabaları Hindistan'da oldukça yaygındı; ancak bu vakayı bu kadar özel kılan şey, tapınağı ziyaret edenlerin her zaman bir çift akbaba olmasıydı - asla daha fazla değil. İki kuşun gerçekten de tapınağın düzenli ziyaretçileri olduğu ve fotoğraflarının bulunduğu doğru olsa da, bunların inanılmaz derecede uzun ömürlü bireyler değil, birkaç nesil akbabalar olduğunu kolayca varsayabiliriz (The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram).

Fig. 4: Egyptian vultures being ceremonially fed sweet rice and other delicacies by the priests

Şekil 4: Rahipler tarafından törenle tatlı pirinç ve diğer lezzetlerle beslenen Mısır akbabaları

VULTURES IN OTHER CULTURES OF THE WORLD

In ancient Egypt, Queen Cleopatra is often depicted carrying a staff adorned with a vulture’s head-a symbol of wisdom. For the Egyptians, vultures were deities, emblems of motherhood, giving life and then later taking it back. Persians accorded them royal status because of their size and the elegance with which they glide, and the Romans used them to represent military strength.

DÜNYANIN DIĞER KÜLTÜRLERINDE AKBABALAR

Eski Mısır'da Kraliçe Kleopatra genellikle bilgeliğin sembolü olan akbaba başıyla süslenmiş bir asa taşırken tasvir edilir. Mısırlılar için akbabalar ilahtı, anneliğin simgesiydi, hayat verir ve sonra onu geri alırdı. Persler büyüklükleri ve süzülüşlerindeki zarafet nedeniyle onlara kraliyet statüsü vermiş, Romalılar ise onları askeri gücü temsil etmek için kullanmışlardır.

Among the San and other cultures in Africa, these huge, high-flying birds with their well-developed powers of observation have been explicitly accorded with Clairvoyance and mystical or magical properties. The Pueblo Indians saw the vulture as a sign of purification and the Greeks considered it to be a symbol of transformation, as old decayed flesh was removed new life emerged.

Sanlar ve Afrika'daki diğer kültürler arasında, iyi gelişmiş gözlem güçleriyle bu devasa, yüksekten uçan kuşlara açıkça durugörü ve mistik ya da büyülü özellikler atfedilmiştir. Pueblo Kızılderilileri akbabayı arınmanın bir işareti olarak görmüş, Yunanlılar ise eski çürümüş etin çıkarılmasıyla yeni bir yaşamın ortaya çıkmasını sağlayan bir dönüşüm sembolü olarak kabul etmişlerdir.

As its name suggests, the Egyptian Vulture was the sacred animal of the ancient Pharaohs; its appearance is immortalized in the Egyptian hieroglyphic alphabet as the letter A. Since the ancient Egyptians thought that all vultures were female and were spontaneously born from eggs without the intervention of a male, they linked these animals to purity and motherhood. In actuality, both genders happen to have the same appearance, the only difference being the larger size of the female. Nonetheless, they were held sacred to the mother goddess Isis; they were also elevated to the rank of deity in their own right as Nekhbet, patron of Upper Egypt and nurse of the Pharaoh (Fig 5). The priestesses of Nekhbet wore garments of white vulture feathers, and the goddess herself was often portrayed as a vulture-headed woman, her wings spread to provide protection, a circlet in her claws - the shen, symbol of infinity. Her cult was in fact linked to the eternal cycle of death and rebirth because of the vulture's role in the food chain as a scavenger and its supposed parthenogenesis; Nekhbet was venerated as the mother of mothers, who existed from the beginning (Nekhbet, the white vulture Goddess).

Adından da anlaşılacağı üzere, Mısır Akbabası eski Firavunların kutsal hayvanıydı; görünüşü Mısır hiyeroglif alfabesinde A harfi olarak ölümsüzleştirilmiştir. Eski Mısırlılar tüm akbabaların dişi olduğunu ve bir erkeğin müdahalesi olmadan yumurtadan kendiliğinden doğduğunu düşündüklerinden, bu hayvanları saflık ve annelikle ilişkilendirmişlerdir. Gerçekte, her iki cinsiyet de aynı görünüme sahiptir, tek fark dişinin daha büyük olmasıdır. Yine de ana tanrıça İsis için kutsal sayılırlardı; ayrıca Yukarı Mısır'ın koruyucusu ve Firavun'un hemşiresi Nekhbet olarak kendi başlarına tanrı mertebesine yükseltilmişlerdi (Şekil 5). Nekhbet'in rahibeleri beyaz akbaba tüyünden giysiler giyerlerdi ve tanrıçanın kendisi de genellikle akbaba başlı bir kadın olarak resmedilirdi, kanatları koruma sağlamak için açılmıştı, pençelerinde sonsuzluğun sembolü olan shen vardı.

Shen halkası

Elinde shen halkaları bulunan, Ra'nın ba'sını temsil eden koç başlı bir kuş. (Louvre müzesi)

Eski Mısır'da shen halkası, hiyerogliflerde bir ipin stilize edilmiş bir halkası olarak temsil edilen, kendisine teğet bir çizgiye sahip bir daireydi. Shen kelimesinin kendisi eski Mısır dilinde kuşatmak anlamına gelirken, shen halkası sonsuz korumayı temsil ediyordu.

Akbabanın besin zincirindeki leş yiyici rolü ve sözde partenogenezi nedeniyle kültü aslında ebedi ölüm ve yeniden doğum döngüsüyle bağlantılıydı; Nekhbet başlangıçtan beri var olan annelerin annesi olarak saygı görüyordu (Nekhbet, beyaz akbaba Tanrıça).

Fig. 5: Nekhbet

Şekil 5: Nekhbet

Egyptian vultures in general were held in high regard by ancient Etruscan and Roman culture, where they were considered messengers of the gods. Their attempts to detect the tides of good and bad luck involved a particular form of divination, called augury, based on reading the flight of birds. One such instance of augury appears in the foundation myth of Rome, when Romulus and Remus were arguing over which hill the new city would be built on and who was to be king; they decided to settle their argument by observing the flight of vultures. The high regard in which the Egyptian Vulture was held seeps through time to its modern Italian name, "capovaccaio", which means "master of cows" - a name given because of the bird's tendency to fly together with cattle (Crystalinks: Etruscans).

Genel olarak Mısır akbabaları, tanrıların habercileri olarak kabul edildikleri antik Etrüsk ve Roma kültüründe büyük saygı görmüştür. İyi ve kötü şansın gelgitlerini tespit etme girişimleri, kuşların uçuşunu okumaya dayanan ve kehanet adı verilen özel bir kehanet biçimini içeriyordu. Roma'nın kuruluş efsanesinde, Romulus ve Remus yeni şehrin hangi tepeye kurulacağı ve kimin kral olacağı konusunda tartışırken, tartışmalarını akbabaların uçuşunu gözlemleyerek çözmeye karar verdiklerinde böyle bir kehanet örneği görülür. Mısır Akbabası'nın gördüğü büyük saygı zaman içinde modern İtalyanca adı olan ve "ineklerin efendisi" anlamına gelen "capovaccaio "ya kadar sızar - bu isim kuşun sığırlarla birlikte uçma eğilimi nedeniyle verilmiştir (Crystalinks: Etrüskler).

The vulture was an important being in the everyday lives of ancient people. In Pre-Columbian times, vultures were appreciated as extraordinary beings and had high iconographic status (Fig 6).

Akbaba, eski insanların günlük yaşamlarında önemli bir varlıktı. Kolomb öncesi dönemlerde akbabalar olağanüstü varlıklar olarak takdir edilmiş ve yüksek ikonografik statüye sahip olmuşlardır (Şekil 6).

Fig. 6: The Aztec vulture vessel is one of the pots in the new Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican Pottery Gallery

Res. 6: Aztek akbaba kabı, yeni Kolomb Öncesi Mezoamerikan Çanak Çömlek Galerisi'ndeki çanak çömleklerden biri

According to the Kogi today, “No one hates this animal, because it does not do anything bad” (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1985, II:132). Its presence in art and origin myth reflects its positive and transforming character. Both the vulture’s natural history and its mythic roles indicate its importance and its connotations for Classic Maya and other Precolumbian peoples (Fig.7). One of the first most notable characteristics of Gold Pendant of a Shaman, a dynamic figure is the long, gently curving beak. This might be interpreted as an eagle or a King Vulture. It is a  soaring, shamanic bird, associated with highness and brightness. It is a transformer of death and sacrificial offerings. It is related to agriculture, for which the rulers were responsible. Vulture is a civilized being of many talents (Elizabth P.Benson, 1993).

Günümüz Kogi'lerine göre, "Kimse bu hayvandan nefret etmez, çünkü kötü bir şey yapmaz" (Reichel-Dolmatoff 1985, II:132). Sanat ve köken mitindeki varlığı, olumlu ve dönüştürücü karakterini yansıtır. Akbabanın hem doğal tarihi hem de mitsel rolleri, Klasik Maya ve diğer Kolomb öncesi halklar için önemini ve çağrışımlarını göstermektedir (Şekil 7). Dinamik bir figür olan Şamanın Altın Kolyesi'nin ilk göze çarpan özelliklerinden biri uzun, hafifçe kıvrılan gagasıdır. Bu bir kartal ya da kral akbaba olarak yorumlanabilir. Yükselen, şamanik bir kuştur, yücelik ve parlaklıkla ilişkilendirilir. Ölümün ve kurban sunularının dönüştürücüsüdür. Yöneticilerin sorumlu olduğu tarımla ilgilidir. Akbaba birçok yeteneğe sahip uygar bir varlıktır (Elizabth P.Benson, 1993).

Fig. 7: Gold Pendant of a Shaman Wearing an Avian Costume collected during Pre-Columbian (700AD to 1200AD)

Fig. 7: Kolomb Öncesi Dönemde (MS 700 ila MS 1200) Toplanan Kuş Kostümü Giyen Bir Şamana Ait Altın Kolye

In ancient Egypt, Queen Cleopatra is often depicted carrying a staff adorned with a vulture’s head-a symbol of wisdom. For the Egyptians, vultures were deities (Fig. 8) emblems of motherhood; giving life and then later taking it back (www.cosforums.com/cosarchieve/printthread.php Egyptian Mythology).

Eski Mısır'da Kraliçe Kleopatra genellikle bilgeliğin sembolü olan bir akbaba başıyla süslenmiş bir asa taşırken tasvir edilir. Mısırlılar için akbabalar anneliğin simgesi olan tanrılardır (Şekil 8); hayat verir ve daha sonra onu geri alırlar (www.cosforums.com/cosarchieve/printthread.php Mısır Mitolojisi).

Fig. 8: Africa Architecture temple wings: Ancient Egypt middle east vultures Egyptian mythology carvings hieroglyphics

Şekil 8: Afrika Mimarisi tapınak kanatları: Eski Mısır Orta Doğu akbabaları Mısır mitolojisi oymalar hiyeroglifler

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VULTURES AT PRESENT      

Disposing the dead by exposing them for excarnation is a funerary practice of the Zoroastrian community in India, the Parsees. Like the Parsis in India, Tibetans too practice “Sky burial” where human corpses are offered to the vultures or Dakinis (Sky Dancer), the equivalent of angels. They believe that vultures were created to devour corpses and that this form of disposal, limits the defiling of the earth; air; and water; that are sacred to the Parsees (Pain et al., 2003). Parsees practice a form of sky-burial in which the dead are carried by the corpse-bearers and placed on top of a sacred structure called a “Tower of Silence” (Modi, 1922), (Fig 9).

GÜNÜMÜZDE AKBABALARIN KÜLTÜREL ÖNEMİ            

Ölüleri vücut bulmaları için teşhir ederek ortadan kaldırmak Hindistan'daki Zerdüşt topluluğu Parsiler'in cenaze töreni uygulamasıdır. Hindistan'daki Parsiler gibi Tibetliler de insan cesetlerinin meleklere eşdeğer olan akbabalara veya Dakinilere (Gökyüzü Dansçısı) sunulduğu "Gökyüzü defni" uygularlar. Akbabaların cesetleri yemek için yaratıldığına ve bu imha biçiminin Parsiler için kutsal olan toprak, hava ve suyun kirlenmesini önlediğine inanırlar (Pain vd., 2003). Parsiler, ölülerin ceset taşıyıcıları tarafından taşındığı ve "Sessizlik Kulesi" (Modi, 1922) adı verilen kutsal bir yapının tepesine yerleştirildiği bir tür gökyüzü cenazesi uygularlar (Şekil 9).

Fig. 9: A corpse being carried by the corpse-bearers inside the Tower of Silence in Bombay

Şekil 9: Bombay'daki Sessizlik Kulesi'nin içinde ceset taşıyıcıları tarafından taşınan bir ceset

The corpse is completely stripped of its flesh by about 100 - 120 vultures (Satheesan et al., 1990) within an hour or two, and the bones of the denuded skeleton, when perfectly dried up are placed in the well, where they are reduced to dust. This form of burial reflects their basic belief that neither the living nor the earth should be contaminated by the dead but remain pure (Joel, 2005). There  are  Parsees  in  Iran,  Iraq,  and  India,  still  holding  on  to  this  ancient  belief,  and  to  the westerner, their burial ceremonies are quite extraordinary (Mistry, 1991). A similar death ritual is practiced by Tibetans who believe that sky-burial transports the spirit of the dead safely to heaven (Niema, 1980). Excarnation sites or charnel grounds are usually located near monasteries. Drigung Monastery is located on a steep hill in the Meldor Gungkar county of Central Tibet (Logan, 1997). After death, the corpse is cleaned and wrapped in white cloth. A ‘body-cutter’ dressed in long white aprons unwraps the corpse and within a few minutes the dead man's organs are removed and set aside for later, separate disposal. The cutters give a signal calling the vultures and the flock rushes in, covering the body completely, their heads disappearing as they bend down to tear away flesh (Logan, 1997). The vultures are enormous birds with virtually featherless head, so as not to impede the bird when reaching into a body to feed. Men pull out what remains of the corpse which is usually only a blood stained skeleton and pound the bones reducing them to splinters. This is mixed with barley flour and then thrown to the waiting crows and hawks. Remaining vultures grab slabs of softened gristle and greedily devour them. Within half an hour, the body has almost completely disappeared and what remains of the skeleton is abandoned at the burial site (Logan, 1997). In some parts of the country vultures are now so scarce that cremation is being used as an alternative to this traditional celestial burial.

Ceset, yaklaşık 100-120 akbaba tarafından (Satheesan vd., 1990) bir ya da iki saat içinde etinden tamamen sıyrılır ve tamamen kuruyan iskeletin kemikleri, toz haline getirildikleri kuyuya yerleştirilir. Bu gömme şekli, ne yaşayanların ne de toprağın ölüler tarafından kirletilmemesi, aksine saf kalması gerektiğine dair temel inançlarını yansıtmaktadır (Joel, 2005). İran, Irak ve Hindistan'da hala bu eski inancı sürdüren Parsiler vardır ve batılılar için onların cenaze törenleri oldukça sıra dışıdır (Mistry, 1991). Benzer bir ölüm ritüeli, gökyüzüne gömülmenin ölünün ruhunu güvenli bir şekilde cennete taşıdığına inanan Tibetliler tarafından da uygulanmaktadır (Niema, 1980). Ekkarnasyon alanları ya da mezarlık alanları genellikle manastırların yakınında yer alır. Drigung Manastırı Orta Tibet'in Meldor Gungkar ilçesinde sarp bir tepede yer almaktadır (Logan, 1997). Ölümden sonra ceset temizlenir ve beyaz bir beze sarılır. Uzun beyaz önlükler giymiş bir 'ceset kesici' cesedi açar ve birkaç dakika içinde ölünün organları çıkarılarak daha sonra ayrı bir yerde imha edilmek üzere bir kenara konur. Ceset kesiciler akbabaları çağıran bir işaret verir ve akbaba sürüsü cesedin üzerini tamamen örter, etleri koparmak için eğildiklerinde kafaları kaybolur (Logan, 1997). Akbabalar, beslenmek için cesede uzanırken kuşu engellememek için neredeyse tüysüz kafaya sahip devasa kuşlardır. Erkekler cesetten geriye kalanları, ki bunlar genellikle kanlı bir iskeletten ibarettir, çıkarır ve kemikleri döverek parçalara ayırır. Bu parçalar arpa unuyla karıştırıldıktan sonra bekleyen karga ve şahinlere atılır. Kalan akbabalar yumuşamış kıkırdak parçalarını kapar ve açgözlülükle yerler. Yarım saat içinde ceset neredeyse tamamen yok olur ve iskeletten geriye kalanlar gömüldüğü yere bırakılır (Logan, 1997). Ülkenin bazı bölgelerinde akbabalar artık o kadar azalmıştır ki, bu geleneksel göksel gömüye alternatif olarak yakma yöntemi kullanılmaktadır.

 CONCLUSION             

For many vultures may be an ugly bird with a myth that they attack livestock or even human beings but the fact is vultures are an important link in the ecosystem, feeding on the dead rotten carcasses. Our ancestors valued them and utilized their scavenging nature to dispose off the dead (humans as well as animals) and keep the surroundings healthy. Various departments (Forest Department, Agriculture Department, tourist Department, Education Department, archaeological Department), Scientists and Conservationists are coming together to work for vulture conservation. Conservation includes both ex-situ and in-situ measures. Since we are losing them everyday, International Vulture Awareness Day (First Saturday of every September) is being celebrated all over the world by various Government and Non-Government organizations to make the future generation sentient about the plight of vultures.

SONUÇ           

Birçok kişi için akbabalar, çiftlik hayvanlarına ve hatta insanlara saldırdıkları efsanesiyle çirkin bir kuş olabilir, ancak gerçek şu ki akbabalar ekosistemin önemli bir halkasıdır ve ölü çürümüş leşlerle beslenirler. Atalarımız onlara değer vermiş ve ölüleri (hem insanlar hem de hayvanlar) ortadan kaldırmak ve çevreyi sağlıklı tutmak için leş yiyici doğalarından yararlanmıştır. Çeşitli departmanlar (Orman Departmanı, Tarım Departmanı, Turizm Departmanı, Eğitim Departmanı, Arkeoloji Departmanı), Bilim İnsanları ve Koruma Uzmanları bir araya gelerek akbabaların korunması için çalışmaktadır. Koruma hem ex-situ hem de in-situ önlemleri içermektedir. Akbabaları her geçen gün kaybettiğimiz için, Uluslararası Akbaba Farkındalık Günü (her Eylül ayının ilk Cumartesi günü) tüm dünyada çeşitli Devlet ve Sivil Toplum kuruluşları tarafından kutlanmakta ve gelecek nesillerin akbabaların kötü durumu hakkında duyarlı olması amaçlanmaktadır.

REFERENCE

Benson Elizabeth P. (1993): The Vulture: The Sky and the Earth. In Eighth Palenque Round Table. Pp. 309-320. San Franciso: Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.

Diwan J.S. (1907): Rewa Rajya Darpan. Kothi State.

Griffith R.T.H. (1870-1874): Translated Valmiki Ramayana.

Joel Kreisberg D.C. (2005): Ecological Healing and the Web of Life, 1(2): 133-135.

Logan P. (1977): Witness to a Tibetan Sky-Burial: A Field Report [Online]. Exploration and Research Society Drigung.

Mistry R. (1991): Such a Long Journey. United Kingdom: Faber and Faber.

Modi J.J. (1922): The Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees. Mumbai: British India Press.

Niema A. (1980): Flight of the Wind Horse: A Journey Into Tibet. London: Rider.

Pain D.J., Cunningham A.A., Donald P.F., Duckworth J.W., Houston D.C., Katzner T., Parry Jones J., Poole C., Prakash V., Round P. and Timmins R. (2003): Causes and effects of temporospatial declines of Gyps vultures in Asia. Conservation Biology 17: 661-671.

Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, (1985): The Kosi. 2 vols. Bogota: Nueva Biblioteca Colombiana de Cultura.

Satheesan S.M. and Satheesan M. (1990): Scavengers on the wing. Sanctuary Asia, 10(4): 26-37.

www.ajanta-ellora.com/rajgir.html.

www.cosforums.com/cosarchive/printthread.php.

[seventyfishes]

Amerikan fascism

Fascism is here moment... but George Jackson i think correctly identifies the victory of the fascist-corporativist movement in the 1930s with the defeat of the organized communist and socialist parties (including the targeted assassinations of revolutionaries, disappearances... classic stuff). Including really innovative and dynamic social organizations, like the Communist Party in Alabama. "The movement's very existence validates literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin's observation that a culture is not static but open, 'capable of death and renewal, transcending itself, that is exceeding its own boundaries'". Fascism has been here a long time, and it changes its face all the time...

In the 30s there was a failed & small revolutionary tendency that was snuffed out; and capitalism, through its actors the ruling class, senses organized dissent and the potential awakening of the masses and contracts into a fascistic form (monopoly capitalism & person corporations). However, this is kind of second to the fact that there was actually organized dissent and some mounting mass consciousness... I keep going back and forth here but Blood in My Eye is reminding me that we are dealing with an extremely calcified system of economic and political domination.

But again, fascism is grafted onto hate already extant; there's something emotional necessary for capitalism to function... and white racial hatred is the mechanism Amerikan fascism employs. Jackson argues fascism employs science in order to combat scientific socialism. (Marx is a scientist people... as is Lenin... all great philosophers are scientists...). He means that more like in tactics, a la Mussolini bringing the cadre system to il fascio, but its also kind of literalized in the history of racial/ized science. There were KKK marches on the capitol in the 20s, and a rise of eugenics. A white socialists in Alabama in 1905 argued against the struggle against race & class on the basis that white people in Alabama were surrounded by "some eight millions of more or less civilized people, belonging to a race in a stage of evolution so far removed from our own that for aught we can see at present, assimilation must be impossible for an indefinite period." And the ruling class of Amerika really bought into that evolution shit as proof of concept of their own superiority, the inferiority of who they oppress...

Anyway fascism is so deeply embedded in our lives. That life, the life fascism dictates all but the elites have, is becoming more painful to a lot of people now, as it changes our ways in major forms. We are almost no longer required to believe we live in a participatory democracy; the mask of fascism is now fascism itself.

[revolutionarysuicide]

it's so easy to think that stuff like the bpp is further back in history than it really was but then you remember that a lot of the politicians in the us government were literally born before most of the prominent black panthers... will actually drive you to madness thinking about how many amerikan running dogs got (get) to outlive black panthers murdered in their 20s, some even in their teens... anyway death to amerika and so on you know the drill

[dove-da-birb]

I bet canadian history is more interesting...why is amerikan history so boring

...

what's canadian history like???

Okay, so it has been a bit since I've been in public school, and the most recent history course I took was a college course;

There's your standard stuff like knowing about how Canada became a country (1867), and also knowing about our Charter of Rights and Freedoms. There's also the war efforts (ranging from War of 1812 to modern peacekeeping missions).

I personally do not care what some white dude did all those years ago; like the first prime minister was a massive racist. I outright do not celebrate any holiday which celebrates colonization (Victoria Day, Canada Day, Thanksgiving, etc.).

In more recent years there has been more inclusion of the history of our Indigenous people, and the genocide that happened and is still happening today. Actually, on September 30th it's the national day of Truth and Reconciliation.

As a general disclaimer before you go searching through Canada's history; you will find genocide, as North America is a colonized continent. You will find articles and survivor accounts of "Indian" Residential 'Schools', of which they are still discovering mass graves of children. These 'schools' were an act of cultural genocide and were active until 1996, and were governed by both the government and various churches.

The history of any colonized place has a history bathed in blood, but it may not be taught due to different policies (cough, racist policies, cough).

Sorry for my bit of a tangent, I'm just so tired of people ignoring the history, because the 'past' is very much still felt today.

[liebealle]

I think it's really disingenuous how self-proclaimed capitalists attribute every famine that has ever happened under socialism to be the fault of socialism solely but they aren't willing to make the same condemnation about famines under capitalism, especially ones that were/are intentionally caused by countries like the united states and britain. for example in february biden stole $2,000,000 of famine relief money from the afghan central bank to "pay the families of 9/11 victims" even though that money was needed to save millions of people from starvation induced by intentional amerikan sanctions.

most people also dont know that winston churchill starved out 3.8 million people in india. or that 1 million people died and 1.5 million became refugees when britain starved out ireland in the 1840s all while demanding they hand over their products. the us also destroyed significant crop supplies in columbia and ecuador and brushed it off as "collateral damage."

most rebuttals to this consist of "systems dont kill people, people kill people" but then they happily attribute death by starvation to communism. my brother in christ you can't apply that logic to one and not the other. kill your double standards

it's also intellectually dishonest to only consider the richest capitalist countries to be capitalist so self-proclaimed capitalists can blame capitalist countries in the global south for excessive rates of death from things like tb or malaria. global south countries are overexploited by capitalists, not underdeveloped by themselves. inter-capitalist violence isn't uncommon under the presupposition that the victim isn't geopolitically aligned with the west.

colonial wars, slave trades (including modern ones), anticommunist campaigns [operation condor (80,000), the contra war (30-40,000), the vietnam war (2,000,000+,) the iraq war (1,000,000+, by the way, soldiers are still dying from burn pit exposure)] this is nowhere near a complete list anyway

repressions, coups, invasions, sanctions, blockades, and bombings of socialist countries (remember when bill clinton declared he was going to bomb serbia with nato and two of the primary targets were a school and a hospital?), ethnic conflicts and cleansing, neocolonial exploitation and imperialism, and victims of famines or malnutrition brings us to the incomplete total of about 100 million deaths attributed to capitalism in the 20th century alone. and it's only getting worse in the face of capitalist neglect (in the us it's inaccessible healthcare, housing, food security, devastating market crashes, preventable diseases, etc for the majority of the working population) from those free-market ghouls who think that we've reached the end of history. sorry to break the news but history is gonna end you before you end history. it's gonna keep getting worse until the inherent contradictions and instability become too much for capitalism to remain afloat.

[keii-starz]

amerikan history is boringgg 😒😒😒

[terror-bird]

Dependence Day

ㅤToday is one of the most significant days in the history of the Enslade States of Amerika. In a short time the country has proven that it is weak and depleted. Crime Syndicate hope your future affairs will go bad. Wish your Amerikan dream will ever came true, and life was filled with horror and awe and at the same time destitute. Failures, you are - feeble, stunted, weak little creatures in a weak little race.

ㅤI am increasing the working hours of my Syndicate branch on this day on the occasion of the holiday.

[manaosdeuwu]

my biggest hs win was getting the history teacher from germany to call Amerikaner US-Amerikaner 😼

[aau-2023]

Kurssiesittelyjä

Käyn läpi mun ajatuksia ja fiiliksiä mun kurssien suhteen näin kuukauden jälkeen. Teen uudelleen tän saman sit ku kaikki kurssit on loppu :D

Audiovisuaalinen tuotanto

Aka Special aspects of audiovisual media and studio production

Opettaja: Innokas äijä! Amerikkalainen videotuotannon ihminen, jolla on "vaan" Bachelor of Arts -tutkinto. Siinä mielessä jännä ku suurimmal osalla proffista on yleensä MA/tohtoriopiskelijoita, mut ei siinä mitää ku intoa ja oikeeta kokemusta löytyy 😁

Sisältö: Enimmäkseen luokkakeskustelua eri aiheista ja sit käytännön tekemistä yms. Esim. kotitehtävänä on tehä ryhmässä video ja editoida se. Sellanen käytännön kurssi mut ei olla keritty vielä käytännön juttuihin paljoa

Jotain muuta: toteutan ehkä jotain vaihtariaiheista juttua lopputyöks nii saatan postata tänne jos siit tulee tarpeeks hyvä

Sosiologia

Aka Sociology: Business and Society

Opettaja: Ihan okei. Ei herätä ajatuksia suuntaan tai toiseen. Sellanen perusjamppa

Sisältö: Ollaan käyty kaks luentoo open johdolla ja sit muut on ryhmien pitämiä opetustuokioita, eli Vaasan yliopiston kaikki äikän kurssien tyylillä mennään. Eli erilaatusia esitelmiä luvassa.

Jotain muuta: Ei oo tylsä kurssi missään nimessä. Jotenki vaa sellanen väliinputoaja verrattuna muihin mun kursseihin :D

Saksa

Aka German as a Foreign Language / Deutsch-Sprachkurs 2

Opettaja: Sellanen hassuttelija. Jäätiin jankkaan alkoholisanojen artikkeleista tokalla tunnilla toviks :Dd pitää pelejä ja tosi interaktiivinen ope

Sisältö: Laaja-alanen kielikurssi, käydään läpi eri alueita kielen opettelussa, ihan perus. Mennään kyl nopeeta tahtia mut kielikurssit on yleensä niin mekaanisia nii tää on kivaa vaihtelua

Jotain muuta: iltakurssi 18-20:30. Vähän pelotti aluks mut nyt oon tottunu ja on ihan kivaa!

Amerikan historia/kulttuuri

Aka American Culture: History and Society

Opettaja: Ihana ääni ja puhetyyli. Sillee jaksaa ylläpitää mielenkiintoo ku se puhuminen ei oo ykstoikkosta. Tuo kans esiin historian vaikutuksia nykykulttuuriin ja ylipäätään kertoo kaikkee jännää

Sisältö: Suurimmaks osaks pelkkää luennointii. Satunnaisii kysymyksii, jos käsitellään kulttuuriteoksii ja niiden tulkintaa. Torstaisin on tutorointisessio opeapulaisen kanssa, jossa käydään tarkemmin loppukokeessa esiintyviä aiheita ja kysymyksiä

Jotain muuta: Mun ainoo "massaluentokurssi", jossa arvostellaan vaan loppukoe! Kaikissa muissa on jotain kirjotustehtäviä tai ryhmäjuttuja

Videopelikurssi

Aka Focus on Culture: Queer Representation in Video Games

Opettaja: Nuorehko BA/MA:n suorittanut... opiskelija? Täällä on tyypillistä kai työllistää vierailevii professoreit pitämään yksittäksii kurssei. MUT regardless ihanat vibes, on kyl ainakin ajan hermolla ja on tähän asti onnistunu pitää kurssin hyvin

Sisältö: Luennot on ollu luokkakeskustelupainotteisia. Ollaan joka viikko saatu lukuläksy, jota me puretaan yhdessä luennoilla, liittyen videopelitutkimukseen, sukupuolentutkimukseen, queer-tutkimukseen kerätäkseen sanastoa ja eri näkökulmia sit esitelmää ja loppuesseetä varten. Seuraavat luennot on sit esitelmiä ja sillee

Jotain muuta: Aika myöhään on luennot! Klo 16-17:30, tää on kans tosi pieni kurssi, meitä on tyylii 10 :D Oon kans jo alottanu mun esitelmän, joka on vasta 26.4 ☠️ JA seminaarikursseilla on näköjään tyypillistä loppuesseen kanssa antaa REILUSTI aikaa sen tekemiseen (tän kurssin palautuspäivämäärä on 2024 puolella ö_ö ittelle neuvottelin kesäkuun puoliväliin et saan arvosanat ajoissa)

Sukupuolentutkimus

Aka Introduction to Gender Studies

Opettaja: Ihana sellanen tietopankki. On yllättävän rauhallinen verrattuna siihen, miten jotkut äijät haastaa sen opetusta rasittavalla tavalla

Sisältö: Luennot oli todella teoriapainotteisia, koska piti saada neljässä päivässä kerrottua kaikki tarvittava. Onnistu siinä kyl aika hyvin mun mielestä

Jotain muuta: Oisin tarvinu vesipyssyn sinne ku siel oli joka vitun tunnilla ne samat jätkät jotka heitti "typeriä" (ymmärrettäviä mut mun mielestä typeriä) kysymyksiä, jotka sai jokasen muijan siinä huoneessa pyörittelemään silmänsä aivojen taakse. Also pakonomainen tarve kyseenalaistaa perusjuttuja ja perus miehen röyhkeys ku omia etuoikeuksia kyseenalaistetaan ":D" / tää on blockikurssi! Eli muutama pitkä luento ja kurssi on läsnäolon osalta suoritettu, toki sit ryhmäjuttuja ja yks kotikoe myöhemmin mut ainaki on pois päiväjärjestyksestä