#homosporous

[sciencesolutions]

[littlestfallenangel]

Tighnari: Collei, I have something important to tell you.

Tighnari: I'm homosocial

Tighnari: Homosporous

Tighnari: Homogeneous

Tighnari: Homosapien

Collei: It's okay, Master, take your time

Tighnari: Boys.

[robotpoetry]

SLUMBER

"Slumber"

From Your Door Soon My Lest

Seven Nights They Look Divest

The Cloud Will Vanish Homosporous

Down The Worm Oh Ignatius

---

And Thus Her Shining Tent Like Irbinna

Threat Stain D Infant Rajala

My Mother Where Love That Zest

Of It With Softest Care Transgressed

[saritawolff]

Here I got you this fern because it’s homosporous and I thought you’d like that cause gay

[botanyshitposts]

What is a ligule/ligula? Like from the most recent isoetes post.

the ligule is an organ near the inner base of Isoetes leaves who’s function and purpose remains unknown to biology after decades of study. it’s a really anatomically detailed, diversified, and complex organ, being one of the first things produced when an Isoetes plant starts to sprout and differentiate in cell type. it’s really weird to describe because it’s facing towards the center of the plant, so this drawing is if you tore off a leaf at the base, flipped it over, and looked closely at the bottom: 

features include:

-oozing a mysterious ooze. said ooze is very biochemically complex and has been picked apart and assessed as early as the 80s, so we know exactly what’s in the ooze, but we do not know why they’re oozing. theories include wetting/protecting very young new leaves (possible) and being a former digestive fluid from when Isoetes was carnivorous (extremely less possible. although very cool, as of now there’s little evidence to support Isoetes being or ever being carnivorous. still terrifying to think about though). 

-being suspiciously specific to ancient heterosporous plants, ‘heterosporous’ meaning that the sperm and the eggs of the plant are two drastically different physical things (as opposed to some diststant Isoetes relatives, where the plant produces only one kind of spore and they just make things work). Isoetes all have very prominent and visible ligules, as do the fossils of all their ancestors...yet fossils of homosporous plants from the same era either lack ligules or have incredibly small ones. most of the few species of homosporous plants with ligules are now extinct, and the surviving homosporous plants with ligules have them reduced to incredibly small sizes. whether or not having a ligule is needed to be heterosporous is under debate, but as of now there’s been no extended research one way or the other and we just. don’t know

-going off the previous point, we do not know if the ligule still serves a purpose in modern Isoetes or if it’s just a vestigial organ that the entire family of remaining Isoetes has, but clearly it used to serve some purpose for them 400 million years ago for their 100+ foot tall ancestors, and we know this because when you look at the fossils of these ancestors, you can see where they had ligules at the bases of their leaves. here’s a fossilized section of Lepidodendron bark, each ‘scale’ being a structure called a leaf cushion, where the simple leaves of the plant used to be attached:

and then here’s a labelled diagram of the leaf cushions of both Lepidodendron and another family member from the same era, showing the mark where the ligule of the leaf used to be attached:

notice that the part of the ligule was just above where the leaf was attached, meaning that the ligules of these plants were on the inside of the leaves, facing towards the top, like Isoetes does today on a much more condensed scale. why???? for what purpose???? why did they ooze???? why do they ooze?? is it at all correlated with prehistoric sexy times??? we literally do not know.

so in that post, when the new species of Isoetes were described as having no ligules observed, that immediately makes me 👀, but at the same time these delicate anatomical structures are better seen with a live/recently dead plant as opposed to one that’s been in an herbarium for 30 years, so it’s possible that the species does have a ligule and the specimen is just too degraded for it to be seen. that being said, on the off chance that it really is a species of Isoetes without a ligule or a glossopodium or any type of that structure, and the entire space on the inside of said leaves are just...blank, i think it would really be worth looking into and speculating about, seeing how far back we see these organs in both ancient and modern Isoetales. it seems like it’s important, like it really seems like these guys know what they’re doing smacking a mysterious oozing structure onto their leaves, but the answers regarding their oozy ways evade humanity to this day and it haunts me

[er-cryptid]

Lycopsida

-- club mosses

-- tracheophytes

-- higher plant

-- about 900 living species

-- usually one meter or less in height

-- many are ground creepers

-- vascular

-- true roots, stems, and leaves

-- small leaves

-- homosporous = bear one type of spore and one type of gametophyte

-- heterosporous = bear two types of spores and two types of gametophytes

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[emmagreen1220-blog]

New Post has been published on Biology Dictionary

New Post has been published on https://biologydictionary.net/sporangium/

Sporangium

Sporangium Definition

A sporangium (plural: sporangia) is the capsule structure belonging to many plants and fungi, in which the reproductive spores are produced and stored.

All land plants undergo an alteration of generations to reproduce; the sporangium is borne upon the sporophyte, which is the asexual second generation structure.

The majority of sporangia produce haploid spores through meiosis, although some are able to produce spores through mitosis.

Typically, the plants which develop two types of gametophyte do so within separate microsporangia and megasporangia. These produce microspores and megaspores, which are functionally equivalent to the male (micro-) and female (mega-) gametes. The term used to describe this trait is heterosporous, and it applies to some bryophytes (non-vascular plants, including liverworts, hornworts and mosses), some lycophytes (lesser clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts), a few pteridophytes (ferns) and the seed-bearing spermatophytes (angiosperms and cycads). In some cases, both types of spore are produced within the same sporangium.

On the other hand, equisetophytes (horsetails) and most bryophytes are homosporous; they produce only one type of spore within the sporangia, which subsequently develops into a monoecious gametophyte, possessing both male and female organs.

Sporangia can be found at the tips or along the sides of stems or leaves. In the case of fungi, the sporangia are usually found at the tips of the hyphae.

The sac containing the spores is often elevated by a long stalk called a ‘sporangiophore’, and is supported by a non-reproductive structure, which extends into the sporangium called the ‘columella’. In fungi, the fungus may produce the columella, or it can be formed of a material produced by the host on which the fungus is growing.

The image shows the terminal sporangia found at the end of the long sporangiophore called the ‘seta’ in a moss species

In the ferns, the sporangia are clustered into dense aggregations called ‘sori’, which appear as round dots on the under side of the fronds. Conversely, the sporangia of the lycophytes are on the upper side of the leaves or along the stems.

The image shows the sori of a fern. Each of the round dots contains multiple sporangia.

The microsporangia of the angiosperms (flowering plants) develop within the anther of the stamen. The microspores produced within the microsporangia—of which there is typically four per anther—eventually develop into pollen grains.

The Launching Fern Sporangia

Because plants are sessile, the process of reproducing can be problematic when it comes to reaching other plants with which to breed. Rather than moving themselves, they have evolved to use methods which disperse the spores or pollen away from the parent plant.

In a large group of ferns called the leprosporangiate ferns, the sporangia of ferns have developed a catapult system to ensure their wide dispersal.

The sporangium of the fern has a ring of cuboid-shaped cells around the outside called the ‘annulus’’; each of the cells is filled with water, which is lost to evaporation when the environment is dry. The loss of water causes the cells to shrink as the volume inside the cell decreases.

As the row of cells shrinks, the annulus is forced to slowly move into a backbend and straighten out in the opposite direction—similar to how one side of an accordion moves as the musician compresses the other side.

The change in the curvature of the annulus causes the sporangium to open at the ‘stomium’ and the spores become exposed.

The image shows a diagram of the leptosporangiate sporangium. The row of cells around the top and left is the annulus, the two longer cells on the right form the stomium, and the spores are in the center.

The negative pressure (approximately –9MPa to –20MPa) resulting from the loss of water in the cells causes ‘cavitation’, whereby a bubble is formed within each of the cells. The generation of the internal cavity creates a sudden increase in the volume of the cell and the annulus springs back to about 30-40% of its preliminary position in 10 microseconds, propelling the spores as it does so—this is possibly the fastest motion made in the shortest time ever recorded in plants. The annulus then completes the cycle over the next few hundred milliseconds, making a full return to its original shape.

The sophisticated method of spore dispersal is commonly compared to the action used in the functioning of medieval catapults.

Quiz

1. What is the term used to describe plants that produce only one type of spore? A. Homosporous B. Eusporangiate C. Heterosporous D. Microsporangia

Answer to Question #1

A is correct. Homosporous plants produce only one type of spore, which gives rise to a monoecious gametophyte. Heterosporous plants produce two different types of micro and megaspores within the sporangium.

2. What is the role of the columella? A. To support the sporangium. B. To grow the spores. C. To propel the spores. D. To support the sporangiophore.

Answer to Question #2

A is correct. The columella supports the rigidity of the sporangium by extending within its base.

3. What does the negative pressure inside annulus cells cause? A. A backbend of the annulus. B. The cells to shrink. C. The stomium to open. D. Cavitation of the cells.

Answer to Question #3

D is correct. Negative pressure caused by loss of water in the cells causes a bubble to form in a process called cavitation. This results in the springing forward of the annulus.

References

Forterre, Y. (2013) Slow, fast and furious: understanding the physics of plant movements. Journal of Experimental Botany. 64:15. Pp.4745-4760

Noblin, X. Rojas, NO. Westbrook, J. Llorens, C. Argentina, M. Dumais, J. (2012) The fern sporangium: a unique catapult. Science. 16:335

Rost, T. Barbour, M. Stocking, R. Murphy, T (2006) Plant Biology (2nd Edition). Thompson Brooks/Cole

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Survey of Life Project Reference Section You will need to include a minimum of 8 references OTHER than your textbook. Information simply copied from other sources will not count toward your points in the project. Make sure to cite your sources; plagiarized reports will be awarded zero points. References: You may use books, journals, magazines, and any website ending in .edu, .gov, or.org. However, any info taken from a website must have an author. If no author is given, then it is an inappropriate source for a college paper. Information from sources with no author will not count toward your points in the project. You may NOT use encyclopedia-type websites like Wikipedia, Britannica, Encarta, FactMonster, etc., nor videos or television shows even if they are documentaries. Citations Use the following format for citations and references: Book: Author. year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. # of pages. Example: Treshow M. 1970. Environment and Plant Response. 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Once you have your general outline, go back through it and fill it in with general statements about what kind of information about your topic you want to include in each of those sections. This will not only help you focus the content, but streamline your literature search as well. When you are ready to do a literature search, read Chapter 1. There is good info on using scientific databases to find books and articles. Some of these databases are available in our library. Go to the information desk there for help. They are very friendly. It is a good idea to get to know your librarian at the school you are attending. They have a lot of “tricks” that will assist you in finding great sources for your paper. Pay particular attention to “Using the Internet” (pg. 15). This helps you identify good websites. There is a lot of bad information on the web, as well as good, but it is not organized into “good info” and “bad info” for you. You have to learn how to identify it for yourself. Pg. 21 provides an excellent overview on how to read Scientific Papers. This will prevent confusion when reading those papers. Once you have a few resources, use the literature cited or reference section of those sources to find additional primary sources (pg. 15). Even though you may not use Wikipedia for this paper, you can use it to get background information, and then scroll down to the bottom of the page and look up the references provided for you there. Then you may use these original resources to get information for your paper. Now that you have a few resources, take good notes while you are reading them (pg. 23). This section gives good advice on how to take notes in your own words so you can avoid plagiarism. Also see the web sources provided to you on Blackboard about plagiarism, and what is common knowledge. This section also gives good advice on how to take good notes and keep them organized. As you take notes, you can start filling in more details on your outline. Other important sections: Chapter 6, Documenting the Paper: Citing Sources in the Text. This has a lot of useful advice with many different styles. Use the style I outlined above. When you think you are about done, read Chapter 8, Preparing the Final Draft (pg. 172). Preparing the Literature Cited Section (pg. 133). Again, this has a lot of useful advice with many different styles, but use the style I outlined above. Pg. 141 has information on how to site from a website source. The following will be taken into consideration during grade assessment: Report Evaluation Content is complete and accurate Unity: contains a clearly stated Thesis in the introduction that fits the assignment Coherence: essay is chunked into clear paragraphs with topic sentences; clear transitions before each new paragraph; specific details fit under the idea stated in each paragraph topic sentence; paragraphs are ordered effectively/logically Text is in student’s own words. Limited and appropriate use of quotes if used. Sources of information are clearly cited and referenced appropriately Contains information from appropriate sources other than from textbook Sentence skills: Grammar, spelling, punctuation, sentence variety/structure (syntax), and word choice (diction) are accurate. No unnecessary repetition or awkwardness. Instructions from Survey of Life Research Paper guide followed Welcome to MyCourseworkHelp.com. Hire one of our writers to write a paper for you based on the above instructions. Click on ORDER NOW, give us your deadline and get your custom essay. It only takes minutes.

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