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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Radiological Impacts of NORM and Poly Aromatic ||gg Hydrocarbon in Petroleum Industry Process on Marine Ecosystem at the Red Sea, Egypt

Authored by Kh M Zakaria

Abstract

This study was designed to realize the hazardous effects on marine ecosystem, and assess the impacts of (NORM) 238U, 232Th, and 40K radioactivity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum industry at red sea coastline in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) individuals Naphthalene, Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Fluorene, phenanthrene and Fluoranthene were analysed with HPLC with fluorescence detection for sea water, sediments and marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and starfish. HPGe gamma ray spectrometric technique used for measured. The 238U, 232Th, and 40K radioactivity concentration in sea water, sediments and marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and starfish in both Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites. The data revealed an increase in the 238U, 232Th, and 40K and (PAHs) individuals for sea water, sediments and marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and starfish in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites respectively as compared to international maximum allowable concentrations. On the other hand, 238U, 232Th, and 40K and (PAHs) individuals for sea water, sediments and marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and starfish were recorded higher concentration levels in Abu Zenima sites than Abu Rudeis sites. The data revealed an increase in concentration of (NORM) 238U, 232Th and 40K and PAHs individuals for starfish and coral reef than bivalves marine organisms for both Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites respectively as compared to international maximum allowable concentrations.

Keywords: NORM; Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon; Petroleum Industry; Radiological Impacts; Marine Ecosystem

Introduction

Background information

The oil and hence polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are naturally present in the marine environment, although levels have increased significantly following human extraction and use of oil and gas [1]. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) generally contain radio nuclides found in nature, i.e., thorium, uranium, and their progeny [2]. The TENORM waste is produced from several industrial sectors such as uranium and metal mining, phosphate ores. Processing and petroleum industry [3]. The petroleum waste (scale or sludge) have been produced by two mechanisms: either incorporation or precipitation onto the production equipment such as: pipelines, storage tank, pumps [4]. The precipitated TENORM wastes around walls of the petroleum pipes reduce their efficiency and then disposed and replaced periodically by new ones [5]. In the last decade, attention was focused on the environmental and health impact from the release of TENORM wastes.

Studies of naturally occurring radioisotopes of uranium and thorium decay series and primordial potassium in aquatic environment provide information on the environmental pollutants in water bodies, whereas marine invertebrates include sea slugs, sea anemones, starfish, octopuses, clams, sponges, sea worms, crabs, lobsters, coral reef and Bivalves, most of these animals are found close to the shore [6]. The possible radionuclide transfer provide an easy assimilation of radiation exposure into human body following their consumption [7,8]. Moreover, marine organisms such as filter feeders and piscivorous have the capacity of bioaccumulation more radionuclide's and toxic elements from water due to the physical and chemical nature of their body surfaces and feeding habit in their natural habitat, and thus, the determination of radioactivity in the marine organisms and estuaries marine animals assumes greater importance [8]. The level of natural radionuclides in marine organisms (226Ra, 228Ra and 40K) in mostly consumed marine fishes and shell fishes due to their importance as sources of high-quality protein [9].

Releases of radio-nuclides TE-NORM from marine petroleum industry (226Ra, 228Ra and 40K) effects on aquatic animals and marine food chains [9]. Among the many radio nuclides discharged into marine environments, (226Ra, 228Ra and 40K) the fate of these radio nuclides in the aquatic food chain is essential for a realistic assessment of the risk of their potential impact on human health [10]. The contribution of naturally occurring radio nuclides reflected in the sediments and marine coastline water. The radiation dose received and accumulated in the body by marine fauna comes from the naturally occurring uranium series [11]. On the other hand petroleum industry in marine have the Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) beside 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are formed during the manufactured oils in marine and sea water [11]. Oil and its derivatives PAHs have been found to be toxic to a wide array of marine organisms from marine invertebrates to large seabirds and marine mammals [12]. The effects of PAH son single organisms may add up to affect populations and communities, as well as whole ecosystems [12]. Phytoplankton, the major primary producer in the marine environment, is also sensitive to environmental stressors such as pollution. Phytoplankton plays a crucial role in the inflow of primary energy to coastal food webs; thereby changes in phytoplankton may cause significant damages to the functioning of marine ecosystems [13]. Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis located on Suez gulf, this area have many oil offshore platform, several of these offshore platforms have been in operation to extract and process oil , processing and petroleum products distribution activities and have resulted in tremendous impacts on the safety and environmental conditions in the Suez Gulf. PAHs leaks and spills have resulted in serious contamination to the Suez gulf. PAHs contain many aromatic generation compounds such as naphthalene, Acenaphthalene, Acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene; Fluoranthene Each PAHs can also be released into the environment, mainly due to offshore oil production or petroleum transportation [14]. Each PAHs have bad impacts contamination on bivalves and particularly mussels coral reef and star fish and marine invertebrates the status of the marine environment for large number of pollutants [15]. Where, PAHs are lipophilic and coplanar; they can accumulate in adipose tissues or secretions. Coral reefs are threatened by small chronic PAHs spills in particular, but larger acute oil spills may also affect coral reefs [15]. Observed biological impacts of oil spills in reef areas range from mass mortality of fish and invertebrates to apparently marine ecosystem devastation [16]. PAHs components can dissolve in water to some extent which exposes the corals to potentially toxic compounds. However, toxic concentrations are only encountered in the uppermost part of the water-column [16]. In the Suez Gulf PAHs easily gets trapped in the mangroves and usually persists for a very long time. The PAHs is subject to microbial degradation which may be a rather rapid process in aerobic environments. However, if the PAHs are buried within the anaerobic sediments, bio-degradation proceeds very slowly [17].

Materials and Methods

Study Area

The investigated area expanded along the coast of Suez gulf, Abu Zenima 29°3’20”N 33°6’11”E to Abu Rudeis 28°53′N 33°11′E.

Sampling and Sample Preparation

Six representative superficial shore sediment, sea water and marine organisms samples (Bivalves, Coral reef and Star fish) were collected from six different stations located along the offshore oil platforms in Abu Zenima (Abu Zenima 1, Abu Zenima 2, Abu Zenima 3), and Abu Rudeis 1, Abu Rudeis 2 and Abu Rudeis 3). An area of about 25x25 cm2 up to a depth of 5cm was cut out using the stainless steel template for guidance [18] . The collected shore sediment and sea water samples were transferred to labelled polyethylene bags, closed and transported to the laboratory for preparation and chemical analysis. The shore sediment samples were air-dried at room temperature for a week. And also were dried in an oven at 80°C (for 48h) till constant dry weight was obtained, crushed and homogenized. Then milled and sieved through 0.4mm mesh sieves and stored for further analysis. Water samples, 5 liter of each, were collected using the water sampler.

They were collected in polyethylene containers. Then, the samples were acidified with Nitric acid to pH lower than 2 to avoid micro-organisms growth. The samples were stored for radioactivity and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measurements. The marine organisms samples of Coral reef, Bivalves and Star fish were collected from Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis and transported to the laboratory in ice boxes and stored at (-10oC) until subjected for further analysis, about 20 individuals of each species were collected from the study area; at the same locations of the water samples. The samples of marine organisms were then cut into smaller pieces to ensure effective grinding. The cleaned samples were dried in an oven at 70oC for five days (until there was no detectable change in the mass of the samples) to ensure that the sample were completely moisture free, a constant dry weight being obtained. Dried samples were ground to fine grain sizes by using a stainless steel cutter blender, and sieved in order to obtain homogeneity. All homogenized samples were divided into two parts. The first part was transferred into 250ml sizes Marinelli beaker, sealed hermetically, and left for about 4 weeks at room temperature in order to attain secular equilibrium among the 238U-series and 232Th-series precursors with their short-lived progenies [19] . The second part was kept in laboratory room temperature for using it in analysis the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Individuals.

Radioactivity Measurements

The activity concentration of the natural radioactivity 238U, 232Th and 40K in the investigated samples were determined using a high-resolution HPGe y-spectrometry system with 30�x0025; counting efficiency. This was performed by taking 250 cm3 counting vials filled up to a height of 7 cm, which correspond to 170 cm3. The measurement duration was up to 80,000sec and was carried out in the Laboratory of Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority. The obtained spectra were analyzed. The determination of the presence of radio nuclides and calculation of their activities were based on the following gamma-ray transitions (in keV): the 226Ra activities (or 238U activities for samples assumed to be in radioactive equilibrium) were estimated from 234Th (92.38keV, 5.6%), while y-energies of 214Pb (351.9keV, 35.8%) and 214Bi (609.3,45%), 1764.5keV, 17%) and 226Ra (185.99KeV, 3.5%) were used to estimate the concentration of 226Ra .

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) Measurements

Water samples (2.5-L) were collected in glass bottles at the water surface and 50 cm below water level from the six different sites on Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis. The bottles were covered with screw caps and the samples were immediately transported to the laboratory for analysis. Water samples were filtered to remove sand and debris. Sediment samples (about 2kg for each sample) were taken from the same locations and time for water sampling at a depth 5cm of sediment surface. The water was removed from the sediments by decantation and then transferred to the laboratory. Samples were air dried in dark for 48 hours before analysis. Marine organisms (Bivalves, coral reef and star fish) were caught by fishermen three representative samples from the different sites at Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis at the same times as water and sediment sampling.

They were transport to the laboratory. Standard solutions of reference materials were prepared in hexane. A stock solution containing the following PAHs was used for quantization: naphthalene, Acenaphthalene, Acenaphthylene, fluorene, and phenanthrene, Fluoranthene by dilution to create a series of calibration standards of PAHs at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10μg/ml. All solvents used in this study were of HPLC grade and were purchased from Alliance Bio, USA. Anhydrous Sodium sulfate and potassium hydroxide were of analytical grade PAHs were analyzed by using HPLC with fluorescence detection at at central lab , National Research Center, Egypt. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and water with a gradient concentration mode of acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1mL/min. The time program of the fluorescence detector was set to detect at optimum excitation and emission wavelength for each PAHs according to laboratory detection method [22,23].

Results and Discussion

Radioactivity and Radionuclide in Water and Sediment in Coastline in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis

(Table 1) revealed the activity concentrations of, 238U, 232Th and 40K for sea water coastline in three sites at Abu Zenima1, Abu Zenima2 and Abu Zenima3. The activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in seawater at site of Abu Zenima1 19.6mBq/L, 16.8mBq/L and 1340.7mBq/L respectively. On the other hand 238U, 232Th and 40K recorded in Abu Zenima2 highly activity 24.6mBq/L , 20.8mBq/L and 1448.7 mBq/L respectively. Also in site of Abu Zenima3 238U, 232Th and 40K were recorded 25.2mBq/L, 22.6 mBq/L and 1270.4mBq/L respectively. On the other hand (Table 2) reveled 238U, 232Th and 40K in sea water at Abu Rudeis1 recorded 10.2mBq/L, 7.33mBq/L and 632.5mBq/L respectively. Also 238U, 232Th and 40K recorded in sea water at Abu Rudeis2 9.47 mBq/L 13.9 mBq/L and 735.3 mBq/L respectively. Also (Table 3) revealed levels of 238U, 232Th and 40K in sea water at Abu Rudeis (Tables 4 & 5) 14.25mBq/L , 19.3mBq/L and 946.4mBq/L. Regarding to the present data and in compared to International permissible limits for NORMS radionuclide's in (Table 3), where data in the present study for 238U, and 232Th lay under the International permissible limits for NORMS radionuclide's in red sea 25mBq/L and 36mBq/L for 238U, and 232Th respectively. On the other hand El Afifi et al. [24] was recorded high levels activity concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K in the TE-NORM waste at four different sites for petroleum and gas production in Egypt, in the South Sinai Governorate, in the Suez Gulf area, in the Matrouh Governorate, Abu Rudeis onshore oil and gas field and Gabal El Zeit offshore oil and gas field at the Suez Gulf. The results showed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra changed between 5.9 and 68.9kBq/kg (dry weight) in the waste samples from Gabal El Zeit and Abu Rudeis fields, respectively. In Gabal El Zeit field, the lower activity concentrations (28.6kBq/kg) of 226R were found in granular sample, while higher values (56.6kBq/kg) were found in the massive samples [25,26]. Regarding the (Table 1) reveled sediment concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K for sea water coastline at Abu Zenima1, Abu Zenima2 and Abu Zenima3, where 238U, 232Th and 40K recorded in sediment coastline at Abu Zenima1 22.5Bq/kg-1, 24.53Bq/kg-1 and 1658.6Bq/kg-1 respectively? On the other hand Abu Zenima 2 recorded highly concentration in where 238U, 232Th and 40K in costal sediment than Abu Zenima1, where concentrations levels 26.3Bq/kg-1, 28.22Bq/kg-1 and 1680.5Bq/kg-1 respectively. Also Abu Zenima 3 recorded moderate levels for 238U, 232Th and 40K in costal sediment. Also (Table 5) revealed sediment concentration 238U, 232Th and 40K for sea water coastline at Abu Rudeis (1), (2) and (3) sites. The Abu Rudies (3) site recorded highly concentration 238U, 232Th and 40K than Abu Rudeis (1), (2), at levels 18.68Bq/ kg-1, 23.3Bq/kg-1 and 1240.3Bq/kg-1 respectively. These results were confirmed with Uosif et al. [27], who noticed highly activity in 232Th and 40K in beach sediment at Suez gulf. On the other hand (Table 4) highly activity in 232Th and 40K in beach sediment at Suez gulf as compared to North east coast of Tamilnadu, India and other studies in different beaches of the world. The Egyptian beach sediments recorded 238U, 232Th and 40K 26.53Bq/ kg-1, 177Bq/kg-1 and 815Bq/kg-1 respectively. Many causes for increased the level of concentration 238U, 232Th and 40K in Red sea coastline. The petroleum industries in red sea coastline are considered the highly important factors for increased activity concentration in Red sea coastline, the scales and petroleum sludge contains many radioactive nuclides and highly concentration NORMS and TE-NORMS.

By the way many companies in past time follow the regulations and criteria for radiation safety regarding waste of NORMS and TE- NORMS. These regulation which settled by UNSCEAR, and ICRP and IEAE. After year of 2012 most of petroleum companies have many problems in cost for preservation of radioactive waste [28]. The decreased price of petroleum oil effect on regulation issues especially environmental safety and eco-marine safety. So most of the petroleum companies in Red sea coastline discharge the sludge and oil waste in sea water. Also many petroleum accident take place in these industries, which resulting of discharged the huge of petroleum oils in sea water. On the other hand, cracks in petroleum pipelines under sea water led to discharged oils and formed oils spots in coastline of sea water.

Gazineu, Hazin [29], were recorded average activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the scale, sludge and sand samples collected from disposal wasted petroleum pipes concentration of soil (33 and 45 Bqkg_1 for 238 U and 232Th series respectively) which indicates its contamination with radionuclide from TENORM in the wasted petroleum pipes. 228Ra activity concentration is ranged from 2 to 50 kBq kg_1 for Scale and from 1 to 1.9kBq kg_1 for sludge. The sand samples have average 228 Ra activity concentration equal to 0.042kBqkg_1 which within the worldwide average [30]. Many oil-field brines are particularly rich in chloride, enhancing the solubility of other elements including the radioactive element radium. Radium concentrations tend to be higher in more saline water [31]. Some of this saline, radium bearing water is also extracted with the oil and gas. Some radium and radium daughter compounds are slightly soluble in water and may become mobilized when this production water is brought to the surface [32].

Radioactivity and Radionuclide for Marine Organisms in Coastline at Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis Sites

(Table 5) revealed the 238U, 232Th and 40K concentration in marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and star fish at red sea coastline in Abu Zenima sites. The concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K in Bivalves in Abu Zenima1 10.55Bq/kg, 9.2Bq/ kg and 355.7Bq/kg respectively. Also the coral reef recorded in Abu Zenima 1 15.86Bq/kg, 19.86 and 575Bq/kg respectively. The star fish was recorded 18.52Bq/kg, 22.36 and 649.7 in Abu Zenima 1. On the other hand (Table 5) reveled the highly concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K in coral reef and star fish at Abu Zenima 2 and Abu Zenima 3, where coral reef recorded in Abu Zenima2 21.3Bq/kg, 24.85Bq/kg and 650.8 respectively. Also coral reef in Abu zenima3 recorded 24.48Bq/kg, 22.59Bq/ kg and 722.5Bq/kg respectively. On the other hand (Table 6) revealed marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and star fish Abu Rudeis sites recorded low concentration activity in 238U, 232Th and 40K than Abu Zenima sites. The coral reef and star fish was recorded highly activity concentration than Bivalves in 238U, 232Th and 40K where coral reef in Abu Rudeis1 11.34Bq/kg , 12.61Bq/kg and 346.81Bq/kg respectively, and in Abu Rudeis2 11.37Bq/kg , 13.85Bq/kg and 396.83 Bq/kg respectively, while more activity concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K in coral reef was recorded in Abu Rudeis3 12.22Bq/kg, 15.49Bq/kg and 466.6Bq/kg respectively.

On the other star fish recorded highly activity concentrations in 238U, 232Th and 40K at Abu Rudeis3 than Abu Rudeis1 and Abu Rudeis2, 19.82Bq/kg, 22.21Bq/kg and 520.4Bq/kg respectively. Regarding to our results and compared to International permissible limits for 238U, 232Th and 40K (Bq/kg dry weight) in some marine biota in sea water. Our results confirmed with IEAE [33] and US EPA [34] in (Table 7) where revealed the activity concentration in red sea of 238U, 232Th and 40K for many biota and marine organisms like Fish (Engraulis encrasicolus), Sepia Officianalis, Crabs, Diatom Amphora, (Om-Elkhlol "Donax trunculus, Gandofelly "Tapes decussates, Bivalves, Coral reef and Star fish. Bivalves were recorded activity concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K 18Bq/kg, 37Bq/kg and 214Bq/kg respectively. Also coral reef and star fish in red sea were recorded 24Bq/ kg, 33Bq/kg, 176Bq/kg. 16Bq/kg, 25Bq/kg and 188Bq/kg respectively. When compared the activity concentration of 40K in marine biota Bivalves, Coral reef and Star fish at red sea coastline in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites, the highly activity and increased concentration of 40K may be due to the petroleum industry in marine and petroleum platforms. This platform discharged huge amount of petroleum waste in red sea coastline.

On the other hand our results in (Tables 4 & 6) revealed the marine organisms have different concentration in 238U, 232Th and 40K. The Bivalves recorded low concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K, but coral reef and star fish recorded highly concentration for 238U, 232Th and 40K in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites. The morphological structures and also chemical structures of Bivalves, where Bivalves have smooth surfaces from two sides and have no pores and have no pits on exoskeleton of their body. The morphological structures gained it more resistance against accumulation of oils waste, also the smooth exoskeleton prevents discharged the waste into internal organs for organism. On the other hand coral reef and star fish have roughly surface and contain more small pores on exoskeleton. Also the coral reef and star fish contain many pits and spiny exoskeleton. Morphological structures for coral reef and star fish led to make preservation of these organisms with huge amount form petroleum oil waste. So the elimination process from oil waste in coral reef and star fish become more difficult than any other types of marine organisms. By the way elimination and biodegradation process of 238U, 232Th and 40K and other radioactive waste become very slowly and take more time. This data conformed to Khan [35], who studies the distribution of natural radio nuclides like 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K, 238U and man- made radio nuclides in the dietary sources such as fish, crab, prawn, salt and drinking water from the aquatic environment. The natural radio nuclides activity concentrations of in 238U, 232Th and 40K 14.9,22, 641Bq kg-1 in marine samples fishes, Crab and Prawn. Among different type of marine fishes analysed, the maximum 226Ra activity of 22Bqkg-1 was observed in the fish Sardinella sp. and Liognathus sp. was found to accumulate the highest 228Ra activity level [36]. Among the shells of animals tested, Crustacean exoskeleton registered relatively higher level of 238U, 232Th and 40K as compared to the shell of molluscan species. This is attributed to its chemical nature [37].

Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs for Seawater and Coastal Sediments at Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known as prevalent contaminants in marine environment. (Tables 8 & 9) showed the distribution and concentration levels of Poly aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs found in seawater and coastal sediments in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis coastline. Our results revealed that increased concentration levels of PAHs in Abu Zenima sites than Abu Rudeis sites. The data recorded that Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene in sea water at Abu Zenima1 34.6, 22.8, 18.4, 12.13, 9.23 and 15.3ng/L respectively. On the other hand Abu Zenima2 and Abu Zenima3 recorded highly levels for PAHs, Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene 95.3, 37.58, 66.54, 22.16, 21.8 and 34.78ng/L in Abu Zenima2 respectively; 135.68,45.37, 95.56, 35.27, 40.58, 55.38ng/L in in Abu Zenima3 respectively [38] .

On the other hand and regarding to results in (Table 9) showed concentration levels of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons PAHs found in seawater at Abu Rudeis. The Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene in Abu Rude is 1 were recorded levels 22.2, 11.8, 8.42, 6.75, 4.69, 8.33ng/L respectively. on the other hand (Table 9) showed highly concentration levels of PAHs in seawater at Abu Rudeis2 and Abu Rudeis3 were Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene recorded in Abu Rudeis2 45.6, 22.33, 28.35, 12.63, 12.39and 18.73ng/L respectively; also Abu Rudeis3 were recorded 76.21, 25.68, 53.78,16.86, 22.47and 32.48 respectively. Spilled petroleum products are the largest single source of PAHs. Crude oils contain up to 10 percent PAHs, while the PAH content of shale oils and coal-derived synthetics can be as high as 15 percent. Incomplete combustion of wood and fossil fuels are important sources, as are incineration of garbage, steel and coke production, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification.

Although most emissions stem from human activities, there are some natural sources such as microorganisms that are known to produce small amounts of PAHs. Produced water from both oil and gas platforms contains PAHs. Taking into account the large volumes of produced water discharged from oil production, the yearly input of PAHs into the environment, even from a single offshore oil field, may be significant. These results was found to be in agreement with that observed by Omayma [39], who observed that the petroleum company's takes water from Suez bay and mixed it with fresh water to utilize in washing the crude oil and different cooling purposes, some oily smuggling occurs for water. The oily water is characterized by that they contain a high proportion of the oils which is caused by refinery production units (Coking- distillation- oils), liquidation warehouses crude and petroleum products, water waste companies neighboring filter wards pumps, Trenchant grids crude and petroleum products. The increased of PAHs was due to found the more petroleum operations in these sites. On the other hand the treatment plant cannot process in the company anymore, which is directly (untreated) discharged into Abu Zenima sites. Also the conjugated crude and petroleum products, which have TE- NORM and PAHs may be increased for marine environmental pollutants stress.

The sediments and biota, Bivalves, coral reef and starfish were affected by different concentration of PAHs. (Tables 10 & 11) showed an increase in PAHs Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene at Abu Zenima sites than Abu Rudeis sites. The sediments in Abu Zenima1 were recorded for PAHs Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene 44.3, 28.5, 55.2, 18.3, 16.74 and 25.64ng/g dw respectively as compared to Maximum allowable concentrations (Table 12) . On the other hand PAHs Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene in Abu Zenima2 and Abu Zenima3 sites were recorded 122.5 , 64.22, 73.25 , 28.36, 33.59 and 40.22ng/g dw respectively;155.25, 86.49, 112.35, 43.62, 55.93 and 79.24ng/g dw respectively as compared to Maximum allowable Concentrations (Table 12).

By the way Abu Rudeis2and Abu Rudeis3 sites were recorded 62.34, 33.52, 42.29, 15.79, 15.64 and 26.73ng/g dw respectively; 92.57, 37, 65.43, 22.43, 29.77 and 44.82ng/g dw respectively. These results was found to be in agreement with that observed by Hussain et al. [39], who observed the relatively high concentrations of Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene at certain locations Suez Gulf Abu Zenima sites. In the present study PAHs individuals for sediment at Abu Zenima sites (Naphthalene, Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene and Fluoranthene were recorded highly concentration than other PAHs individuals. In this study and when the results compared to the national environmental standard, it was noticed that the low concentration in total and individuals PAHs. This result was found to be in agreement with that observed by El Nemr [40] who recorded that PAHs in the sediments of the Suez Gulf may produce adverse effects on certain organisms living in and coming into contact with the sediments. However, the individual PAH concentrations in this study were lower than the national sediment quality criteria proposed by the USEPA [41] for Fluoranthene (3000ng g-1), Acenaphthylene (2400ng g-1) and phenanthrene (2400ng g-1).

The present work also monitoring the marine organisms (Bivalves, coral reef and starfish) in coastline at Suez Gulf in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites. (Tables 10 & 11) showed the Distribution and concentration levels of PAHs individuals in Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites. (Table 10) showed the increased PAHs individuals, Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene in starfish and coral reef than Bivalves. On other hand PAHs individuals recorded highly concentration in Abu Zenima3 and Abu Zenima2, than Abu Zenima1. Where levels was recorded in Abu Zenima1 for concentrations of Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene in Bivalves 6.4, 1.2, 3.2, 7.4, 4.4 and 1.9μg g-1 dry weight respectively. On the other hand coral reef and starfish recorded highly concentration than Bivalves, where levels reaching to 8.68, 3.2, 2.55, 15.3, 7.9 and 2,6μg g-1 dry weight respectively; 12.3, 6.25, 5.11, 18.7, 18.7 and 4.7μg g-1 dry weight respectively. The Bivalves, coral reef and starfish in Abu Zenima3 and Abu Zenima2 recorded highly levels in concentrations for Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene, where Bivalves recorded in Abu Zenima2 9.65, 3.8, 7.8, 9.5, 11.7 and 3.5 μg g-1 dry weights respectively. Also coral reef and starfish were recorded in Abu Zenima2 9.22, 7.24, 8.9, 11.2, 13.8 and 4.6μg g-1 dry weight respectively; 13.7, 11.4, 7.9, 19.3, 17.2 and 6.8μg g-1 dry weight respectively. On the other hand Bivalves were recorded in Abu Zenima3 for Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene 12.9, 4.8, 5.3, 14.7, 16.8 and 9.3 μg g-1 dry weights respectively.

The coral reef and starfish also recorded15.3, 9.2, 8.8, 22.6, 19.4 and 12.3 μg g-1 dry weight respectively; 18.7, 12.3, 13.6, 28.4, 22.6 and 16.8μg g-1 dry weight respectively. When compared our results with the data of Maximum allowable Concentrations (MACs) USEPA: 1993 in (Table 12), where recorded for Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene 0.007, 0.008, 0.007, 0.001, 0.009 and 0.009μg/kg dry weight respectively. The concentration levels of PAHs individuals in Abu Zenima sites were recorded higher than that in Maximum allowable Concentrations (MACs) USEPA for PAHs in marine organisms in wati [41]. These results was found to be in agreement with Al Deep et al. [42], who was observed the accumulation of total PAHs were more pronounced in the tissues of higher lipids contents, which increase in the large and old individuals, and they found that the coral reef and starfish comes second regarding to their PAHs accumulations ratios after the dwelling fish species.

Size of the marine organisms may be not only contributed to change the accumulation factors responsible for the quantities of pollutants such as time exposure and lipids contents but also in the factors responsible for the pollutants selectivity. For example, Maioli et al. [43] demonstrated that coral reef and starfish of greater size accumulated PAHs of low molecular mass, whereas the smaller mussels had accumulated greater concentrations of high molecular mass PAHs Metabolism may explain this pattern, because it is suspected that PAH of High Molecular Mass (HMW) are more rapidly metabolized than Low Molecular Mass (LMW) due to differences in enzyme affinity [44]. The increased of concentration levels of PAHs individuals in Bivalves , coral reef and starfish at Abu Zenima were be attributed to the presence of many petroleum industrial marine plates in this region at south canal. Also this petroleum plates discharge some oils into the water plus to their incomplete fuel combustion emissions [45].

On the other hand (Table 11) showed the low level concentration of PAHs individuals in Abu Rudeis sites as compared to Abu Zenima sites in (Table 10) and Maximum allowable Concentrations (MACs) USEPA for PAHs in marine organisms in (Table 12). The Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene and Fluoranthene were recorded in Bivalves at Abu Rudeis1 1.28, 0.79, 0.21, 1.31, 1.73 and 0.28 μg g-1 dry weights respectively. The impact of PAHs individuals and TE- NORM 238U, 232Th and 40K in marine organisms make dangerous effects on marine ecosystem. These effects were to be attributed for spreading the petroleum marine plates in these sites and areas. On the other hand many of these petroleum industries do not have following environmental regulations and marine protection standards during process for removal petroleum waste. Also during the process of oil transportations and drilling for sludge and oil tanks. The accumulation of double effects of and also many effects of hazardous materials like TE- NORM 238U, 232Th ,40K and PAHs individuals may be devastation the marine ecosystems in red sea coastline and Gulf of Suez.

Conclusion

The concentrations of natural radioactive series nuclides varied widely within the oil fields and from one oil field to another through spectrum of this study area. This study revealed the correlation between the effects of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) 238U, 232Th and 40K on marine ecosystem. In this study, the increased of 238U, 232Th and 40K in sea water and sediments were related to increased in PAHs individuals. The 238U, 232Th and 40K in Abu Zenima 3 and Abu Zenima 2 sites were recorded higher concentration than Abu Zenima1. Also Abu Rudeis 3 and Abu Rudeis were recorded highly activity than site of Abu Rudeis1. The levels of 238U, 232Th and 40K in sea water and sediments at Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis were parrled and synchronized with levels of 238U, 232Th and 40K in sea water and sediments at Abu Zenima PAHs individuals in both sites. The study showed the increased level concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K and PAHs individuals in sea water and sediments Abu Zenima sites than Abu Rudeis sites as compared to international Maximum allowable concentrations. On the other hand this study revealed the effect of (NORM) 238U, 232Th and 40K and PAHs individuals on marine organisms Bivalves, coral reef and starfish on both sites. The data revealed increased concentration of (NORM) 238U, 232Th and 40K and PAHs individuals for starfish and coral reef than bivalve's marine organisms for both Abu Zenima and Abu Rudeis sites respectively as compared to international maximum allowable concentrations. Regarding to these data, all petroleum industries in this sites must be take into consideration the roles and standers' of protection for marine ecosystem. On the other hand, the Egyptian government must be applied the regulation for marine environmental protection lows.

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#Juniper Publishers Review #Juniper Publishers ISI #Ecological psychology #Human Ecology #Waste Management and Disposal #Oceanography

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solusmanjr · 6 months

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HPGE CE Board Problem 34 (Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering) - CE ...

#youtube

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mbimphblog · 3 years

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PRIMORDIAL RADIONUCLIDES ACTIVITY AND EXTERNAL RADIATION HAZARD INDEX EVALUATION IN PULICAT LAKE SEDIMENTS, SOUTH EAST COAST OF INDIA | UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY

The present paper examines the levels of primordial radionuclides such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the sediments of the Pulicat Lagoon in India's south-eastern shore. The study was a first of its kind, with ten sampling stations set up in the Pulicat Lagoon region. A 30 percent relative efficiency High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector was used to assess the concentrations of Primordial radionuclides. In the sediments, the values of the primordial radionuclides 238U, 232Th, and 40K were found to be Below Detectable Level (BDL) to 14.84.9 Bq/Kg, BDL to 18.65.4 Bq/Kg, and 498.354.0 to 549.523.0 Bq/Kg, respectively. The radiation hazard index (Hext) was found to be between 0.727 and 0.878. The values of the primordial radionuclides 238U, 232Th, and 40K in this analysis were found to be within the world's allowable limit, indicating that the study area was radiologically safe for humans. Please see the link :- https://mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/1967

#Primordial radionuclides #hazard index #natural radioactivity #Pulicat lake

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dailytechnologynews · 6 years

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Cryogenic Semiconductor cooling

My lab has a few cryogenic coolers we use for various things. We use cryocoolers to keep our silicon drift detectors and HPGe chips cold. The semiconductor inside a silicon drift detector is just a run of the mill NP diode, while HPGe's use mono-crystalline germanium. These are specialized semiconductors that are used for Gamma and X-ray imaging and spectroscopy. Germanium is an intrinsic semiconductor with a narrow bandgap. At room temperature electrons and holes will move on there own hence the ultra low temperatures. We also have a few cryocoolers used to cool NMR magnetics which are supercondconducting coils. We have to keep them so close to absolute zero that we cool the coils with a tank of liquid helium and then we insulate with an LN2 cryocooler so that we don't have to refill the extremely expensive liquid helium as often. There's actually a company called Sunpower that is making cryocoolers that don't use cryogenic liquids which is really exciting since we could have handheld gamma spectrometers without having to carry around LN2. The drawback of them compared to tradition LN2 and liquid helium based cryocoolers is that they can only keep things cold that don't generate much if any heat which is great for imaging and spectroscopy but not useful for things like liquefaction or cooling space probes where a significant amount of cooling power is required. There's a company called Ortec that is integrating them into handheld HPGe's that don't require LN2 dewars which makes them significantly lighter and more portable.

#hardware #Computer #Technology #Tech #News

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prolimps · 4 years

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O Sabonete Premisse Camomila e Açaí apresenta uma formulação cuidadosamente balanceada, destinada a limpeza das mãos, do rosto e do corpo, proporcionando maciez e sedosidade. Esse produto não agride a pele, pois possui pH neutro. Ligue e peça já o seu (91) 3265-1203/0770/3157 #saboneteliquido #glicerina #saude #covid_19 #covid19 #flowers #flow #laveasmãos #higienização #higiene #açaí #camomila #phneutro https://www.instagram.com/p/CCq3lt-hPGe/?igshid=168yhr1xygjqq

#saboneteliquido #glicerina #saude #covid_19 #covid19 #flowers #flow #laveasmãos #higienização #higiene #açaí #camomila #phneutro

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technogeekstmr · 4 years

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Neutron Detector Market Research Provides an In-Depth Analysis on the Future Growth Prospects and Market Trends Adopted by the Competitors

Mechanisms for neutron detector in element are dependent on indirect methods. Neutrons, are neutral in other words, they do not bear any electrical charge, however they have mass. Due to this it is not possible for them to produce ionization in a detector and cannot be detected directly. Neutrons do no interact with the electrons in an element. Neutron detection process rely on conversion process. In this process, neutron interact with the nucleus to generate a charged particle. This charged particle is detected and due to this the presence of neutron is detected. A neutron detector system consists of a radiation detector and the target material. The two major aspects to detect neutrons are software and hardware. Detection software includes analysis tools performing functions such as graphical analysis that measures the energies and number of neutrons striking the detector. Detection hardware includes the type of neutron detector used and the electronics set up used in the detection. Neutron detectors operates in extreme environments such as low or high temperatures, high shock, high pressure and vibration.

Rising need for neutron detection materials need for finer position resolutions, demand for neutron detectors with higher counter rates, need for higher scanning angles are some of the primary factors driving the growth of the global Neutron Detector market. Pulsed neutrons can be impossible to measure with some types of active detectors systems. One of the major restraints that restricts the growth of the neutron detector market is the lack of knowledge on nuclear power. Also the high cost involved in the neutron detection decreases the chances of adoption of the neutron detector restricting the growth of the neutron detector market. Due to rapidly growing technology the neutron detector has evolved in terms of material processing, data acquisition, new detector design and analysis system. Continuous efforts by key market players to upgrade their research and development activities in neutron detection drives the growth of the neutron detector market.

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The global Neutron Detector market is segmented on the basis of product, application, technology, end-user, and geography. On the basis of product type, the market is segmented into Gas-filled detectors, fast neutron detectors, lithium large-area neutron detector (LLAND), scintillation neutron detectors, and semiconductor neutron detectors. Gas-filled detectors includes the volume of gas present between the two electrodes. The scintillation detectors refers to the interaction of ionized radiation that produces ultraviolet and visible light. Semiconductor detectors are specifically designed detectors that consist of pure crystals of, germanium, silicon or other materials that are traced by impurity atoms to act as diodes. The high purity germanium (HPGe) is used as dominant material in semiconductor neutron detectors.

On the basis of technology, the global Neutron Detector market is segmented into geiger counter, Spectrometers, Organic Scintillator, and Neutron Sandwich. Geiger counter are the detectors that counts the number of interactions taking place in the detector. Spectrometers are the detectors that provides information on the energy distribution of the incident radiation, are called as spectrometers. On the basis of end-user, the market is segmented into Portable Backpacks, Handheld Survey Meters, Handheld Radiation Detectors and Vehicle-Mounted Search Systems. On the basis of application, the market is segmented into nuclear detection, security, healthcare, environmental monitoring, portal monitor replacements, mobile urban detection, research institutes, space explorations and others. Geographically, the neutron detector market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America.

Some of the key players operating in the global Neutron Detector market are Rhombus Power Inc., Arktis Radiation Detectors Ltd, Scientifica International, Proportional Technologies, Inc., Kromek Group Plc., Silverside Detectors Inc., Symetrica Ltd, Mirion Technologies, Photonis and S.L.U. among others.

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azha2012 · 4 years

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Duduk rumah. https://www.instagram.com/p/B-hpge-lPpX/?igshid=1o2af01j5gfuk

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redantsunderneath · 7 years

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Does anybody remember the Twin Peaks Holiday Special

I wanted to know if anyone remembers the Twin Peaks Holiday Special with the little man from another place, because it was common knowledge on the newsgroup and boards in the early 90s, but no one seems to recall it when I mention it now. I had a VHS dupe of this show, with a badly printed jacket, that I had obtained at DragonCon 93' or so (I met Al Simmons, the real life namesake of Spawn and Jim Lee if that helps). While I was cleaning house, I had accidentally given it with the rest of my VHS tapes to a courier named Roland who worked for us (who was later fired for popping positive for THC and I didn't know his last name, so I couldn't get it back). It was so bad so I wasn't really upset. I just finished talking to my friend Gaines who I watched this with a bunch of times to just laugh and drink beer, so he managed to corroborate my memories and remind me of some other stuff. Note that all of this is just his and my memory and may be off, and the stuff about the actors and background info is pure hearsay from whatever groups and boards I was on in that era. Here is what I remember, if you guys can fill in the details or correct inaccuracies that would be fantastic.

ABC decided to exercise a clause in the Twin Peaks contract calling for their ability to produce up to 3 Twin Peaks related specials. In the rush of awards show wins and high profile media exposure, they decided to greenlight a Holiday Special in hopes that they could capitalize on the buzz and the small town spirit of the show to maybe wind up with a perennial favorite. It was to be shot on hiatus, but Lynch and Frost were not interested in working on it. The execs focused on getting a cast to lure another writer and director associated with the show.

The cast were mostly uninterested in the blind pitch, except for Kimmie Robertson, who thought it would be fun as long as she could “do hair” and Joshua Harris who had just been cast to play Nicky Needleman in the next season and happened to be around when they were looking. They felt they needed a bigger name to anchor the project and were surprised that Kyle MacLachlan said yes as long as he had final creative approval and a guarantee that the show would air. MacLachlan had a well known issue with excessive use of human pineal gland extract around this time and the executives simply thought he needed the money (the fad for “organic” drugs was in full swing and HPGE was the priciest drug on the market at that time – Kyle was said to have an 80 donor equivalents per week habit, the highest ever recorded).

They were able to get one of the incoming writing staff (not sure which one) to agree to write it but it was apparently a “Stan Lee” job where the instruction to the story editor (a pre TNG Ronald Moore) was “that dwarf guy goes home for some reason.” Moore, fresh off of a committed method writing exercise of 6 months living full emersion as a Klingon, decided on a “Pon Farr” scenario of the Little Man returning to his home planet to mate. Gains remembers that Alan Smithee, who IMDB tells me has had quite a career, was named as director and they were ready to go.

MacLachlan got heavily involved in the writing. He and Lara Flynn Boyle had been living in a small shanty in the Salton Sea, and communications with them had become erratic. Kyle said he had a “vision” as to how this might change the world, and fought Moore the entire time. When the executives saw some of the pages and, realizing they could not cancel, gave the minimal budget contractually allowed and planned to bury the project. Instead of at Christmas, it aired at 3 AM, Tuesday October 16th, 1991 with no promotion under a title that did not contain Twin Peaks (I thought it was something like “Trial of Bark,” but Gains swears it was “Our Emancipation.”). No one saw this thing, but somehow I had that tape in all its cable acess-level production glory.

The story was basically a Christmas Carol. There are no opening credits and the special starts with LMAP in the red room, when a large head (poorly superimposed with a blurring effect, weird computer imposed black hole for a mouth) tells him he must come back to “the planet Garmanbozia” (Lynch hated everything about this special and disavows it except for this name which he liked and kept for the movie) for the Tantaculus festival (MacLachlan’s suggestion, named after the “world system” he and Boyle were devising in the California desert) in order to mate. The little man with resignation walks into the mouth and emerges in his house. This is the only special effects and the only appearance of any of the normal settings of the actual show (all the summoned guests simply “walk on” from the side).

There are birds on the soundtrack constantly and no music outside of musical numbers. The house is like a modern Flintstones house (fake chrome everywhere, rust colored Formica table [no idea if this was an idea germ too], but uneven plaster painted ochre. He sees his wife Brigite (Priscilla Barnes, who acts in a 3 foot cutout in the stage, and just disappears when she is not in a scene – you never see her leave or come back). She is excited to mate, but he is clearly not and she disappears in a huff. He says hi to his kids (Bob and Mike, no relation – played by sock puppets worked by a guy dressed in black), who are arguing over what seems to be a beef jerky. He talks away from them about how he loves them but he doesn’t know if he can handle more. Behind him appears an unnamed thin giant (Meadowlark Lemon in a part presumably written for Carel Struycken) who says he will show him the value of “whoople” with “three gifts” as the show cuts to commercial.

The giant proceeds to bring in the three cameos, the first two of which have musical numbers. Lucy comes in and gives LMAP a makeover and reminds him several times that he is “still sexy” before breaking into that Sinead O’Conner song (Emperor’s New Clothes, I think). Locked camera shot, but the Lucy awkward dance stuff is fun. Commercial then Little Nicky comes in to remind him that his kids are still lovable and always a gift (more on this scene later) and he and the giant break into a Bossa nova-esque version of Blues from a Gun (the music is very dated and kind of inappropriate).

Finally, for the last act, Dale shows up. Most of his lines are gibberish (a lot about division and multiplication and, Zeno’s paradox perseverating), but he eventually gives LMAP a crushed velvet painting of a naked Log Lady (log held strategically). The little man becomes alert and approaches the painting, rubbing its surface and making a yelping noise. His wife appears and calls to him “Alf, come to me." He walks backwards to the rear of the house. The kids ask Coop if he wants some coffee and, in the one really interesting moment in the whole thing, Dale says “no thank you, if he makes coffee like he dances I’m likely to wind up with a mouth full of grounds.” Strange sounds emanate from the back of the house (the only good foley work) and we end on a freeze frame of Coop giving a thumbs up and really fast credits.

My main, seared-in memories are the song numbers, the bad blocking and lack of positional continuity (Barnes’ hole), and a few specific oddities. In the Nicky scene, Bob and Mike (who are always doing something competitive in the background) are bouncing a beach ball back and forth, playing the “don’t let it hit the ground” game (where someone tosses the ball so that other people will try to keep it in play by gently tapping it up – this is before I knew what meta was). Now remember, it is one guy in a black mask obviously playing with himself but you can see the ceiling fan. There is a tension that the ball is going to hit the fan, but it never does and they don’t do anything with this. Meadowlark is wearing a Star Trek-ish uniform that is made out of potholder material. MacLachlan speaks with an intensity like he needs to convince the audience that without math the world will cease to exist, or something. Lucy’s pre-Elaine funky dance is neat.

It is important to note that, in lieu of backward talking/shooting the scenes, everyone just inflects each syllable up with a tight jaw (they start to forget to do this pretty quickly except Barnes who is if anything a committed actress). There's no way this thing is canon in any way - Lynch doesn't even answer questions about it (he responds with non-denial stuff like "I don't think Id've done that" and "sounds made up"), and it is really bad. It is tonally nothing like the show and any mythology SHOULDN'T COUNT! It is a fiasco. I can't find references Googling, but I think there has been a lot of self editing Wiki pages and legal action trying to scrub this thing from existence.

Any information, corrections, or links to where I could get this would be appreciated.

#twin peaks #kyle maclachlan #lynch #mark frost #kimmie robertson #joshua harris #lmap

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