#devil facial tumour disease

[underthehedge]

CTVT and a weird niche theory I fell down the rabbit hole about - giant transforming retroviruses???

This is a story about how a single line on a wikipedia page sent me down a rabbit hole of finding one scientist's fringe theory that's juuuust plausible enough to make me question everything while almost certainly being absolute fucking bunk.

Some background

So, on parts of tumblr at least we all know about Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour, aka The Immortal Cancer Dog. For those who don't know, it's a cancer dogs get, usually on their junk, that unlike most other cancers, isn't made up of their own cells. The cells are actually all descended from this one dog or wolf that lived like 11,000 years ago and are, arguably, all technically that one dog. A dog that became a single-celled infectious disease.

We have a wealth of genetic, histological and observational evidence for this. As in, we know it what population of canids it came from, we know it's got a weird chromosomal structure compared to normal dogs, we know it's genetically distinct from the hosts. We also know it's not the only one out there: There's a similar thing in Syrian hamsters and also the famous Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD).

Which made me pause when I was reading something on wikipedia about the devil facial tumour and saw a line mentioning that it was now known to be caused by a giant virus, much like CTVT. Which...huh? Oh I hadn't heard that afore.

Giant viruses

Ok so giant viruses are a thing and they're fuckin cool. They're a relatively recent discovery and comparatively huge, i.e. bigger than a bunch of bacteria. They were only discovered in 1981 and we still don't know an enormous amount about them but they're big and have large genomes and because of the way viruses are they're not easy to detect unless you're specifically looking for them.

They show up under microscopy (sometimes) and you can find them with genetic probes but you gotta already be looking for them to see that really. Current research though basically says they're more common than we think, just overlooked, and there's software out there that scans through genomic data to find sequences that might indicate their presence. There's even a possibility that one group might be involved in some cases of pneumonia in humans, though I need to stress that that's extremely not confirmed right now.

The "wait, what?" moment

So I mentioned that it was a line in the wiki article for DFTD that had me going "wait, really?", the line in question was this:

A study found evidence for an infectious agent resembling a giant virus that was capable of turning heathy cells into cancer cells. It was found to be a huge retrovirus with similar viruses being found in human and canine cancer cells.

Big If True.

So of course I check the source, which was a 2020 paper by Lusi et al. titled "A transforming giant virus discovered in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumour: Stray dogs and Tasmanian devils opening the door to a preventive cancer vaccine".

Hang on, CTVT not DFTD? This is where some alarm bells went off because uh, as mentioned at the start, we know a shit ton about CTVT. Including the fact that it's all one specific dog. Which doesn't fit at all with the idea that it's caused by a virus transforming host cells into cancer cells.

So what fucking gives? What is this research that fully overturns decades of pretty conclusive research to the contrary?

Is this another case of Dr Barbara McClintock? Who spent decades being ridiculed by the scientific community over her wild theory that was, in fact, 100% right even if it seemed to fly in the fact of all prior evidence?

Or is this a Dr Donald I. Williamson situation wherein a scientist with appropriate training is just wildly but extremely vehemently wrong?

[david-watts]

maybe I'm a bit possessive but I HATE it when mainlanders and god forbid non-australians especially yanks are all 'we should bring back the thylacine because it's OUR fault it's extinct' like who's we? this is something white tasmanians did. if you wanna mourn an extinct species due to human action go find something local to you instead

[avephelis]

@ihaventpickedausername wanted to see the tazzy version of mutant cass, so here's some concept sketches.

I ACTUALLY REALLY LOVE THIS DESIGN! and i thought a tasmanian devil suited her really well too - small, but INCREDIBLY fierce (they have the highest Bite Force Quotient of any living animal!! about the size of a cat, but with a bite so strong it can crush bone), and they just remind me of her visually, too.

the reason i stuck with ferret is because logically there would be close to NO way for casey to find a devil, let alone come into contact with one without being mauled. they're an endangered species endemic to Tasmania. and i didn't have a preference between the two options anyway. if i'd stuck with tazzy devil, though, her mutant powers would probably relate to screaming/biting.

while i'm talking about them, yes, tasmanian devils are endangered! one cause being due to cars/roadkill, but the main threat being Devil Facial Tumour Disease - a transmittable parasitic cancer that's done numbers on wild devil populations. If you want to learn more, University of Tasmania has some projects on DFTD, Wildcare Tasmania has a lot of good resources, and Zoos Victoria has a brief summary of everything.

[dancingnotes]

Cheap School Holiday Programs Perth

School holidays can be expensive for parents, but you don’t have to break the bank for your kids to enjoy some fun activities. Check out our list of cheap school holiday programs perth below!

Let your kids unleash their inner warrior at Lazer Blaze. This exciting game is sure to be a hit with the whole family!

Ranger Red’s Zoo & Conservation Park

Formerly known as Peel Zoo, the boutique zoo is home to over 100 native and exotic animal species. Its menagerie includes koalas, wombats, dingoes, exotic birds, reptiles, spotted quolls and possums. The zoo also offers visitors the chance to hand feed animals and pat kangaroos and ferrets in its unique ‘hands-on experience’.

Children can also learn about animal husbandry, feeding and captive breeding at the zoo’s Junior Zookeeper program. A highlight is a huge walk-through aviary, where guests can admire and interact with 150 bird species. The zoo’s Tasmanian devil breeding program is a top priority and contributes to the survival of the endangered species, which has been hit by an incurable facial tumour disease in the wild.

Other attractions include a camel ride, crocodile presentations and a salt water pond where visitors can feed the fish. The zoo also goes on the road to schools and childcare centres, shopping centres and aged facilities to provide interactive wildlife experiences with incredible furry, feathered and scaly creatures.

Outback Splash

Located on the doorstep of the Swan Valley in Bullsbrook and just over 30 minutes from Perth city, Outback Splash is a top family outdoor entertainment destination. The waterpark (open September to April) offers four awesome waterslides as well as year-round attractions including mini golf mazes sensory play activities a children’s playground Australian animal experiences and onsite food and beverage outlets.

Outback Splash’s 4 new slides have been designed with thrill-seekers in mind. The Wall, Blackout, Gold Rush and the Wedgie are all exhilarating raft slides that will have hearts pounding and blood pumping.

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Rottnest Island

Known locally as ‘Rotto’, this day trip destination is an absolute gem. With 63 secluded beaches and bays to explore, it’s a wonderland for swimming, surfing, fishing, walking and more. It’s also home to the incredibly cute quokkas and many gorgeous bike rides.

Discover Rottnest Island’s unique cultural history on a guided tour with Go Cultural Aboriginal Tours & Experiences. Learn of the Wadjemup (Rottnest) Island’s significance to the Noongar people on an immersive experience that includes Dreamtime stories, songs and dances.

Get a great deal on an all-included day trip to Rottnest Island with this offer. After hotel pickup, hop on the ferry to cruise over to the car-free island and enjoy a full sightseeing tour that includes the Wadjemup Lighthouse, Henrietta Rocks, Oliver Hill Guns and Tunnel, Cathedral Rocks, and Strickland Bay. Includes a box lunch, morning tea, round-trip ferry, and hotel pickup and drop-off.

Kings Park

Kings Park is one of the world’s largest inner city parks and offers a huge range of activities holiday programs. Enjoy sweeping views of the Swan River and city skyline from the vista points throughout the park. Visit the botanical gardens which have a huge focus on Western Australia’s native flora. Take a guided walk with a volunteer through the Botanic Garden on either a morning or afternoon walk. Or, climb all 101 steps of the DNA Tower for a unique view around the park.

There are many things to do in Kings Park including visiting the exhibitions at the Botanic Garden Discovery Centre. Or, explore the Yarra Yarra Riverwalk and May Drive Parkland or go for a bushland nature walk on the Boodja Gnarning Walk to experience the traditional Noongar use of the land.

The State War Memorial is a somber place for reflection and the May Drive (formerly Synergy) Parkland has a children’s nature playground with logs to balance on and rock climbing for kids.

[decentralvaccine]

Tasmanian Devil Cancer Vaccine Moves Into Testing

Researchers are preparing to test a vaccine to thwart the spread of a deadly contagious cancer in an iconic Australian marsupial, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii).

Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) has killed up to 80% of Tasmanian devils since it first emerged in Tasmania — the large island southeast of mainland Australia — three decades ago, raising fears that the feisty marsupials could go extinct.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02124-4

[possuminnit]

This is the Tasmanian devil, who sadly can get a disease called Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumour Disease (which is horrifying to look at, poor lil guys) Luckily there are researchers who are looking for a cure!

this ask has been in my inbox since may... but yes these guys!! i know them, they were an animal i looked at before opossum when finding a hybrid for ctommy :)

[myfeeds]

Evolution of two contagious cancers affecting Tasmanian devils underlines unpredictability of disease threat

Tasmanian devils are susceptible to two fatal transmissible cancers called devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1) and devil facial tumour 2 (DFT2) that have caused rapid population decline in recent decades. The two cancers both manifest with disfiguring facial tumours. In a new study, University of Cambridge researchers mapped the emergence and mutations of DFT1 and DFT2 and characterised these cancers’ ongoing evolution. The findings underline the continued threat that transmissible cancers pose to Tasmanian devils. The results are published today in the journal Science. “The incredible fact that Tasmanian devils have not one, but two, transmissible cancers, makes it possible to compare their evolution, and this gives us new insights into the key mechanisms involved,” said lead author Elizabeth Murchison, Professor of Comparative Oncology and Genetics at the Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge. “By looking at the mutations that have accumulated in these cancers’ DNA, we can trace the origins and evolution of these diseases. Our results show that the two cancers arose through similar processes and that both have striking signals of ongoing evolution. It is difficult to predict how this continued cancer evolution will impact devils.” The researchers created an improved ‘reference genome’ – essentially a map of the entire DNA sequence – of the Tasmanian devil and compared this to DNA taken from 119 DFT1 and DFT2 tumours. DFT1 was first observed in 1996 in Tasmania’s northeast and is now widespread throughout Tasmania. DFT2, on the other hand, was first observed in 2014 and remains confined to a small area in Tasmania’s southeast. The scientists identified mutations in the tumours and used these to build ‘family trees’ of how the two cancers had each independently arisen and evolved over time. By tracking mutations the researchers discovered that DFT2 acquired mutations about three times faster than DFT1. As mutations usually occur during cell division, the most likely explanation is that DFT2 is a faster growing cancer than DFT1, say the researchers, underlining the importance of DFT2 as a threat. “DFT2 is still not widespread in the devil population, and very little is known about it. We were really startled to see just how quickly it was mutating, alerting us to what could be a very unpredictable threat to the devils in the long term,” said Maximilian Stammnitz, first author of the study. The team found that DFT1 arose in the 1980s, up to 14 years before it was first observed, whereas DFT2 emerged between 2009 and 2012, only shortly before it was detected. Mapping the mutations revealed that DFT1 underwent an explosive transmission event shortly after it emerged. This involved a single infected devil transmitting its tumour to at least six recipient devils. DFT1 has now spread throughout almost the entire devil population and has recently been reported in the far northwest of Tasmania, one of the few remaining disease-free regions of the state. Researchers also identified for the first time an instance of DFT1 transmission between a mother and the young in her pouch. Additionally, they found that the incubation period – the time between infection and the emergence of symptoms – can in some cases be a year or more. These findings have important implications for conservation scientists working to protect the species. “I come from Tasmania and love Tasmanian devils – they have a special place in my heart,” said Murchison. “Transmissible cancers pose an unprecedented and unpredictable threat to Tasmanian devils. This research highlights the continuing importance of monitoring and conservation programmes. It also gives us new insights into the evolutionary mechanisms operating in cancer more broadly, including in human cancers.” The research was funded by Wellcome, the Gates Cambridge Trust and Eric Guiler Tasmanian Devil Research Grants from the University of Tasmania Foundation.

[chimeride]

[newzzhub]

Contagious cancer may cause Tasmanian devils to become antisocial

Contagious cancer may cause Tasmanian devils to become antisocial

By Ibrahim Sawal A Tasmanian devil at the Tasmanian Devil Sanctuary at Cradle Mountain in AustraliaAngus McComiskey/Alamy A deadly cancer that develops in Tasmanian devils seems to make infected individuals less likely to interact with others, which could stop the disease from pushing these animals to extinction. The contagious cancer, known as devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), is transmitted…

[jupiterminingcorporation]

56 Days of Gratitude #26

26. A favourite place in nature

There are so many, it's hard to choose just one to write about. I need to get out into nature a lot more at the moment, but my mental and physical exhaustion isn't making it easy. And my general lack of motivation is making it hard to convince myself to make the effort even though I know it will make me feel better.

But I digress.

Let's go with Maria Island.

I could probably waffle on (as per usual) about Maria Island and its history, but I'll try to keep it to the Potted History.

wukaluwikiwayna in palawa kani (Tasmanian aboriginal language, the island lays about 10km off mainland Tasmania (lutrawita). There are fossil cliffs at the northern end (pic 2) which have long risen above the waters to be visible to us lowly people.

There are also Aboriginal middens, and the island was within the Country of the tyreddeme clan of the paredareme people whose Country covered a large area of the east coast. Europeans first landed on wukaluwikiwayna in July 1789 and made observations of the local people and their living habits.

In 1803, a French explorer spent some days on the island, and made a more detailed study of the local people.

In 1825, the English "owners" of Australia began sending convicts to Van Diemens Land (later Tasmania)'s second dedicated penal settlement on Maria Island. The island had two convict eras, and later two industrial eras (manufacturing cement) before being left to farming families until it was taken over by the Parks and Wildlife Department, and made into a national park in 1972.

I have been there a number of times throughout my life, and it makes me very happy. There is a wide variety of Tasmanian wildlife and flora, beautiful landscapes and a lot of historical buildings. So far, not enough information about the Aboriginal heritage/artefacts, but there has been a big push recently to recognise the original custodians of the land, so I hope that these things will get their due care and attention in the near future.

There was an introduction of Tasmanian Devils on the island in 2012 to help rebuild the species because of the deadly facial tumour disease, as documented in the series Devil Island. Unfortunately the devils have now wiped out the breeding colonies of fairy penguins, so that's a bit of a catch-22. Save one endangered species at the expense of another.

Anyway. Time to stop my waffle now!

[wildwhimsywoolies]

A couple of Tasmanian Devils up to no good.😈 Some interesting facts about the Tasmanian Devil: 🍃They are the largest carnivorous marsupials in the world. 🍃They can eat up to 40% of their body weight in a day.😱 🍃They have one of the most powerful bites in the world. ✨ Unfortunately, this species is Endangered and their populations have greatly declined due to devil facial tumour disease.😢 #tasmaniandevil (at Toronto, Ontario) https://www.instagram.com/p/B7T-G8RpPS0/?igshid=1m2kb0kzhbad6

[thebonecrone]

Celtic With a Tasmanian Twist.

I’ve always been interested in Celtic culture, my ancestors having mostly been a mixture of English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh with a small smattering of other European thrown in here and there. But I have always been very, very close to the bio-region where I grew up and where I now live in Tasmania - most of those ancestors left Europe in the early 1800s anyway, and there is a good chance that a small piece of my maternal line is even more closely tied with Tasmania, for a much longer period of time.

But I digress. My point is, my aim is to practice Modern Celtic Witchcraft with a Tasmanian twist. Oak, Ash and Thorn (indeed, the Druid Plant Oracle in its entirety) doesn’t really speak to me, because many of the plants mentioned are in fact invasive in my region and the volunteer group I’m involved with are doing our best to eradicate them! So that means finding my own associations with the trees that are native to this place and substituting those.

Same goes for animals, to an extent. Some animals have similar species or subspecies all over the world, but things like otters, foxes and wolves there are none (well, there’s debate about the foxes, but if there are foxes here (a) they’re not common, and (b) they’re invasive and need to be done away with). Deer we have, but again - invasive if well established.

So. Anyway. Digressing again. (Sorry, tired and stressed, it leads to rambling.)

What I actually came here to say was this: While I was driving to the city yesterday evening, I saw a raven (I mean, I saw a lot, I always do, but this one set off a train of thought) and started thinking about animal subs for Celtic Witchcraft. I posted a couple of days ago about finding an altar skull for The Morrigan, since I have Silver Pig for Cerridwen and The Horny Ram for Cernunnos, and the skulls I might find of The Morrigan’s sacred animals would be bigger (cow, horse) or smaller (raven, magpie, eel, fish). After I saw the raven and started thinking about Celtic-Tasmanian substitutions, I realised that Tasmania has the perfect animal to associate with The Morrigan:

(Source: Wikipedia / Willis Lim / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Tasmanian Devils! (Parks and Wildlife info page) They are fierce, they have a range of “battle cries”, they eat bones, they clean up death, they’re often to be found smeared in blood... But at the same time they’re nurturing, they don’t often fight among themselves, they actually prevent fly-borne disease by cleaning up carrion, thus ensuring the health of other animals and the land. Oh, and when I say they eat bones, I don’t mean they have a nibble on them. I mean they fully crunch up every single bone and swallow it. And a pack of devils can devour an entire wallaby. They also eat sheep and cow carcasses in farming areas, but the larger bones of those animals are too big for them, sheep and cows not being part of the diet devils evolved to eat.

And, I adore devils.

Now, I have only ever come across one devil skull in the 33 years that I’ve been a bone collector, and I didn’t collect it (it wasn’t totally clean and I never went back to get it later - regret it so much. Silly 15yo Erica!!). Now Devils are an endangered species thanks to Devil Facial Tumour Disease, so if I do happen to find one I will need to apply to DIPIPWE for a permit and hope they grant it. I have seen a number of roadkill devils over the years, but they are reported to and collected by the Devil Roadkill Project for monitoring purposes - so they can find out whether the devils had DFTD or if they were healthy before the car strike.

If I do suddenly stumble across a devil skull, or a roadkill devil, I will of course go through the proper channels. Even a sign from the Goddess doesn’t give me the right to hold parts of an endangered species that could be used to study and potentially help save the species. If I find a roadkill devil and report to the DRP, I can always ask them whet the chances are of having bones returned to me once they’ve been studied. You never know. Asking interested questions to scientists is always a good way to find out what is possible!

Anyway - my random thoughts on a Tasmanian Twist for Morrigan Worship.

[sciencealert]

😍 Tasmanian devils have the cutest little grasping feet! 🐾 Many researchers like David Hamilton have been working tirelessly to ensure devils survive the devastating facial tumour disease that's been obliterating their populations. 📷 : @davidghamilton1/Twitter https://ift.tt/2woPbyD

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[birdsbugsandbones]

In a previous post, I walked through a recent paper that was the first large scale genomic investigation of thylacines, talking about what we can learn from genetics, and how they went extinct on the mainland. All throughout this paper, parallels were drawn with one of the few remaining large marsupial predators of today: Tasmanian devils.

Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) are stockily built with raucous voices and a fierce disposition that suits their lifestyle of hunting and scavenging. Like thylacines, they once roamed the mainland. They began their path to extinction there due to the same factors of sudden, dramatic climate changes that shifted the landscape from a temperate, moist land to the hot, dry one we know today. Arrival of humans and dingoes to the mainland seemed to finish them off (1). However, they clung on - as they are want to do - in Tasmania, where not even irrational persecution could drive them out. Today they are facing daunting challenges. Foremost among them, a singularly brutal cancer.

Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD) is a contagious cancer that spreads between devils through their saliva - unfortunately, devils mouth and bite each other a lot. Since it’s detection in 1996, it has spread rapidly, with devastating results: infected populations suffer heavy losses, with some declining by more than 90% in only two decades. The disease is unique to devils, and once the namesake tumors appear, the cancer becomes rapidly systemic and, ultimately, fatal. Due to the isolation of the species to Tasmania, the genetic diversity is already very low, limiting the species’ capacity to respond naturally to the disease.

Recently, we’ve made a few breakthroughs. In 2012, the entire Tasmanian devil genome was sequence. In doing so, the genes for the cancer were also identified and revealed two distinct types originating from one individual (2). Several captive populations have been established as insurance, both nationally and internationally. There have also been successful reintroduction of some captive reared devils back into the wild, on islands and even back on the Tasmanian mainland itself, a significant step in giving the species the best chance of surviving the DFTD epidemic (3). The Wild Devil Recovery project started in 2014, with aims to monitor and replenish wild populations whilst continuing monitoring of DFTD.

Excitingly, a 2016 study has found that some devils appear to be developing a genetic resistance to the cancer (4). Whilst not a complete resistance, it has great potential for helping devils survive this crisis by enabling captive populations to be selectively bred towards a more resistant genotype. The DFTD suppresses a devil’s immune system, leaving it unable to fight the infection; but the genes discovered by Epstein et al. are similar to those in other mammals that play roles in immune function and cellular communication. These genes may indicate that the devil’s immune systems are starting to develop ways to identify the cancer!

Even better, a subsequent study has demonstrated a small portion of wild devils seem to display these traits already (5). Though not strong enough to slow the spread, these are important steps forward. Last year, a study used this information to demonstrate that the cancer could be treated by taking the cancer and ‘turning on’ the genes that let the devil’s immune system recognize and fight it (6). Once injected, three of the five treated devils showed regression of their cancers, and they went on to live healthy lives. These discoveries may aid in the development of an effective immunotherapy treatment for infected individuals - in essence, allow the development of a kind of vaccine against this deadly disease. 

With ongoing research, continued management of captive populations, reintroduction schemes, and mitigation of other threats like road strikes and habitat loss, there is hope for the devil yet!

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Brüniche-Olsen, Anna, Menna E. Jones, Jeremy J. Austin, Christopher P. Burridge, and Barbara R. Holland. "Extensive population decline in the Tasmanian devil predates European settlement and devil facial tumour disease." Biology letters 10, no. 11 (2014): 20140619.

Murchison, Elizabeth P., Ole B. Schulz-Trieglaff, Zemin Ning, Ludmil B. Alexandrov, Markus J. Bauer, Beiyuan Fu, Matthew Hims et al. "Genome sequencing and analysis of the Tasmanian devil and its transmissible cancer." Cell 148, no. 4 (2012): 780-791.

Tracy Rogers, Samantha Fox, David Pemberton, Phil Wise. "Sympathy for the devil: captive-management style did not influence survival, body-mass change or diet of Tasmanian devils 1 year after wild release." Wildlife Research 43, no.7(2015): 544-552.

Epstein, Brendan, Menna Jones, Rodrigo Hamede, Sarah Hendricks, Hamish McCallum, Elizabeth P. Murchison, Barbara Schönfeld, Cody Wiench, Paul Hohenlohe, and Andrew Storfer. "Rapid evolutionary response to a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils." NATURE 7, no. 12684 (2016): 1.

Pye, Ruth, Rodrigo Hamede, Hannah V. Siddle, Alison Caldwell, Graeme W. Knowles, Kate Swift, Alexandre Kreiss, Menna E. Jones, A. Bruce Lyons, and Gregory M. Woods. "Demonstration of immune responses against devil facial tumour disease in wild Tasmanian devils." Biology letters 12, no. 10 (2016): 20160553.

Tovar, Cesar, Ruth J. Pye, Alexandre Kreiss, Yuanyuan Cheng, Gabriella K. Brown, Jocelyn Darby, Roslyn C. Malley et al. "Regression of devil facial tumour disease following immunotherapy in immunised Tasmanian devils." Scientific Reports 7 (2017).