NASA’s Webb Telescope Captures Rarely Seen Prelude to Supernova A massive star on the cusp of death ejected huge volumes of hot gas into space. Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument revealed the structure of the material now surrounding the star. The rare sight of a Wolf-Rayet star – among the most luminous, most massive, and most briefly detectable stars known – was one of the first observations made by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope in June 2022. Webb shows the star, WR 124, in unprecedented detail with its powerful infrared instruments. The star is 15,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius. Massive stars race through their lifecycles, and only some of them go through a brief Wolf-Rayet phase before going supernova, making Webb’s detailed observations of this rare phase valuable to astronomers. Wolf-Rayet stars are in the process of casting off their outer layers, resulting in their characteristic halos of gas and dust. The star WR 124 is 30 times the mass of the Sun and has shed 10 Suns’ worth of material – so far. As the ejected gas moves away from the star and cools, cosmic dust forms and glows in the infrared light detectable by Webb. The origin of cosmic dust that can survive a supernova blast and contribute to the universe’s overall “dust budget” is of great interest to astronomers for multiple reasons. Dust is integral to the workings of the universe: It shelters forming stars, gathers together to help form planets, and serves as a platform for molecules to form and clump together – including the building blocks of life on Earth. Despite the many essential roles that dust plays, there is still more dust in the universe than astronomers’ current dust-formation theories can explain. The universe is operating with a dust budget surplus. Webb opens up new possibilities for studying details in cosmic dust, which is best observed in infrared wavelengths of light. Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) balances the brightness of WR 124’s stellar core and the knotty details in the fainter surrounding gas. The telescope’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) reveals the clumpy structure of the gas and dust nebula of the ejected material now surrounding the star. Before Webb, dust-loving astronomers simply did not have enough detailed information to explore questions of dust production in environments like WR 124 and whether the dust grains were large and bountiful enough to survive the supernova and become a significant contribution to the overall dust budget. Now those questions can be investigated with real data. Stars like WR 124 also serve as an analog to help astronomers understand a crucial period in the early history of the universe. Similar dying stars first seeded the young universe with heavy elements forged in their cores – elements that are now common in the current era, including on Earth. Webb’s detailed image of WR 124 preserves forever a brief, turbulent time of transformation, and promises future discoveries that will reveal the long-shrouded mysteries of cosmic dust. More About the Mission The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency), and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). MIRI was developed through a 50-50 partnership between NASA and ESA. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory led the U.S. efforts for MIRI, and a multinational consortium of European astronomical institutes contributes for ESA. George Rieke with the University of Arizona is the MIRI science team lead. Gillian Wright is the MIRI European principal investigator. Alistair Glasse with UK ATC is the MIRI instrument scientist, and Michael Ressler is the U.S. project scientist at JPL. Laszlo Tamas with UK ATC manages the European Consortium. The MIRI cryocooler development was led and managed by JPL, in collaboration with Northrop Grumman in Redondo Beach, California, and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. IMAGE....The luminous, hot star called Wolf-Rayet 124 was imaged by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Bright clumps of gas and dust appear like tadpoles swimming toward the star with tails streaming out behind them, blown back by the stellar wind. The surrounding nebula stretches about 10 light-years across. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Webb ERO Production Team
We all know that view numbers are key when it comes to media. Good or bad ratings doesn't matter THAT much; even bad ratings can get a show renewed if it results in a lot of views.
RWBY V9 is locked behind a Premium CR subscription and needs all the views it can get in order to be greenlit for V10 and beyond.
So how is V9 faring so far; can we figure it out?
Here is some stupid maths because I have a weird interest in statistics.
(Spoiler: I'd say it seems like RWBY is doing pretty good on Crunchyroll, according to this stupid math.)
Some data
On CR there is no way for us to see actual view numbers, but we do have some other numbers to work with and make assumptions off of.
Per August 2021 CR had 5 million paying subscribers. It's fair to assume this number may have grown, since it has only been growing since the start. Number of Crunchyroll subscribers 2012-2021 | Statista
Between January and March 2020 the most watched anime on CR was Attack on Titan. Crunchyroll shares viewership data January through March 2020 | Neon Sakura
If we look at Youtube we can see the amount of views per video, as well as how many likes the video has. I haven't used dislikes in this scenario, but chose videos that fairly surely has way more likes than dislikes. Based on the astounding amount of 8 totally random Youtube videos, ranging from 55000 to 18 000 000 views, there is an average of 6% thumbs up compared to the amount of views.
(Side note: None of the videos had more than 8% thumbs up compared to the amount of views, EXCEPT RWBY V1 EP1 which has 15% thumbs up compared to the amount of views.)
This indicates that A) Giving a thumbs up is rather rare and/or B) One person will view the video many times, but can only leave one thumbs up.
Either way, there is way more views than thumbs up, and we'll assume this trend carries over to CR as well.
Calculating episode views on CR
If we look at RWBY volume 9, episode 2, it has 2700 thumbs up per 28th February 2023.
If we assume the same average we found on Youtube is correct for Crunchyroll too, that means 2700/6*100 = at least 45000 views of this episode, since its release on Saturday (that's four days ago).
Episode 1, which released 10 days ago, has 4200 thumbs up. Using the same maths, we can assume the episode has been viewed at least 70 000 times since its release.
Side note, S1 EP1 of RWBY has 3100 thumbs up on CR, which would mean at least 51666 viewings on CR since its release there in 2013. Seeing as this episode of RWBY also aired for free on Youtube and has 16 million views on Youtube, it's a bit hard to compare this episode to anything else using only CR as a source.
Show rating
RWBY as a show has 6200 ratings on CR per 28th February. Being a nerd, I've checked every day since V9 released and observed that the amount of ratings has increased by about 100 every single day (before V9 there were about 4800 ratings or something).
This means more people are watching and rating the show on CR now.
Comparison with other shows on CR
Attack on Titan has 98100 ratings on CR.
In other words, RWBY has about 6% the number of ratings as AOT. No surprise there, RWBY is a freaking webshow that has also been airing for free on other platforms for a long time.
But how much do these show ratings count? We don't know. We must assume that the amount of actual episode viewings are more important.
If we compare episodes then:
S1 EP1 of AOT released in 2013 on Crunchyroll. It has 20 300 thumbs up, which using this stupid math would equal at least 338 333 views. That's about 270 000 more views than V9 EP1 of RWBY. And this AOT episode released 10 years ago. Does it also have 16 million views on other platforms, like RWBY V1 EP1 has? Quite possibly.
Let's compare RWBY to another, newer anime: Trigun stampede. Trigun EP1 aired on January 7th, 2023. EP1 has 1700 thumbs up. That's already far less than RWBY V9 EP1 (which has 4200), despite the fact that the show itself has 12400 ratings compared to RWBYs 6100.
You'd assume a show with more show ratings would have a higher view count than shows with less show ratings. But what does it mean then, when the actual episode has such a big difference in the number of thumbs up?
We can assume some things without knowing for sure:
1) Maybe RWBY fans more often rate both the show AND the episodes (not just the show).
2) Maybe RWBY fans rate single episodes more often than Trigun fans in general.
3) The amount of ratings on RWBY as a show is climbing, which means more people are watching and rating it on CR now that V9 is airing there exclusively. This would include long-term fans who usually watched it on RTs site and thus never left a rating on CR before now. This could indicate that the amount of show ratings for RWBY is artificially small on CR, and will become more realistic as V9 progresses.
Again though, the amount of show ratings might not matter that much compared to actual episode views.
5) I know nothing about Trigun. Or Crunchyroll's statistics...
Conclusion
RWBY is at the very least garnering more views than before on CR, with increasing amount of show ratings, and a good number of thumbs up per episode which can at the very least give us an indication of amount of views according to this stupid math. And compared to a show like Trigun, it actually seems to be getting more views per episode (according to the amount of thumbs up) so...
I'd say it seems like RWBY is doing pretty good on Crunchyroll?
According to this stupid math.
My god I spent so long on this holy fuck why in the actual hell
EDIT: I forgot to add that these numbers EXCLUDES Asia, since they cannot use Crunchyroll (most people don't have a VPN). We have no idea how many people watches RWBY in Asia, but considering it got its own freaking Japanese dub and an original anime... well. A lot. So wherever RWBY V9 will air for Asia, it will boost these numbers significally.
Compiled this for myself to print and annotate tomorrow if I get the chance. I would write this up properly, but I don't have that much time at the moment. Below is a list of citation on papers discussing how BMI is not a good measure for assessing eligibility for top surgery in transmasculine population
Perez-Alvarez IM, Zolper EG, Schwitzer J, Fan KL, Del Corral GA. Incidence of Complications in Chest Wall Masculinization for the Obese Female-to-Male Transgender Population: A Case Series. World J Plast Surg. 2021 May;10(2):14-24. doi: 10.29252/wjps.10.2.14. PMID: 34307093; PMCID: PMC8290439.
Stein MJ, Grigor E, Hardy J, Jarmuske M. Surgical and patient-reported outcomes following double incision and free nipple grafting for female to male gender affirmation: does obesity make a difference? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Aug;74(8):1743-1751. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.004. Epub 2020 Dec 10. PMID: 33341390.
Rothenberg KA, Gologorsky RC, Hojilla JC, Tang A, Cohan CM, Beattie G, Yokoo KM. Gender-Affirming Mastectomy in Transmasculine Patients: Does Obesity Increase Complications or Revisions? Ann Plast Surg. 2021 Jul 1;87(1):24-30. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000002712. PMID: 33559996; PMCID: PMC8936918.
Brownstone LM, DeRieux J, Kelly DA, Sumlin LJ, Gaudiani JL. Body Mass Index Requirements for Gender-Affirming Surgeries Are Not Empirically Based. Transgend Health. 2021 Jun 2;6(3):121-124. doi: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0068. PMID: 34414267; PMCID: PMC8363993.
Linsenmeyer WR, Garwood S. Patient-Centered Approaches to Using BMI to Evaluate Gender-Affirming Surgery Eligibility. AMA J Ethics. 2023 Jun 1;25(6):E398-406. doi: 10.1001/amajethics.2023.398. PMID: 37285293.
Hassan B, Schuster CR, Ascha M, Del Corral G, Fischer B, Liang F. Association of High Body Mass Index With Postoperative Complications After Chest Masculinization Surgery. Ann Plast Surg. 2023 Nov 1. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003737. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37917575.
Additionally a number of places suggest you have a sustainable weight as rapid gaining or loss of weight can affect results; I could not find any peer reviewed article off of a quick search but two places I saw with it there, I do know the UCLA Gender Health supports this claim as I have specifically talked with them two years ago:
#second panel is zoomed out from mb so you can see it's also surrounded by smiling people ready to fight for it (art's logo hovers above all)
My Top Posts in 2022:
#5
this is something that I want to analyze in further depth later, but it surprises me that so many people seem to interpret Murderbot’s reaction to Human One shooting it as exasperation or dismissal. i mean, leaving aside the sheer affective punch of how MB’s narration goes from off-hand and open to completely emotionally closed, like...
they’re both former slaves. indentured human worker or shock-collared construct, Murderbot and Human One were both slaves in the CR not long ago.
and Human One doesn’t recognize that, but Murderbot does. as much as it hurts to get shot, it knows exactly why she did it. it knows she sees a threat when she looks at it: oppression and violence and a return to slavery. she is trapped in the kneejerk reaction of fear and doesn’t see it as a person (let alone a fellow victim!); but with the vulnerability that comes with being someplace where it can be safe to unpack its trauma it sees her, to the point that it empathizes with the person who wanted it dead.
THAT is what’s so upsetting to it. that is why its narration just cuts out there. that is why it’s so miserable afterwards.
285 notes - Posted March 29, 2022
#4
Elaborating on an old post:
It’s not that the Perihelion is the metaphorical spoiled kid who’s never had to struggle, compared to SecUnit’s history of abuse and trauma and survival thereof. Yes, ART doesn’t have Murderbot’s trauma, certainly wasn’t abused the way it was, but its existence isn’t easy either.
ART has never needed to crack its governor module, but outside the home of its University and the privacy of its family, it must hide its personhood from outsiders. The Perihelion’s circumstances don’t permit it to make casual acquaintances, let alone friends. ART has never needed a configuration change to pass as human, but where its beloved human crew go away from it, it cannot follow at all. And, being secret anti-capitalist saboteurs, the Perihelion must have seen them go into terrible danger indeed.
ART and Murderbot are both machine intelligences asserting their personhood in a human-first world; they both move in spaces that are fundamentally not built with them in mind; in both of them we can read an allegory of the struggle to live while neurodivergent, disabled.
But ART, in all its smug sarcastic superiority, is still irrepressible where Murderbot is reclusive and close-mouthed. One might develop an image of it as the privileged kid who makes friends with the kid from the other side of the tracks- where does that sheer difference in attitude come from? Can it be chalked up to personality difference alone, some essential difference in bot nature and code? Half of ART’s real purpose and research is being a spy and knowing discretion; where did that outspokenness come from?
In the same way that trauma isn’t about the magnitude of the bad experience but whether the victim gets the support they need, the difference between SecUnit and Perihelion isn’t only the magnitude of their ordeals- but the simple fact that SecUnit was isolated by its abuse,
and ART had a family that raised it with love and support.
346 notes - Posted April 5, 2022
#3
the thing about Murderbot is that it's always in the middle of an anime monologue. but not, like, a dramatic shounen anime monologue, more like slice-of-life comedy monologue. customer service snarking behind the smile monologue. Aggretsuko or Skull-faced Honda-san kind of monologue. you look at any given chunk of book and even the most action-packed scenes are interspersed with Murderbot doing Saiki-K-style opinion breakdowns of the bullshit that's happening.
Murderbot is an anime character and it should get the slice-of-life anime adaptation that it deserves. resident technopathic killer cyborg commentates drily on all the dumb human bullshit that neurotypicals think is normal.
360 notes - Posted October 9, 2022
#2
I am like 90% sure that the gun that Murderbot modified to fit in its bag in Exit Strategy was modified by cutting the end off it. That’s right, I’m saying Murderbot’s armor-piercing projectile weapon that it needed to fire at close range for max effectiveness was a sawn-off shotgun.
453 notes - Posted July 13, 2022
My #1 post of 2022
we tend to assume that because a work of scifi takes place in the future, with technology more advanced than ours, that anything which is possible in the present day would certainly be doable in theirs.
but looking at history across the world we know that technology does not progress linearly; uncountable innovations are lost or forgotten or simply irrelevant because other technologies that'd make them useful don't exist concurrently, or because they don't have the resources to make it feasible, or because they're poorly suited to the environment of the originating culture, or-
anyway, now i want to see a work of scifi where they have- say- teleporters or gene-splicing or replicators or whatever, but they've lost or never developed something we take for granted. they've figured out the secret to wormholes and have a booming spacefaring culture, but all their realspace vehicles are sail-powered. or, to throw a sociological, Le Guin-esque bent on it, maybe they've got ansibles but they can't imagine using them with written language.
The Show!!! Thank you for the 2nd place ㅠㅠ ARMY, I love you!!!
Jungkook was excited, so he licked his hyung.. threatening.. scary
A guy like a snake, snake, snake~
#J Hope
#Jungkook_StickingHisTongueOut
Just got my Bells Hells tarot cards from @artsystargazer!!! They're a so amazing omg, I love them so much!!!
See the full post
14 notes - Posted August 9, 2022
My #1 post of 2022
I'd like to congratulate Jordan Peele on making an anti-horse girl movie. No, that wild animal will not be magically tamed by your presence and conviction, that is a creature.
I'm listening to Talked to Death: The True Tales of Murder from the Jenny Jones Show and Cristina's Court (Episode 124) on Death In Entertainment with @TuneIn. #NowPlaying http://tun.in/tAWM8T
SSC Selection 12th Phase Recruitment Online Form 2024
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