#basque:linguistics

[guillemelgat]

(Above: L’home dels nassos, a Catalan New Years Tradition, in the city of Tarragona, where he is represented with a tradition capgros costume; from Raquel Fabregat Moliner on Flickr.)

Kaixo @givemethelanguages, I’m your @langblrsecretsanta for this year! I saw that you’re a linguistics major and study Basque and Catalan (all of which are things I am too), so I kind of went off for your present, I hope you don’t mind. I thought it might be interesting to combine some seasonal vocabulary in Catalan and Basque with historical linguistics, so here’s some fun etymological tidbits for you! Also we should definitely talk in Basque and Catalan I need more friends who study them

revetlla

the night before a festival, like English Eve or Spanish verbena

Etymology: from vetllar ‘to hold vigil, watch over’ (cognate with English vigil), which comes from Latin vīgīlare ‘to stay awake, hold vigil’; there is also a vigilar in Catalan, which comes from the same root but is a much later loan, the first being from the 13th century and the second from the 18th century.

Home dels nassos

the “Man of the Noses”, a Catalan tradition in which there is said to be a man with as many noses as days of the year, but who only becomes visible on December 31 (when he has one nose like everyone else)

Etymology: nas ‘nose’ from Latin nāsus ‘nose’ (cf. French nez and Italian naso); the Spanish and Portuguese nariz ‘nose’ comes from Latin nāris ‘nostril’, which also gives Catalan nariu ‘nostril’. All of these, in addition to the English nose, come from Proto-Indo-European néh₂s ‘nose’.

raïm

grapes (or a bunch), which are eaten with each bell toll at midnight on New Years (same as in most of Spain)

Etymology: either from Old Occitan razim ‘grape’ or Vulgar Latin racīmus, ultimately coming from Latin racēmus ‘bunch of grapes’; compare French raisin ‘grape’ and Spanish racimo ‘bunch (of fruit)’, which come from the same root. A single grape can also be gotim, which is a Catalan innovation possibly deriving from gota ‘drop’. Another interesting grape-related word is bagot ‘unripe grape left on the vine’, which may come from Proto-Celtic *bekos ‘bee’.

campanada

a bell toll, most prominently the bell tolls at midnight on New Years (although it can refer to any bell tolling as well)

Etymology: from campana ‘bell’, from Latin campāna, the demonym for the Campania region of Italy where the best bronze to make bells came from; this in turn comes from Latin campus ‘open or flat space, plain’, meaning that Catalan camp ‘field’ and campanada are cognate (and are cognate with English camp as well).

Olentzero

the Basque Santa Claus, who comes on December 31 in the town of Ermua (although on December 24 in most places)

Etymology: of unclear origins, attested forms include Onenzaro, Onentzaro, Olentzaro, Ononzaro, and Orentzago; the most sound theory posits that it was originally Onentzaro and is derived from on ‘good’ and -zaro ‘period of time, season’, referring to the winter solstice holiday (and possibly relating to the Spanish nochebuena). The holiday is called xubilaro or subilaro in some parts of Navarre, from subil ‘Yule log’ and -zaro; in other parts it is known as sekularo, which is likely to come from Latin saeculāris ‘worldly, temporal, profane’.

Urte berri on! / Bon any nou! / Feliz año nuevo! / Happy New Year!

[guillemelgat]

Advanced Learner Challenge (Basque): Day 24

[ original post with full list of challenges / other posts by me for this challenge ]

Today’s Challenge: Look into the different dialects of your target language. Note the similarities and differences.

Interestingly enough, today in class we were watching a movie about a guy from Donostia who goes to stay at a farm around the era of the transition, and all the people speak in a really strong dialect of Basque so he has trouble understanding them. I was just thinking about how useful that would be for when I had to do the dialects post and, lo and behold, look what the post is for today!

There are 6-9 different dialects of Basque, and I looked into each of them (on Wikipedia) in the hopes of actually figuring out what they were for once.

Biscayan/Western (Bizkaiera)

spoken in Bizkaia and bordering areas in Gipuzkoa and Araba

very distinct from the other dialects of Basque

eutsi is used for NOR-NORI-NORK (e.g. dosku/deusku vs digu)

auxiliary forms dot - dok - dozu instead of dut - du [??] - duzu

z, x, s → x (look on Wikipedia if you desire full phonetic transcription of what’s happening, I didn’t want to get too fancy for this)

tz, tx, ts → tz

-itz- → -tx-

no z- on past-tense 3rd person auxiliary forms

-ea → -ie/i

-oa → -ue/u

v-Ñ-v to end words (e.g. konstituziño vs konstituzio)

Gipuzkoan (Gipuzkera)

spoken in area between the Deba River and the River Oiartzun

j (fairly) consistently pronounced [x]

joan pronounced [ˈxun]

auxiliary forms det - dek - dezu

verb infinitives ending with -tu rather than -i (e.g. bizitu vs bizi)

-a interpreted as article when it is normally considered part of the root, dropped for indefinites (e.g. gauz bat vs gauza bat)

word-initial z- pronounced tx-

Upper Navarrese

a mystery

please tell me if you actually know things about it because I couldn’t find much

seems to mostly not exist anymore

Navarro-Lapurdian (Nafarroa Beherea and Lapurtera/Lapurtara)

spoken in Lower Navarre and Labourd/Lapurdi regions of the French Basque Country

other speakers consider it “clear cut and elegant”???

retains h as a consonant

Classic Labourdin was a literary language

Souletin/Zuberoan (Zuberera/Üskara/Xiberera/Xiberotarra)

spoken in the French region of Soule

influences from Occitan

extra vowel ü [y] - most likely from contact with Béarnese Occitan

“Another distinct characteristic is the use of verb forms xuka, a form of address including in third person verbs the interlocutor marker embedded in the auxiliary verb: jin da → jin düxü (s/he came → s/he came to you)” - I am unclear about what this means exactly, please bring to me your theories

If native Basque speakers have any other comments they would be very welcome!