#class 10 economics chapter 3

[enlightcbse]

Money and Credit Class 10 Economics - SOCIAL #cbse #ncert

https://www.enlightcbse.com/post/money-and-credit-class-10-economics-cbse-ncert

[bfpnola]

introductory excerpts on intercommunalism:

Introduction

Intercommunalism is an ideology which was adopted by the Oakland chapter of the Black Panther Party after its turn away from revolutionary nationalism in 1970. According to Huey P. Newton the development of intercommunalism was necessary "because nations have been transformed into communities of the world."[1] Intercommunalists believe that most forms of nationalism are obsolescent, because international corporations and technologically advanced imperialist states have reduced most nations down to a series of discrete communities which exist to supply an imperial center, a situation called reactionary intercommunalism. They also believe this situation can be transformed into revolutionary intercommunalism and eventually communism if communities are able to link "liberated zones" together into a united front against imperialism.[2] Intercommunalism is a lesser-known aspect of the Panthers' legacy as much of its development occurred at the height of the party's suppression and reorientation towards survival programs.[3][4][5]

Reactionary Intercommunalism

Newton believed that imperialism had developed into a stage of reactionary intercommunalism. Reactionary intercommunalism is typified by the development of a tiny community of elites with a monopoly on technology and state power within a single hegemonic empire (currently the United States).[15][5]

This 'ruling circle' is different from the Bourgeoisie, which the Panthers treated as a much broader phenomenon. Newton said that "[t]here are very few controllers even in the white middle class. They can barely keep their heads above water, they are paying all the bills, living hand-to-mouth, and they have the extra expense of refusing to live like Black people." The Black bourgeoisie in particular is a "fantasy bourgeoisie" which could be rallied to a revolutionary cause through sufficient education.[12]

The ruling circle's monopoly on technology and education is important to maintaining reactionary intercommunalism, as it prevents the rest of the world's communities from fulfilling their material needs independently of the center, leaving them dependent on the Empire for advancement.[15] The ruling circle uses 'peaceful co-optation' more often than military invasion to reinforce its aims.[5]

Reactionary intercommunalism allows for no independent national sovereignty, as the dominance of the global hegemon means that all nations bend to the 'weight' of its interests.[4] Instead nations have been reduced down to constituent communities, or "a small unit with a comprehensive collection of institutions that exist to serve a small group of people." Each of these communities "want to determine their own destinies," but can only do so by joining into a revolutionary bloc. All of the communities have no superstructure apart from global capitalism, and while they have different economic conditions they are all 'under siege' by the same forces.[15][4][5][10][9]

Newton believed that if allowed to continue, reactionary intercommunalism would bring more and more of the world's population into the lumpenproletariat, including white workers. However he did not think that this would end racism, in fact he thought white workers would increasingly blame their exploitation on minorities, especially the increasingly proletarianised third world.[5]

Revolutionary Intercommunalism

Intercommunalists believe that Revolutionary Intercommunalism will come about when communities are able to break the technological monopoly of the center. Through technology, communities would be able to solve material contradictions and "develop a culture which is essentially human." Even though the Panthers disavowed the nation-state as a viable form of revolutionary political struggle, they continued to support state socialist countries such as China, North Vietnam and North Korea against American Imperialism. Indeed, they were considered the vanguard of revolutionary intercommunalism through liberating territories and establishing provisional governments ahead of the global turn towards revolutionary intercommunalism.[16] However such states could still be co-opted into reactionary intercommunalism through the introduction of western markets.[5]

While the party no longer believed in Black nationalism, they continued to believe that Black Americans would play a special role within the struggle for revolutionary intercommunalism. Due to the Atlantic slave trade, Newton believed that Black Americans were the "first real internationalists" due to their mixed cultural origin and wide dispersal among a range of communities. Since he believed Black Americans constituted a significant force for revolution within the United States, and the destruction of the United States seemed to be a prerequisite for world revolution, the Panthers continued to view Black Americans as "the vanguard of the world revolution."[17]

Criticism

Intercommunalism was strongly opposed by some Black Panthers, especially those invested in the Party's strategy of forming internationalist alliances with foreign states. Cleaver denounced the Oakland chapter as the 'right wing' of the party for their rejection of guerrilla warfare. Assata Shakur was also critical of the theory's rejection of nationalism, saying that "The problem [with intercommunalism] was that someone had forgotten to tell these oppressed communities they were no longer nations." Others, like Mumia Abu-Jamal thought that intercommunalism was a terrible rhetorical strategy, as few understood the theory and many disliked Newton's public speaking. The differences over intercommunalism were also exacerbated by FBI wire-tapping and fake letters sent between the Oakland and Algiers sections of the party.[9]

[slowpoke272]

“bullshit jobs: a theory” by david graeber

finished: july 27, 2023

(before i start on this book, LOOK AT ME READING 7 BOOKS IN ONE MONTH! okay they were all pretty darn short, but still. i can confidently proclaim this has never happened before in my life, and it’s all thanks to audiobooks. i love being able to “read” a book when folding laundry, walking, or doing any task that doesn’t demand my full attention.)

for a nonfiction read, this was quite thought-provoking. i’m not much of an economist, but obviously as a human living and working in this society i found this extremely relevant, especially in today’s working climate. companies are constantly projecting and celebrating record-breaking profits, but then there was a (false) “labor shortage” during the pandemic, yet now companies are pulling back, cutting costs, etc. in preparation for some big economic downturn because they don’t want all their cards to tumble when the next round of shit hitting the fan commences. i digress. this is not my cup of tea for discussion, as i find people make their minds up too easily with too little information (pretty much solely based off memes shared on social media). i include myself in this category, which is why i mostly don’t talk about economics.

so when i came across this book this year, the title grabbed me and my curiosity got the best of me. which jobs are bullshit? how do we tell? is mine? i probably know a thing or two about bullshit jobs, with my corporate background... so i had to find out. this book is elegantly thorough and blossoms like a flower in spring. chapters 1-3 were a lot of semantics, defining key terms and concepts, labeling which jobs are bullshit, why they’re bullshit, who made them, and why. the key theme of this book is to fully examine all facets and to look at the why. i was not expecting this book to then pivot left, but i’m all for it and now feel like i have a bit more knowledge when it comes to the economy, specifically jobs. i started off nodding my head a lot, snarking at the sass and feeling validated for a lot of the existential dread i developed during my “big corporate company” tenure.

this falls into that insatiable category of “the people who need to read/know this knowledge the most are the least likely to obtain/digest it.” and for that, :///////// but also i really enjoyed the details and examples throughout the entire book. i think for me this whole book could have been divided into a single semester/one-off class with visual aides that would make the information stick even better, but for words on a piece of paper, david graeber was an excellent author and i’d be interested to read his sort of follow-up book, the dawn of everything (2021). on one hand, it’s nice to have been introduced to such a prolific and poignant leftist, but on the bummer hand i found out he passed away in 2020. also quite something that he was born in my parents’ generation and held this beliefs so sternly, love that for him and us.

so yeah, though my tagline for the rating here says “i wouldn’t necessarily recommend,” the caveat is i would recommend this to anyone who is able to intellectually handle this. i have some libertarian friends who wouldn’t make it beyond chapter 1. this is definitely where i hope society is headed, and this book was able to give me a plethora of economic know-how while not only holding back the existential dread, but providing actual realistic hope for the future. when you consider this theory in full after it’s completely explained, i can’t imagine for a good argument “for” bullshit jobs, and in fact graeber addresses the most common arguments against his theory in the book.

a good, heavy, dense dose of reality and nonfiction for our current world. very informative. i’m ready, however, to twist back into the world of insanity fiction, and i just so happen to have already started my next journey into the abyss which definitely seems promising. ‘til next time.

rating: 7/10 really enjoyed but wouldn’t necessarily recommend

[omcmedicalblogs]

LEGACY MEDICAL DEVICES REQUIREMENTS IN EUROPE

Legacy medical devices include all previously regulated devices under the Medical Devices Directives (MDD 93/42/EEC 90/385/EEC) and In-vitro Diagnostic Devices Directive (IVDD 98/79/EC).

Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG) published the guidance documents on the Application of EU MDR to legacy devices and Legacy device management for Legacy devices.

There are three terminologies to guide the manufacturers – old devices, legacy devices and MDR devices.

‘Old devices’ were placed on the market before 26 May 2021, holding valid Medical Device Directive Certificates or the AIMDD certificates.

‘Legacy Devices’ are those devices that have a valid CE certificate under the directives MDD and IVDD that were placed after 26 May 2021 or those that require a conformity assessment to be carried out.

A Class III device, for example, can be considered a legacy device because of the conformity tests done and valid CE certificates. Class Is / Im devices with self-declared certificates do not fall under this category.

Legacy devices must be MDR compliant under the prescribed transitional timelines set by the MDR (2017/745). The transitional provisions and timelines can be found in Article 120 of the EU MDR.

https://jpcdn.it/img/f11f7ed767582b76241c3f66062badfa.png

This topic focuses on the Legacy Devices requirements per MDR 2017/745. EU MDR aims to implement the following aspects of medical devices:

Identification- This is achieved by Unique Device Identifiers (UDI).

Transparency- The Database available in EUDAMED (European Databank on Medical Devices.) ensures that the device description and details of different economic operators are open and easily accessible for users.

Surveillance-Post-Market Surveillance, vigilance reporting and Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSUR) are prime importance under MDR.

Identification of Legacy Medical Devices

To ensure proper identification of medical devices, UDI is implemented under MDR. Read more about UDI in our article on UDI (Unique Device Identification) system. For legacy devices, the identification is made possible with the help of EUDAMED-DI.

Some manufacturers may have implemented UDI to their medical devices. In such cases, the device identifier is obtained from the UDI-DI. Devices that do not have UDI should have a EUDAMED-DI designated by the manufacturer.

The European Commission document on the Management of legacy devices can be used to understand the different device identifiers.

Application of Post Market Requirements to Legacy Devices

All relevant requirements mentioned in MDR apply to legacy devices as well. This includes post-market surveillance, market surveillance and vigilance.

Manufacturers need to keep in mind the information required under Article 83 and Chapter VII of EU MDR while implementing a post-market surveillance system.

The Notified bodies must consider the new requirements applicable to manufacturers resulting from the transitional provisions as part of the surveillance framework.

Application of other MDR requirements to legacy devices

Application of all other requirements should be implemented to contribute to post-market surveillance, market surveillance, vigilance, and registration of economic operators and devices. This ensures an all-rounded and well-functioning surveillance system.

The other MDR requirements applicable to legacy devices are as follows.

Article 10(12-15)

Obligations of manufacturers for market surveillance, field safety notices and vigilance.

Article 11 (3) (c-g) and 11 (7)

Obligations of Authorised representatives.

Article 13 (2,4,5,6,10)

Importer obligations for IFU, labelling, and register of complaints.

Article 14 (2,4,6)

Distributor obligations.

Article 22

Article on system and procedure packs.

Article 29

Article of registration of medical devices and UDI.

Article 31

Article of registration of manufacturers, authorized representatives, and importers.

Article 83-100

Articles 83-88 on PMS, PSUR, vigilance, serious incident reporting, field safety corrections, and trend reporting.

Articles 89-99 on analysis of data, implementing acts, market surveillance activities, electronic system on market surveillance and others.

Articles 98-100 on Preventive health protection measures, Good administrative practice, and electronic system for market surveillance.

Get detailed information here: https://omcmedical.com/legacy-medical-devices-requirements-in-europe/

[markwatsonsbooks]

AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate (SAA-C03) Exam Guide by SK Singh

Unlock the potential of your AWS expertise with the "AWS Solutions Architect Associate Exam Guide." This comprehensive book prepares you for the AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate exam, ensuring you have the knowledge and skills to succeed.

Chapter 1 covers the evolution from traditional IT infrastructure to cloud computing, highlighting key features, benefits, deployment models, and cloud economics. Chapter 2 introduces AWS services and account setup, teaching access through the Management Console, CLI, SDK, IDE, and Infrastructure as Code (IaC).

In Chapter 3, master AWS Budgets, Cost Explorer, and Billing, along with cost allocation tags, multi-account billing, and cost-optimized architectures. Chapter 4 explores AWS Regions and Availability Zones, their importance, and how to select the right AWS Region, including AWS Outposts and Wavelength Zones.

Chapter 5 delves into IAM, covering users, groups, policies, roles, and best practices. Chapter 6 focuses on EC2, detailing instance types, features, use cases, security, and management exercises.

Chapter 7 explores S3 fundamentals, including buckets, objects, versioning, and security, with practical exercises. Chapter 8 covers advanced EC2 topics, such as instance types, purchasing options, and auto-scaling. Chapter 9 provides insights into scalability, high availability, load balancing, and auto-scaling strategies. Chapter 10 covers S3 storage classes, lifecycle policies, and cost-optimization strategies.

Chapter 11 explains DNS concepts and Route 53 features, including CloudFront and edge locations. Chapter 12 explores EFS, EBS, FSx, and other storage options. Chapter 13 covers CloudWatch, CloudTrail, AWS Config, and monitoring best practices. Chapter 14 dives into Amazon RDS, Aurora, DynamoDB, ElastiCache, and other database services.

Chapter 15 covers serverless computing with AWS Lambda and AWS Batch, and related topics like API Gateway and microservices. Chapter 16 explores Amazon SQS, SNS, AppSync, and other messaging services. Chapter 17 introduces Docker and container management on AWS, ECS, EKS, Fargate, and container orchestration. Chapter 18 covers AWS data analytics services like Athena, EMR, Glue, and Redshift.

Chapter 19 explores AWS AI/ML services such as SageMaker, Rekognition, and Comprehend. Chapter 20 covers AWS security practices, compliance requirements, and encryption techniques. Chapter 21 explains VPC, subnetting, routing, network security, VPN, and Direct Connect. Chapter 22 covers data backup, retention policies, and disaster recovery strategies.

Chapter 23 delves into cloud adoption strategies and AWS migration tools, including database migration and data transfer services. Chapter 24 explores AWS Amplify, AppSync, Device Farm, frontend services, and media services. Finally, Chapter 25 covers the AWS Well-Architected Framework and its pillars, teaching you to use the Well-Architected Tool to improve cloud architectures.

This guide includes practical exercises, review questions, and YouTube URLs for further learning. It is the ultimate resource for anyone aiming to get certified as AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate.

Order YOUR Copy NOW: https://amzn.to/3WQWU53 via @amazon

[pramitab]

The Ultimate Study Plan for Excelling in Your CMA Foundation Class

Embarking on the journey to become a Certified Management Accountant (CMA) is a commendable decision. The CMA Foundation course is your first stepping stone, and excelling in it requires a strategic study plan. Here’s how you can create an effective and efficient study plan that sets you up for success.

1. Understand the Syllabus and Exam Format

Before diving into your studies, familiarize yourself with the CMA Foundation syllabus and exam format. The syllabus typically covers four main areas: Fundamentals of Economics and Management, Fundamentals of Accounting, Fundamentals of Laws and Ethics, and Fundamentals of Business Mathematics and Statistics. Knowing the weightage of each section will help you allocate your study time effectively.

Check out: Cma Foundation Classes in Pune

2. Create a Realistic Study Schedule

Developing a study schedule is crucial for consistent progress. Break down the syllabus into manageable chunks and set specific goals for each week. Aim for a mix of topics to keep your study sessions engaging. For instance, you could dedicate Mondays and Wednesdays to Accounting, Tuesdays and Thursdays to Economics, and so on. Ensure your schedule includes breaks and leisure time to avoid burnout.

3. Gather Quality Study Materials

Invest in quality study materials that cover the entire syllabus comprehensively. Official CMA study guides, textbooks, and reference materials are a good starting point. Additionally, online resources such as video lectures, practice tests, and forums can provide supplementary learning and clarify doubts.

4. Active Learning Techniques

Active learning techniques enhance understanding and retention. Instead of passively reading textbooks, engage with the material. Take notes, create mind maps, and summarize chapters in your own words. Teaching concepts to a peer or even to yourself can also reinforce your understanding.

5. Practice, Practice, Practice

Practicing past exam papers and sample questions is crucial. It not only familiarizes you with the exam format but also helps identify areas where you need improvement. Time yourself while solving practice papers to improve your speed and accuracy. Review your answers critically to understand your mistakes and learn from them.

6. Join a Study Group

Joining a study group can be highly beneficial. It provides a platform to discuss difficult topics, share resources, and stay motivated. Group studies can offer diverse perspectives and problem-solving approaches that you might not have considered.

7. Regular Revision

Regular revision is key to retaining information. Schedule weekly revision sessions to review what you’ve learned. Use flashcards, summaries, and practice tests to reinforce your memory. Revising regularly helps in long-term retention and makes final exam preparation less stressful.

8. Seek Help When Needed

Don’t hesitate to seek help if you’re struggling with a particular topic. Reach out to your instructors, classmates, or look for online tutorials. Sometimes, a different explanation can make a complex concept clear.

9. Stay Healthy and Manage Stress

Your physical and mental well-being significantly impact your study performance. Ensure you get enough sleep, eat a balanced diet, and incorporate physical activity into your routine. Techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, and maintaining a positive mindset can help manage stress.

10. Stay Consistent and Stay Positive

Consistency is key in your CMA Foundation preparation. Stick to your study schedule and stay disciplined. Celebrate small achievements along the way to stay motivated. Believe in your abilities and maintain a positive attitude throughout your preparation journey.

By following this ultimate study plan, you’ll be well on your way to excelling in your CMA Foundation class. Remember, success is a combination of smart work, consistent effort, and a positive mindset. Good luck!

Read more: cma foundation free classes

[maddalenafragnito]

A LIFE WORTH LIVING: A WORKSHOP ON STRUGGLE, CARE AND JOY

18-21 May 2024

Kunstenfestivaldesarts, KVS. Brussel

Workshops

18.05, 12:00 – 16:30 19 – 21.05, 10:00 – 16:30 Free upon registration between 3 and 22 April, limited capacity

Public talks

18 – 21.05, 17:30 – 19:00 Free entrance  

"We are not just fighting for the working rights of domestic workers: we want the social reorganization of care." (from Biosindicalismo desde los territorios domésticos by Territorio Doméstico)

This 4-day school on the politics of care, open upon registration to people interested in work and care practices, brings together two existing groups. Territorio Doméstico is a Madrid-based collective focused on the struggle and emancipation of women, mostly migrants, and domestic and care workers (trabajadoras de hogar y cuidado). Operating at the intersection of feminism and workers’ rights, they fight racist, economic and institutional violence, proposing a form of unionism called ‘bio-syndicalism’ that places life at the centre of its actions. The Ligue des travailleuses domestiques sans papiers of the CSC Brussels leads a political struggle for access to legal work and a dignified life. The school is an opportunity for all involved to share political tools, artistic methodologies, advice on care for care workers, resistance dances, battle songs and joy in activism. Different interveners will join the classes, among them Silvia Federici, Lia Rodrigues, Lea Melandri, Maddalena Fragnito and Liryc Dela Cruz. At the end of each day, a moment with them is open to a wider audience. This is a source of inspiration for all those involved in social struggles.

Public talks

Liryc Dela Cruz

18.05  17:30 | English

Liryc Dela Cruz is an artist and filmmaker from Tupi, Philippines, who studied and worked with artists such as Lav Diaz and Apichatpong Weerasethakul. One of his latest projects, Il Mio Filippino: To Those Who Care To Feel, focused on the invisibility of Filipino domestic workers and gave birth to a performance and installation. With his invitation to the festival, Dela Cruz creates a new lecture-performance.

Ligue des travailleuses domestiques sans papiers/CSC Bruxelles & guests

19.05  17:30 | French Moderation: Safia Kessas

Grand Ménage au Tribunal is a sound installation that collects the voices of militants from the Ligue des travailleuses domestiques sans papiers addressing Belgian political shameful inaction during a fictional trial. It is a crucial moment to discuss care, labour and migration and their role in the political debate.

Silvia Federici & Territorio Doméstico

20.05  17:30 | Spanish, English → EN Registration required

In 1975, Silvia Federici published Wages Against Housework, one of the fundamental texts of contemporary feminism that reflects on the condition of domestic work within the dynamics of unobserved exploitation in capitalism. She will be in conversation with Territorio Doméstico, to discuss their book Biosindicalismo desde los territorios domésticos and thus add a chapter to their enduring collaboration.

Lea Melandri & Maddalena Fragnito

21.05  17:30 | Italian, English → EN With the support of the Instituto Italiano di Cultura in Brussels

The documentary Scuola senza fine (Adriana Monti, 1983, 40min) portrays a group of women who complete their secondary school education through a worker-union-sponsored course with feminist, activist and writer Lea Melandri. The participants reconsider their role as housewives and the effects of this type of political education on their self-narration. This outstanding documentary presentation is followed by a conversation between Lea Melandri and Maddalena Fragnito.

[testbankprovidersell]

Test Bank for Essentials of Sociology Seventh Edition by Anthony Giddens

Contents Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method Chapter 2: Culture and Society Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday life in the Age of the Internet Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality Chapter 8: Global Inequality Chapter 9: Gender Inequality Chapter 10: Race, Ethnicity, and Racism Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships Chapter 12: Education and Religion Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality Chapter 15: Urbanization, Populations, and the Environment Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World Read the full article

[cccrhirdb2]

independent week 7

Task 1

Reflect: Have a look at your responses to Chapter 7 Tikanga: Doing  it Differently by Keri Opai  

well we didn't discuss it much in class because we moved on to making our groups but!! what I do recall discussing/saying is that Catherine was like this is a great resource for pakeha and maori alike to understand concepts around tikanga/tikanga in a really digestible way - super easy to read and made so that it explains concepts well etc.

How did this weeks class discussion deepen or help develop and expand your initial understanding? You could write about this in a sentence or two, or you could go back and add to your original notes.

I feel like alot of the academic readings I have done on tikanga/tapu and noa academic readings they make it really hard to understand the concepts (of tapu and noa) because of the way they are written. with so many extra words that make it really hard to understand the point of the writing or what I am supposed to understand about tapu and noa and tikanga in general. I am also super interested to be introduced to the term - tauiwi, meaning a non-maori or especially non indigenous new zealander. in general I like this book/guide - it presents tikanga as yes/no ways of acting in line with tikanga maori and its really helpful!! because I am introduced to concepts in a digestible way rather than a whole bunch that are overexplained/not put simply so I feel incredibly confused about what is the way to act.

Task 2

Discover or reintroduce yourself to Te Tiriti o Waitangi (pdf file on Stream).

Read both versions: te reo Pākehā and te reo Māori

Review Hugh Kawharu's notes (column 3 in the above file)

article 1 talks about how the queen / queen representative would have power to rule over both maori and pakeha - whereas the maori version stated that maori would continue to exist without interference from the crown.

article 2 talks about how cheifs in new Zealand will still have every right to their own land and country and that their land will not be sold at a price or sold at all unless both parties agree

article 3 talks about giving maori people the same rights as British citizens but in their own country - but this doesn't really account that maori have their own system (tikanga maori) of acting in society.

Write notes and attempt to illustrate what comes into mind as you review Hugh Kawharu's responses to the Treaty: how does it relate to your own perspective?

i hate reading law documents or documents about laws etc. they are always so hard to read because they make them like that so you can get confused. then reading the maori version translated I am getting confused by all the footnotes and loosing myself in them.

I just feel confused mostly about what the treaty is saying because of the English version - like english is my native language and I have no idea what it's trying to say at all. Like I read the two versions and I don't understand how they are different other than their wording but I guess that is the point of them - they are worded differently so they are difficult to comprehend in relation to one another!

Then choose one of Kawharu's notes and reflect on its significance in your workbook, and the broader implications of this for artists and designers, culturally, politically, socially, philosophically, economically and so on…

my chosen footnote and the passage from which footnoted;

For this agreed arrangement therefore concerning the Government of the Queen, the Queen of England will protect all the ordinary people of New Zealand and will give them the same rights and duties (10) of citizenship as the people of England (11).

(11) There is, however, a more profound problem about "tikanga". There is a real sense here of the Queen "protecting" (i.e. allowing the preservation of) the Maori people's Tikanga (i.e. customs) since no Maori could have had any understanding whatever of British Tikanga (i.e. rights and duties of British subjects.)This, then, reinforces the guarantees in Article 2.

im not gonna lie I dont fully comprehend what this is asking me to do but basically my understanding is that the treaty determined that maori/all citizens in new Zealand would live under the same rights and duties (such as rights and duties of the British citizens) this comes as a crossroads as Kawharu mentions/notes as the way of acting (ethics/values) for British citizens is completely different. Their society and way of regarding and treating each other is completely different to ours as we live in completely different societies so culturally speaking there can be some shock as to the differences between the two - such as items that are considered tapu and noa.

then because there is a lack of understanding from either group/nation of peoples (maori/settlers) there is problems socially because of what is perceived as a lack of respect or acting in a disrepectful way because either party does not know the customs.

this all applies to artists and designers, making without considering tikanga can lead to social faux-pas and much worse situations such as take-utu-ea where there is an issue that needs to be resolved because one party has offended another through the work produced as not all ideals of tikanga were considered (maybe only customs in terms of pakeha were considered rather than in the context of tikanga maori).

[studyupindia]

NCERT Class-8 Social and Political Life ( English Medium )

(All books are 100℅ original and as per the latest NCERT syllabus. Prices includes Rs. 32 per book mandatory binding charges.)

This Class 8 Books Contains :

Unit One: The Indian Constitution and Secularism

Chapter 1: The Indian Constitution

Chapter 2: Understanding Secularism

Unit Two: Parliament and the Making of Laws

Chapter 3: Why do we need a Parliament?

Chapter 4: Understanding Laws Unit Three: The Judiciary

Chapter 5: Judiciary

Chapter 6: Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

Unit Four: Social Justice and the Marginalised

Chapter 7: Understanding Marginalisation

Chapter 8: Confronting Marginalisation

Unit Five: Economic Presence of the Government

Chapter 9: Public Facilities

Chapter 10: Law and Social Justice

As Studyupindia provides products with quick delivery, easy exchanges from trusted sellers . NCERTS Books

[tyalexisss]

Chapter 10 Fieldwork

The first article titled "Beyond Reparations and the Case for Black Prosperity". Can coincide with Bourdieu's theory of social class. Bourdieu's theory of social class includes something called "habitus", which is the dispositions, self=perceptions, sensibilities and tastes developed in response to external influences over time. For example in this article it says "It’s easy to fall into that zero sum mindset, especially during times of excruciating strain, like a global pandemic and economic crisis. But we outright reject the scarcity model that pits communities of color against each other to fight for scant crumbs when, together, we can create a bigger pie." This is saying that black people need to reach for higher when it comes to reparations and to stop accepting the things we are told about one another and believe that we deserve better. This is an example of "habitus" which is in his model.

2. The second article titled "Attempting to Untangle the Royal Inheritance", can coincide with Weber's theory of social class. In his theory he refers to something as prestige, meaning wealth and social hierarchy is bestowed on certain people because of their membership of certain groups. In this article the Royal Family is an example of prestige through wealth. They pass down their inheritance as said in the article.

3. The third article titled "Yes, the Rich are Different" can coincide with Marx's theory of social class. In this article it explains the differences between the lower, middle and upper class Americans and how they view each other. It shows that the lower and middle class are viewed as hardworking by the upper class. in Marx's theory he says that labor is the key source of value and profit in the marketplace. There are similarities between his theory and this article.

[examcentraladda]

CBSE Notes for Class 10

Science

Physics

Biology

Chemistry

Chapter 1 - Chemical Equations and Reactions

Chapter 2 - Acids, Bases, and Salts

Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals

Chapter 4 - Carbon and its Compounds

Social Studies

History - India and Contemporary World

Chapter 1 - Rise of Nationalism In Europe

Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India

Chapter 3 - Making of a Global World

Chapter 5 - Print Culture And the Modern World

Civics - Democratic Politics II

Chapter 1 - Power Sharing

Chapter 2 - Federalism

Chapter 4 - Gender, Religion and Caste

Geography - Contemporary India II

Chapter 1 - Resources and Development

Economics - Understanding Economic Development I

Chapter 2 - Sectors of the Indian Economy

[idstudy]

Test Bank for Introduction to Sociology Seagull Eleventh Edition by Deborah Carr

Contents Part I: The Study of Sociology Chapter 1: What Is Sociology? Chapter 2: Asking and Answering Sociological Questions Part II: The Individual and Society Chapter 3: Culture and Society Chapter 4: Socialization and the Life Course Chapter 5: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age of the Internet Chapter 6: Groups, Networks, and Organizations Chapter 7: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime Part III: Structures of Power Chapter 8: Stratification, Class, and Inequality Chapter 9: Global Inequality Chapter 10: Gender Inequality Chapter 11: Ethnicity and Race Chapter 12: Aging Chapter 13: Government, Political Power, and Social Movements Part IV: Social Institutions Chapter 14: Work and Economic Life Chapter 15: Families and Intimate Relationships Chapter 16: Education Chapter 17: Religion in Modern Society Part V: Social Change in the Modern World Chapter 18: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality Chapter 19: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment Chapter 20: Globalization in a Changing World Read the full article

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“Religion, empire, and torture. The case of Achaemenian Persia, with a postscript on Abu Ghraib

Bruce Lincoln, Religion, empire, and torture : the case of Achaemenian Persia, with a postscript on Abu Ghraib. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 1 online resource (xvii, 176 pages) : illustrations. ISBN 9780226481913 $30.00.

Review by

Tytus K. Mikolajczak, University of Gdansk. tmikolaj@gmail.com

Table of Contents

The focus of this study is the relation between religion and empire. Already in one of his earlier studies Lincoln noticed the similarity in the way two empires—ancient Iran and modern United States—employed ethical dualism in justifying their imperial expansion,1 and this problem is here explored in greater detail. The main part (pp. 1-96) of the book deals with the religious ideology and related problems of Achaemenid Persia, the Western Asian empire which existed from 6th to 4th century BC. This is a valuable contribution, as the problem has not often been treated in the secondary literature, especially in recent times. A short postscript near the end of the book (pp. 97-107) is a study of some recent events connected with the war in Iraq, when, according to Lincoln, the United States utilized an ideological framework similar to that of ancient Persia.

In the preface the author emphasizes the importance of the royal Achaemenid inscriptions. Indeed, most of the book is based on interpreting these texts, and within them Lincoln finds the evidence for his reconstruction of the ideology of the empire. One of his main arguments from the inscriptions is that the Achaemenid king considered himself to be “God’s chosen instrument,” who acted beneficially on behalf of his people, with the ultimate purpose of reconstructing primordial happiness. At the same time, Lincoln rightly avoids taking part in a recurring debate on labeling the religion of the Achaemenids and determining to what extent one can call it Zoroastrianism. For him cosmological, ethical, and soteriological issues, and their implications for the ideology empire are far more important (pp. XIII, 15-16).

At the beginning of the “Introduction” Lincoln contrasts two ostensibly opposite faces of the Achaemenid empire: on the one hand elaborate and spectacular gardens, known by the Greeks as paradeisoi, on the other hand sophisticated and extremely cruel tortures (pp. 1-2). The author also discusses the ideological aspects of the transition from the reign of Cyrus to that of Darius (pp. 3-5). An introduction to the early history of the Persians follows, where the author makes some necessary simplifications for such a short text (e.g. Persians and Cyrus are still presented as vassals of Medes, an idea which has been completely rejected by some scholars2).

The figure of Darius, the founder of the royal ideology, is of much importance for the book (pp. 8-9). Lincoln focuses on important terms employed for the first time in Darius’ inscriptions. There, the king himself is shown as the protector against three main menaces to the well-being of his people: enemy armies, famine, and the Lie, and he employs appropriate means to prevent these threats (pp. 10-12).3 Persian kings exercised power over the world: the Old Persian word, which was employed to name their territories, bumi, translated often as “empire,” in fact denotes “earth” (p. 13).

At the beginning of the next chapter, “Center and Periphery” (chapter 2), Lincoln analyzes the composition of Darius’ relief in Bisitun (p. 17), which, in the author’s opinion, symbolizes the power relationships of the empire. According to the author, Persians, as the “dominant class-ethnicity” (using Pierre Briant’s term “ethno-classe dominante”), “exercised power over a large . . . number of other peoples, who retained their ethnic identity but were politically and economically subordinated. . . .” (pp. 22-25). The author observes that the list of satrapies on the inscriptions is organized according to the four cardinal directions,4 and the less their distance from the center, the higher their position and importance. He claims that Persians followed the same principle described by Herodotus [I.134] regarding the gradual spread of power in the Median empire.5

In chapter 3, “God’s Chosen,” Lincoln refers to the different ways in which Persian rule was legitimized. He mentions the well-known examples of the Herodotean legend regarding the origin of Cyrus, the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Book of Isaiah. Similarly, Egyptian inscriptions present Cambyses with proper titles, and Herodotus quotes his alleged links with Egyptian royalty (pp. 33-36). Lincoln rightly notices that “the early Persian kings showed little interest in imposing their beliefs” (pp. 44-45). In the later period, Darius clearly informs us about his god, the Wise Lord (Ahuramazda). He is the deity who bestowed the kingship (or kingdom) on Darius, and his successors. The god’s purpose in this bestowal of authority is also clear. As Lincoln observes, Darius is shown as the antithesis of the Lie and his mission is to restore order (pp. 44-49).

The chapter “Creation” (chapter 4) refers to Ahuramazda’s act of creation. This is the god’s only action that did not have the Persian king as its object (p. 51). In the DNa inscription, in contrast to the myth of creation found in most mythologies, the making of the earth ( bumi) occurs first, before the creation of the sky. This implies that when Ahuramazda made the earth he knew that Darius would later become the ruler of it (p. 53). An important observation that Lincoln especially emphasizes is the interval implied by the Achaemenid cosmogony, which occurred between the original creation and the moment when Ahuramazda installed Darius as king. In this period original happiness was lost because of the assault of the Lie, which manifested itself for example in rebellions and usurpations. However, with the installment of Darius, the forces of good are triumphant: “the Lie is destroyed, and perfect happiness will endure forever” (pp. 59-62).6

In chapter 5, “Microcosms, Wonders, Paradise,” Lincoln interprets Achaemenid inscriptions through comparison with Zoroastrian myths, where the Wise Lord’s original creation was corrupted and fragmented by the Assault of the Evil Spirit. This is supposed to be reversed at the end of history, when the pollution will be cleansed by frashgird, that is “the Renovation” or “Wondermaking” (p. 67). The Achaemenids wanted to reunite the creation of Ahuramazda. One such attempt was Darius’ palace in Susa, which is called a frasha, “wonder.” As this term originally denoted the pure, uncontaminated matter of the universe, Darius’ palace, according to Lincoln, was a place where rare and exotic substances from the whole world were again reunited as part of the attempt to restore the primordial perfection (pp. 73-76).

Walled parks, which bore the Old Persian name of paridaida (the ancestor of the English word “paradise”) were also such a place of reunification. The paradise was a place in which ideally all species should be gathered. However, until the Persian king conquered the whole earth, he would achieve only something less than ideal. Thus, for Lincoln such an Achaemenid paradise was “a foretaste of the delights awaiting the righteous after death and at history’s end” (pp. 78-79). In fact, it seems that Persian paradises might also have served more mundane purposes as craft and livestock centers. However, the “sacred” character of these places might be confirmed by the possibility that these gardens were places of cultic activities as well.7

The next chapter, “The Dark Side of Paradise,” explores sinister aspects of the existence of the empire. Lincoln quotes the history based on Ctesias’ account cited by Plutarch ( Artaxerxes XIV.3-XVI.4; FGrH 3c, 688, F26), which describes the punishments of a certain Carian soldier and a Persian noble called Mithridates, who both refused to acknowledge the crucial role of the king Artaxerxes II in killing his brother Cyrus the Younger at the battle of Cunaxa (pp. 85-87). Although Ctesias is usually portrayed as a biased and unreliable author,8 here drawing on the stereotype of a barbarian despot, Lincoln offers a convincing interpretation of this fragment, while at the same time making Ctesias’ account more reliable than generally thought. According to the author, methods of torture cited by him find their explanations in Iranian traditions, which were transmitted by Zoroastrian writings. Lincoln collates these events with the ancient practice of judicial ordeals, and therefore does not interpret them as a vindictive punishment.

The second individual, Mithridates, was put to death in an especially cruel way [Artaxerxes XVI.2-4]. He was confined between two troughs, smeared and fed with honey, and attacked by insects until death. This kind of torture is sometimes referred to as scaphism. Mithridates’ claim that he himself was responsible for the death of Cyrus made a liar of the king. Achaemenid kings, according to their ideology, were God’s chosen because they were antithetical to the Lie. Through the ordeal of troughs, the king was thought to be cleared of suspicion, and Mithridates convicted of the crime of lying (pp. 88-93). In this perverse way the vicious defense against gossip becomes a part of the sacred struggle against the Lie. Lincoln shows this as an example where the empire is able to commit extremely inhuman actions and interpret their results as an evidence of its lofty ideology (p. 94).

Summarizing the section on the Achaemenid religion, Lincoln sees two phases in the history of the Persian Empire: a first phase in which conquest and exploitation of the conquered are shown as an attempt to rebuild primordial paradise and the deeds of the king bear a soteriological justification, and a second phase in which it becomes more and more difficult to reconcile ideals with practice. In this second phase, the representatives of the empire had to be convinced again that these disgusting actions were an appropriate way to accomplish the sacred purpose (pp. 94-96).

In the postscript to the book, “On Abu Ghraib and Some Related Contemporary Matters,” Lincoln observes similar mechanisms in the contemporary history of the U.S. He begins with the May 2003 address of George W. Bush, in which one may find the same motifs as in Achaemenid ideology: “ethical dualism, a theology of election, and a sense of soteriological mission . . .” (p. 97). In this sense he proposes an appealing interpretation of the incident at Abu Ghraib. Like the torture of Mithirdates, the disgraceful treatment of Iraqi prisoners, according to Lincoln, was a way of confirming the American soldiers’ prejudices against Iraqis (p. 100). Again, after a time the representatives of the empire became suspicious that cruel actions did not create happiness or bring freedom (p. 104-105). As Lincoln observes, the empire produces spectacles for the benefit of the unconvinced, to reassert its lofty ideology: some of these displays are “elegant, sincere, and aesthetically appealing,” others, like the tormenting of prisoners at Abu Ghraib and the Achaemenid tortures, are bestial acts based on devious thinking (pp. 105-106).

One of the important merits of this book is that it can satisfy the expectations of both a non-scholarly and scholarly audience. The first part of the book lacks footnotes and hardly provides bibliographical references, which makes reading easier for the non-specialist. On the other hand, the book includes detailed research notes to each chapter and to each subsection at the end (pp. 109-142), as in Briant’s Histoire de l’Empire perse. These notes deepen some detailed aspects of the book, and provide an insight into some of Lincoln’s scholarly inspirations.

Although convincing, Lincoln’s interpretation of the Achaemenid religion must be seen as just one of many propositions. The religion of Achaemenid Persia is a source of constant debate among scholars. Lincoln’s focus on Iranian traditions might be one source of objections. Even though it seems to explain many aspects of Achaemenid culture very well, one might, for example, point to the Elamite tradition as a source of some notions present in the Achaemenid inscriptions. Recent studies have shown many similarities between these Old Persian texts and Neo-Elamite royal inscriptions.9 Clearly, Neo-Elamite culture is chronologically much closer to the Achaemenid period than Zoroastrian writings, which are mostly of Sasanian or later date. However, one must acknowledge that the official Achaemenid religion, which is the subject of Lincoln’s book, is richly imbued with concepts and terms of Iranian origin.

Lincoln’s book presents an absorbing interpretation of the Achaemenid ideology. The system of Persian beliefs and concepts, as presented by the author, constructs an incredibly coherent and clear vision. The book constitutes a revealing guide to understanding the religious aspects of royal Achaemenid inscriptions. Thus, it explores in a very erudite and thorough way an area rarely investigated by other authors: the relation between empire and religion. Lincoln convincingly shows the sacred justifications of imperial activities in Achaemenid Persia, from building spectacular paradises to employing sophisticated tortures. Significantly, he adds a moral aspect to this interpretation. He is not afraid to show the ethical relativism of the ideology of ancient Persia, and of the contemporary American empire. Therefore, his book is not only a source of reliable knowledge and understanding of ancient culture, but also a stimulus for reflection.

Notes

1. Bruce Lincoln, Death, war, and sacrifice: studies in ideology and practice (Chicago, 1991), 140.

2. See e.g. Burkhart Kienast, “The So-Called ‘Median Empire’,” Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 34 (1999): 59-67, 65; Robert Rollinger, “Zur Lokalisation von Parsu(m)a(s) in der Fars und zu einigen Fragen der frühen persischen Geschichte,” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 89, no. 1 (1999): 127-134.

3. For further analysis of Darius’ inscriptions see another work by Bruce Lincoln, “The Role of Religion in Achaemenian Imperialism,” in Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond, ed. Nicole Brisch, University of Chicago Oriental Institute Seminars 4 (Chicago, 2008), 229-231.

4. A. Shapur Shahbazi, “Darius’ ‘Haft Kishvar’,” in Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben, ed. Heidemarie Koch and D.N. MacKenzie, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 10 (Berlin, 1983), 242-246, based on the same inscriptions, also concluded that Persians divided the world into seven great regions.

5. For another interpretation of the statement of Herodotus see e.g. Willem J. Vogelsang, The rise and organisation of the Achaemenid Empire: the Eastern Iranian evidence, Studies in the history of the ancient Near East 3 (Leiden, 1992), 116-118.

6. See also the interpretation of creation in Lincoln, “The Role of Religion,” 223-225, 227-229.

7. A recent study based on Persepolis Fortification Tablets by Wouter F.M. Henkelman, “The other gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts,” Ph.D. thesis (Leiden University, 2006), 328-383 points to such a possibility. For further interpretations of the Persian paradise see also Bruce Lincoln, “À la recherche du paradis perdu,” History of Religions 43, no. 2 (2003): 139-154.

8. Lincoln acknowledges and discusses this point (p. 94). In addition to secondary literature about Ctesias suggested by the author (p. 141), one may consult Schmitt, Rüdiger, s.v. “Ctesias,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (New York) ( website), who suggests that Ctesias was too harshly treated by classical scholars.

9. See e.g. Wouter F.M. Henkelman, “Persians, Medes and Elamites: acculturation in the Neo-Elamite period,” in Continuity of Empire (?): Assyria, Media, Persia, ed. Giovanni B. Lanfranchi, Michael Roaf and Robert Rollinger (Padova, 2003), 188, fn. 24; Idem, “The other gods who are,” 7-8, 291-298.”

Source: https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2008/2008.05.16/