#intravenous nutritional therapy

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IV Therapy Treatment Warrenton, USA

If you’ve been wondering if IV therapy is right for you, consider these 10 benefits of IV therapy treatment. At Lifestyle Physicians, we offer IV therapy to help restore your general health and well-being. Contact Us.

Website: https://lifestylephysicians.com/10-benefits-of-iv-therapy/ 

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Understanding Parenteral Nutrition (TPN): Components, Delivery Methods, and Applications

Definition and Purpose of Parenteral Nutrition Parenteral nutrition, also known as total parenteral nutrition or TPN, refers to the delivery of nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. It is used for patients who are unable to digest, absorb, or metabolize nutrients from foods or dietary supplements due to conditions like short bowel syndrome, impaired intestinal function, or other severe gastrointestinal issues. The goal of TPN is to provide patients with essential proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients necessary for growth and energy when oral or enteral feeding is not feasible or sufficient. Components of Parenteral Nutrition A typical TPN solution contains macronutrients like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids or lipid emulsions, and added micronutrients like vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Glucose provides the main source of carbohydrate calories while amino acids, primarily from soy, dairy, or corn proteins, serve as the building blocks for the synthesis of new proteins and tissues in the body. Fatty acids provide concentrated calories to increase energy levels. Added vitamins and minerals ensure patients receive adequate levels of essential micronutrients their body needs but cannot obtain from the gut.Some solutions may also include supplementary hormones, fiber, or additional components depending on individual patient needs and medical conditions. Delivery of Parenteral Nutrition TPN is delivered through a central or peripheral venous access catheter, usually placed in large veins in the neck, chest, or groin. The most common type is a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC line) which can remain in place for weeks or months to facilitate repeated TPN infusions. Parenteral Nutrition total nutrient fluids are administered continuously over 10-24 hours via an infusion pump to mimic physiological feeding and allow for proper digestion and absorption. Close monitoring under medical supervision is required as incorrect rates or mixtures can cause serious metabolic complications. Conditions Treated with Parenteral Nutrition Some of the most common clinical conditions requiring long-term TPN support include: - Short bowel syndrome: When a large portion of the small intestine is surgically removed due to diseases like Crohn's, cancer, or vascular thrombosis. - Bowel obstructions or fistulas: Blockages or abnormal connections between bowels that prevent normal nutrient passage and absorption. - Motility disorders: Problems like intestinal neuronal dysplasia that affect proper bowel movement and emptying. - Severe pancreatitis: Inflammation or damage to the pancreas gland that impairs digestive enzyme production. - Radiation enteritis: Damage to the bowel lining from radiation therapy that causes severe malabsorption. - Multiple organ failure: When several vital organs like liver or kidneys stop functioning temporarily or permanently. - Gastrointestinal anomalies: Rare congenital defects in newborns that require bowel surgery or have abnormal gut structure.

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Ravina Pandya, Content Writer, has a strong foothold in the market research industry. She specializes in writing well-researched articles from different industries, including food and beverages, information and technology, healthcare, chemical and materials, etc. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/ravina-pandya-1a3984191)

[iregen]

What are the benefits of iv nutrient therapy?

Many individuals have utilized iv nutrient therapy for decades to treat folks who are dehydrated or too unwell to eat properly. Because an unhealthy lifestyle and inappropriate food cause a variety of health problems and a need for nutrients, IV nutrition treatment takes its place. Furthermore, it is commonly utilized among persons who cannot obtain adequate nutrients from food owing to various health issues or whose bodies cannot absorb the required nutrients. As a result, IV nutrition treatment is critical for the body's proper functioning.

Iv nutrient therapy is the quickest approach to providing your body with the necessary nourishment. The treatment allows vitamins and other nutrients to enter your circulation directly, bypassing the digestive tract, for quicker and more accurate outcomes. Being proficient in providing effective Iv Nutrient Therapy, we are going to mention some of the benefits of nutrient therapy.

Advanatages of getting IV Nutreient Therapy

Undoubtedly, IV nutrient therapy consists of lots of benefits, but it is essential to look for the benefits specifically. This will notify that for what purpose the intravenous feeding is being used. So take a glimpse at them.

Complete the nutritional deficiencies

Certain nutrient deficiencies may benefit from iv nutrient therapy

. It is also a useful therapy for diseases that might cause nutritional shortages, such as Crohn's, colon cancer, celiac disease, and cystic fibrosis. Some persons with these and other chronic disorders are unable to obtain adequate nutrition from their diet. As a result, doctors frequently advise patients to seek iv nutrition therapy near me.

Treat hangover symptoms

It also treats the unpleasant symptoms of a hangover caused by excessive alcohol consumption. IV hydration aids in the rapid resolution of typical hangover symptoms such as dehydration, headaches or muscular pains, excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, or stomach discomfort. IV fluids assist restore the water you lost the night before from drinking too much. They also include electrolytes, most typically in the form of sodium chloride, which aids in the relief of dehydration symptoms.

Remove toxins and radicals.

Toxins are the main cause of infection, allergies, and other health issues. IV treatment provides your body with the antioxidants it requires to fight against early symptoms of aging and drain dangerous pollutants out of your body more efficiently. Toxins and free radicals are kept at bay by antioxidants, which include Vitamin C, Glutathione, and Alpha-lipoic acid. They all work together to cleanse your body of toxins and radicals, reducing weight and preventing numerous diseases.

Helps in weight loss

Because it contains antioxidants, IV nutrition treatment can be an effective strategy for losing weight. It is a combination of vitamins, minerals, Glutathione, Alpha-lipoic acid, and fat-burning chemicals that aid in metabolism. As we become older, our metabolism slows down. IV drips for weight reduction aid in the maintenance of the metabolism by spontaneously burning fat and breaking down lipids. In this way, iv nutrient therapy helps to reduce fat and promote weight loss.

Improve mental well being

Intravenous feeding also benefits mental health. Magnesium sulfate is an electrolyte that helps reduce blood pressure and may also help in calming your brain and putting you in a stress-free mode, relaxing the muscles, supporting immune function, and preventing mental disorders when the body receives balanced nutrition and maintains the cells in the brain. For stabilizing the brain activities and keeping them well, then get the IV Nutrient Treatment.

To conclude all the benefits, we suggest that if you lack these benefits in your life, then definitely IV nutrient Therapy works, and you must get it. But keep in mind, before proceeding with this, do some research on the internet and look for the best iv nutrition therapy near me. Always get this therapy from professionals since it is about your health and life.

One of the leading IV nutrient therapy providers, iRegen, has been transforming the health of many people and making the healthy way to live their life. With healthcare specialists, we are working on various treatments and providing our society with complete nutrients for the body. Comes with fresh stem cells that are also given by us through IV Intervenous feeding. Our main aim is to everyone should live with no stress and no disease, and for this, our team is working day and night.

[healthyveganfood-and-desserts]

PSA:

Vitamin C!!!

Did you know that ascorbic acid is actually synthetic vitamin C? What’s more, it is usually GMO vitamin C, which means it was derived from GMO corn.

If you are learning this for the first time, it can be a rather shocking realization as almost all vitamin C supplements on the market use ascorbic acid.

Even more disturbing, ascorbic acid is frequently marketed as natural vitamin C and added to organic foods as a natural preservative. Truly natural forms of vitamin C and synthetic ascorbic acid seem to be used interchangeably.

NEARLY ALL juices and fruit products are loaded up with ascorbic acid, even many organic, healthfood store versions. It seems that if a product is labeled “high in Vitamin C”, consumers buy more of it.

A lot of folks are being fooled by these misleading semantics. There is a growing body of evidence that those consuming high doses of ascorbic acid should have reason to worry.

Three Studies Suggest Caution with High Dose Ascorbic Acid

The Winter 2009 edition of Wise Traditions cites 3 studies which give pause about large doses of vitamin C. The first study (from the Jun 15, 2001 issue of Science) showed that “synthetic vitamin C may contribute to the formation of genotoxins that can lead to cancer”.

A second study presented to the American Heart Association showed a link between consumption of only 500mg of vitamin C per day and a greater propensity toward thickening of the arteries (Los Angeles Times, March 3, 2000).

Even more recently, athletes taking 1000mg of vitamin C per day showed reduced endurance capacity from interference with antioxidant enzymes (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Jan 2008).

This information should give pause to anyone who is actively taking synthetic vitamin C supplements such as those Emergen-C packets that are available everywhere, from pharmacies and health food stores to even gas stations!

Supplements like these are NOT boosting immunity and are NOT good for you!

Synthetic vitamins such as ascorbic acid act more like drugs in the body rather than whole food nutrients with all the available co-factors. Taking any synthetic vitamin can cause imbalances in the body and should be avoided.

Another worrisome and popular trend is the recommendation of some alternative health professionals to do a “vitamin C flush” during illness. This therapy (if you can call it that) calls for large doses of ascorbic acid until the onset of diarrhea. This approach to regaining wellness has never made any sense to me. Now, with more studies indicating the danger of high doses of vitamin C, caution seems well founded.

Fan of Linus Pauling? Consider This ….

If you are a fan of Linus Pauling who popularized the notion of huge doses of Vitamin C for the common cold in the 1970’s, consider this. GMO Vitamin C did not exist when Pauling was conducting his studies. GMO derived Vitamin C is what most people are unwittingly taking today!

What’s more, the studies indicating the danger of high doses of vitamin C over long periods of time had not been done yet. They were conducted long after Pauling died in 1994.

What about High Dose, Intravenous Ascorbic Acid?

What about high dose, intravenous ascorbic acid for the very ill? Note that the vitamin C for IV use is almost always derived from GMO corn as well as being extremely high dose and synthetic ascorbic acid only.

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Wernicke encephalopathy — Wernicke encephalopathy is due to diencephalic and mesencephalic dysfunction of central gray structures surrounding the third and fourth ventricles secondary to thiamine deficiency. Occurring both in alcoholics and nonalcoholic subjects, it probably is an underrecognized cause of encephalopathy in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients who are fasting, receiving parenteral nutrition, recovering from gastrointestinal surgery, being fed after a period of starvation, undergoing hemodialysis, or suffering from advanced cancer are particularly susceptible to this disorder [39]. (See "Wernicke encephalopathy".)

Wernicke encephalopathy is characterized by a triad of confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. The full triad is rarely present, and variations from the classical description occur commonly. Ocular signs are the hallmark of the disease, including horizontal nystagmus, bilateral abducens palsy, complete ophthalmoplegia, and pupillary abnormalities [39]. Apathy, impaired awareness, disorientation, mental sluggishness, and restlessness characterize the encephalopathy. In extreme cases, coma may be the presenting feature [39]. An agitated form that overlaps with alcohol withdrawal syndrome has been described [7]. Ataxia results from vestibular and cerebellar dysfunction, and hypothermia and hypotension may occur due to hypothalamic dysregulation [39].

Prompt treatment with intravenous thiamine can reverse Wernicke encephalopathy. The ocular abnormalities are the first manifestation to respond to therapy. The ataxia and the encephalopathy may take days to weeks to resolve, and there may be permanent memory and cognitive impairment [39]. All debilitated patients at risk for Wernicke encephalopathy should receive adequate thiamine supplementation. (See "Wernicke encephalopathy", section on 'Treatment' and "Wernicke encephalopathy", section on 'Prevention'.)

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Medical Abbreviations on Pharmacy Prescriptions

Here are some common medical abbreviations you may see on pharmacy prescriptions:

qd - once a day

bid - twice a day

tid - three times a day

qid - four times a day

qh - every hour

prn - as needed

pc - after meals

ac - before meals

hs - at bedtime

po - by mouth

IV - intravenous

IM - intramuscular

subQ - subcutaneous

mL - milliliter

mg - milligram

g - gram

mcg - microgram

stat - immediately, right away

NPO - nothing by mouth

cap - capsule

tab - tablet

susp - suspension

sol - solution

amp - ampule

inj - injection

Rx - prescription

C - Celsius

F - Fahrenheit

BP - blood pressure

HR - heart rate

RR - respiratory rate

WBC - white blood cell

RBC - red blood cell

Hgb - hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

PT - prothrombin time

INR - international normalized ratio

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

Cr - creatinine

Ca - calcium

K - potassium

Na - sodium

Cl - chloride

Mg - magnesium

PO2 - partial pressure of oxygen

PCO2 - partial pressure of carbon dioxide

ABG - arterial blood gas

CBC - complete blood count

BMP - basic metabolic panel

CMP - comprehensive metabolic panel.

ECG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

CT - computed tomography

PET - positron emission tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

CTX - chemotherapy

NSAID - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

DMARD - disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

ACE - angiotensin-converting enzyme

ARB - angiotensin receptor blocker

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

TCA - tricyclic antidepressant

ADHD - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GI - gastrointestinal

UTI - urinary tract infection

OTC - over-the-counter

Rx - prescription

OD - right eye

OS - left eye

OU - both eyes.

TID - thrombosis in dementia

TDS - ter die sumendum (three times a day)

BOM - bilaterally otitis media (infection in both ears)

BT - body temperature

C&S - culture and sensitivity

D/C - discontinue or discharge

D/W - dextrose in water

ETOH - ethyl alcohol

FUO - fever of unknown origin

H&P - history and physical examination

I&D - incision and drainage

I&O - intake and output

KVO - keep vein open

N&V - nausea and vomiting

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

PR - per rectum

QAM - every morning

QHS - every bedtime

QOD - every other day

S/P - status post (after)

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

UA - urinalysis

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

VO - verbal order.

XRT - radiation therapy

YOB - year of birth

BRBPR - bright red blood per rectum

CX - cervix

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

GB - gallbladder

GU - genitourinary

HCV - hepatitis C virus

HPI - history of present illness

ICP - intracranial pressure

IVP - intravenous pyelogram

LMP - last menstrual period

MRSA - methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MVA - motor vehicle accident

NKA - no known allergies

PEG - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

PRN - pro re nata (as needed)

ROS - review of systems

SOB - shortness of breath

TAH - total abdominal hysterectomy.

TIA - transient ischemic attack

Tx - treatment

UC - ulcerative colitis

URI - upper respiratory infection

VSD - ventricular septal defect

VTE - venous thromboembolism

XR - x-ray

w/c - wheelchair

XRT - radiation therapy

ASD - atrial septal defect

Bx - biopsy

CAD - coronary artery disease

CKD - chronic kidney disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis

DNR - do not resuscitate

ED - emergency department

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FFP - fresh frozen plasma

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone.

GCS - Glasgow Coma Scale

Hct - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

ICU - intensive care unit

IV - intravenous

JVD - jugular venous distension

K - potassium

L - liter

MCH - mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MI - myocardial infarction

Na - sodium

NGT - nasogastric tube

NPO - nothing by mouth

OR - operating room

PCN - penicillin

PRBC - packed red blood cells

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RBC - red blood cells

RT - respiratory therapy

SOA - short of air.

SCD - sequential compression device

SIRS - systemic inflammatory response syndrome

STAT - immediately

T - temperature

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

WBC - white blood cells

ABG - arterial blood gas

A fib - atrial fibrillation

BPH - benign prostatic hypertrophy

CBC - complete blood count

CO2 - carbon dioxide

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPR - cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT - computed tomography

CXR - chest x-ray

D5W - dextrose 5% in water

Dx - diagnosis

ECG or EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ETO - early termination of pregnancy.

FHR - fetal heart rate

GSW - gunshot wound

H&P - history and physical exam

HCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

I&D - incision and drainage

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICP - intracranial pressure

IM - intramuscular

INR - international normalized ratio

IOP - intraocular pressure

LFT - liver function test

LOC - level of consciousness

LP - lumbar puncture

NG - nasogastric

OA - osteoarthritis

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OTC - over-the-counter

P - pulse

PCA - patient-controlled analgesia

PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation.

PFT - pulmonary function test

PICC - peripherally inserted central catheter

PO - by mouth

PRN - as needed

PT - physical therapy

PT - prothrombin time

PTSD - post-traumatic stress disorder

PVC - premature ventricular contraction

QD - once a day

QID - four times a day

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation

RSI - rapid sequence intubation

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SBP - systolic blood pressure

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

STAT - immediately

TB - tuberculosis

TIA - transient ischemic attack.

TID - three times a day

TKO - to keep open

TNTC - too numerous to count

TPN - total parenteral nutrition

URI - upper respiratory infection

UTI - urinary tract infection

V-fib - ventricular fibrillation

V-tach - ventricular tachycardia

VA - visual acuity

WNL - within normal limits

AED - automated external defibrillator

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

BID - twice a day

BP - blood pressure

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CAD - coronary artery disease

CHF - congestive heart failure

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D/C - discontinue

DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis.

DM - diabetes mellitus

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

EGD - esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ER - emergency room

F - Fahrenheit

Fx - fracture

GI - gastrointestinal

GTT - glucose tolerance test

HCT - hematocrit

Hgb - hemoglobin

HRT - hormone replacement therapy

ICP - intracranial pressure

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

IM - intramuscular

IV - intravenous

K - potassium

KVO - keep vein open

L&D - labor and delivery

LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis.

ROM - range of motion

RT - radiation therapy

Rx - prescription

SCD - sequential compression device

SOB - shortness of breath

STD - sexually transmitted disease

TENS - transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

TIA - transient ischemic attack

TSH - thyroid-stimulating hormone

UA - urinalysis

US - ultrasound

UTI - urinary tract infection

VD - venereal disease

VF - ventricular fibrillation

VT - ventricular tachycardia

WBC - white blood cell

XRT - radiation therapy

XR - x-ray

Zn - zinc

Z-pak - azithromycin (antibiotic).

AAA - abdominal aortic aneurysm

ABG - arterial blood gas

ACS - acute coronary syndrome

ADL - activities of daily living

AED - automated external defibrillator

AIDS - acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMA - against medical advice

AML - acute myeloid leukemia

APAP - acetaminophen

ARDS - acute respiratory distress syndrome

ASCVD - atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia

BUN - blood urea nitrogen

CABG - coronary artery bypass graft

CBC - complete blood count

CHF - congestive heart failure

COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

CRF - chronic renal failure.

CT - computed tomography

CVA - cerebrovascular accident

D&C - dilation and curettage

DVT - deep vein thrombosis

ECG/EKG - electrocardiogram

EEG - electroencephalogram

ESRD - end-stage renal disease

FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone

GERD - gastroesophageal reflux disease

GFR - glomerular filtration rate

HbA1c - glycated hemoglobin

Hct - hematocrit

HIV - human immunodeficiency virus

HPV - human papillomavirus

HTN - hypertension

IBD - inflammatory bowel disease

IBS - irritable bowel syndrome

ICU - intensive care unit

IDDM - insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IM - intramuscular.

IV - intravenous

LFT - liver function test

MI - myocardial infarction

MRI - magnetic resonance imaging

MS - multiple sclerosis

NPO - nothing by mouth

NS - normal saline

OCD - obsessive-compulsive disorder

OSA - obstructive sleep apnea

PCOS - polycystic ovary syndrome

PMS - premenstrual syndrome

PPD - purified protein derivative

PSA - prostate-specific antigen

PT - prothrombin time

PTT - partial thromboplastin time

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

RBC - red blood cell

RSV - respiratory syncytial virus

SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus

TB - tuberculosis.

It is important to remember that medical abbreviations can vary based on location and specialty. 

Healthcare professionals should use medical abbreviations with caution and only when they are familiar with their meanings. 

Patients should always communicate any questions or concerns they have about their medications or medical care to their healthcare provider or pharmacist to ensure they receive safe and accurate medical care.

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Home Health Care Agency Ratings | Compare

What Services Do Home Health Care Agencies Provide?

A home health care agency is an organization that provides a wide range of health care services in the patient's home, primarily for those who are aging, disabled, recovering from surgery, or managing chronic illnesses that make it difficult to leave their house. These services are designed to be an alternative to hospital or nursing home care, allowing individuals to receive personalized medical treatment, support, and assistance in the comfort and privacy of their own homes.

Home health agencies offer convenient, cost-effective care at home for illness/injury, aiming to improve health, independence, and self-sufficiency. Services offered by home health care agencies typically include:

1. Nursing care: The most common form of home health care, which can include wound dressing, ostomy care, intravenous therapy, administering medication, monitoring the general health of the patient, pain control, and other health support.

2. Physical, occupational, and speech therapy: To help patients regain mobility and speech after an injury or illness or to assist in managing daily activities and improving motor skills.

3. Medical social services: Social workers provide patient counseling, locate community resources to help the patient recover, and handle social and emotional concerns related to an illness or injury.

4. Care from home health aides: They assist patients with basic personal needs such as getting out of bed, walking, bathing, and dressing.

5. Medical equipment and supplies: Equipment like wheelchairs, walkers, hospital beds, and other supplies are provided.

6. Nutritional support: This includes the services of a dietitian who comes to your home and provides dietary assessments and guidance to support the treatment plan.

7. Medication management: Helping patients to take their medicine on time and teaching them about the medication to ensure proper use and avoid harmful interactions.

8. Patient and family education: Educating the patient and family on how to manage their care at home, including teaching about the patient’s condition and the care process.

Home healthcare agencies typically operate under strict regulations and are licensed by the state. They may also be certified to participate in federal health programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. The goal of a home health care agency is to provide quality medical and personal care that supports patients' independence and improves their quality of life.

Visit for more info at:

Home Health Care Agency Ratings | Compare (findhomehealthcareagencies.com)

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Wellness IV Therapy Hydration, Vitamins, and More for Wellness

In today's busy world, people are constantly looking for ways to improve their health and wellness. Whether it's through better nutrition, exercise, or other treatments, the goal is the same: to feel good and stay healthy. One option that has gained popularity is Wellness IV Therapy. It promises hydration, vitamins, and other nutrients to give your body the boost it needs.

What Is Wellness IV Therapy?

Wellness IV Therapy is a treatment where vitamins, minerals, and fluids are delivered directly into your bloodstream through an IV (intravenous) drip. This allows your body to absorb these nutrients more quickly and efficiently compared to taking them by mouth.

The treatment is often used to hydrate the body, replenish lost vitamins, and improve overall health. Some people use it for a quick energy boost, while others use it to recover after illness, stress, or a busy week.

How Does Wellness IV Therapy Work?

When you receive IV therapy, a healthcare professional inserts a small needle into your vein. A bag filled with a mixture of fluids, vitamins, and minerals is then connected to the IV line. Over the course of 30 to 60 minutes, the solution slowly drips into your bloodstream.

Unlike oral supplements, which must pass through the digestive system, IV therapy delivers nutrients directly to your cells. This means they’re absorbed faster and in higher amounts.

Benefits of Wellness IV Therapy

There are several benefits to Wellness IV Therapy, especially if you're looking to improve your health and wellness:

Hydration Staying hydrated is key to good health. Whether you've been working out, traveling, or feeling unwell, IV therapy can quickly restore fluids to your body. Proper hydration supports digestion, helps your skin look fresh, and boosts energy levels.

Vitamins and Minerals IV therapy is packed with vitamins like B12, C, and D, as well as minerals such as magnesium and zinc. These nutrients help your body function properly, support your immune system, and fight off fatigue.

Improved Energy Many people turn to IV therapy when they need an energy boost. The combination of fluids and vitamins helps fight off tiredness and gives your body the fuel it needs to perform better.

Faster Recovery After an illness, hard workout, or stressful period, your body may need extra nutrients to recover. Wellness IV Therapy can speed up this process by giving you what your body needs in a short time.

Clearer Skin Because IV therapy hydrates the body and delivers vitamins like vitamin C, it can improve the health and appearance of your skin. Many users report brighter, clearer skin after regular treatments.

Common Ingredients in Wellness IV Therapy

While the exact ingredients in Wellness IV Therapy can vary, there are a few common ones that most treatments include:

Saline Solution: A mix of water and sodium, this helps hydrate the body.

Vitamin C: An antioxidant that supports the immune system and skin health.

B-Vitamins: These vitamins boost energy and support brain function.

Magnesium: Important for muscle function and preventing cramps.

Zinc: Helps the immune system fight infections.

Is Wellness IV Therapy Safe?

For most people, Wellness IV Therapy is considered safe when administered by a trained professional. However, like any medical treatment, it’s important to talk to a healthcare provider before trying IV therapy. Some people may experience mild side effects like bruising or soreness at the injection site, while others may have allergic reactions to certain ingredients.

Who Can Benefit from Wellness IV Therapy?

Wellness IV Therapy can benefit a variety of people, including:

Athletes: After intense workouts, IV therapy can help with muscle recovery and hydration.

Busy Professionals: If you're feeling run down or stressed, the vitamins in IV therapy can help you feel more energized.

Travelers: Long flights or trips can leave you feeling dehydrated and tired. IV therapy can quickly rehydrate your body.

People Recovering from Illness: After a cold, flu, or other illness, IV therapy can give your immune system the extra boost it needs to recover.

Is Wellness IV Therapy Right for You?

If you often feel tired, dehydrated, or run down, Wellness IV Therapy could be a great addition to your wellness routine. However, it's not a magic solution. IV therapy works best when combined with a healthy lifestyle, including good nutrition, exercise, and plenty of rest.

Final Thoughts on Wellness IV Therapy

Wellness IV Therapy is more than just a quick fix. It's a powerful way to deliver hydration, vitamins, and minerals to your body, helping you feel your best. Whether you’re looking to boost your energy, recover faster, or simply support your health, IV therapy can offer benefits that are hard to achieve with diet and supplements alone. Before starting any new treatment, consult with your healthcare provider to ensure it’s the right choice for you.

[kellumstemcellinstitute]

Unlocking Optimal Health: The Transformative Power of IV Nutrition Therapy

IV nutrition therapy, also known as intravenous nutrient therapy, has gained popularity as a method for delivering essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream. This approach bypasses the digestive system, allowing for higher doses of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to be absorbed quickly and efficiently. It is often used to address deficiencies, enhance energy levels, and support overall wellness.

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Dr. Thomas Lodi: A Pioneer in Integrative Oncology

Background and Education

Dr. Lodi’s journey into the medical field began with his traditional training as an allopathic physician. He received his medical degree from the University of Hawaii, after which he underwent residency training in internal medicine. During his early years in practice, Dr. Lodi worked within conventional medicine, following the standard protocols for treating various diseases, including cancer. However, he soon realized that these methods often focused more on managing symptoms than addressing the root causes of the disease.

Driven by a desire to find more effective and sustainable solutions for his patients, Dr. Lodi began to explore alternative and holistic approaches to healthcare. This quest led him to specialize in integrative oncology, where he could blend the best of conventional cancer treatments—such as surgery, Dr. Thomas Lodi chemotherapy, and radiation—with complementary therapies like nutrition, detoxification, immune system support, and emotional healing.

Integrative Oncology Approach

Dr. Lodi’s integrative oncology approach is centered on the idea that cancer treatment should not just target the disease but should also focus on restoring the body's natural balance and healing capacity. He emphasizes that cancer is often a result of a weakened immune system, chronic inflammation, and toxic overload in the body. His treatment protocols are designed to strengthen the immune system, detoxify the body, and create an environment in which cancer cells cannot thrive.

One of the key components of Dr. Lodi’s approach is nutrition. He believes that food is medicine and that a plant-based diet rich in raw, organic fruits and vegetables can have a profound impact on a cancer patient’s recovery. This diet not only helps to detoxify the body but also provides essential nutrients that boost the immune system and enhance overall health.

In addition to nutrition, Dr. Arizona Holistic Cancer Treatment Lodi incorporates detoxification therapies, such as colon hydrotherapy and intravenous vitamin C, which help to rid the body of toxins that can contribute to cancer growth. He also uses mind-body therapies like meditation, stress management, and emotional healing techniques to help patients cope with the emotional and psychological toll that cancer often takes.

[chicagopaincontrol]

Treatment Options - Can Neuropathy Be Reversed?

Neuropathy is a condition in which one or more nerves are damaged causing symptoms such as tingling, numbness, pins and needles sensation, and pain in certain parts of the body.

This condition is rarely life-threatening and there are a number of treatment options. However, a common question about neuropathy is if it can be reversed. Neuropathies vary from person to person so we can’t say for certain that it is reversible.

It all depends on the type of neuropathy and any underlying conditions. Read through this guide to learn more about neuropathy. 

Neuropathy Treatment

As stated previously, there are a number of treatments for neuropathies. The goal of treatment is to manage the condition causing your neuropathy and to relieve symptoms.

If your lab tests indicate no underlying condition, your doctor might recommend watchful waiting to see if your neuropathy improves. The right treatment for neuropathy will depend on the cause of your pain and what kinds of symptoms you’re experiencing.

It may take some time to figure out the kinds of treatments that work best for you.

Medication is a common form of treatment for neuropathy. Forms of medication include: 

> Pain relievers. Over-the-counter pain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can relieve mild symptoms. For more-severe symptoms, your doctor might prescribe painkillers.

> Medications containing opioids, such as tramadol (Conzip, Ultram, others) or oxycodone (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, others), can lead to dependence and addiction, so these drugs generally are not prescribed unless all other treatments fail.

> Anti-seizure medications. Medications such as gabapentin (Gralise, Neurontin, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica), developed to treat epilepsy, may relieve nerve pain. Side effects can include drowsiness and dizziness.

> Topical treatments. Capsaicin cream, which contains a substance found in hot peppers, can cause modest improvements in peripheral neuropathy symptoms. You might have skin burning and irritation when you apply the cream, but this usually lessens over time. Some people, however, can’t tolerate it.

Therapies and procedures might help ease symptoms of peripheral neuropathy.

> Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Electrodes placed on the skin deliver a gentle electric current at varying frequencies. TENS should be applied for 30 minutes daily for about a month.

> Plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin. These procedures, which help suppress immune system activity, might benefit people with certain inflammatory conditions.

> Plasma exchange involves removing your blood, then removing antibodies and other proteins from the blood, and returning the blood to your body. In immune globulin therapy, you receive high levels of proteins that work as antibodies (immunoglobulins).

> Physical therapy. If you have muscle weakness, physical therapy can help improve your movements. You may also need hand or foot braces, a cane, a walker, or a wheelchair.

> Surgery. If you have neuropathies caused by pressure on nerves, such as pressure from tumors, you might need surgery to reduce the pressure.

Dietary changes could also help relieve symptoms. Your neurologist might refer you to a dietician if you have nerve pain that’s caused or aggravated by nutritional imbalances or high blood sugar. A dietician can help you build good eating habits to promote your nerve health.

Surgery may become an option if symptoms don’t respond to conservative treatment and therapy. In some cases, the pain might be caused by a tumor pressing on a nerve or an orthopedic problem like a fracture or herniated disc. Surgery to remove the tumor or correct a problem may help relieve pain.

For most, a combination of different treatments is the best way to combat neuropathic pain. Your neurologist can help figure out a treatment path that’s both effective and doable for you.

Long-Term Management & Prevention

Even for patients who can’t be completely cured of neuropathy, there are ways to stop the pain from getting worse or spreading. Here are some tips:

> Take any medication exactly as prescribed. If you’ve been given medication for diabetes or another condition, don’t skip doses or stop taking it without consulting your doctor. If you’re taking your medication and still in pain, talk to your neurologist for help.

> Don’t ignore your pain. Talk to your doctor right away if you start feeling new or worsening pain. They may be able to help symptoms from getting worse.

> Take care of your feet. Diabetic neuropathy often begins in the feet—but it’s easy to miss the first signs of nerve damage. Keep an eye out for cuts or blisters that are slow to heal, and don’t ignore pain or numbness. 

> Stop smoking. There’s an increased risk of neuropathy in people with diabetes who smoke. Quitting smoking can improve your circulation and may help reduce pain.

> Eat a balanced diet. A diet filled with fruits, vegetables, protein, and whole grains can help control your blood sugar and provide your body with essential nutrients. If you’re struggling with your diet, talk to your doctor for help.

Can neuropathy be reversed?

Whether or not neuropathy can be reversed depends on the cause of the nerve damage. In some cases, the pain may go away entirely. In others, nerve damage may be permanent.

For example, when neuropathy is caused by an infection, symptoms might go away completely when the infection is treated. If symptoms are caused by a tumor pressing on a nerve, removing the tumor can relieve pain.

However, some damage might be permanent for patients with diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage associated with diabetes), especially if it’s left untreated for long periods. That doesn’t mean there’s no hope—the right combination of treatments and lifestyle changes may greatly improve symptoms in people with diabetes.

Reach out to Integrated Pain Management today!

Our team is dedicated to helping you develop a treatment plan tailored to your needs. Neuropathy can be a stressful condition but we can help you overcome this. We understand your concerns and we want to help you get back to your active lifestyle. Contact us today!

[recentupdates]

Benefits of Vitamin IV therapy Warrenton

Vitamin therapies are customized to meet your specific health needs and ensure you are completely satisfied with your results. At Lifestyle Physicians, we offer IV therapy to help restore your general health and well-being. This therapy offers several other benefits, especially if you’re dealing with a chronic health condition that isn’t being helped by your regular diet.

Source URL: https://qr.ae/p2RLuT

[creativeera]

The Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment Market Is Thriving On Growing Demand

The iron deficiency anemia treatment market consists of oral iron replacement therapies that are used to treat low iron levels in the blood. Oral iron supplements offer convenience as they can be taken at home and have advantages like lower cost and fewer side effects compared to intravenous infusions. Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread nutritional disorder globally owing to insufficient dietary intake of iron or absorption issues. It can cause fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath if left untreated. Global iron deficiency anemia treatment market is estimated to be valued at US$ 12.1 Bn in 2024 and is expected to reach US$ 21.6 Bn by 2031, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.6% from 2024 to 2031.

Key Takeaways Key players operating in the iron deficiency anemia treatment market are AdvaCare Pharma, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanofi, Emcure Pharmaceuticals, Wellona Pharma, SiNi Pharma Pvt Ltd, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Zydus Group, Akebia Therapeutics., Rockwell Medical, Inc., AbbVie Inc., Pfizer, Inc., Velnex Medicare, PHAEDRUS LIFE SCIENCE PVT. LTD., Inopha International Co, Limited, PharmaNutra S.p.A., Pharmascience Inc., American Regent, Inc. The growing Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment Market Growth for oral iron replacement therapies owing to advantages like convenience of use and less side effects compared to intravenous infusions is fueling the market growth. Oral iron supplements can easily be taken at home without much supervision. The market is witnessing expansion in developing regions due to rising awareness and healthcare investments. There is a growing focus of market players on these regions through product launches, collaborations and mergers & acquisitions to strengthen their presence. Market Key Trends The market is witnessing high research and development activities by players to come up with innovative oral iron formulations. Iron Deficiency Anemia Treatment Market Size and Trends includes extended-release formulations with lower dosing frequency and tablets with enhanced biocompatibility for better iron absorption. Development of new pediatric formulations suitable for infants and children is also among the key research areas.

Porter’s Analysis Threat of new entrants: Low due to high costs involved to established production and distribution networks along with high capital requirements. Also, presence of few large players makes it difficult for new entrants. Bargaining power of buyers: Moderate as large number of generic alternatives available. However, severity and risk associated with condition increases buyer power. Bargaining power of suppliers: Moderate as raw material suppliers have limited control over pricing due to availability of substitutes. Threat of new substitutes: High due to emergence of alternative therapies and newer oral and injectable formulations. Competitive rivalry: Very high due to presence of many global and local players providing different treatment options. Intense competition keeps pricing pressure on existing products. Geographical Regions In terms of value, North America accounts for the largest share of the iron deficiency anemia treatment market due to growing prevalence of the disease and presence of advanced healthcare facilities. The U.S. is the major revenue generator within North America. Asia Pacific is the fastest growing region owing to rising geriatric population, increasing awareness regarding anemia, and improving access to healthcare services in emerging countries like India and China. The availability of low-cost generic drugs provides an impetus to market growth in Asia Pacific.

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[iregen]

What Advantages Stem Cells May Have?

Stem cells are the main raw material of the body, the cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Under appropriate circumstances, stem cells in the body make other cells that help the body operate better. They are mostly present in the bone marrow and other body regions. Hematopoietic stem cells, for example, are a kind of adult stem cell found in the bone marrow. They generate new red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood cell types.

Rise in demand for stem cell iv infusion, which can be obtained through infusion, the industry of stem cells is booming across the world. The worldwide Stem Cell Therapy market was valued at USD 9.87 billion in 2021 and is predicted to exceed USD 31.41 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.73% from 2022 to 2030. 

Apart from this, its demand has an abundance of benefits of getting stem cell iv infusion. By the way, its major advantage is that the stem cells generate the other cells, which have a major role in functioning the entire body. They give energy to the body to work properly even if the person is facing any challenging disease.

Here are some of the advantages of Stem Cell

Stem Cell Therapy is quite popular across the globe since they are widely used for various health concerns. Those with type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Spinal cord injuries, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, burns, cancer, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, heart disease, and osteoarthritis may benefit from stem cell therapy. So let’s discuss all the benefits of stem cells.

Help in spinal cord injury

By moderating the inflammatory response, enhancing vascularization, and reducing cystic alteration, stem cells have the capacity to give trophic support to the wounded spinal cord microenvironment. It strengthens the immune system to combat infection in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Best for bone connectivity

Stem cell therapies are employed in pain management techniques to repair, replace, or rejuvenate degenerative joints and damaged tissue, ligaments, or nerves. Therefore, it may also be utilized for patients who have been in an accident or have fractured any of their bones because stem cells play an important role in the joints and connectivity.

Stem cells protect the nerve

Surgical procedures might cause nerve injury, affecting the body's movement and functionality. There is a low risk of nerve injury when, before surgery patient takes stem cell iv infusion. The stem cell is sent directly to the afflicted location, avoiding harm to neighboring nerves. It covers the nerve and protects it from any effect which can happen while surgery.

Help in recovering 

Patients are often ready to go back to their normal routines. While stem cell therapies promote rapid healing, they also improve the functioning, range of motion, and flexibility of the injured joint, muscle, or body section. Another remarkable benefit of stem cell iv infusion is that it may help patients recover their wounded body parts to their pre-injury state.

Repair the damaged tissue

It is a cutting-edge medical technique used to repair and regenerate damaged tissues, nerves, cartilage, and muscles. Stem cells have demonstrated rapid alleviation in every sort of damage while also ensuring safe and efficient results. They have proved to be an effective method of treating muscle inner damage and replacing dead cells with new one.

With the vision of providing lifelong benefits to everyone who comes to iRegen with the need for treatment, we are moving forward to transform people's health. Our stem cells are highly recommended in the health industry since we always provide fresh stem cells in California instead of frozen stem cells. Apart from stem cell iv infusion, we also provide Iv nutrient therapy and exosomes facial treatment at reasonable prices. Moreover, we always emphasize maintaining the patient's overall health by determining each health issue closely.

If you are looking for fresh stem cells for therapy, then let us know; we provide the top class quality stem cells with complete effectiveness which have been harvested recently. We also appropriately guide you on how many stem cells you need, assess your health, and provide you with a free consultation.

[aihosna345]

Experience the Convenience and Benefits of IV Therapy at Home in Dubai

In recent years, IV (intravenous) therapy has gained popularity as a quick and effective way to boost health and wellness. For those living in Dubai, the convenience of receiving this treatment in the comfort of your own home is now more accessible than ever. To learn more about this innovative service, you can visit Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Why Choose IV Therapy at Home?

IV therapy involves administering vitamins, minerals, and fluids directly into the bloodstream, offering rapid hydration and nutritional benefits. The convenience of home-based IV therapy means you don’t have to navigate the busy streets of Dubai or spend time in a clinic waiting room. Instead, a trained professional comes to your location, making the process both efficient and comfortable. For further details, check out Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Benefits of IV Therapy

Rapid Hydration: If you’re feeling dehydrated or need a quick replenishment of fluids, IV therapy can deliver hydration directly into your system, leading to faster and more noticeable results. Discover more about how this works at Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Enhanced Nutrient Absorption: Unlike oral supplements, IV therapy ensures that essential nutrients are absorbed directly into your bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system and enhancing their effectiveness. Learn more about the specific benefits and treatments available at Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Convenience and Comfort: Receiving IV therapy at home eliminates the need to travel and wait in a clinic. This personalized approach ensures that you are comfortable and relaxed throughout the treatment. For more information on how this service can fit into your lifestyle, visit Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Who Can Benefit from Home IV Therapy?

IV therapy is beneficial for a wide range of individuals, including those dealing with fatigue, stress, or dehydration. It is also ideal for people who have busy schedules and need a convenient solution for their wellness needs. For specific queries about who can benefit the most from this service, explore the offerings at Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

How to Get Started

Getting started with IV therapy at home is straightforward. You can book an appointment online or contact a service provider like Al Hosna to arrange a convenient time for your treatment. For a detailed overview of the booking process and available treatments, visit Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai.

Embrace the ease and effectiveness of IV therapy at home and experience a new level of wellness. For more information, don’t hesitate to explore Al Hosna’s IV Therapy at Home Dubai and take the first step towards better health today.

[mcatmemoranda]

Reviewing questions:

Screen Asian-Americans with BMI greater than 23 for DM

I remember hearing in OnlineMedEd or something that you should replace K+ if it's below a certain level before giving insulin to pts with DKA. I told my attending this and he didn't seem to know. It was in a question I just answered:

Restoration of fluid and electrolyte deficits is the first priority when treating patients with hyperglycemic crisis. Regular insulin is usually the next intervention, given while the patient is being hydrated with the first liter of normal saline unless significant hypokalemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mEq/L) is present. Measured serum potassium increases approximately 0.7 mEq/L for each 0.1-unit decrease in pH. Insulin therapy should be withheld until plasma potassium levels exceed 3.3 mEq/L. If insulin is given it is initially administered as an intravenous bolus of 0.1 U/kg followed by an intravenous infusion at a rate of 0.1 U/kg/hr. Alternatively, it may be given as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.14 U/kg/hr without an initial bolus.

Restoration of fluid and electrolyte deficits is the first priority when treating patients with hyperglycemic crisis. Regular insulin is usually the next intervention, given while the patient is being hydrated with the first liter of normal saline unless significant hypokalemia (serum potassium less than 3.3 mEq/L) is present. Measured serum potassium increases approximately 0.7 mEq/L for each 0.1-unit decrease in pH. Insulin therapy should be withheld until plasma potassium levels exceed 3.3 mEq/L. If insulin is given it is initially administered as an intravenous bolus of 0.1 U/kg followed by an intravenous infusion at a rate of 0.1 U/kg/hr. Alternatively, it may be given as a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.14 U/kg/hr without an initial bolus.

The American Diabetes Association recommends that patients with type 2 diabetes engage in 150 minutes or more of moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic activities spread over at least 3 days each week, in addition to 2–3 sessions of resistance training each week.

Although low-fat diets have traditionally been promoted for weight loss, studies indicate that diets that provide the same caloric restriction but differ in protein, carbohydrate, or fat content are equally effective. Monitoring carbohydrate intake and its impact on blood glucose levels is key for improving postprandial glucose control.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has concluded that reducing overall carbohydrate intake for individuals with diabetes has the most evidence for improving glycemia and can be applied in a variety of eating patterns.

Diabetic gastroparesis has generally been attributed to disturbed gastric emptying arising from autonomic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract. Associated with uncontrolled and suboptimal glycemic control, it commonly presents with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, and, in severe cases, weight loss. Although upper endoscopy is required to rule out an anatomic cause, the diagnostic gold standard for gastroparesis is the measurement of gastric emptying with scintigraphy of digestible solids at 15-minute intervals for 4 hours after food intake.

Diabetic gastroparesis is generally managed with a low-fat, low-fiber eating plan with small frequent feedings and nutritional drink supplements. Withdrawing drugs with adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility, including opioids, anticholinergics, and tricyclic antidepressants, is also recommended. GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide slow gastric motility and should be avoided. Pramlintide, and possibly DPP-4 inhibitors, can also impact gastric motility and should be avoided.

Incretin hormones, which include GLP-1 and glucose-independent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released from the gastrointestinal tract after a meal. These hormones are responsible for 70% of postprandial insulin secretion. GLP-1 receptor agonists appear to lower blood glucose levels by potentiating glucose-mediated insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon secretion, slowing gastric motility, and increasing satiety. Insulin glargine should not be mixed with other forms of insulin due to the low pH of its diluent. It is a long-acting, acidic insulin analog soluble only at a pH of 4.0 (as provided in the clear solution in the prescription vial). Its reduced solubility at the physiologic pH it encounters following subcutaneous injection allows for its slow absorption rate.

HbA1c normally represents a weighted average of blood glucose levels during the preceding 120 days, which is the lifespan of a normal red blood cell. Any condition that prolongs the life of the erythrocyte or that is associated with reduced red cell turnover exposes the red cell to glucose for a longer period of time, resulting in higher HbA1c levels. Conditions associated with decreased red blood cell turnover include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, and asplenia. Conversely, any condition that shortens the lifespan of the erythrocyte or that is associated with increased red cell turnover would tend to produce lower HbA1c levels. Examples would include hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and acute and chronic blood loss. Vitamin E ingestion has also been associated with lower HbA1c levels, presumably by interfering with glycation.

The GLP-1 receptor agonists such as exenatide and liraglutide are most likely to result in weight reduction.

The estimated prevalence of diabetes mellitus among adults was 7.4% in 1995 and is projected to rise to 9.0% by 2025. Screening every 3 years is recommended in asymptomatic adults beginning at age 45 in the absence of risk factors. Screening should be considered at an earlier age in patients who have a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and one or more of the following additional risk factors:

• physical inactivity • a first degree relative with diabetes • a history of cardiovascular disease • a Native American, Black, Hispanic, Asian, or South Pacific Islander race/ethnicity • a blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or receiving drug treatment for hypertension • an HDL-cholesterol level less than 35 mg/dL • a serum triglyceride level >250 mg/dL • a medical condition associated with insulin resistance, including acanthosis nigricans or severe obesity • a history of polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational diabetes, or delivering an infant weighing more than 4 kg (9 lb)

Insulin resistance is also found in more than half of patients without diabetes who experience an ischemic stroke or TIA. In the IRIS trial, the use of pioglitazone was associated with a 24% reduction in stroke and myocardial infarction and a 52% reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

For patients with diabetes who are at high cardiovascular risk and whose cholesterol levels are controlled with statin therapy but who have elevated serum triglycerides (135–499 mg/dL), the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends the addition of icosapent ethyl (Vascepa) to reduce cardiovascular risk. Icosapent ethyl is highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ethyl ester fish oil. Use of this agent is supported by the REDUCE-IT trial. Use of icosapent ethyl resulted in a 25% reduction in the relative risk of the primary combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina during a mean follow-up period of 4.9 years. This type of benefit has not been demonstrated in trials of other omega-3 fatty acid products and the lack of benefit from these other products may be related either to dosage differences or to their lower ratio of EPA to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ADA has therefore recommended that the benefits of REDUCE-IT not be extrapolated to other omega-3 fatty acid products.

Niacin, which not only reduces serum triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol but raises HDL-cholesterol as well, has also not been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk when used in combination with a statin. Bile acid–binding resins such as cholestyramine and colestipol raise serum triglycerides and are contraindicated in hypertriglyceridemia.

In patients with dyslipidemia, lowering triglycerides with fenofibrate may slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy, particularly in those with very mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy at baseline.

For patients of all ages with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines recommend that high-intensity statin therapy be added to lifestyle therapy. However, a high risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis is associated with high-dose simvastatin, and in 2012 the FDA issued a safety alert advising that the 80-mg dose of simvastatin be used only in patients who have been taking this dosage for 12 months or more without evidence of muscle toxicity. In this patient, simvastatin should be discontinued and another statin such as atorvastatin or rosuvastatin should be prescribed.

A supervised exercise program has been shown to improve functional status, walking distance, and quality of life in patients with peripheral artery disease. Although its use has not been associated with reduced cardiovascular risk or improved quality of life, cilostazol has been shown to improve walking distance. The use of low-dose aspirin (75–162 mg daily) is recommended by the ADA for diabetic patients with existing atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Claudication does not progress to critical limb ischemia in most patients with peripheral artery disease, with reported rates below 10%–15% over a period of 5 years or more. Given the risk of adverse procedural events, such as bleeding, renal failure from contrast-induced nephropathy, and the possibility of adverse limb outcomes, and the lack of proven benefit, the American Heart Association strongly recommends against surgical or endovascular intervention to prevent disease progression.

the choice of medication added to metformin should be based on the clinical characteristics and preferences of the patient. Considerations include cardiovascular risk, the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, comorbidities, cost, safety, tolerability, and risk of adverse side effects. Although there is some evidence that metformin may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and death, the evidence is most robust for SGLT2 inhibitors [-flozins]and GLP-1 receptor agonists [-glutides such as liraglutide, dulaglutide]. Large randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an SGLT2 inhibitor such as empagliflozin, canagliflozin, or dapagliflozin, or a GLP-1 receptor agonist such as liraglutide, semaglutide, or dulaglutide.

For patients with type 2 diabetes, the ADA recommends that an SGLT2 inhibitor or a GLP-1 receptor agonist should be strongly considered, independent of baseline hemoglobin A1c or the individualized hemoglobin A1c target, for those with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or indicators of high atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk, established kidney disease, or heart failure.

Indicators of high cardiovascular risk include a patient >55 years of age with left ventricular hypertrophy, or with coronary, carotid, or lower-extremity artery stenosis >50%.

Studies support a link between statin use and the development of diabetes mellitus. Intensive-dose statin therapy was associated with a higher risk of new-onset diabetes compared with moderate-dose statin therapy. In 2012, the FDA modified the package labeling of statins to include the risk of increased blood glucose levels and the development of type 2 diabetes. The benefit of statin therapy, however, outweighs the risk. It has been estimated that although use of statin therapy may cause one additional case of diabetes for every 498 patients treated for 1 year, its use also results in one less patient experiencing a cardiovascular event for every 155 patients treated for 1 year.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver disorders and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. 20% develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which by definition includes fibrosis, and 20% of patients with NASH will develop cirrhosis. Patients with steatosis are at higher risk for NASH if they are obese or have glucose intolerance, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, or metabolic syndrome.

NAFLD is often suspected on the basis of mildly elevated plasma aminotransferases or vague abdominal symptoms such as right upper quadrant pain. The degree of aminotransferase elevation does not predict the degree of hepatic inflammation or fibrosis, and a normal alanine aminotransferase level does not exclude a clinically important histologic injury or the presence of NASH. The diagnosis of NAFLD is typically based on hepatic steatosis found on liver ultrasonography. Scoring methods such as the FIB-4 can be used to determine if there is a risk of NASH and whether further testing such as a liver biopsy is indicated.

Lifestyle modification, particularly weight loss and exercise, represents the cornerstone of therapy. Weight loss, whether achieved by lifestyle changes or bariatric surgery, has been shown to have the greatest benefit on histologic improvement, with a recommended target weight loss of 7%–10%. Although there is some evidence to suggest that vitamin E and pioglitazone improve liver histology in NASH, there are no FDA-approved agents for treatment of NASH. It is generally recommended that patients with NAFLD avoid alcohol use. The presence of elevated hepatic transaminases in NAFLD does not contraindicate statin use, and guideline-directed medical therapy, which includes statin use, is recommended in patients with NAFLD because of their increased cardiovascular risk.

Resistant hypertension is present when the blood pressure of a hypertensive patient remains elevated above goal despite the concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents of different classes at adequate doses, including a diuretic. For patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed with resistant hypertension, the American Diabetes Association guidelines recommend considering a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist such as spironolactone.

Diabetic nephropathy develops in 20%–40% of patients with diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Persistent albuminuria in the range of 30–200 mg/24 hr (microalbuminuria) is the earliest sign of nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes and is a marker for nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Patients with microalbuminuria who progress to macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/24 hr) are likely to progress to end-stage renal disease over a period of years.

A random spot urine specimen for measurement of the albumin/creatinine ratio is the preferred method. A minimum of two of three tests showing a urine albumin level >30 µg/mg creatinine over a 6-month period confirms the diagnosis of microalbuminuria.

Intensive diabetic management and the use of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to delay the progression from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

current American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines recommend the use of either an ACE inhibitor or an ARB for those with a modestly elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (30–299 mg/g creatinine) and strongly recommend them for those with a urinary albumin/creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g creatinine.

ADA guidelines recommend against the use of these drugs for patients with normal blood pressure and no albuminuria.

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that patients of all ages with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) should have high-intensity statin therapy added to lifestyle therapy

Aspirin at a dosage of 75–162 mg daily is recommended by the ADA as a secondary preventive strategy in patients with diabetes and a history of cardiovascular disease. The ADA also states that low-dose aspirin therapy could be considered as a primary prevention strategy for those with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who are at increased cardiovascular risk and not at increased risk of bleeding.

The LEADER trial (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of cardiovascular outcome Results) was a double-blind trial that compared the use of liraglutide, a GLP-1 analogue, to placebo in 9340 patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. After a mean follow-up of 3.8 years, liraglutide was found to significantly reduce the rate of death from cardiovascular causes, as well as the first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal stroke

thiazolidinediones are associated with fluid retention, which can lead to weight gain, edema, and heart failure. Their use is contraindicated in patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure.

a weight reduction as small as 5%–10% was found to lower the risk of developing diabetes.

The American Diabetes Association recommends that patients with prediabetes achieve and maintain a minimum weight loss of 7%–10% and exercise a minimum of 150 minutes per week.

Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of cardiovascular risk factors related to hypertension, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Ddiagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome include the presence of three or more of the following:

• obesity, with a waist circumference exceeding 102 cm (40 inches) in men or 88 cm (35 inches) in women • blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg systolic and/or 85 mm Hg diastolic • a fasting glucose level ≥110 mg/dL • a serum triglyceride level ≥150 mg/dL • an HDL-cholesterol level less than 40 mg/dL in men or less than 50 mg/dL in women