#elizabeth fox-genovese

[phenakistoskope]

No politics remains innocent of that which it contests

- Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, in "The Personal Is Not Political Enough", Marxist Perspectives 2 (Summer 1979).

[weil-weil-lautre]

full article under the jump:

In 1965 Eugene Genovese published his first book, The Political Economy of Slavery, a stunning reinterpretation of the antebellum South. Although he wrote as a Marxist, he revived the bourgeois critique of slavery most closely associated with Adam Smith. The class conflict that might have driven the history of the South was stifled, he argued, by the slave owners’ paternalism towards their slaves and by their hegemony over farmers who did not own slaves. Yet there was no mistaking his Marxism: at a time when most American historians rejected political economy as a form of economic determinism, Genovese placed class analysis at the centre of his work. He argued that slavery lacked the rational efficiency that characterised a genuinely capitalist economy, that it inhibited Southern economic development and, most important, that it gave rise to a ruling class that was intrinsically and increasingly hostile to the emerging bourgeoisie of the North. He thereby situated the American Civil War as one of the revolutionary struggles over capitalist development that he saw as the distinguishing feature of modern global history.

Four years later, in 1969, Genovese published The World the Slaveholders Made, less successful than its predecessor but no less unorthodox. By taking the ideological defence of slavery seriously, Genovese discovered what he took to be the most substantial critique of capitalism in American history. Once the opponents of slavery had begun to intensify their assault, he argued, the slaveholders had no choice but to defend their ‘way of life’, and this involved a stinging counter-attack against capitalism itself. Persuasive or not, the argument was a tour de force.

Impressive though those books were, most of the weaknesses that would bedevil Genovese’s subsequent work were already evident in them. He was clearer about the flaws of the capitalist system the slaveholders were attacking than the flaws of the slave system they were defending. On the basis of the relative economic backwardness of Southern society he made an unwarranted leap to the conclusion that slaveholders disdained material ambition. He posited an artificial distinction between slavery as a class system and its racial component, arguing implausibly that racism was an alien element that had infected slavery. He made inflated claims for slavery’s apologists. He was unwilling to pay more than lip service to the horrors of slavery itself.

In the 1970s Genovese started to write with his wife, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese. A prolific scholar in her own right, she is best known for Within the Plantation Household, a study of women in the antebellum South, published in 1988. Though she died in 2007, she and her husband are listed as co-authors of Slavery in White and Black. Based on a great deal of new research, the book will nevertheless seem familiar to anyone who has managed to keep up with even a fraction of the couple’s prodigious output.

They have ‘long insisted’, Genovese explains at the outset, that in the decades before the Civil War Southern slaveholders produced a sophisticated defence of slavery and, with it, a powerful critique of capitalist ‘market relations’. Slavery in White and Black gives this body of thought a label, ‘Slavery in the Abstract’, a term the authors repeat hundreds of times in relentless capital letters, by which they mean the view that slavery was the best form of social organisation for all labourers, regardless of race. The burden of Slavery in White and Black is to prove that over time more and more white Southerners subscribed to the ‘essentials’ of Slavery in the Abstract, and thus dissented from the general American celebration of free labour.

Yet despite the Genoveses’ more expansive claims for the reach of pro-slavery ideology, Slavery in White and Black rests on the same premises that shaped their earlier publications. Above all, they continue to rely on a highly specific definition of capitalism and a correspondingly vague definition of slavery. ‘Free labour’ is too fuzzy a term, they argue, to be used to define capitalism: ‘Here, we equate it with “wage labour”.’ Other historians use other definitions. I’m inclined to believe that ‘free labour’, understood as self-ownership, is more useful. Wage labour is a reasonable definition, however, and it helps clarify much of what was at stake in the Civil War. This precise definition of capitalism, however, coexists uneasily with their use of ‘slavery’ as a catch-all category that encompasses just about every social relationship other than wage labour.

In his first book Eugene Genovese wrote that the Southern planters ‘grew into the closest thing to feudal lords imaginable in a 19th-century bourgeois republic’. In The World the Slaveholders Made he claimed that slavery was merely a particular form of patriarchal family relation. In her book on Southern women, Fox-Genovese folded the slaves into the nebulous category of ‘the plantation household’. And in Slavery in White and Black the Genoveses describe how Southern masters came to believe that ‘enslavement, broadly defined’, was the natural condition of humanity. Pro-slavery logic ‘encouraged assimilation of all dependent (unfree) labour to slavery’. Good Christians were enjoined to ‘accept some form of slavery’. Slavery was just ‘one form of the organic social relations’ that capitalism undermined. Other than the fact that it was not wage labour, slavery, they argue, had no particular attributes: it was merely the latest manifestation of ‘a pattern of social subordination’ that had taken many forms over the course of human history. Virtually every social system before capitalism is thus collapsed into an amalgam for which a succession of ill-defined terms are used: seigneurialism, traditionalism, Christian stewardship, organicism and above all, paternalism.

Sidestepping any precise definition of slavery, the Genoveses deal not with what the slaveholders were defending but with how they defended it. One finishes Slavery in White and Black not knowing what slavery was but fairly certain that, whatever it was, the slaveholders defended it ‘in the abstract’. Yet even this is misleading, for it is now clear that there have always been two distinct elements in the defence of slavery. The first justifies slavery in general; the second specifies who should be enslaved. Aristotle’s argument may be taken as paradigmatic: slavery is a natural condition of human society, but only some people are born slaves. The first proposition – that slavery is justified in the abstract – comes in several familiar forms: slavery, it’s said, was ordained by the laws of nature, sanctioned by scripture, decreed by God, or affirmed by human history. Southern slaveholders embraced all of them, before moving on to the second element: who should be enslaved. As the historian of Ancient Greece Moses Finley pointed out, slaves were usually defined as ‘outsiders’ – i.e. non-Greeks. Similarly, the New World slaveholders’ definition, from the 16th century onwards, was ‘non-whites’. Initially, this included American Indians, but eventually slavery in the New World would be reserved for sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants. For blacks, slavery was a normal condition of human life, the slaveholders argued. No pro-slavery argument was complete without both propositions being in place.

Slavery in White and Black wrenches the two propositions apart, highlighting the evidence that white Southerners defended Slavery in the Abstract while trying to dismiss, discount, ignore or explain away the impressive mountain of evidence that Southerners reserved slavery exclusively for blacks. There is nothing new here: the Genoveses have downplayed the racial element in Southern slavery for decades. But here they are compulsive about it. Slavery in the Abstract, they repeat again and again in different ways, was ‘a social system abstracted from race and best for whites as well as blacks’. Pro-slavery Southerners ‘drifted – some sprinted – toward an extraordinary doctrine that transcended race’.

The Genoveses’ argument is repeatedly undermined by their own evidence. Leave aside the fact that, whatever may be said of pro-slavery ideology, slavery in the South was a blacks-only system. Even when the argument is confined to ideology, it fails. They cite numerous slaveholders such as Francis Terry Leak, who ‘usually discussed slavery as a racial matter’. Or the Reverend William A. Smith, who defended slavery on ‘racial grounds’. Or the Reverend James Warley Miles, who also ‘preferred racial to class grounds’. In a chapter on the political economy of the Old South the authors note that everyone who discussed the issue conceded that slave labour was less efficient than free labour. But those same writers almost always went on to declare that the rules of political economy did not apply to blacks who, because of their race, would not respond to the incentives of free labour, would work only under compulsion, and were biologically suited to work in hot climates.

The Genoveses quote the line from James Henry Hammond’s notorious ‘mud-sill’ speech on the floor of the Senate, in which he declared that ‘in all social systems there must be a class to do the mean duties, to perform the drudgery of life.’ Hammond, they go on, accepted ‘the essentials’ of Slavery in the Abstract. If that means his defence of slavery ‘transcended race’, his very next sentence belies the claim: ‘Fortunately for the South,’ Hammond continued, ‘she found a race adapted to that purpose to her hand. A race inferior to herself, but eminently qualified in temper, in vigour, in docility, in capacity to stand the climate to answer to all her purposes. We use them for our purpose, and call them slaves.’

On the face of it, there is no reason for the Genoveses’ determination to expel racial ideology from the intellectual history of the Old South. Their central concern has always been to demonstrate the extent to which the slaveholders withdrew from the so-called liberal consensus, and it could be argued that racism facilitated this withdrawal. They point to the slaveholders’ curious tendency to disdain ‘abstractions’ even as they invoked them. Racism was central to this paradox. The slaveholders were forever positing general propositions only to invoke race as the critical qualifier. All men were created equal, they would say, but that doctrine applied strictly to whites alone. Slavery was less efficient than free labour, except when the slaves were black. Slavery was a normal condition for the inferior races. The evidence for this is so unequivocal that it makes one wonder why the Genoveses are so resistant to it.

The reason, I suspect, has to do with their increasing tendency to conflate the history of pro-slavery thought with the history of slavery itself. This is particularly clear at the end of a very long chapter detailing the accounts of travellers to and from the South. At its core is a lengthy recitation of slaveholders’ reactions to conditions outside their own region. They scoured the globe in search of the most wretched peoples of the earth so that they might boast that their own slaves were better off than, among others, Chinese coolies, Mexican peons, Italian lazzaroni, Russian serfs and starving Irish peasants. In the 1850s, slaveholders were particularly keen to contrast the lives of Southern slaves with those of the inhabitants of America’s most notorious slum, Five Points in Lower Manhattan. Rather than underline the self-serving nature of such comparisons, the Genoveses endorse them by ending the chapter with their own account of the horrors of New York’s immigrant slums.

The Genoveses are properly shocked by the inequalities of capitalism, but not by the squalor and poverty to which the slave economy consigned ordinary Southern farmers. The misery of Five Points dismays them, but not the grim rates of death and disease among slaves in the rice swamps of Carolina and the sugar plantations of Louisiana. In the history of slavery as written by the Genoveses there are no slave auctions, no elevated mortality rates, hardly any families split up and destroyed, and few lacerated backs. Surely the catalogue of slavery’s crimes is not exhausted by the observation that paternalism could at times be overbearing. No wonder Five Points looks hellish by comparison.

Meanwhile, the achievements of the slave economy have risen in the authors’ estimation. Eugene Genovese’s first book was an indictment of the backwardness and inefficiency of the slave labour system. In his next book, he was clear that slavery could never compete with capitalism’s formidable capacity to raise the standard of living even of exploited wage earners. While economic inequality would increase under capitalism, workers’ living standards would also improve. Slavery in White and Black, however, throws that interpretation into doubt by asserting, as slavery’s defenders once did, that the slave economy provided a better life for its workers than capitalism.

These aren’t the only points at which Slavery in White and Black transcribes pro-slavery ideology as history. In collapsing the distinction between slavery and everything else the Genoveses echo an argument made by pro-slavery writers. Henry Bidleman Bascom, they tell us, was forever ‘equating serfs with slaves’; William Smith ‘assimilated serfdom, peonage and other forms of personal servitude to slavery’; George Fitzhugh claimed that the patriarchal family amounted to slavery for white women and children. These writers ‘transcended race’ by transcending slavery. If the term ‘slavery’ could be used to denote every form of inequality, then everybody who wasn’t a master was effectively a slave – ‘regardless of race’.

The trouble is that once you start collapsing distinctions, it’s hard to stop. When Hammond said that every society had its ‘mud-sills’ he included the North. When he pointed his finger at Northerners and declared ‘Your slaves are white,’ he was reaffirming the racial criterion for enslavement while simultaneously collapsing the distinction between ‘chattel slavery’ and ‘wage slavery’. He wasn’t alone. The Genoveses cite numerous slaveholders who defined slavery as nothing more than the subordination of labour to capital. This succeeds in making slavery historically universal but at the cost of making it a meaningless concept. Nor does it do much to clarify the definition of capitalism. ‘Your slaves are white’ scarcely amounts to a devastating critique of wage labour. Instead it makes the conflict between Southern slavery and Northern capitalism inexplicable, and the Civil War incomprehensible.

If the Genoveses are unperturbed by this problem it is because, in one important sense, they have never really been interested in slavery. The driving force of Eugene Genovese’s work has always been a contempt for capitalism and bourgeois society. The Old South fascinates him because – in the absence of a strong socialist movement – it was the only actually existing alternative to capitalism in US history, and especially because the slaveholders generated America’s only serious attack on capitalism. Genovese embraced, in turn, Adam Smith’s critique of the slave economy, Gramsci’s concept of cultural hegemony, Southern agrarianism, the Communist Party and the Catholic Church. But every apparent shift has been driven by the same motive: the search for a base on which to found his hatred for the ‘degenerate’ society spawned by capitalism.

This focus has some advantages. By forcing us to confront the historical ubiquity of slavery and the revolutionary novelty of wage labour, the Genoveses invite us to see the Civil War as a struggle over capitalism at least as much as a struggle over slavery. But by avoiding the problem of slavery they can tell only half the story. Marx clarified the issue with a pithy formula for distinguishing slavery from capitalism. In capitalism the wage earner sells his labour power for a limited period of time, ‘for if he were to sell it rump and stump, once for all, he would be selling himself, converting himself from a free man into a slave, from an owner of a commodity into a commodity.’ Marx also argued that New World slave societies married the ‘ancient barbarism’ of treating humans as property to a modern, rationalised system of commodity production for an expanding global market. Implicit in this critique is the possibility that Southern slave society was more, rather than less, commercialised than Northern capitalism.

That, at least, is the way anti-slavery Northerners saw things. Every Southern denunciation of Northern capitalism was matched by a Northern denunciation of the slaveholders’ seemingly insatiable greed: in the end, ‘property in man’ was the cause of irreconcilable conflict between North and South. For a growing number of Yankees the natural right of self-ownership decreed that it was immoral to treat human beings as though they were commodities, to be bought and sold like any other article of merchandise. The slaveholders disagreed. They went to war in defence of the abstract proposition that one human being could legitimately own another, so long as the person you owned was black.

[honeyleesblog]

Astrological Outlook and Personality Analysis for Individuals with a May 28th Birthday

They are individuals with an honorable disposition, who take a stab at fulfillment throughout everyday life and complete satisfaction. They are delicate in their disposition, spellbinding and sensitive, by and large getting it. His attitude is cordial, frequently smooth. They like to dress richly, they are described by a decent memory. They appreciate thinking and reflecting in isolation. All things considered, his creative mind isn't especially evolved. As a rule, they show specific scholarly and logical interests. They readily offer guidance. They are together as one and harmony. At the point when they figure out how to effectively utilize their abilities, they can accomplish an elevated degree of mental and profound turn of events. They are enamored with affection, with which they will feel blissful. They additionally prefer to play cupid with their companions. In a relationship, they take a stab at progress, a wide viewpoint, and freedom. Ladies can have various professions. With age, they become increasingly imperious, anxious and fretful, with a propensity to limits. You can have two relationships or involved acquaintances. Astrological Outlook and Personality Analysis for Individuals with a May 28th Birthday 

 On the off chance that your birthday is May 28, your zodiac sign is Gemini May 28 - character and character character: characterized, ready, sensitive, miserable, inactive, dubious; calling: classicist, undertaker, chief; colors: orange, blue, sky blue; stone: orthoclase; creature: dolphin; plant: Jacaranda tree; fortunate numbers: 9,12,14,40,43,59 very fortunate number: 33 Occasions and observances - May 28 Venezuela: Jacinto Lara's Birthday Day. Spain: Public Sustenance Day: Almazul (Soria): gala of the Virgin. Global: World Orienteering Sports Day. Latin America and the Caribbean: Global Day of Activity for Ladies' Wellbeing. Mexico: Optional Understudy Day US: Remembrance Day (public occasion). Argentina: Kindergarten Day. Argentina: Public Stylized Day, laid out by Declaration No. 1574/93. May 28 Superstar Birthday celebrations. Who was conceived that very day as you? 1902: Luis Cდ©sar Amadori, Argentine producer (d. 1977). 1908: Ian Fleming, English essayist and entertainer, maker of James Bond (d. 1964). 1909: Israel Roa, Chilean expressionist painter (d. 2002). 1910: T-Bone Walker, American artist (d. 1975). 1910: Rachel Kempson, English entertainer (d. 2003). 1911: Thora Hird, English entertainer (d. 2003). 1912: Patrick White, Australian essayist, 1973 Nobel Prize Victor (d. 1990). 1915: Joseph Greenberg, American etymologist. 1916: Walker Percy, American creator (d. 1990). 1917: Barry Ordinary citizen, American researcher and lawmaker (d. 2012). 1921: Luis Jaime Cisneros Vizquerra, Peruvian etymologist and teacher (d. 2011). 1921: Heinz G. Konsalik, German author (d. 1999). 1922: Agustდ­n Piru Gaდ­nza, Spanish footballer (d. 1995). 1923: Gyდ¶rgy Lდ­gueti, Hungarian writer (d. 2006). 1925: Bდ¼lent Ecevit, Turkish government official (d. 2006). 1925: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German baritone, guide and musicologist. 1926: Russ Freeman, American musician and author (d. 2002). 1928: Nemesio Fernდ¡ndez-Cuesta Illana, Spanish government official, market analyst and money manager (f. 2009). 1931: Carroll Bread cook, American entertainer. 1931: Gordon Willis, American cinematographer (d. 2014). 1932: Chiquito de la Calzada (Gregorio Esteban Sდ¡nchez Fernდ¡ndez), Spanish comedian (f. 2017). 1938: Leonardo Favio, Argentine artist, author, entertainer and producer (d. 2012). 1938: Jerry West, American ball player. 1940: Maeve Binchy, Irish author (d. 2012). 1941: Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, American student of history (d. 2007). 1941: Diego Puerta, Spanish matador (d. 2011). 1942 - Stanley B. Prusiner, American natural chemist and nervous system specialist. 1943: Elena Suliotis, Greek soprano (d. 2004). 1944: Gladys Knight, American artist. 1944: Carlos Solchaga, Spanish government official and financial expert. 1944: Rudolph Giuliani, American lawmaker, previous city hall leader of New York. 1944: Jean-Pierre Lდ©aud, French entertainer. 1945: John Fogerty, American artist, of the band Creedence Clearwater Recovery. 1945: Fix Adams, American specialist and dissident. 1946: Marcelino Hernდ¡ndez Rodrდ­guez, Mexican priest. 1947: Zahi Hawass, Egyptian Egyptologist. 1947: Sondra Locke, American entertainer. 1947: Leland Sklar, American writer and bassist, of the band The Part and Time. 1948: Pierre Rapsat, Belgian artist musician (d. 2002). 1949: Wendy O. Williams, American artist, of the band Plasmatics (d. 1998). 1950: Kamala, American grappler. 1954: Yuri Yegდ³rov, Russian musician (d. 1988). 1955: John McGeoch, Scottish artist, of the groups Magazine and Appearance. 1956: Sayuri, Japanese voice entertainer (d. 2012). 1957: Kirk Gibson, American baseball player. 1959: Juan Luis Gimდ©nez, Spanish guitarist, of the band Presuntos implicados. 1960: Pastora Vega, Spanish entertainer. 1960: Pacho Rodrდ­guez, Colombian cyclist. 1960: Imprint Sanford, American government official. 1962: James Michael Tyler, American entertainer. 1963: Marc Antoine, French jazz guitarist and writer. 1963: Gavin Harrison, English artist, of the groups Porcupine Tree and Ruler Dark red. 1963: Ramდ³n Salazar, Spanish producer. 1964: Christa Mill operator, American entertainer. 1964: Phil Vassar, American artist and musician. 1964: Armen Gilliam, previous American NBA ball player (d. 2011). 1964: Zsa Padilla, Filipino artist and entertainer. 1966: Maiamar Abrodos, Argentine trans entertainer and educator. 1966: Ashley Laurence, American entertainer. 1967: Glen Rice, American ball player. 1968: Kylie Minogue, Australian artist. 1969: Justin Kirk, American entertainer. 1970: Glenn Quinn, Irish entertainer (f. 2002). 1971: Marco Rubio, American government official. 1972: Michael Boogerd, Dutch cyclist. 1972: Antal Kovდ¡cs, Hungarian judoka. 1972: Chiara Mastroianni, Italian entertainer. 1972: Doriva, Brazilian soccer player. 1974: Hans-Jდ¶rg Butt, German footballer. 1974: Romain Duris, French entertainer. 1976: Alexei Nemov, Russian gymnastic specialist. 1976: Denisse Malebrდ¡n, Chilean artist and musician, entertainer of the band Saiko. 1979: Jesse Bradford, American entertainer. 1979: Abdulaziz al-Omari, Saudi psychological oppressor who partook in 9/11 (d. 2001). 1980: Imprint Feehily, Irish artist, of the band Westlife. 1980: Miguel Pდ©rez Aracil, Spanish footballer. 1981: Adam Green, American artist and vocalist. 1981: Gდ¡bor Talmდ¡csi, Hungarian cruiser racer. 1981: Daniel Cabrera, Dominican baseball player. 1981: Adam Green, artist, lyricist and American producer, of the band The Rotten Peaches. 1982: Alexa Davalos, American entertainer. 1982: Jhonny Peralta, Dominican baseball player. 1983: Toby Hemingway, English entertainer. 1983: Humberto Sდ¡nchez, Dominican baseball player 1984: Beth Allen, New Zealand entertainer. 1985: Colbie Caillat, American artist of pop and country. 1985: Pablo Andrდ©s Gonzდ¡lez, Argentine footballer. 1985: Carey Mulligan, English entertainer. 1986: Seth Rollins, American grappler. 1986: Jaslene Gonzდ¡lez, Puerto Rican model. 1986: Charles N'Zogbia, French soccer player. 1988: Craig Kimbrel, American baseball player. 1988: Meisa Kuroki, entertainer, vocalist and Japanese model. 1990: Rohan Dennis, Australian cyclist. 1990: June Valverde, Spanish entertainer. 1990: Kyle Walker, English footballer. 1999: Cameron Boyce, American entertainer, artist and model.

[edwardmichealsmith]

References

Anonymous, “Letter to the Editor,” The Rosebud 4, 1 (September 22, 1832).

Aulette, Judy, Judith Wittner, and Kristin Blakely. Gendered Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Ball, Charles. Slavery in the United States: A narrative of the life and adventures of Charles Ball, a black man, who lived forty years in Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia, as a slave (1837). 3rd edition. Pittsburgh: John T. Shryock, 1854.

Bourke, Joanna. Rape: Sex, Violence, and History. Great Britain: Virago Press, 2007.

Brooks Higginbotham, Evelyn. “African American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race” Signs 17 (1992): 251-274.

Brownmiller, Susan. On Our Backs: Men, Women and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.

Caron, Simone M. Who Chooses? American Reproductive History Since 1830. Florida: University Press of Florida, 2008.

Clinton, Catherine. The Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South. New York: Random House, Inc., 1982.

Elder, Robert, “A Twice Sacred Circle: Women, Evangelicalism, and Honor in the Deep South, 1784-1860.” The Journal of Southern History 78, 3 (2012): 579-614.

Foster, Thomas A. “Sexual Abuse of Black Men Under American Slavery.” Journal of History and Sexuality 20, 3 (2011): 445-464.

Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel-Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. “African American Women’s History and the Metalanguage of Race” Signs 17 (1992): 251-274.

Hodes, Martha. White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Hooper, William, “Address on Female Education,” Address on female education, given to the Sedgwick Female Seminary, Raleigh, N.C. (February 27, 1847).

Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl., Written by Herself. Edited by Maria Fairchild. Boston: Published for the author, 1861. Accessed online at http://etext.lib.virginia.edu.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/eaf/.

Powell, Anastasia. Sex, Power and Consent: Youth Culture and the Unwritten Rules. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Scott, Anne Firor. The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Varon, Elizabeth R. We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

Young, Iris Marion. “The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reflections on the Current Security State” Signs 29, 1 (2003): 11-25.

Young, Vernetta D. and Zoe Spencer. “Multiple Jeopardy: The Impact of Race, Gender, and Slavery on Women in Antebellum America,” in Race, Gender, and Punishment: From Colonialism to the War on Terror, edited by Mary Bosworth and Jeanne Flavin, 65-76. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007.

[spectaculardistractions]

Similar questions worried more courteous critics shortly after "The Moral Economy" was published: Professors A.W. Coats and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese. I did not reply to either comment, since the arrows flew past my ear. Professor Coats devoted his comment to rehearsing Smithian doctrine on the internal trade in grain, in terms of its logical consistency (but without recourse to empirical confirmation), and he repeated uncritically the statement that "high prices resulted mainly from physical shortages", as if this explanation of price movements suffices for all cases. But, as we shall see, it does not. Then Coats debated my notion as to the "de-moralizing of the theory of trade and consumption" implicit in the model of the new political economy. What I say is this: By 'de-moralising' it is not suggested that Smith and his colleagues were immoral or were unconcerned for the public good. It is meant, rather, that the new political economy was disinfested of intrusive moral imperatives. The old pamphleteers were moralists first and economists second. In the new economic theory questions as to the moral polity of marketing do not enter, unless as preamble and peroration. Coats takes this to imply an acceptance on my part of the credentials of "positive" economics, as a science purged of norms, and he reminds me of the "moral background and implications of Smith's economic analysis". But I had not forgotten that Smith was also author of the Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759). I had supposed that Coats's point had been met in a footnote in which I had allowed Smith's intention to serve the public good but had added that "intention is a bad measure of ideological interest and of historical consequences". It is perfectly possible that laissez-faire doctrines as to the food trade could have been both normative in intent (i.e. Adam Smith believed they would encourage cheap and abundant food) and ideological in outcome (i.e. in the result their supposedly de-moralised scientism was used to mask and to apologise for other self-interested operations).

E.P. Thompson, Customs in Common

[mediaeval-muse]

Book Review

Humankind: A Hopeful History. By Rutger Bregman. Translated by Elizabeth Manton and Erica Moore.New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2020.

Rating: 4/5 stars

Genre: non-fiction, sociology, psychology

Part of a Series? No

Summary:  If one basic principle has served as the bedrock of bestselling author Rutger Bregman's thinking, it is that every progressive idea -- whether it was the abolition of slavery, the advent of democracy, women's suffrage, or the ratification of marriage equality -- was once considered radical and dangerous by the mainstream opinion of its time. With Humankind, he brings that mentality to bear against one of our most entrenched ideas: namely, that human beings are by nature selfish and self-interested. By providing a new historical perspective of the last 200,000 years of human history, Bregman sets out to prove that we are in fact evolutionarily wired for cooperation rather than competition, and that our instinct to trust each other has a firm evolutionary basis going back to the beginning of Homo sapiens. Bregman systematically debunks our understanding of the Milgram electrical-shock experiment, the Zimbardo prison experiment, and the Kitty Genovese "bystander effect." In place of these, he offers little-known true stories: the tale of twin brothers on opposing sides of apartheid in South Africa who came together with Nelson Mandela to create peace; a group of six shipwrecked children who survived for a year and a half on a deserted island by working together; a study done after World War II that found that as few as 15% of American soldiers were actually capable of firing at the enemy. The ultimate goal of Humankind is to demonstrate that while neither capitalism nor communism has on its own been proven to be a workable social system, there is a third option: giving "citizens and professionals the means (left) to make their own choices (right)." Reorienting our thinking toward positive and high expectations of our fellow man, Bregman argues, will reap lasting success. Bregman presents this idea with his signature wit and frankness, once again making history, social science and economic theory accessible and enjoyable for lay readers.

***Full review under the cut.***

Since this book is non-fiction (and thus, has no plot or characters), this review will be structured a little differently than usual.

Content Warning: references to racism, terrorism, violence, slavery

I first learned of Rutger Bregman when he famously made Tucker Carlson blow up on Fox News in 2019. Since then, I’ve kept my eye on Bregman’s Twitter account, eager to see how he would talk about various issues plaguing our world. When he announced this book, I was eager to pick it up, mostly because I was (and still am) in a pretty negative place, and I wanted something that would show me that “hopefulness” was a legitimate attitude to have, without the fake, peppy, self-help tone that permeates a lot of other publications.

Overall, I found Bregman’s general thesis and evidence compelling. Humankind argues that for the entirety of human history, humans are “hardwired” for compassion, kindness, and cooperation, rather than predisposed to selfishness and violence. Using examples from the hunter-gatherer era of human history to the 20th and 21st centuries, Bregman showcases anthropological, sociological, and psychological studies, rooting his case in scientific research rather than “wishful thinking.” I particularly found his section on “why good people turn bad” incredibly convincing, in part because he effectively dissects the connection between cynicism and power, as well as the (surprising and counter-intuitive) concept that empathy and xenophobia are two sides of the same coin.

All of this research is presented in a clearly-organized, playfully-written manner. I don’t know exactly how much can be attributed to Bregman versus his translators, but regardless, the book is infused with nice quips that don’t overwhelm the main points or overshadow the examples. Even the complex philosophy of Hobbes and Rousseau is presented in a way that the everyday reader can understand, as well as complicated histories such as the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural lifestyles.

My main criticism is perhaps the lack of direct address of ideologies that mean active harm towards others (things like white supremacy, homophobia, etc.). While Bregman discusses terrorism and has some examples pertaining to neo-Nazi rallies and the Afrikaner Volksfront, it was frankly hard for me to see a rationale for putting, say, lgbt+ people in contact with violent homophobes. Perhaps that isn’t what Bregman is advocating, but because I’m not sure, I think this book would have benefited from more concrete advice regarding reaching out to those who mean you real harm.

But as a general book about kindness and changing our view of human nature, I think this is an accessible read that most people can benefit from, particularly those who are rooted in cynicism and want to change their worldview. As a whole, I think this book speaks nicely to our present moments, and I think it provides a nice jumping-off point for deeper discussions about how we should respond to each other.

[arieso226]

Gender and Religion

         NO.1

In order to understand the system of race, class and gender in America, we have to look at England’s role in their systems of class. ‘During this time period, the emergence of a consumer-oriented corporate order undermined the coherence of the Victorian gender system; rising gender consciousness among black women turned the ideology of ‘women’s sphere’ into a disrupted terrain of racial and struggle class; while women’s devotional practices became a site of gender contestation within American Catholic culture. Each of these developments has given impetus to new studies. Historians of conservative evangelicalism have complicated the heretofore easy equation of ‘Protestantism’ with ‘women’s sphere’ by delineating the different understandings of women’s role within early twentieth-century Protestantism; Progress across racial lines has been initiated by several important literary and historical studies that reveal how the separate spheres ideology served the interests of the white middle class by camouflaging racial and economic differences.’’

 NO. 2

Since the early 1980’s, advances in the study of gender in American history have come primarily through an unmasking of the assumptions of earlier studies; Others have laid bare the earlier scholarship’s assumption’s to universal gender definitions that do not take into account differences in women’s roles based on race, class, or region. Additionally, several historians have begun to explore the influence of gender relations on the lives of men. As a result, we are beginning to get a picture of gender in the American history that goes beyond the ‘women’s sphere’ experience of white, middle-class, northeastern women.

  For the past twenty years of this apparent lifetime, Protestant mainline has given way to a religious studies interest in the social and cultural history of outsiders. Concurrently, an older Protestant consensus narrative has come to be seen as one of several stories that, together seek to account for the American religious past. Further inquiries have questioned the usefulness of both liberal and evangelical labels in accounting for the deep racial, economic and theological divisions of late nineteenth century among the more than 150 Protestant denominations, not to speak of the rapidly growing population of Catholics with their own substantial differences of nationality, theology and social class. As historians have started to study seriously the deep diversities in American culture, gender has emerged as an important analytic category for re-imagining America’s religious past.

NO. 3

    As recently as 1985, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese complained that historians of religion and gender have too often simply added ‘religion to an almost finished picture rather than exploring ways in which religion might refine and even radically revise the picture.’ Within the past decade, however recent developments both within and without the field of American religious history have begun to coalesce and suggest the contours of promising new departures, and most of this new work focuses on the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

[solbi]

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Between Individualism and Fragmentation: American Culture and the New Literary Studies of Race and Gender

[rbzpr]

Currently reading (#21):

Girondins et Montagnards (Albert Soboul et al.)

This book contains the proceedings of the eponymous symposium Girondins et Montagnards, which was held at the Sorbonne on 14 December 1975, under the direction of Albert Soboul. While these actes du colloque were originally published in 1980, my copy is part of the new edition which the Société des études robespierristes issued in 2012.

The symposium is dedicated to the political groups of the Revolution known as Girondins and Montagnards ; they are sometimes explored separately, other times they are studied in comparison (or even in opposition) to one another. Particular attention is paid to the dimensions of the antagonism between these two groups: what geographic, ideological, political, economic and social aspects divided the Girondins and Montagnards?

Following an introduction by Albert Soboul, wherein he traces the origins of the terms Girondins and Montagnards, and roughly outlines the conflict between the two groups, the book is composed of 13 chapters (each between 17 and 33 pages long), which deal with a large variety of topics. Jacqueline Chaumié sets out to define the Girondins in terms of their ideology, age and political stances (e.g. concerning liberty, patriotism, federalism and religion), as well as of their social and geographic origins. In the second chapter, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese examines the prominent influences on Girondin ideology (e.g. physiocracy, Bordelais localism, early liberal thought), while underlining its complexity and heterogeneity. Marcel Dorigny, who has contributed two consecutive chapters, explores the economic ideas of the Girondins, as well as their stance on the role of violence in the revolutionary process (with particular focus on the September Massacres), whereas Paolo Viola studies the dynamics of political alliances and popular support in the struggle for hegemony between the Girondins and Montagnards in the spring of 1793. Allan Forrest and Robert Carraz examine how the political conflict between Girondins and Montagnards played out on the local stages of Bordeaux and Chalon-sur-Saône, respectively, whereas Roger Dupuy explores the dynamics of what he calls Breton pseudo-federalism and Parisian pseudo-anarchism. In the ninth chapter, Roger Dufraisse studies the Girondin and Montagnard tendencies among the Jacobins of the left bank of the Rhine, with particular focus on the revolutionaries of the Republic of Mainz. Michael L. Kennedy explores the enormous influence of Jean-Louis Carra and his Annales patriotiques, whereas Hugh Gough studies the history of the Jacobin newspaper Le Journal de la Montagne. In her contribution, Françoise Brunel deals with the composition of the last Montagnards, as well as with the role of revolutionary unity in the context of the reactionary offensive of Year III. The last chapter, written by Frédéric Robert, examines how both Girondins and Montagnards have served as inspirations for composers throughout the centuries. The book is closed by a comprehensive appendix, consisting of an article by Gérard Maintenant on Brissot’s papers, as well as of F. Brunel’s list of the Montagnard deputies.

I certainly do not agree with all authors who contributed to this symposium ; Jacqueline Chaumié’s chapter, for instance, is, in my eyes, an accumulation of tropes from Romanticist historiography that blindly idealise the Gironde. Fortunately, many of Chaumié’s errant claims find themselves refuted in the contributions of the other historians, and while the arguments that are put forward in said contributions at times appear slightly outdated (which is only natural, considering that the symposium took place over 40 years ago), they are, for the most part, excellent, which is why I highly recommend this book.

What do you think, citizens?

[nsula]

Spring 2017 Honor Roll

NATCHITOCHES – Nine hundred and eight-seven students were named to the Spring 2017 Honor Roll at Northwestern State University. Students on the Honor Roll earned a grade point average of between 3.0 and 3.49. Those named to the Honor Roll listed by hometown are as follows.

 Abbeville ­– Kyle Baudoin, MaKayla Lewis, Ericka Smith;

 Aimwell – Jonathan Poole;

 Alexandria – Alecia Alford, Aaron Beauboef, Brandi Beaudoin, Ariyana Bonton, Irisia Cayton, Joshua Dorsey, William Faubion, Kayla Foxworth, Maeghan George, Natasha Guidry, Mallory Halford, Tara Hall, Rochelle Holmes, Tataniessa Jackson, Amber Jeansonne, Tadriel Jones, Kennedy Matthews, Dean Mayeux, Paige Meynard, Kellie Pebbles, Imani Ricks, Taylor Scarber, Kirstyn Thomas, Brea Thompson, Lessie Walters, Timothy Waters, William Welch, Destinie White, Samantha Wynn, Jenna Wade, Jordan Berlin, Timmaney Kennedy;

 Allen, Texas – Jordyn Warren;

 Anacoco – Jacob Bennett, Meghan Blanton, Reese Buzzell, Alysia Copen, Angela Guy, Karlee Laurence, Terah McClintock, Justin Owens, Cayla Roberts, Deanna Sennett;

 Angie – Daneisha Rayford;

 Arcadia –Ruby Richie, Kaneshia Walker;

 Arnaudville – Bailey Dautreuil, Zachary Leboeuf;

 Atlanta – Lilith Choate, Morgan Williams;

 Austin, Texas – Ysmina Smith;

 Azle, Texas – Alexandra Furtney;

 Baker – Abilgail Martin, Kendrick Shavers;

 Ball – William Kilpatrick, Alice Wilson;

 Baton Rouge – Maisyn Guillory, Madison Harris, Lewis Johnson, Tremia Lockett, Kelia Rowan, Victoria Simmons, Reagan Smith, Andrew Vessel;

 Beaumont, Texas – Andrew Bluiett;

 Bedford, Texas – Jaquanda Quinney;

 Belmont – Brendan Gentry, Tristian Ponder;

 Bentley – Matthew Bowen;

 Benton – Tanner Ash, Dominick Castellani, Adam Fowlkes, Danny Hatcher, Christopher Heard, Jarnee Hunter, Tristan Shelley;

 Blaine, Wash. –Michael Gregg;

 Bogalusa – Kari Fisher;

 Bossier City – Desiree Anderson, Austin Averitt, Abigail Barkley, Tonya Barnes, Breanna Black, Mickayla Blue, Lacy Chism, Tanner Church, Shelby Couch, Callie Crockett, Marda David, Sharonda Demars, Loni Edgar, DeMontre Evans, Matthew Flynn, Bailey Freeman, Kelsey Gallman, Jacob Guest, Andrea Haynes, Anton Inyakov, Dejaney Jackson, Emily Larosee, April Lebick, Danielle Lombardino, Kelsea Long, Dawnya Lopez, Jasmine Lynch, Kasey McClain, Caroline McKee, Sarah McMillan, Andrea Parks, Kennedy Parson, Brittani Phillips, Hope Spaw, Kortney Toellner, Madalyn Watson, Vivian Harper, Whitney Guidry;

 Bourg – Micaiah Richie;

 Boyce – Sammetta Allen, Seth Baggett, John Carley, Sheterica Fields, April Franklin, Kortney Lashley, Timothy Miller, Bobbie Suttles, Adrianne Vallee;

 Breaux Bridge – Ciera Bonvillian, Lyia Miller-Singleton, Ashtin Mouton, Jordan Breaux;

 Brentwood – Joe Tappel;

 Broussard – Taylor Campbell, Tyla Richard, Natalie Woods;

 Brusly – Emma Wallace;

 Bunkie – Zachary Reynolds, Izola Williams;

 Burleson, Texas – Brendan Raincrow;

 Callisburg, Texas – Maycy English;

 Calvin – Caitlin McCarty;

 Campbell – Caidon Campbell;

 Campti – Zachary Friday, Kortney Horton, Destiny Potts, Amy Silas, Dorianna Telsee, Brittney Arnold;

 Carencro – Jeff Soulis, Harold Williams;

 Cartagena, Colombia – Sebastian Alfaro Fontalvo, Carlos Camargo Patron, Edwin Castro Frias, Carlos Lambis-Mondol, Victor Lopez Ramos, Jair Morelos Castilla, Romulo Osorio Herrera, Daniel Racero Rocha, Natalia Zapata Yonoff, Alejandro Dager Carrasquilla, Valeria Perez Espinosa, Oscar Sanchez-Luna;

 Carville – Megan Tallo;

 Castor – Hogan Nealy, Kendall Wallace;

 Cedar Hill, Texas – Timmis Bonner;

 Centerville – Ryan Wade;

 Charlotte, N.C. – Ciera Jenkins;

 Chauvin – Madison Ball, Haley Neal;

 Cheyneyville – Fontana Mitchell;

 Chesapeake, Va. – Chandler Monk;

 Chopin – Sadie Delrie, Dakota Nichols;

 Church Point –Meghan Bearb;

 Clarence – Mayshonna Bayonne;

 Cleburne – Zachary Perry;

 Clifton – Ashley Neal;

 Cloutierville – Alexia Gistarb;

 Coffeyville, Kan. –Emily McCoach;

 Colfax – Peyton Fitzhugh, Wuanicia Kirts, Heather West;

 Colleyville, Texas – David Fry;

 Columbia – Tyker Duchesne;

 Concourson – Chloe Grimaud;

 Converse – Jared Jagneaux, Victoria Walker;

 Corinth, Texas – Madison Walford;

Cottonport –Rachel Lemoine, Kelsey Duskin;

 Coushatta – Dustin Allen, Dillon Foshee, Trevor Hunt, Barbara Johnson, Lajustice Johnson, Tawanda Johnson, Tristen Jones, Aston Lester, Allison Longino, De’Condria Smith, Mikailah Smith, John Squires, Callie Tucker, Treaure Wilson Christopher Grigg;

 Convington – Haley Helm;

 Crowley – Brianna Oliver, Tayla Soileau;

 DeQuincy – Daniel Killian;

 DeRidder – Amie Ashworth, Crystal Smith, Lauren Taylor, Phillip Borel, Kortney Broussard, Jesse Fruge, Bambi Hardesty, Brittney March, Jessica McManus, Christa McCormick, Summer Thomas, Samantha Underbakke, Mandy Wilson, Siaerphin Wolfe, Tia Youngblood, Marcel Bilbo, Breanne Brauer, Jared Heard, Michael Keeper, Nathaniel Perkins;

 Deer Park, Texas – Patrick McDonald;

 Delhi – Saniah Parker;

 Denham Springs – Samantha Burgess, Caleb Callender, Ross Dougherty;

 Derry – Viola Roque;

 Desoto, Texas – Nicholas Forde;

 Destrehan – Ashley Wolf, Jessica Dealminana;

 Deville – Kealee Anderson, Mikayla Brown, Logan Laprarie, Amber Powell;

 Dobson – Melanie Thomas;

 Dodson – Courtney Booker, Catherine Roberts;

 Donaldsonville – Rikki Bergeron, Diante Phillip;

 Downsville – Kyle Otwell;

 Doyline – Patsy Carter, Lucas Darbonne, Joshua Kirkhart, Whitney Vollmer;

 Dry Prong – Megan Alwell, Ashley Burch, Ariana Christopher;

 Edmond, Okla. – Jayzen Boger, Asher Van Meter;

 Elizabeth – Hanna LaCaze, Sadie Perkins;

 Elmer – Victoria Coleman, Brennan Mays, Tula Newman, Hanna Winegeart;

 Eunice – Sarah Arnaud, Tammy Richard;

 FPO, AP, Calif. ­– Amber Travis;

 Flatwoods – Stephanie Willis;

 Florien – Tyler Johnson, Bailey McCleary, Jacob Oxley, Ashton Remedies, Calli Robertson, Adara Sims, Shayna Tilley;

 Forest Hill – Anna Doherty, Halle Lawson, Claudia Marie Musgrove, Melissa Ortis-Nava, Celina Thrasher;

 Fort Polk –Jasmine Brumfield, Ashleigh Foxworth, Jenica Alexis Smithee, Shiela May Tabonares, Kokou Tounou;

 Fort Smith, Ark. – Virginia Cesario, Angelica Valdez;

 Franklin – Ajaysia Moton, Sarah Sonnier, Brandon Ware;

 Fresno, Texas – Shalandrea Martin;

 Frierson – Jamie Russell;

 Gainesville, Fla. – Hayden Hayes;

 Garland, Texas – Dan Nguyen;

 Glenmora – Megan Delrie, Kerstyn Johnson;

 Goldonna – Brandon Smith;

 Gonzales – Haley Genovese, Bryn Hughes, Ivan Longoria, Corley Payne, Jamien Sampson, Jennifer Enloe;

 Grand Cane – Carla Crawford, Jaylen McIntyre, Mary Weeks;

 Gray – Triston Johnson, Austin Pierre;

 Greenwell Springs – Jamie Brooks, Natalie Waker, Katherine Langlois;

 Greenwood – Chantez Ashley, Leah Evans, Branden Savell, Nekidra Turner, Malory Jeter;

 Gretna – Rebecca Lefante, Donquel Sullen, Siera Sutton;

 Hamburg – Randy Gaspard;

 Hammond – Rachel Hogan;

 Joshua Wahlder – Harahan;

 Harlingen – Frances Knight;

 Harvey – Destiny Johnson, Lauren Lewis;

 Hattiesburg, Miss. – John Carter Sanner;

 Haughton – Kelsy Baker, Arneshia Brooks, Luke Johnson, Karim Karkar, Sydney MacFarlane, Samantha McGee, Kody Patterson, Hannah Robertson, Skylar Vaughn, Shannon Walls, Christopher Webb, Gage Woodburn;

 Hempstead, Texas – Joshua Roberts;

 Hessmer –Damaryon Lee;

 Homer – Ashley Hollenshead;

 Hornbeck –Braley Browning, Kynlee Coleman, Logan Hughes;

 Houma – Gavin Bergeron, Chase Hawthorne, Jenna Labat, Jessica Thibodeaux;

 Houston, Texas – Brooke Bourbonais, Stephanie Hall, Tuyet Nhi Nguyen;

 Humble, Texas – Esdeina Gonzalez, Matthew Valdez, TreVan Evans;

 Huntsville, Ala. – Phillip Sampson;

 Jacksonville, Texas – Shahd Abboud;

 Jamestown – James Moss, Dustin Ramsey, Ieshia Thomas;

 Jeanerette – Namosha Rhine, Cedric Paul, Kimyana Teno;

 Jefferson – Emily Ricalde, Samantha Rohr;

Jena – Gracie Creel, Tara Johnston, Brittani Pritchard, Kayla Robertson;

 Jennings – Dylan Bergeron, Claire Clement, Mallory Martinez, Ethan Smith;

 Jonesboro – Niewesley Booker;

 Jonesville – Kayla Ainsworth, Brandon Cage, Sidney Spinks, JaMarcus Wilkerson;

 Kaplan – Chris Hebert;

 Katy, Texas – Timothy Winders;

 Keithville – Tabitha Bolding, Sabreea Chatman, Amanda Cross, Emily Elliott, Audrey Ellzey, Taylor Hughes, Haley May, Hannah May, Erin McDonnell, Jerry Parks, Maya Porter, Cora Procell;

 Keller, Texas – Cayla Klinger;

 Kenner – Willie Soniat;

 Kerens, Texas – Eric Guerra, Cody James;

 Kiev, Ukraine – Iryna Vardanian;

 Kinder – Kelsey Frank, Katlyn Lavergne;

 Kingwood, Texas – Alexandria Bailey;

 Lafayette – Bryce Hernandez, Hudson Laborde, JaKayla Lee, Andrew Palmintier, Melissa Pesacreta, Josef Raines, Stuart Suffern, Tylar Senegal, Julia Towry, Qualantre Jackson;

 Lake Charles – Jennifer Arabie, Andrew Darbonne, Demarquise Edwards, Jett Hayes, Amanda Mustian, Sierra Seemion, Alison Thomas, Alexie White Maysen Linscomb;

 Laurel, Miss. – Payton Roney;

 Lecompte – Jacob Harvey, Rondreska Anderson, Katelyn Coburn, Linzey Evans, Daidrion Jason;

 Leesville – Skyler Abrams, Samantha Anable, Katrina Brinson, Theresa Brown, Lyric Bacote, Kaitlyn Connors, Meagan Cooley, Trevor Fox, Stephen Freshley, Maritza Gonzalez, Taylor Helton, Brandon Judd, TeAmara Judkins, Reagan Koury, Amber Martin, Mercedes Mattes, Constance McManus, Kelsea McKinney, Zachery Myers, Rossana Potempa, Linsey Preddy, Jessica Ramirez, Kayla Richards, Rachel Smith, Taylor Smith, Payton Soto, Samantha Thomas, Oscar Thompson, Kasci Toups, Chelsea Welch, Ashlan Stephens;

 Lena – Bridget Goff, Jessica Gorum, Brandon Guin, Justin Williams;

 Libuse – Alysia Hawthorne;

 Lisbon – Malcolm Cooper;

 Little Elm, Texas – Hunter Gagnon, Kaitlyn McCullough;

 Livingston – Cody Cambre;

 Logansport – Tiarra Carter, Susannah Cox, Inda Gurley, Charles McClintock, Susan Wheless;

 Longview, Texas – Robdrick Halton, Travis Pope;

 Lumberton, Texas – Joshua Terry;

 Mandeville – Connor Loar, Thomas Marlbrough, Anthony Pastorello, Morgan Stelly;

 Mansfield – LaBrittainy Alleb, Alexus Cannon, Demetri Hill, L’Kirious Lane, Alexis Montgomery, Jason Morgan, Elizabeth Sullivan, Stanley Woodley, Tremeon Allen;

 Mansura – Deaisha Johnson, Distiny Thompson;

 Many – Allison Armstrong, Chancee Branam, Tiffany Ford, Ashley Lafitte, Taylor Leach, Timothy Lewing, Melodie Lovelady, Jenifer Meadows, Tanner Mizell, Arlyssia Perry, Tanner Rains, Tessa Reeves, Jasmine Sweet, Bailey Walker, Janerrica Warfield;

 Maringouin – Heather Chatelain;

 Marksville – Melanie Dauzat, Andria Lachney, Morgan Lemoine;

 Marrero – Chance Creppel, Brittany Diodene, Lauren Guillot, Darielle Hayes;

 Marshall, Texas – Alexis Balbuena, Serdalyer Darden, Payton Ebarb, Amy Hale;

 Marthaville – Madeline Procell;

 Melissa, Texas – Kylah Banasky;

 Metairie – Safieh Azimi, Kathryn Bancroft, Mary Gaffney, Joseph Gordon, Tyler Jacobs, Taylor Jennings, Tyler Jordan, David Sampson;

 Midland, Texas – Savannah Cantwell;

Minden – Kadeem Bailey, Raylicia Dillard, Deohija Henderson, Amanda Rogers, Joshua Wilkins, Christopher Shinall, Abby Greene;

 Minneapolis, Minn. – Bobby Chan-Chan;

 Miramar, Fla. – Shawn Stephens;

 Monroe – David Allen, Courtney Blakes, Taylor Edwards, Emaia Faulkner, Breonna Gibson, Oneka Jackson, Treniya Wadley;

 Montgomery – Miranda Bartlett, Morgan Bartlett, Hannah Vercher;

 Mooreland, Okla. – Gunner Taylor;

 Mooringsport – Shaylee Sirmons;

 Moreauville – Mylesha Johnson, Payton Miller;

 Morgan City – Lindsay Blair, Norris Duthu, Krystina Pitre;

 Murfreesboro, Tenn. – Samantha Waters;

 Nanteuil, France – Jessy Gautronneau;

 Napoleonville – Logan Simoneaux;

 Nashville, Tenn. – Holly Quach;

 Natchez – Lauren Seawood;

 Natchitoches – Donterica Triplet, Sharlexus Addison, Kwanstan Adkins, Austin Aldredge, James Armstrong, Abbie Atwood, Ashlyn Balthazar, Adam Barnes, Sharne Barnette, Ramon Barralaga, Allison Berry, Thea Berry,  Christopher Billiot, Joanna Boydstun, Simone Brewer, Rachael Bryant, LaKrisha Burrell, Ebone Burton, Corieana Ceaser, Colton Chadick, Leilani Chelette, Michael Chelette, Austin Chester, Emily Coffman, Michael Cozad, William Cromartie, Jacob Dahlhoff, Kenneth Darcy, Joshua Davis, Martha DeBlieux, Jasmine Dilworth, Jessica Escobar, Virginia Falgoust, Keyaira Dumars; Irene Flakes, Matthew Fontenot, Daniela Forrero Salcedo, Mark Gallien, Fernando Gonzalez, Ian Grant, Chardonnay Green, Dallas Guillory, Latoya Hayes, Emily Heard, Amber Holmes, Jesamin Huff, Michael James, Holly Jenkins, Joshua Kaufman, Ricky Lacour, Emily Leone, Kirk Leone, Kainesha Leveston, John Lindsey, Corey Llorence, Abbey Martin, Melaina Martin, Jermeka McBride, Michael McClung, Carlie Miller, Nathalia Miranda Garcia, Taiwania Mitchell, Sarah Moody, Unai Neketan, Karmen O’Connor, Donovan Ohnoutka, Rekeithia Pier, Kenneth Poleman, Destinee Roberson, Kayla Salas, Paula Sanchez Luna, Phelan Sewell, Anna Smith, Nicholas Smith, Patrick Smith, Brianna Stelly, Theresa Stelly, Bethany Straub, Harrison Thomas, Kiara Charles, Anastasia Thompson, Kaleb Usleton, Ebony Vaughn, Fierra Vaughn, Kristina Vujanic, Matthew Westerfield, Brittany White, Sarah Kay Whitehead, Logan Williams, Jevan Wilson, Lanae Wilson, Donna Cooper, Christine Fuller, Kary-Katharine McCormick, Naloni Walker,

 New Iberia – Bryson Bourque, Sania Dauterive, Krysten Freyou, Khantisha Grayson, Madison Romero;

 New Llano – Crystal Blum, , Faith Toups;

 Newellton – Chasity Glasspoole;

 New Orleans – Zoe Almaraz, Brandon Demas, Karrington Johnson, Teia Jones, Carolyn Marks. Diane Nguyen, Tayla Oliver, Don’Keitia Swayne;

 Newnan, Ga. – Samantha Sims;

 Newton, Texas – Savanna Simmons;

 Noble ­– LeeAnna Ebarb, Savannah Jordan, Alexandria Warner;

 Oakdale – Destani Johnson, Marvette Williams;

 Oil City – Maegan Allborty;

 Olla – Morgan Barbo, Meghan Knight;

 Opelika, Ala. – Ceaser Stephens;

 Opelousas – Destiny Arceneaux, Kierra Doucet, Shaquanna Gallow, Desiree Lewis, Shelley Perksin, Kayla Pitre, Zoei Sonnier, Courtney Tatmon;

 Orange, Texas – Hunter Uzzle;

 Orlando, Fla. – Dalene Mathieu;

 Otis – Sabrina Thiels;

 Oxon Hill – Tamara Slaughter;

 Palm Harbor – Mackenzie Geier;

 Paris, Texas – Jordan Whatley;

 Pearland, Texas – Tanisha Williams;

 Pelican – Tabetha Caldwell;

 Pensacola, Fla. – Amyris Anderson;

 Picayune, Miss. – Katie LeBlanc;

Pickerington, Ohio – Zachary Gorman;

 Pineland, Texas – Desmond Lacey;

 Pineville – Charles Anderson, Dustie Bridges, Rylee Choate, Glory Deaton, Halie Ducote, Katelan Gossett, Amanda Hinson, Trequan Joseph, Jessica King, Samantha Louie, Michael Marino, Ameera Ghannam, Erica Raines, Samuel Hebert, Jasmine Overgaard, Brittany Shackleford, Glynn Sillavan, Chloe Solomon, Evan Stuckey, Suzanne Thompson, Brandon Timmon, Caitlyn Touchet, Carly Touchet, David Veal, Emily Wiley, Steven Wimberly, Patricia Jason;

 Pioneer – Kayla Rockett;

 Pitkin – Braydon Doyle, Emily Hardisty, Madison McDonald, Emily Odom;

 Plain Dealing – Jennifer Clarkston;

 Plaucheville – Matthew Armand;

 Pleasant Hill – Emily Walker;

 Pollock – Anna Armstrong, Tanner Brazil, Kari Taffi;

 Port Allen – Kennedy Cullen, Evan Daigle, James Fairchild;

 Port Orange, Fla. – Sean Logan;

 Prairieville – Colleen Carline, Claire Credeur, Samantha Daigle, Otha Nelson, Caleb Ricca, Dwight Robinette, Mikayla Tudor;

 Princeton – Searra Anweiler, Keeleigh Bennett, Jasmine Jackson, Tricia Malone, Ty Shilling, Chelsea Morris;

 Provencal – Andrea Farrell, Jamie Litton, Derek Toro;

 Purvis, Miss. – Carter Hankins;

 Rayne – Cameron Desselle, Dannie Harmon, Jacquanna Steiner;

 Richton, Miss. – Kalen Meggs;

 Ridgecrest – Jackie Coates;

 Ringgold – Regan Edwards, Miracle Mays;

 River Ridge – Taylor McCardle;

 Robeline – Kelcey Dubois, Willie Garcia, Patricia Goodwin, Alyssa Maley, Angela Mitchell, Kacy Morace, Taylor Morgan, Brittany Woodell

 Rockwall, Texas – Kari Runnels;

 Rogers, Ark. – Taylor Bush;

 Rosepine – Angela McClelland, Nikole Morris;

 Rosharon, Texas – Whitney Washington;

 Ruston – Tiffany Coleman;

 Saint Amant – Bryn Edmonston;

 Saint Martinville – Malik Anthony, Chaselyn Lewis; Destiny Simon, Maleik White;

 Saline – Makayla Jackson, Isabella Jones, Aaron Savell, Ashley Tisdale;

 San Antonio – Anthony Renteria;

 San Pedro Sula, Cortes – Jose Bustillo Aguero;

 Santa Fe, Texas – Micaela Bouvier;

 Savannah, Ga. – Larry Johnson;

 Scott – Joy Trahan;

 Scurry, Texas – Rebecca Blackshear;

 Searcy, Ark. – Lora Wood;

 Shongaloo – Laci Roberts;

 Shreveport – Alana Adams, Elizabeth Antee, Baylee Aultman, Kennedi Baylor, Tylar Bedford, Brionne Blanche, Joe Bradley, Desean Britton, Ashley Brokenberry, Jasmine Brown, Krysten Cahanin, Rikkia Ceaser, Jordan Chance, Cameron Coleman, Tyra Cooper, Derienne Copeland, Tyler Cummings, Tristine Czaska, Taylor Davis, Shalanda Duncan, Elijah Durr, Sarah Elbert, Rebecca Glorioso, Tiffany Gomez, Ashleigh Grace, Tiffany Greggs, Christion Hall, Jennifer Hardey, Taylor Harkins, Kari Harris, Jessica Hartline, Jacob Hattaway, Mariah Hester, Maya Hooks, RaTonya Howard, Elizabeth Huff, Aubrey Hullaby, Brittney Jackson, Katherine Jaynes, Thomas Jaynes, Brittany Jefferson, Jada Johnson,  Charlecia Jones, Kiera Jones, Lajarious Jones, Jason Joshua, Alicia King, Akilah Lewis, Keydran Little, Brianna Mason, Fred McClure, Acquiria Mitchell, Jasmine McConnell, Brandon Melancon, Jessie Miller, Lavelle Mitchell, Arielle Moore, Maria Ogletree, Kendrick Payne, TreSor Pennington, Tierra Perry, Rikell Quintero, Kendall Reeves, Lillian Reynolds, Mollie Reynolds, Carribean Richardson, Jasmine Roberts, Lawson Scott, Fredicka Seawood, Catherine Shaw, Kaylin Smith, Khandice Smith, Latrice Smith, Shelby Sowers, Rashima Stewart, Morgan Strickland, Khalil Sumlin, Jordan Taylor, Albert Tuiel, Rhiannon Venable, Shelbie Waltman, De’Andra Washington, Jayla Washington, Brattany Waters, Celte Weaver, Victoria Whaley, Aljata Williams, Lana Williams, Joseph Zaia, Kassidee Kennedy, Alexis Mason Latravia Mosley, Chekayah Samuel;

 Sibley – Madison Mouserl

 Sicklerville, N.J. – Amy Talorowski;

 Sieper – Joseph Fowler;

 Silsbee, Texas – Carson Fuller;                                              

 Simmesport – Taylor McBroom;

 Simpson – Christina Snider;

 Slaughter – Brittany Brown;

 Slidell – Robert Carter, Kierston Jackson, Isabel Melhado;

 St. Francisville – Kaitlyn Lastrapes, Kathleen Morse;

 St. James – Kaitlin Cayette;

 Starks – Melina Royer;

 Stockton, Calif. – William Mafi;

 Stonewall – Alexa Barron, Emily Cecil, Hailey Compton, Amber Freeman, Kelsey Garsee, Mallory McConathy, Emily McConell, Colby Orr, Madison Parker, Alicia Phelps, Kirsten Sanders;

 Sunset – Lauren Pope;

 Tallulah – Christian Cobb;

 Tampa, Fla. – Ryan Woehlert;

 Theriot – Leeanne Whitney;

Thibodaux – Gabrielle Dantoni, Terrance Johnson, Landon Oliver;

 Tickfaw – Alexis Hughes;

 Trout – Kalee McGuffee, Andrea Walters;

 Tulsa, Okla. – Kaihe Fisher;

 Tyler, Texas  – Austyn Fendrick;

 Vacherie – Tameeka Ross;

 Van

 Ville Platte – Regan Hazleton;

 Van Alstyne, Texas  – Kevin Hendricks;

 Vidalia – Sydney Gillespie, Khalia Harris, Charles Johnson;

 Ville Platte – Steven Smithl

 Vinton – Alayna Zaunbrecher;

 Violet – Demetrius Boulieu;

 Vivian – Emily Holley;

 Waggaman – Miranda Beck-Bird;

 Wake Village, Texas – Michaela Johnson;

 Waskom – Shelby McNeil, Kendall Perot;

 Wellington, Fla. – Carlos Lopez Lagoa;

 Welsh – Jordan Durio, Katherine Salassi;

 West Monroe – Michael Dailey, Beyonca Dickens, Austin Dodson, Bailey Hargrove, Jasmyn Johnson, Melissa Taylor, Sarah Weir, Christopher Wynn;

 Westwego – Eryn Percle;

 White Oak, Texas – Reagan Praznik;

 Winnfield – Hollie Frederick, Samantha Frederick, Kaitlyn Hines, Branden Jennings, Brooklyn Johnson, Hunter Johnson, Stormie Jordan, Javonti Thomas, Cameron Warren, Katrina County;

 Woodworth – Carolyn Jarvis;

 Youngsville – Blaie Fontenot, Alexys Hebert, Lorin Prejean;

 Ypsilanti, Mich. – Anthony Enos;

 Zachary – Darrul Anderson, Amanda Billeaudeau, Mason Bulot, Ethlel Felder;

 Zwolle – Kamryn Bedsole, Dayton Craig, Jared Fisette, Addison Garcie, Lloyd Gentry, Treveon Perry, Ali Remedies, Breanna Rivers;

[phenakistoskope]

i've been reading alice echols' cultural feminism: feminist capitalism and the anti-pornography movement, an essay linked in this post and contemplating the ground that movements ostensibly directed towards liberation inevitably cede to oppressive structures, in this case capitalism, but what interests me more is an essay cited by echols, namely the personal is not political enough by one elizabeth fox-genovese. now this is a piece i'm going to have to track down at some point, because it touches upon a phrase that has been rendered utterly meaningless by contemporary cultural feminism (i've clearly imbibed a bit of that essay into my vocabulary). besides that i'm quite curious as to why race isn't mentioned even in passing in echols' essay.

[settledthingsstrange]

A decisive moment in my journey in faith came when, one day, seemingly out of nowhere, the thought pierced me that Jesus had died for my sins. And, immediately on its heels, came the devastating recognition that I am not worth his sacrifice. Only gradually have I come truly to understand that the determination of worth belongs not to me but to him. God’s love for us forever exceeds our control and challenges our understanding. Like faith, it is His gift, and our task is to do our best to receive it.

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese

[all-feminism-is-bad]

Feminism: It's Just Another Name For Communism

One thing traditionalists often hear is that we know nothing about feminism. Another is that we have internalized misogyny.

People who research the history of the women’s movement from its very beginning to modern-day know that the movement has always been Communist, against family, and against women fulfilling their God-ordained role as wife and mother. The nineteenth and twentieth century feminists embraced the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Both Marx and Engels called for women to be forced out of the home.

“The overthrow of mother right was the world historical defeat of the female sex. The man took command in the home also; the woman was degraded and reduced to servitude; she became the slave of his lust and a mere instrument for the production of children.” -Friedrich Engels, “The Origin of the Family,” 1884

“Housewives are an endless array of ‘horse-leech’s’ daughters, crying, ‘Give! Give!’- a parasite mate devouring even when she should most feed and who has the aspirations of an affectionate guinea pig.” -Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relations Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution,” 1898

“We must now say proudly and without any exaggeration that apart from Soviet Russia, there is not a country in the world where women enjoy full equality and where women are not placed in the humiliating position felt particularly in day-to-day family life. This is one of our first and most important tasks…. Housework is the most unproductive, the most barbarous, and the most arduous work a woman can do. It is exceptionally petty and does not include anything that would in any way promote the development of woman… The building of socialism will begin only when we have achieved the complete equality of women and when we undertake the new work together with women who have been emancipated from that petty stultifying, unproductive work…. We are setting up model institutions, dining-rooms and nurseries, that will emancipate women from housework…. These institutions that liberate women from their position as household slaves are springing up where it is in any way possible.” -V. I. Lenin, “The Task of the Working Women’s Movement in the Soviet Republic,” 1919

“The chief thing is to get women to take part in socially productive labor, to liberate them from their ‘domestic slavery,’ to free them from their stupefying and humiliating subjugation to the eternal drudgery of the kitchen and the nursery. This struggle will be a long one, and it demands a radical reconstruction, both of social technique and of morale. But it will end in the complete triumph of Communism.” -V. I. Lenin, “International Working Women’s Day Speech,” 1920

“The first class opposition that appears in history coincides with the development of the antagonism between man and woman in monogamous marriage, and the first class oppression coincides with that of the female sex by the male.” -Friedrich Engels, “The Origin of the Family”

“The first condition of the liberation of the wife is to bring the whole female sex back into public industry, and this in turn demands the abolition of the monogamous family as the economic unit of society.” -Friedrich Engels, “The Origin of the Family”

“Women are the creatures of an organized tyranny of men, as the workers are creatures of an organized tyranny of idlers.” -Eleanor Marx, “The Woman Question”

“A parasite sucking out the living strength of another organism… the housewife’s labor does not even tend toward the creation of anything durable…. Woman’s work within the home is not directly useful to society, produces nothing. The housewife is subordinate, secondary, parasitic. It is for their common welfare that the situation must be altered by prohibiting marriage as a ‘career’ for woman.” -Simone de Beauvoir, “The Second Sex”

“A world where men and women would be equal is easy to visualize, for that precisely is what the Soviet Revolution promised.” -Simone de Beauvoir, “The Second Sex”

“The Women’s Caucus endorses Marxist-Leninist thought.” -Robin Morgan, 1970

“Housewives are mindless and thing-hungry… not people. Housework is peculiarly suited to the capacities of feeble-minded girls. It arrests their development at an infantile level, short of personal identity with an inevitably weak core of self…. Housewives are in as much danger as the millions who walked to their own death in the concentration camps. The conditions which destroyed the human identity of so many prisoners were not the torture and brutality, but conditions similar to those which destroy the identity of the American housewife.” -Betty Friedan, “The Feminine Mystique”

“Housewives are dependent creatures who are still children… parasites.” -Gloria Steinem, 31 August 1970

“The husband’s work provides for greater challenges and opportunities for growth than are available to his wife, whose horizons are inevitably limited by her relegation to domestic duties. This programs her for mediocrity and dulls her brain…. Motherhood can only be a temporary detour.” -Nena O’Neill and George O’Neill, “Open Marriage: A New Lifestyle for Couples,” 1972

“Women owe Friedan an incalculable debt for “The Feminine Mystique….” Domesticity was not a satisfactory story of an intelligent woman’s life.” -Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, “Feminism Is Not the Story of My Life,” 1996

“As long as the woman is the primary caretaker of childhood, she is prevented from being a free human being.” -Kate Millet, “Sexual Politics,” 1969

“So long as society views sexual intercourse as tied, if only symbolically, to procreation and values this connection, it must in turn, view women as being different from men and likewise value this difference.” -F. Carolyn Graglia, “Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism”

“The success of the sexual revolution has depended on divorcing sexual intercourse from all factual or symbolic attachment to procreation; this divorce has required that abortion be both legally available and socially acceptable.” -F. Carolyn Graglia, “Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism”

“When the prevailing mores teach that sexual intercourse is merely a morally indifferent, mechanical act designed to produce a physical sensation with any number of individuals and without the prerequisites of love and commitment, the act- like inflated currency- loses value. Then, sexual intercourse becomes what one of Allan Bloom’s female college students described in “The Closing of the American Mind”: “it’s no big deal.” And when the sex act becomes degraded in value- when it ceases to be a big deal- society decreases the value it places both on a child as the product of conception in this degraded act and on a woman in her role as mother of the child. Casual sex leads, as it were, to casual motherhood.” -F. Carolyn Graglia, “Domestic Tranquility A Brief Against Feminism”

“A primary factor contributing to the feminization of poverty has been the change to a system of no-fault divorce under which divorce is easily obtained, even when opposed by one of the parties, and men often terminate marriages without providing adequate alimony or child support. The feminist quest for female fungibility with males has led the women’s movement to support the invalidation of laws benefiting and protecting women.” -F. Carolyn Graglia, “Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism”

“As mentioned earlier, feminists nevertheless often try to disclaim responsibility for no-fault’s results. Liberationist of the 1970s blathered mindlessly about the oppressiveness of the family, exhorting women to break the chains of their confinement, to cease being parasites in their suburban havens, to cease holding husbands in marriages the men no longer wanted, and to set out on the road to true fulfillment and equality by finding some rewarding career. Yet, having been taken seriously by every state legislature in the country and with the divorce revolution accomplished, feminists seek to absolve themselves from blame, as if society should have known better than to listen to them. No longer concentrating on the oppressiveness of home and family for women, feminists argue instead that, unfortunately, married mothers must remain in the workforce to protect themselves from the very likely possibility of becoming single-parents impoverished by divorce. This is a likelihood, they choose not to remember, their movement was highly instrumental in creating.” -F. Carolyn Graglia, “Domestic Tranquility A Brief Against Feminism”

“As long as the family and the myth of the family and the myth of maternity and the maternal instinct are not destroyed, women will still be oppressed…. No woman should be authorized to stay at home and raise her children. Society should be totally different. Women should not have that choice, precisely because if there is such a choice, too many women will make that one. It is a way of forcing women in a certain direction.” -Simone de Beauvoir, 1975

“Feminism was profoundly opposed to traditional conceptions of how families should be organized, since the very existence of full-time homemakers was incompatible with the women’s movement…. If even 10 percent of American women remain full-time homemakers, this will reinforce traditional views of what women ought to do and encourage other women to become full-time homemakers at least while their children are very young…. If women disproportionately take time off from their careers to have children, or if they work less hard than men at their careers while their children are young, this will put them at a competitive disadvantage vis-a-vis men, particularly men whose wives do all the homemaking and child care…. This means that no matter how any individual feminist might feel about child care and housework, the movement as a whole had reasons to discourage full-time homemaking.” -Jane J. Mansbridge, “Why We Lost the ERA”

“Being a housewife is an illegitimate profession… The choice to serve and be protected and plan towards being a family-maker is a choice that shouldn’t be. The heart of radical feminism is to change that.” -Vivian Gornick University of Illinois, “The Daily Illini,” 25 April 1981

[erikonymous]

Donald J. Trump, a reality-television star erecting a mausoleum for himself behind the first-hole tee of a golf course he owns in New Jersey, first declared his candidacy for president of the United States in the atrium of Trump Tower, which he built in the 1980s with labor provided by hundreds of undocumented Polish workers and concrete purchased at an inflated price from the Gambino and Genovese crime families. “The American dream is dead,” Trump said to the audience members, each of whom he paid $50 to attend. During Trump’s primary campaign, he told his supporters that he knew “all about crazies,” loved “Wall Street guys” who are “brutal,” planned to “use the word ‘anchor baby,’ ” and preferred to pronounce “Qatar” incorrectly. Trump, who in 1999 cut his sick infant grandnephew off the Trump Organization’s health-care plan and in 2011 compared being gay to switching to a long-handled golf putter, pledged to repeal the Affordable Care Act and said he’d consider trying to overturn the legalization of same-sex marriage. Trump said that his book The Art of the Deal was second in quality only to the Bible and that he never explicitly asked God for forgiveness. At a church in Iowa, he placed a few dollar bills into a bowl filled with sacramental bread, which he has referred to as “my little cracker.” Trump, who once dumped a glass of wine on a journalist who wrote a story he didn’t like, told his supporters that journalists were “liars,” the “lowest form of humanity,” and “enemies,” but that he did not approve of killing them. “I’m a very sane person,” said Trump, who once hosted a radio show in which he discussed the development of hair-cloning technology, the creation of a vaccine for obesity, the number of men a gay man thinks about having sex with on his morning commute, and the dangers of giving free Viagra to rapists. Trump denied being the voice of John Miller, one of several fictional assistants he had previously admitted pretending to be, in a recording of himself telling a reporter that he had “zero interest” in dating Madonna; that he had three other girlfriends in addition to Marla Maples, with whom he had been cheating on his wife; and that he had an affair with Carla Bruni, who later responded by describing Trump as “obviously a lunatic.” Trump, who once offered the city of New York vacant apartments in his building to house homeless people in hopes they would drive away rent-controlled tenants, sent a bumper sticker to a group of homeless veterans whom he had previously declined to help and asked them to campaign for him. Trump, whose companies have been cited 24 times since 2005 for failing to pay workers overtime or minimum wage, said the federal minimum wage should go up, and then said it should not. Trump referred to 9/11 as “7-Eleven,” and called Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren “the Indian” and “Pocahontas.” Trump, who had previously labeled a deaf contestant on his reality-TV show The Apprentice “retarded,” and had described poor Americans as “morons,” said the country was on course for a “very massive recession,” one resembling the U.S. recession of 2007 to 2009, which Trump once said Americans could “opt out of” by joining Trump Network, a multilevel-marketing company that sold a monthly supply of multivitamins purportedly tailored to customers based on a test of their urine. Trump submitted his financial-disclosure form to the Federal Election Commission, on which he swore under oath that his golf course in Briarcliff Manor, New York, which was being sued by the town for causing flooding, was worth $50 million, despite having sworn in a previous property-tax appeal that it was worth $1.4 million; and swore that his golf course in Palos Verdes, California, which he was suing for five times its annual revenue, was worth more than $50 million, despite previously having filed papers with Los Angeles County stating it was worth $10 million. Trump claimed he made $1.9 million from his modeling agency, which a foreign-born former model accused of “modern-day slavery,” alleging that the agency forced her to lie about her age, work without a U.S. visa, and live in a crowded apartment for which she paid the agency as much as $1,600 a month to sleep in a bed beneath a window through which a homeless man once urinated on her. Trump sought to exclude a recording of himself telling the nephew of former president George W. Bush that he grabs women “by the pussy” from a fraud suit filed against Trump University, a series of real-estate seminars taught by salespeople with no real-estate experience, which was housed in a Trump-owned building that the Securities and Exchange Commission said also housed the country’s most complained-about unregistered brokerages, and whose curriculum investigators in Texas described as “inapplicable.” Trump announced that he would win the Latino vote, and tweeted a photo of himself eating a taco bowl from Trump Grill in Trump Tower with the message “I love Hispanics!” Trump referred to a black man at one of his rallies as “my African American,” and pledged his support for black people at a gathering of mostly white people in Wisconsin, whom he often referred to as “the forgotten people.” “I am the least racist person,” said Trump, who was sued twice by the Justice Department in the 1970s for allegedly refusing to rent apartments to black tenants, whose Trump Plaza Hotel was fined $200,000 by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission in 1992 for removing black dealers from card tables, who allegedly told a former employee that he hated “black guys counting my money,” who in 2005 floated the idea of pitting an all-black Apprentice team against an all-white one to reflect “our very vicious world,” and who was endorsed by leaders of the Ku Klux Klan, one of whom said, “What he believes, we believe.” Trump tweeted statistics credited to a fictional government agency falsely claiming that the majority of white murder victims in the United States are killed by black people. Trump tweeted a photoshopped picture of Fox News anchor Megyn Kelly, who Trump had said “had blood coming out of her wherever,” standing next to a Saudi prince, who tweeted back that he had “financially rescued” Trump twice, including once in 1990, when the prince purchased Trump’s 281-foot yacht, which was formerly owned by a Saudi arms dealer with whom Trump often partied in Atlantic City, and with whom Trump was implicated in a tax-evasion scheme involving a Fifth Avenue jewelry store. Trump disputed former Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney’s claim that Trump magazine is defunct, showing as proof an annual circular for his clubs that was not Trump magazine, which folded in 2009. Trump republished his book Crippled America with the title Great Again. Trump told and retold an apocryphal story about a U.S. general who executed Muslim soldiers with bullets dipped in pig’s blood and proposed that Muslims be banned from entering the country. At the first primary debate, Trump praised his companies’ bankruptcies, including that of Trump Entertainment Resorts, in which lenders lost more than $1 billion and 1,100 employees lost their jobs, and that of Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts, a publicly traded company that Trump used to purchase two casinos for almost $1 billion, and from which he resigned after the company went bankrupt for the first time, but before it went bankrupt for the second time. “I made a lot of money,” said Trump. At the fifth primary debate, Trump defended the idea of retaliating against America’s foreign aggressors by killing non-combatant members of their families, saying it would “make people think.” At the eleventh primary debate, Trump told the crowd there was “no problem” with the size of his penis. Trump said that he knew more about the Islamic State than “the generals,” and that he would “rely on the generals” to defeat the Islamic State. Trump said he would bring back waterboarding and torture because “we have to beat the savages.” Trump offered to pay the legal bills of anyone who assaulted protesters at his rallies, denied making the offer, then made the offer again after a 78-year-old white supporter in North Carolina punched a 26-year-old black protester in the eye and said, “Next time we see him we might have to kill him.” Trump, who in 1999 called Republicans too “crazy right” and in 2000 ran on a Reform Party platform that included creating a lottery to fund U.S. spy training, said that the 2016 primaries were “rigged,” then clinched the Republican nomination for president, receiving more votes than any Republican in history. “I was the one who really broke the glass ceiling,” said Trump when his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, became the first woman to lead a major party’s ticket. Trump hired Steve Bannon, the editor of the white-nationalist website Breitbart, to replace his former campaign manager Paul Manafort, who ran a firm that once lobbied for the military dictator of Zaire, and who himself replaced Corey Lewandowski, who resigned from the campaign not long after he was filmed grabbing a Breitbart reporter by the arm to prevent her from asking Trump any questions. Trump selected as his running mate Indiana governor Mike Pence, who previously backed a bill that would allow hospitals to deny care to critically ill pregnant women, and who once criticized the Disney character Mulan as a “mischievous liberal” created to persuade Americans that women should be allowed to hold combat positions in the military. In his general-election campaign, Trump said he would consider recognizing Crimea as Russian territory, and called on Russia to hack into Clinton’s email account. Trump said that he doesn’t pay employees who don’t “do a good job,” after a review of the more than 3,500 lawsuits filed against Trump found that he has been accused of stiffing a painter and a dishwasher in Florida, a glass company in New Jersey, dozens of hourly hospitality workers, and some of the lawyers who represented him. “I’m a fighter,” said Trump, who body-slammed the WWE chairman at WrestleMania 23 in 2007, and who attended WrestleMania IV with Robert LiButti, an Atlantic City gambler with alleged mafia ties, who told Trump he’d “fucking pull your balls from your legs” if Trump didn’t stop trying to seduce his daughter. Trump, whose first wife, Ivana, accused him in divorce filings of rape, and whose special counsel later said rape within a marriage was not possible, said “no one respects women more than I do.” Trump threatened to sue 12 women who accused him of sexual misconduct, including one who recalled Trump trying “like an octopus” to put his hand up her skirt on an airplane 35 years ago; four former Miss Teen USA contestants, who alleged that Trump entered their dressing room while girls as young as 15 were changing and said, “I’ve seen it all before”; the winner of Miss Utah USA in 1997, who alleged that Trump forcibly kissed her on the lips and then told her, “Twenty-one is too old”; an adult-film star, who alleged that at a golf tournament in Tahoe in 2006 Trump offered her $10,000 and the private use of his jet to spend the night with him; and a People magazine reporter, who alleged that while she was writing a story on Trump and his current wife, Melania, on the occasion of their first wedding anniversary, Trump pushed her against the wall and forcibly kissed her before telling her, “We’re going to have an affair.” “What I say is what I say,” said Trump, who previously told a pair of 14-year-old girls that he would date them in a couple of years, said of a 10-year-old girl that he would date her in 10 years, told a journalist that he wasn’t sure whether his infant daughter Tiffany would have nice breasts, told the cast of The View that if Ivanka weren’t his daughter “perhaps I would be dating her,” told radio host Howard Stern that it was okay to call Ivanka a “piece of ass” and that he could have “nailed” Princess Diana, and tweeted that a former winner of his Miss Universe pageant, whom Trump once called “Miss Piggy,” was disgusting. “Check out sex tape,” tweeted Trump, who once appeared in a soft-core pornographic film breaking a bottle of wine over a limousine. Trump did not comment on reports that he used over $200,000 in charitable contributions to the Trump Foundation to settle lawsuits against his businesses, $20,000 in contributions to the Trump Foundation to buy a six-foot-tall painting of himself, and $10,000 in contributions to buy a smaller painting of himself, which he hung on the wall of his restaurant Champions Bar and Grill. “I’m the cleanest guy there is,” said Trump, who once granted the rights to explore building Trump-branded towers in Moscow to a mobster convicted of stabbing a man in the face with the stem of margarita glass, who was mentored by the former lead counsel for Senator Joseph McCarthy and the Gambino and Genovese crime families, who once purchased a nightclub in Atlantic City from a hit man for a Philadelphia crime family, who once worked with a soldier in the Colombo crime family to outfit Trump Golden and Executive Series limousines with a fax machine and a liquor dispenser, and who once purchased helicopter services from a cigarette-boat racer named Joseph Weichselbaum, who was charged with drug trafficking in Ohio before being moved to Trump’s sister’s courtroom in New Jersey, where the case was handed off to a different judge, who gave Weichselbaum a three-year prison sentence, of which he served 18 months before moving into Trump Tower. Trump told journalists he “made a lot of money” when he leased his house in Westchester to the late Libyan dictator Muammar Qaddafi. “I screwed him,” said Trump. Trump, who in 2013 said that he did “have a relationship” with Vladimir Putin, said in 2016, “I don’t know Putin.” Trump, who wrote in 1997 that concern over asbestos was a mob conspiracy, who in the 1990s spent $1 million in ads to bolster the theory that a Native American tribe in upstate New York had been infiltrated by the mafia and drug traffickers, who once implied that Barack Obama’s real name is Barry Soetoro and that he won reelection by making a secret deal with Saudi Arabia, and who in 2012 tweeted that global warming was a “hoax” created by “the Chinese” to weaken U.S. manufacturing, suggested to his supporters that the Islamic State paid the phone bills of Syrian refugees, that his primary opponent Ted Cruz’s Cuban father was involved in a conspiracy to kill President John F. Kennedy, and that U.S. Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia may have been suffocated with a pillow. During the first debate of the general election, Trump said that Rosie O’Donnell had deserved it when he called her “disgusting both inside and out,” “basically a disaster,” a “slob,” and a “loser,” someone who “looks bad,” “sounds bad,” has a “fat, ugly face,” and “talks like a truck driver.” At the second general-election debate, Trump invited three women who have accused Clinton’s husband of sexual misconduct to sit in the front row; claimed that Clinton had once laughed about the rape of a 12-year-old girl, which audio showed not to be true; claimed that U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement had endorsed him, which it had not; and afterward suggested that his opponent had been on drugs during the debate. Trump, who said he could shoot someone on Fifth Avenue and not lose supporters, told his supporters that Clinton could shoot one of them and not be prosecuted. Trump told the audience at a Catholic charity dinner that Clinton “hates Catholics,” and told his supporters that she is “the devil” and that Mexico was “getting ready to attack.” Trump, who once kept a collection of Adolf Hitler’s speeches at his bedside, told his supporters that the election was “rigged” against him, won the election despite losing the popular vote by a margin of almost 3 million, claimed that he had in fact won the popular vote, and then announced that he would be staying on as executive producer of The Celebrity Apprentice on NBC, which a year earlier had fired him because he called Mexicans “rapists.” “Our country,” said Trump at a victory rally, “is in trouble.” Tower of Babble

[pairtext3-blog]

Kate Chopin A Re-Awakening - Additional Resources



Bibliography makers

An Overview of the Life and Works of Kate Chopin An article in Empire:Zine, a monthly Internet magazine on writing.

The Fifth Kate Chopin Conference Information on the Fifth Kate Chopin Conference, held earlier this year at Northwestern State University of Louisiana.

A Guide to Internet Resources for Kate Chopin's The Awakening A collection of extratextual resources available on the internet that might enrich the understanding and enjoyment of The Awakening. Compiled by Sharon Masturzo, School of Library Information and Science, University of South Florida.

Domestic Goddesses: AKA Scribbling Women A moderated E-journal devoted to women writers, beginning in the 19th century, who wrote "domestic fiction."

Kate Chopin Web Page A web site created by students at Assumption College, Worcester, Massachusetts.

Recent Publications of Chopin's Works:

The Awakening, New York: Avon Books, 1972.

The Awakening and Selected Stories, edited with an introduction by Nina Baym, New York: The Modern Library, 1993.

A Matter of Prejudice and Other Stories, New York: Bantam Books, 1992.

A Vocation and A Voice, Penguin Books, 1991.

Complete Works of Kate Chopin, edited and with an introduction by Per Seyersted; Foreword by Edmund Wilson, Volumes I and II, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.

Per Seyersted and Emily Toth, eds., A Kate Chopin Miscellany, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget and Natchitoches: Northwestern State University Press, 1979.

Forkner, Ben, ed., Louisiana Stories, Gretna, La: Pelican Publishing Co, 1990.

Bonner, Thomas, Jr. "Kate Chopin: An Annotated Bibliography," Bulletin of Bibliography, 32 (July-September, 1975) pp101-105.

Toth, Emily, "Bibliography of Writings on Kate Chopin." In A Kate Chopin Miscellany, ed. by Per Seyersted and Emily Toth., pp212-61.

"Kate Chopin, A Woman of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow," A project of the Watson Library, Northwestern State University, Rapides Parish Library and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Arnavon, Cyrille, "Les Debuts du Roman Realiste Americain et L'Influence Francaise." in Cahiers des Langues Modernes, I Paris, Didier (1946).

Bender, Bert, "The Teeth of Desire: The Awakening and The Descent of Man," in American Literature, Vol. 63, No. 3, Sept., 1991, pp. 459-473.

Berry, Wendell, "Writer and Region," in What are People For? Essays. San Francisco: Northpoint Press, 1990, pp. 71-87.

Bloom, Harold, Ed., Kate Chopin, Modern Critical Views. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.

Blumenthal, "Literature" Chapt. VI in American and French Culture, 1800-1900, pp. 174-232.

Bonner, Jr., Thomas. "Bayou Folk: An Evaluation": a paper contributed to the Kate Chopin Seminar at the 1974 MLA Conference.

__________, "Kate Chopin's At Fault and the Awakening: A Study in Structure." Markham Review, 7 (Fall, 1977), pp.10-15.

__________, "Kate Chopin's European Consciousness." American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, Vol. 8, 1975, pp. 281-84.

__________, The Kate Chopin Companion, with Chopin's translations from French fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

Boren, Lynda S. and Sara de Saussure Davis, Eds., Kate Chopin Reconsidered, Beyond the Bayou. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.

Bush, Robert, Louisiana Prose Fiction, 1870-1900 (Dissertation). State University of Iowa, 1957.

Cott, Nancy F., The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987.

Eble, Kenneth, "A Forgotten Novel: Kate Chopin's The Awakening," in Western Humanities Review, X (Summer, 1956), pp. 261-269.

Dyer, Joyce, "Gouvernail, Kate Chopin's Sensitive Bachelor," in Southern Literary Journal, 14 (Fall, 1981), pp. 46-55.

__________, "Symbolic Setting in Kate Chopin's 'A Shameful Affair'." in Southern Studies, Vol. XX, No. 4, 1981, pp. 447-452.

Ewell, Barbara, Kate Chopin. New York: The Ungar Publishing Company, 1986.

__________, "Making Places: Kate Chopin and the Art of Fiction." (Unpublished Paper).

Judith Fetterley, "Introduction" in Provisions, A Reader from 19th Century Women, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. pp. 1-40.

Judith Fetterley and Marjorie Pryse, "Kate Chopin," in American Women Regionalists, 1850-1910 (Norton, 1992) pp. 408-412.

Fletcher, Marie, "The Southern Woman in the Fiction of Kate Chopin," Louisiana History, 7 (1966): pp. 117-132.

Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth, "Between Individualism and Fragmentation: American Culture and the New Literary Studies of Race and Gender," in American Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 1 (March, 1990), pp. 7-29.

__________, "The Fettered Mind: Time, Place, and the Literary Imagination of the Old South" in The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Vol. LXXIV, No. https://synthesis-essay.com , Winter, 1990, pp. 622-650. (Review Essay of Louis Rubin's The Edge of the Swamp.)

__________, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

Gardiner, Elaine. "Ripe Figs: Kate Chopin in Miniature." Modern Fiction Studies, 28, Autumn, 1982, pp. 379-82.

Garietta, Anthony Paul, The Critical Reputation of Kate Chopin., Greensboro: University of North Carolina, 1978.

Gebhard, Caroline, "The Spinster in the House of American Criticism" in Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, Vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 79-91.

Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar, Eds., Norton's Anthology of Literature by Women. New York, 1985.

Howell, Elmo, "Kate Chopin and the Creole Country," in Louisiana History, 20 (Spring, 1979), pp. 202-219.

__________, "Kate Chopin and the Pull of Faith: A Note on Lilacs," in Southern Studies, 18, (Spring, 1979), pp. 103-109.

Jasenas, Elaine, "The French Influence in Kate Chopin's The Awakening" in Nineteenth Century French Studies, 4(1976): pp. 312-22.

Jones, Anne Goodwyn, Tomorrow is Another Day: The Woman Writer in the South, 1859-1936. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1981.

Jones, Howard Mumford, "America and French Culture, 1750-1848" in Milestones in American Literary History, edited by Robert E. Spiller.

Kate Chopin Newsletters

Vol. 1, No. 12, Spring, 1875.

Vol. I, No. 3, Winter, 1975-1976.

Vol. II, No. 2, Fall, 1976.

Vol. II, No. 3, Winter 1976-1977.

Kazin, Alfred. A Writer's America, Landscape in Literature, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.

__________, On Native Grounds, Cornwall. NY: Cornwall Press, 1942.

Kearns, Katherine, "The Nullification of Edna Pontellier" in American Literature, Vol. 63, No. 1, March 1991, pp. 62-88.

Koloski, Bernard, Ed., Approaches to Teaching Chopin's The Awakening. New York: MLA, 1988.

__________, "The Structure of At Fault"

Kraditor, Aileen S., The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1890-1920. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965.

Lally, Joan Marie. "Kate Chopin: Four Studies" (PhD Dissertation, University of Utah), MLA. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1973.

Lewis, R.W.B., The American Adam, 1955.

__________, Trials of the Word.

__________, Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren, eds., American Literature: The Makers and the Making. 1973.

Lohafer, Susan, "The Classics" in Coming to Terms with the Short Story, Chapt. 6, pp.103-133.

__________, "Preclosure and Story Processing," in Short Story Theory at a Crossroads by Susan Lohafer and Jo Ellyn Clarey, pp. 249-273.

Martin, Wendy, Ed., New Essays on The Awakening,part of The American Novel Series. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Mills, Elizabeth Shown, Chauvin Dit Charleville: Mississippi State University Press, 1976.

Oates, Joyce Carol, ed., The Oxford Book of American Short Stories: Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 1992.

O'Brien, Sharon, "The Lineaments of Antebellum Southern Romanticism," in Rethinking the South, Essays in Intellectual History, pp. 38-56.

__________, "Sentiment, Local Color, and the New Woman Writer: Kate Chopin and Willa Cather," in Kate Chopin Newsletter, 2, (Winter, 1976-1977), pp.16-24.

O' Connor, Flannery, "The Regional Writer," in Mystery and Manners, pp. 51-59.

Papke, Mary E., Verging on the Abyss, The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. New York: Greenwood Press.

Pattee, Frederick Lewis, A History of American Literature Since 1870.

__________ "The Feminine Novel," in The New American Literature, 1890-1930.

Perspectives on Kate Chopin: Proceedings of the Kate Chopin International Conference. Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, Louisiana, April 6-8, 1989.

Portales, Marco, "The Characterization of Edna Pontellier and the Conclusion of Kate Chopin's The Awakening," in Southern Studies, Vol. XX, No. 4, 1981, pp. 427-436.

Potter, Richard, "Negroes in the Fiction of Kate Chopin," in Louisiana History, 12 (Winter, 1971), pp. 41-58.

Prenshaw, Peggy Whitman, "Southern Ladies and the Southern Literary Renaissance," in The Female Tradition in Southern Literature, ed. Carol Manning, University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Rogers, Nancy, "Echoes of George Sand in Kate Chopin, Litterature Comparee," No. 1, 1983, pp. 225-228.

Rosowski, Susan J., "The Awakening as a Prototype of the Novel of Awakening, in Women's Experience," pp. 26-33.

Rowe, Anne E., "Kate Chopin" in Fifty Southern Writers before 1900, pp.133-143.

Scott, Anne Firor, The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Seyersted, Per, Kate Chopin. A Critical Biography, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.

__________ and Emily Toth, eds., A Kate Chopin Miscellany, Natchitoches: Northwestern State University Press, 1979.

__________ "Kate Chopin" in American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spring 1970. Dept. of English, The University of Texas at Arlington.

Showalter, Elaine, ed., The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory. New York: Pantheon, 1985.

__________, Sister's Choice, Tradition and Change in American Women's Writing. The Clarendon Lectures, 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.

__________, "Tradition and the Female Talent: The Awakening as a Solitary Book," in New Essays on the Awakening, pp. 33-55.

Sims, Barbara, "Emersonian Idealism and Kate Chopin's The Awakening" (Unpublished paper).

Skaggs, Peggy, Kate Chopin. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.

Sloane, David E. "Kate Chopin's European Consciousness" in American Literary Realism, 1870-1910, Vol. 8, No. 3, Summer, 1975. Seminar Moderator, MLA Conference on American Literary Realism, 1975.

Stayley, Laura, "Suffrage Movement in St. Louis during the 1870s," in Gateway Heritage, Vol. 3, No. 4, Spring, 1983, pp. 34-41.

Stepenoff, Bonnie, "Kate Chopin in `Out-At-The-Elbows' St Louis" in Gateway Heritage, Summer, 1990, pp. 62-67.

Stevens, Walter B. "Conde Louis Benoist" (in which Louis A. Benoist is also portrayed); "Eugene Hunt Benoist;" "Howard Benoist;" and "Lee Benoist." Brief biographical sketches in St.Louis: History of the Fourth City, 1763-1909. Chicago and St. Louis: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909, pp. 86, 89, 400, 872-874.

Taylor, Helen, Gender, Race and Region in the Writings of Grace King, Elizabeth McEnery Stuart, and Kate Chopin.

Toth, Emily, Kate Chopin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.

__________, "Kate Chopin's North Louisiana Awakening," in Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, Winter, 1993, pp.12-18.

__________, "Kate Chopin and Literary Convention: 'Desiree's Baby'" in Southern Studies, Vol. XX, No. 2, 1981, pp. 201-208.

__________, "Kate Chopin on Divine Love and Suicide: Two Rediscovered Articles," in American Literature, Vol. 63, No. 1, March 1991, pp.114-121.

__________, "The Independent Woman and Free Love." Massachusetts Review, 16 (Autumn 1975), pp. 647-664.

__________, "St Louis and the Fiction of Kate Chopin," in Missouri Historical Society, 32 (October, 1975) pp. 33-50.

Turnell, Martin, "Maupassant," in The Art of French Fiction. New York, New Directions, 1959, pp. 93-97.

Turner, Frederick, Spirit of Place: The Making of an American Literary Landscape. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1989.

Wilson, Edmund, Patriotic Gore.

__________, ed., The Shock of Recognition. New York, N.Y.: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1967.

Walker, Nancy, "Feminist or Naturalist: The Social Context of Kate Chopin's The Awakening," in Southern Quarterly, 17 (1979), pp. 95-103.

Wolff, Cynthia G., "Kate Chopin and the Fiction of Limits: 'Desiree's Baby'" in Southern Literary Journal, 10, Spring, 1978, pp.123-33

Wood, Ann Douglas, "The Literature of Impoverishment: Women Local Colorists in America 1865-1914" in Women's Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1972.

Zabel, Morton Dauwen, Literary Opinion in America. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1937.

Ziff, Larzer, The American 1890s: Life and Times of a Lost Generation. New York: Viking, 1966.

Primary Sources:

From the Missouri Historical Society:

Kate Chopin Papers

Kate Chopin Account Ledger with Houghton Mifflin and Co, February 28, 1902

"Katie O'Flaherty, St. Louis. 1867" ( Commonplace Book,1867-1870)

"Impressions 1894" (May 4,1894-October 26, 1896)

"Leaves of Affection."

"Leilia. Polka for Piano." Undated. Published for the author by H. Rollman and Sons, St. Louis, 1888.

Correspondence: R.E. Lee Gibson to Mrs. Chopin, April 28, 1899. ALS. Lewis B. Ely to Mrs. Chopin, April 28, 1899. Lewis B. Ely to Ms. Chopin, May 13, 1899. L. to "My Dear Little Katie", May 16, 1899. Sue V. Moore (Publisher of St. Louis Life from 1890-1896) to K.Chopin, (on response to The Awakening). Letter fragment regarding The Awakening.

Essays: "Crumbling Idols by Hamlin Garland" in Life, October 6, 1894. "The Real Edwin Booth." Undated. in St. Louis Life, October 13, 1894. "Emile Zola's Lourdes" in St. Louis Life, November 17, 1894. "The Western Association of Writers" in Critic, July 7, 1894.

Logbooks

Wednesday Club of St. Louis Reciprocity Day, "An Afternoon with St.Louis Authors," Wednesday, November 29, 1899.

St. Louis Society Scrapbook, 1889-1906, p. 100.

From the Cammie Henry Research Center, Watson Library, Northwestern State University of Louisiana:

Benoist, Clemence, " My Native Town," a handwritten essay about Cloutierville when she was a student at Grand Coteau (Sacred Heart Academy in Louisiana).

Melrose Collection

Arthur Babb Sketchbook (material on Brazeales)

Death notices of Mrs. Marie Chopin Breazeale

Mildred McCoy Collection

Various materials on Kate Chopin, Oscar Chopin, Bayou Folk Museum, letters and some photographs

Box 5 holds Oscar Chopin papers:

(Leases, Sales, Tax papers, Mortgage Papers from Citizens' Bank of Louisiana)

Court Case involving Oscar Chopin, Executor, Vs the U.S., No 592, French and American Claims Commission.

"Sucession Oscar Chopin, Dec'd"

Review of At Fault in The Enterprise in Natchitoches, December, 1890.

Correspondence: Kate Chopin to the Editor of The Enterprise, in response to the review of At Fault, December 9, 1890. Fragment of a handwritten letter describing racial violence in Natchitoches Parish in 1876, author unknown.

From the Library of Congress:

19th century Guides to St. Louis:

The St. Louis Guide, St. Louis: F.W. Benton and Company, 1888.

Strangers' Guide to the City of St. Louis, St. Louis: T.K.Sage and Co.

From Oakland, Afton Historical Society:

Correspondence, James Murrin to J.H. Tighe Jan 7, 1868. (Alludes to Mrs. Thomas O'Flaherty, Jennie and Katie O'Flaherty)

Stories and Poems (Handwritten or Original Publication):

"A Little Free Mulatto"

"Alone"

"An Embarrassing Position" One act Comedy by Kate Chopin. Printed

"A Scrap and A Sketch", Retitled by hand as "The Night Came Slowly"

"The Christ Light" Original issue of Syndicated American Press Association story retitled "The Going a. of Liza. "

"The Dream of an Hour" (Vogue, December 6, 1894)

"Reve D'une Heure" (Translation of "The Dream of an Hour")

"Emancipation. A Life Fable." Undated; late 1869 or early 1870.

"The Maid of Saint Phillippe"

"The Storm: A Sequel to the 'Cadian Ball.&quot July 19, 1898.

"Two Portraits"

At Fault (Novel) July 5, 1889-April 20, 1890. Published for the author by Nixon Jones Printing Co., St. Louis, Sept., 1890.

A Night in Acadie (Collected short stories) Chicago: Way and Williams, 1897.

Bayou Folk (Collected short stories). Boston: Hougton Mifflin and Co, 1894.

The Awakening, (June (?)1897-Jan 21, 1898. Chicago and New York: Herbert S. Stone and Co, 1899.

Newspaper Articles:

"A St. Louis Woman Who Has Won Fame In Literature," in St. Louis Post Dispatch, Magazine Section, Sunday, November 26, 1899.

Bassford, Homer, "Louis A. Benoist Quieted Bank Run Here Century Ago by Paying in Full All Who Asked Cash," in St. Louis Star and Times, May 30, 1933. (From Oakland Papers, Afton Historical Society.)

"Dr. William Taussig tells of the Gasconade Disaster," St. Louis Republic, November 1, 1905.

"The Gasconade," A poem in The Leader, Literary Department, November 17, 1855

"O'Flaherty's Fatal Ride" The St. Louis Daily Times, Monday December 29, 1873 (contemporary account of the death of Kate Chopin's brother, Thomas O'Flaherty).

Newsclippings re Death of Thomas O'Flaherty. November 10, 1855, with Ms fragment and photograph of Kitty Garesche (1870) on verso.

"Open to Hermann," in The Leader, Saturday, December 22, 1855. p. 7 (small article on the aftermath of the wreck of the Gasconade bridge).

"Recalls the Noted Gasconade Horror," Globe Democrat, November 2, 1913 (Missouri Historical Society Vertical File).

"Seventeen Persons Killed. Great Numbers Wounded" The Leader, Saturday, November 3, 1855.

Weil, Tom, "Historic Central Louisiana Haunted by Romantic Past," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Februrary 26, 1989, 3T.

Wilensky, Harry, "Her Masterwork was Taboo," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Wednesday, April 24, 1974, p. 3F.

"Wreck Survivor Writes about Gasconade Crash" (Joseph T. Keyte); appeared in the Republican (?), Nov 10-13m 1913 (Missouri Historical Society Vertical File).

Viets, Elaine, "Author's House Still Has Spirit," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 7, 1985, F1.

Wolfe, Linda, "There's Someone You Should Know: Kate Chopin," The New York Times, September 22, 1972.

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The Overthrow of the Great Books | Minding The Campus

Many years ago, in the late ‘90s, three professors and I met with the undergraduate dean at Emory University to discuss a Great Books proposal. Steven Kautz, a political scientist, led the effort, and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Harvey Klehr, and I backed him up. via Pocket from bitly http://bit.ly/2qeZ2UD via IFTTT