#lyosome

[innonurse]

AI offers hope to people suffering from lyosomal storage disease

- By InnoNurse Staff -

In drug discovery research, artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly crucial. Researchers at the University of Zurich (UZH) have been able to better comprehend a deadly metabolic disorder due to advances in Big Data, learning algorithms, and powerful computers.

Read more at University of Zurich (UZH)

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Other recent news and insights

Benchmarking large language models’ capacity to respond to medical queries (Nature Publishing Group/Medical Xpress)

[ugotcooneycrossed]

challenge: how many cell organelles can you can you name in the pic you posted

golgi apparatus

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

lyosomes

centrioles

mitochondria

cell membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

😎

i did anatomy 😎

[polkadotmotmot]

Lezley Saar - Lyosome Languidity, 2013

[briefmusicbouquet]

my personal bnha academia headcanon/au: quirk repression

basically, along with the whole negative side affects of using your quirk too much, repressing your quirk and purposely not using it can also cause issues

this wouldn't apply to people with physical quirks, like spinner, shoji, or tokoyami's bird head (but not dark shadow)

its like if you force yourself to not use your quirk, it'll start to build up, and the chances of someone accidentally using it increases

like a teapot

the water will start boiling and as it gets hotter pressures increases and the steam goes out, releases the pressure into the air

so someone who just doesn't use their quirk very often or doesnt use their quirk for a little bit for some reason might have times where the steam goes out of the pot and they accidentally use their quirk a little bit

like someone with a fire quirk getting startled and the stress combined with the quirk not being used ends up breathing out a few sparks

the quirk only gets released in small ways though, and it helps keep that balance so the pressure inside the kettle stays stable, even if it is kinda high

so while it's kinda inconvenient sometimes, and unless the person is already in a dangerous position, like if they're working with gas lines, they won't be a danger to themselves or others

but long term quirk repression, like don't even let the steam out of the kettle at all, and the pressure just keeps building

goes into dangerous territory

at that point, the quirk starts physically affecting others and even if they do use their quirk a little bit, it's harder to control and reign in, since it's like opening a needle sized hole in the kettle, letting an exact amount of steam get out, and seal the hole, all without letting the kettle explode

some examples with some ua students-

uraraka: she'd probably start getting lightheaded often, and she starts getting altitude sickness, even though she hasn't left the school or dorms,

kirishima: instead of the outside of his body hardening, his internal organs, muscles, tendons, etc...start stiffening up, and eventually he'd stiffen to the point where his organs can't function properly, like his lungs not being to expand enough to properly breathe, and blood clots

jirou: her hearing starts becoming more sensative, and sounds start sounding louder than they actually are even if she's not using her quirk, and hearing damage becomes more likely

mina: acid reflux, acid starts seeping into the rest of her body, and worse case scenario, the lyosomes (parts of the cells that have acid in them and help destroy bacteria and ciruses with it) start to go haywire and releasing acid even if there isn't anything to attack

bakugou: really high blood pressure, the pressure literally builds up in his body, and also, since it's not being used, he stops producing as much glycerin, so if he does try using the quirk again, it's not as effective plus higher chance of burns

iida: any of you ever drive a manual car and put in too much gas without taking the clutch out/the cars in neutral, so the car doesn't move forward and it revs really loudly? that basically happens to iida, and it ends up causing long term damage to the engines and legs

deku: the pressure will literally build up too, but with no release, it'll physically start breaking his body appart and as his body breaks apart, he can't contain the built up power anymore, and it's basically like a star going supernova and collapsing in on itself, oh yeah, there's also the voices of the past afo users starting to get louder, to the point where he can't even hear other people

todoroki: he's got an advantage when it comes to the rest of the class, because if he starts to gets a fever from not using his fire quirk or gets hypothermia from not using the ice one, he can just counteract it, but, if it goes on long enough, he'll have to heavily rely on his other quirk to keep him alive, and that leaves him unable to defend himself or use his quirk for other things, until his energy runs out and he can't sustain the quirk anymore

[currentsinbiology]

Model for the physical and functional interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes. Boxed areas represent outstanding questions: (1) The physical interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes occurs through vCLAMP in yeast but the identity of the proteins mediating this interaction in mammalian cells remain to be determined. (2) Lipid and amino acid metabolism are controlled by both lysosomes and mitochondria. However, how the interaction between the two organelles affects metabolism is still unknown. Possible mechanisms include lipid and amino acid transfer, as well as exchange of ions that regulate mitochondrial function. (3) Ca2+ is a key signaling molecule regulated by both lysosomes and mitochondria, in addition to the ER. Ca2+ activates several cellular processes including Calcineurin-dependent activation of TFEB and mitochondrial metabolism. As mitochondrial ROS stimulates lysosomal Ca2+ release, the role of Ca2+ in controlling lysosome-mitochondria cross-talk needs to be addressed. AA, amino acids; ETC, Electron transport chain; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum.

Northwestern Medicine scientists have discovered that two key cellular structures, called mitochondria and lysosomes, come into direct contact with each other in the cell to regulate their respective functions. This rare discovery has implications for the research of many diseases, including Parkinson's and cancer, as well as for the understanding of normal aging.The study will be published Jan. 24 in the journal Nature.

Yvette C. Wong, Daniel Ysselstein, Dimitri Krainc. Mitochondria–lysosome contacts regulate mitochondrial fission via RAB7 GTP hydrolysis. Nature, 2018; DOI: 10.1038/nature25486

[as-studypeach]

Cell Membranes: the Bouncers of the Cell

The cell membrane, sometimes called the plasma membrane, surrounds and protects the interior organelles of the cell as well as controlling what goes in and out. Complex cells like eurkaryotes have membranes surrounding their organelles as well.

This image shows the basic structure of a cell membrane, which you have to know in detail for the A Level exam. The basic function is to regulate the movement of substances across them and separate the contents of the cell from its environment. 

As shown, the membrane is not just a single layer - instead, it is comprised of two layers of phospholipids (therefore conveniently called the phospholipid bilayer).

Phospholipid molecules are made from two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head. You will have learnt more about this in earlier units.  These phosphate head are hydrophilic (water-loving) whereas the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water-hating). When in water, they orientate themselves so that the heads are facing the water and the tails are away from it. This is how they form their bilayer, with heads out and tails in.

There are other molecules in the membrane. Proteins are embedded in the bilayer. Some span the whole membrane and are called intrinsic proteins, such as channel or carrier proteins, which are needed in transport processes that move substances across the membrane. Others stick out from the membrane surface and only go half way through, therefore called extrinsic proteins. These have specific functions like chemical receptors.

Some proteins and lipids have branches of sugar molecules attached to them. When attached to a lipid, these make glycolipids and when attached to proteins, these make glycoproteins. Sugar molecules are always on the outer surface of the membrane so can interact with arriving molecules, such as hormones or drugs.

Cell membranes also have another lipid-like substance called cholesterol. This provides stability by preventing too much movement of the other molecules in the membrane. Animal cells, rather than plant or prokaryotic cells, usually have the highest amounts of cholesterol.

This membrane structure is not just specific to around the cell. Eurkayotic cells have a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, lyosomes and vacuoles.

The Fluid Mosaic Model is generally accepted as describing how membranes are arranged. 'Fluid' represents how some parts of the membrane can move around freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell, such as the phospholipids. ‘Mosaic' part is the mismatched pattern of proteins that is found in the bilayer.

Summary

The basic function of a cell membrane is to regulate the movement of substances across them and separate the contents of the cell from its environment.

It is comprised of two layers of phospholipids (therefore called the phospholipid bilayer).

Phospholipid molecules are made from hydrophobic two fatty acid tails and a hydrophillic phosphate head. When in water, they orientate themselves so that the heads are facing the water and the tails are away from it, forming a bilayer.

Proteins are embedded in the bilayer. Some span the whole membrane and are called intrinsic proteins, such as channel or carrier proteins, needed in transport. Others stick out from the membrane surface and only go half way through, therefore called extrinsic proteins. These have specific functions like chemical receptors.

Some proteins and lipids have branches of sugar molecules attached to them, making glyolipids and glycoproteins. Sugar molecules are always on the outer surface of the membrane so can interact with arriving molecules, such as hormones or drugs.

Cell membranes also have another lipid-like substance called cholesterol which provides stability by preventing too much movement of the other molecules in the membrane.

Eurkayotic cells have a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins surrounding the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, lyosomes and vacuoles.

The Fluid Mosaic Model is generally accepted as describing how membranes are arranged. 'Fluid' represents how some parts of the membrane can move around freely, if they are not attached to other parts of the cell, such as the phospholipids. ‘Mosaic' part is the mismatched pattern of proteins that is found in the bilayer.

Happy studying!

[athleticeatery]

The first step in building our bodies, is to understand them. Cell by cell #humanatomy #biology #science #cell #cytoplasm #organelle #nucleus #mitochondria #endoplasmicreticulum #lyosome #education #animalcell #cellmembrane #gym #gymhead #fitness #fitnesstips #nutrition #athlete #sportsnutrition #sportsperformance #gymlife #metabolism #infographic #athleticeatery #school #torontoscience #torontofitness #toronto #muscle (at Toronto, Ontario)

[serinakemp]

Enhanced Lysosomal Activity Turns Back the Decline in Neural Stem Cell Function

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Stem cell activity falters with age. This is a feature of all of the stem cell populations studied to date, though whether this is the result of declining cell count or increasing quiescence varies by tissue type. Stem cells are responsible for providing a supply of daughter somatic cells to replenish losses and maintain tissue function. Their progressive failure to do so is one of the important contributing causes of aging.

Why do stem cells undergo this decline? Intrinsic damage to the stem cells themselves is certainly a factor, but in many populations it isn't as important as changes in the signaling environment that take place in reaction to rising levels of molecular damage throughout a tissue. That said, in the research here, improved lysosomal activity is demonstrated to improve neural stem cell function. This implies that improved autophagy, increased removal of wastes and damaged components, is the cause of restored function. Autophagy declines with age, and there have been other examples in which enabling greater lysosomal function restores loss of organ function - such as in the liver, by adding more receptors essential to lyosomal activity.

Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is critical to maintain cellular integrity and function. Dysregulation of the proteome, including accumulation of damaged and aggregated proteins, is a major hallmark of aging. Accumulation of protein aggregates is also associated with pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases. Though not much is known about the etiology of aggregates in many cases, their clearance can extend lifespan and alleviate the symptoms of neurodegeneration in some model systems.

There are three main mechanisms or branches of the protein homeostasis and clearance network: the lysosome-autophagy proteolytic system, molecular chaperones, and the proteasome. Macroautophagy, generally referred to as autophagy, is a tightly regulated process by which cellular organelles, proteins, and cytoplasm are engulfed into autophagosomes for degradation and recycling. The lysosomal-autophagy pathway is also important for the degradation of potentially toxic protein aggregates. Cellular quality control through this system may be particularly important in tissue-specific stem cells, which are used for lifelong tissue regeneration and repair.

Evidence suggests that the flux through the autophagy-lysosomal system is necessary for the maintenance and lineage...

Learn more about Nitric Oxide and Heart fitness.

from Nitric Oxide and Mens Health https://ift.tt/2wV9Z0f via IFTTT

[ruggerorespigo]

Lyosomes and mitochondria chat each other up in cell

Scientists have discovered that two key cellular structures, called mitochondria and lysosomes, come into direct contact with each other in the cell to regulate their respective functions. This rare discovery has implications for the research of many diseases, including Parkinson's and cancer, as well as for the understanding of normal aging. Latest Science News -- ScienceDaily https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180124131742.htm