#microcontroller based generator/alternator control and monitoring system

[sweatybelieverfun]

Digital Inverter Market Drivers Shaping Modern Power Efficiency and Sustainable Energy Solutions Globally

The digital inverter market is evolving rapidly, driven by a combination of technological advancements and rising demand for energy-efficient systems across various sectors. These inverters convert DC (direct current) into AC (alternating current), making them integral to applications ranging from home appliances to solar energy systems and electric vehicles. As global energy consumption rises and sustainability becomes a core goal, the drivers behind this market’s growth are becoming increasingly compelling.

Growing Demand for Energy Efficiency

One of the most powerful forces behind the digital inverter market is the urgent need for energy-efficient solutions. Traditional inverters are less capable of optimizing energy usage, often leading to excessive power consumption and inefficiency. Digital inverters, on the other hand, intelligently regulate power output based on the load requirement. This not only conserves energy but also reduces utility bills and carbon emissions—benefits that appeal to both residential and industrial users.

As governments worldwide enforce stricter energy regulations and efficiency standards, industries are adopting digital inverter technologies to meet compliance requirements and lower operational costs. This regulatory push further accelerates market adoption, positioning energy efficiency as a core driver of sustained demand.

Integration with Renewable Energy Systems

Digital inverters are essential components in renewable energy installations, particularly solar and wind power systems. They are responsible for converting the DC electricity generated by photovoltaic panels or wind turbines into usable AC electricity for homes and businesses. As the renewable energy sector expands, the need for advanced digital inverter technologies that offer real-time monitoring, higher efficiency, and remote control has surged.

With many countries setting ambitious targets for clean energy adoption, the integration of digital inverters in renewable systems becomes vital. Their ability to interact with smart grids and optimize power flows enhances the performance and reliability of green energy solutions, making them indispensable in the transition to sustainable power sources.

Technological Advancements and Smart Features

The evolution of digital inverters has been fueled by continuous technological innovation. Modern digital inverters now come equipped with features such as microcontroller-based designs, remote diagnostics, real-time performance data, and AI-powered system optimization. These capabilities allow users to monitor and manage energy consumption more effectively than ever before.

Moreover, the inclusion of IoT (Internet of Things) in inverter systems allows seamless integration with smart home and industrial automation platforms. These smart features not only improve user convenience but also extend the operational life of electrical appliances by ensuring consistent voltage output and reducing stress on components.

Surge in Consumer Electronics and Home Appliances

The increasing use of digital inverters in home appliances such as refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners is another major growth driver. Inverter-based appliances operate more quietly, consume less power, and offer improved performance over conventional models. As consumer awareness about energy efficiency and environmental impact grows, the preference for inverter-powered appliances is rising steadily.

This trend is further supported by manufacturers who are actively promoting energy-efficient product lines with inverter technology, often backed by government subsidies or energy ratings. As a result, the residential sector is contributing significantly to the digital inverter market’s expansion.

Rising Automotive Applications

Another noteworthy driver is the growing adoption of digital inverters in the automotive industry, particularly in electric and hybrid vehicles. In these vehicles, digital inverters control the power from the battery to the motor, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. As the electric vehicle (EV) market gains momentum worldwide, the demand for reliable and high-efficiency inverter systems has escalated.

Automakers are investing heavily in power electronics to meet the evolving demands of EVs, and digital inverters are central to these systems. The ongoing electrification of transportation infrastructure ensures that this trend will continue driving market growth in the coming years.

Industrial Automation and Infrastructure Development

Industries are rapidly adopting automation technologies to boost productivity and reduce human error. Digital inverters are integral to the control systems of automated machinery, allowing for precise speed regulation, smoother operations, and enhanced safety. Their versatility and adaptability make them ideal for a wide range of industrial applications.

Furthermore, infrastructure development in emerging economies is another major driver. From smart buildings to modern manufacturing units, digital inverters are being deployed extensively for energy management and operational efficiency. The construction of smart cities and infrastructure equipped with intelligent power systems adds further momentum to the market.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the digital inverter market is being propelled by a confluence of factors—rising energy efficiency demands, renewable energy integration, technological advancements, growing use in consumer electronics, and automotive industry expansion. These drivers are not only fostering innovation but also ensuring widespread adoption across sectors. As the world moves toward smarter, greener, and more efficient energy solutions, the role of digital inverters will remain crucial, continuing to shape the future of power electronics and energy management.

[yonderh2]

Rethinking Power: The Real Story Behind IGBT Rectifiers

In a world that increasingly runs on precise, clean, and efficient power, the components managing electrical conversion have quietly evolved into silent heroes. Among them, IGBT rectifiers are not just electronic components—they're the backbone of modern industrial energy management.

But let’s take a step back.

When most people think of rectifiers, their minds go to clunky, heat-generating boxes in power rooms. When they hear “IGBT,” they might vaguely associate it with transistors or semiconductors. But the convergence of IGBT technology with rectification isn't just a minor engineering upgrade—it's a game-changer for how we design everything from EV chargers to steel plants.

Let’s explore this through a fresh lens—not just what IGBT rectifiers are, but why they matter, how they work, and what makes them irreplaceable in high-performance environments.

What Are IGBT Rectifiers, Really?

At the core, rectifiers convert AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current). That’s not new. What is new is the use of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) in that process.

Traditionally, rectification was handled using diodes and thyristors. These worked well but had limitations in speed, control, and efficiency. Enter IGBTs—a hybrid semiconductor device combining the fast switching of a MOSFET with the high voltage handling of a bipolar transistor.

So, IGBT rectifiers are essentially intelligent rectification systems. They provide:

Precision: Regulated, ripple-free DC output.

Efficiency: Higher energy conversion with minimal heat loss.

Control: Real-time adaptability in load conditions.

Compact Design: Less bulky compared to traditional systems.

Think of it as the difference between flipping a light switch and using a dimmer with programmable automation. That’s the leap IGBT tech gives to rectifiers.

Why Now? Why IGBT Rectifiers Matter More Than Ever

We're in the midst of several overlapping revolutions:

The EV boom needs ultra-fast charging with precise voltage/current control.

The renewable energy surge requires smart inverters and converters to store and balance variable power.

Smart factories and Industry 4.0 demand real-time, programmable power systems that talk to the cloud.

IGBT rectifiers are the perfect fit for this new energy landscape.

Let’s say you’re running a manufacturing unit that relies on variable frequency drives (VFDs), robotic arms, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Traditional rectifiers might get the job done, but IGBT-based systems will optimize your power usage, reduce downtime, and offer predictive maintenance insights. In short, they don’t just work—they think.

Key Advantages of IGBT Rectifiers: Beyond the Basics

High Power Factor & Low Harmonics Unlike older thyristor-based setups, IGBT rectifiers operate at higher frequencies and reduce total harmonic distortion (THD), making them grid-friendly and compliant with IEEE-519 standards.

Regenerative Capability IGBT-based rectifiers can feed excess energy back into the grid or battery systems, increasing overall energy efficiency—something that’s becoming essential in closed-loop industrial applications.

Compact, Modular Designs With IGBT rectifiers, system integrators can fit more power in less space. That’s critical in EV charging stations, medical equipment, and aerospace technologies.

Real-Time Digital Control Thanks to microcontroller-based architecture, these rectifiers can be monitored, tuned, and diagnosed remotely. Maintenance becomes smarter, faster, and safer.

A Human Story: Real-World Use Case

Let’s humanize this for a second.

Imagine a precision medical device manufacturer in Pune. They need a clean, stable DC supply to power their sensitive electronics—something even a tiny ripple could disrupt. They tried conventional SCR-based rectifiers. But the noise, inefficiency, and lack of control led to frequent failures.

Then they adopted IGBT rectifiers from a specialized vendor. Instantly, they saw:

30% reduction in energy waste.

Improved product consistency.

Remote control over power settings during off-hours.

Now, that’s more than engineering. That’s impact.

Debunking the Myths

“IGBTs are too complex and expensive.”

Yes, the upfront cost is higher than diode or SCR rectifiers. But when you factor in operational savings, power quality, cooling costs, and space savings, IGBT rectifiers often pay for themselves within a year.

“They’re overkill for standard industrial applications.”

That’s changing. What was “high-end” five years ago is now mainstream. The same way LED bulbs replaced CFLs, IGBT rectifiers are replacing their older counterparts, even in medium-scale industries.

“Maintenance is tricky.”

On the contrary, the digital nature of IGBT systems allows predictive diagnostics. That means fewer surprises, fewer shutdowns, and more data-driven control.

Where to Use IGBT Rectifiers

EV Charging Infrastructure

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

Railway Traction Systems

Industrial Automation and Robotics

Welding & Electrolysis Equipment

Data Centers & High-Performance Computing

Whether you’re a CTO building a next-gen plant or an energy consultant advising on efficiency, IGBT rectifiers deserve a place in your power strategy.

Future-Proofing with IGBT: What’s Next?

We’re entering an age where software-defined power systems will become the norm. IGBT rectifiers, integrated with IoT modules and AI-based controls, will become smarter, more predictive, and even self-healing in the event of fluctuations.

Imagine a grid-tied factory where your rectifier “knows” when to store energy, when to feed back, and when to auto-calibrate based on ambient temperature. This isn’t a pipe dream—it’s already in pilot projects across Europe and East Asia.

And the beauty? It all begins with IGBT rectifiers.

Final Thoughts: More Than a Component

A rectifier might seem like a simple cog in the machine. But with IGBT technology, it becomes the nervous system—sensing, responding, optimizing. In the years to come, the industries that thrive will be those that embrace this leap.

So next time you're designing or upgrading a power system, don’t just think about volts and amps. Think intelligence, efficiency, and future-readiness.

[projecttopicsinnigeria]

PROJECT TOPIC- CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED T-JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

PROJECT TOPIC- CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED T-JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER

PROJECT TOPIC- CONSTRUCTION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED T-JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER ABSTRACT

T-junction traffic light controller is such a device that will play a significant role in controlling traffic at junctions, to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum disorderliness that may arise, as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at…

[vasthi23]

A Dew point meter is a tool that measures the temperature and relative humidity in the air. Dew point allows you to determine whether condensation will form on a surface. measures dew point by utilizing microprocessor circuitry to convert sensor signal by the use of psychrometric equations. Assembled in a rugged handheld IP65 protected plastic enclosure and equipped with quick-disconnect tubing couplings and an internal sensor manifold. Dew point meter used for compressed air and nitrogen gasses.

📷 Online Dew point meter Online dew point analyzer uses a highly accurate Capacities Integrated Thin Film Water vapor sensor 📷 Portable Dew Point Meter Portable Dew Point Meter is designed to measure the dew point & moisture levels in Hydrogen, Nit 📷 Dew Point Transmitter Dew point transmitter meter is widely used for continuous monitoring of dew point & moisture in

Choose Best Dew point meter :

The choice of the correct measuring device is decisive for correct dew point measuring and moisture dimension in compressed air and feasts. Experts around the world trust the dependable dew point dimension bias. Our dimension technology experts will also be happy to help you to find the right measuring device to measure and cover your systems. Simply use our contact form or call us directly we advise you

Dew Point Analyzers are suitable for the following gas types:

carbon dioxide (CO2)methane (CH4)air / compressed airoxygen (O2)natural gas nitrogen (N2)hydrogen (H2)other gases as per customer Requriment

Special Futures of Vasthi Dew Point meters :

•    Microprocessor-based instrument. •    Digital Graphical Display Measuring range ‐80° to +30° C dew •    Point & other ranges are also available on client requirements. •    Samples compressed air up to 12 Kg/cm. •    Pressure and up to 95°C temperature can be measured directly. •    Quick disconnect fitting, desiccant test. •    Handy and lightweight. •    Inbuilt thin film water vapor sensor. •    Optional RS ‐ 485 computer interface & data logger.

TRACE MOISTURE DEW POINT

•    An Embedded microcontroller-based precision instrument to help ensure optimum  •    Operation of drawing equipment. Ideal for precise Monitoring of moisture or Dew point in  •    Air or gas output from dryers systems or in process. Continuous monitoring of dew point  •    Result in reduced maintenance cost and downtime caused by separated moisture. •    The main cause of corrosion in the pneumatic system the analyzer uses a highly accurate  •    Aluminum Oxide sensor and is an economic alternative to the chilled-mirror dew point  •    Type Meters. It utilizes embedded micro-control based circuits to give a direct - readout in dew point or other units and other units corresponding to sensor output based and  •    Dew point or other units corresponding to sensor output based and Psychometric equations •    To achieve high accuracy it uses temperature compensation  •    Overcomplete operational range

Sampling System:

Different sampling conditioning systems are available, standard, or bespoke, according to the process conditions. Filters, pumps, and regulators can be incorporated to deliver the sample in the correct condition Bypass flow systems enable longer distances from the process to the analyzer to be achieved Vasthi engineers are ready to recommend the right system for you on receipt of the full gas stream specification.

Applications:

■ Petrochemicals       ■ Utilities SF6 etc.  ■ Compressed Air ■ Medical ■ Nitrogen gas at the time of filling   in the Transformers  ■ Transportation ■ Aerospace ■ Semiconductor  ■ Heat Treating ■ Natural Gas ■ Industrial Driers  ■ Pharmaceuticals  ■ Alternative fuels  ■ Military ■ Environment ■ Ozone Generation  ■ Freeze Drying

Services by VASTHI:

■ Evaluation ■ Custom Designs ■ Calibration & Certification  ■ Repair ■ Plant visiting ■ Sampling Systems

Products Types

If the two are very close together, moisture in the air will condense on a surface known as the dew point meters types 1.    Portable dew point meter (handheld) 2.    Online dew point meter 3.    Dew point transmitter

[pantechlearning]

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies provide a bridge between information systems and the physical world. With the introduction of reliable WSN technology the costs of installing and commissioning devices can be up to 90% less than a wired alternative. As the need for observation of crucial facilities continues to grow, the use of WSN is increasing because of its ease of installation, flexibility and also it’s potential to solve tough problems.

Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks emerge as an active research area. The project works in WSN offer several opportunities for engineering students to learn important things and also to improve practical knowledge. Therefore anyone wishes to become an engineer in this field must need additional knowledge along with the theoretical knowledge.

What is Wireless Sensor Network?

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is using in a large number of wireless sensors in an emergency manner. It is also using for surveillance of the system, physical or environmental conditions.

In addition to one or more sensors, each node in a sensor network is normally equipped with a radio receiver or other wireless network device, a tiny microcontroller, and also a power source, usually a cell.

Sensor nodes are using in WSN with the on-board processor that manages and monitors the environment in a particular area. They are connected to the Base Station which also acts as a processing unit in the WSN System. Generally base Station in a Wireless Sensor Network System is connecting through the Internet to transfer data.

Components of WSN

Sensors

Sensors in WSN are using to catch the environmental variables. It is also using for data acquisition. Sensor signals are transformed into electrical signals.

Radio Nodes

It is using to accept the data created by the Sensors and transfer it to the Wireless LAN access point. It consists of a microcontroller, receiver, external storage, and also a power source.

WLAN Access Point

It accepts the data which is transfer by the Radio nodes wirelessly, generally through the web.

Evaluation Software

The data accept by the Wireless LAN Access Point is process by software called as Evaluation Software. It is for showing the report to the users for further processing of the data which can use for processing, analysis, storage, and also mining of the data.

Where can you find the best Wireless Sensor Network Projects?

Pantech eLearning is an Online Learning Service provider in Chennai. We are providing some of the best Wireless Sensor Network Projects.

Given below is the list of Top Projects we are providing:

Vehicle To Vehicle Communication using LiFi

Intelligent Coal Mine Monitoring System

LoRa based Monitoring System for Agriculture

Wireless Sensors for Smart Environment

Visual Monitoring For Horticultural

Green House Monitoring and Controlling

A remote home security system

Image transmission using LiFi

Smart Traffic Systems

Personalised notification for disaster

Visit our Website and Book your Projects Now.

[printingproducts0318]

Electric Car Motor Controller

Motor controller for electric vehicle With the popularization of electric vehicles, the engines of electric vehicles on the market today use AC motors. The power of the AC motor is provided by the on-board storage battery, which provides direct current to the vehicle through the on-board storage battery, but a normal motor requires alternating current to work normally. Therefore, turning direct current into alternating current is the key to the work of electric vehicles.

Electric car motor controller 3 modules 1. Electronic control module (ElectronicController): It is a collective term that includes hardware circuits and corresponding control software. The hardware circuit mainly includes a microprocessor and its minimum system, a monitoring circuit for motor current, voltage, speed, temperature and other states, various hardware protection circuits, and data interaction with external control units such as vehicle controllers and battery management systems. Communication circuit. The control software implements corresponding control algorithms according to the characteristics of different types of motors. 2. Driver: It can convert the control signal of the microcontroller to the motor into a drive signal for driving the power converter, and isolate the power signal and the control signal. 3. Power Conversion Module (PowerConverter): Play a role in controlling the motor current. The power devices often used in electric vehicles include high-power transistors, gate-off thyristors, power field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and smart power modules. Wide variety of electric motors Based on different research purposes, there are many classifications of motors.

At present, the motors of electric vehicles are basically AC motors. The mainstream motors used in mainstream vehicles are permanent magnet AC motors. They have three characteristics: one is simple structure, safe and reliable in operation; second, the motor is small in size and relatively heavy Light, low power consumption, high work efficiency; third, the shape and size of the motor are flexible and diverse. Motor controller to work When the electric motor drives the car, the electric motor controller is urging the electric motor to work. The motor controller is composed of an inverter and a controller. The inverter receives the DC power delivered by the battery and inverts it into three-phase AC to provide power to the car motor. Secondly, the controller receives signals such as the motor speed and feeds it back to the meter. When braking or acceleration occurs, the controller controls the inverter The frequency rises and falls to achieve the purpose of acceleration or deceleration.

The future development of motor controllers follows principles 1. High safety is the most basic requirement of motor controller More and more integrated functions mean higher and higher security requirements. Safety performance needs to be achieved through the combination of many chip architectures, such as SBC+MCU monitoring architecture, high-voltage backup power supply, safety-related drive chips, comprehensive diagnosis of IGBT failures, independent safe shutdown paths, independent ADC channel resolver signal decoding, two high-voltage channels of different qualities Sampling circuit, different quality three-phase current Hall sensor, etc. 2. High power density, its shape and volume will develop towards miniaturization along with sub-assembly With the development of devices and the development of packaging technology, the cost forecast will gradually decrease.

From the perspective of sub-assembly, the traditional easy-to-use modules are developing towards square bricks, ultra-thin shapes, and finally bare DBC/chip forms. The shape and volume are developing towards miniaturization along with the sub-assembly, and it can reach 1/10 of the shape and volume in 2013 in 2018 or in the future. From the chip point of view, the motor controller is developing towards high efficiency and high operating junction temperature. For example, the operating junction temperature of the E3 chip is 150°C, the junction temperature of the EDT2 chip can be increased to 175°C, and the junction temperature of the SIC silicon carbide chip can exceed 175°C. If the power loss of the E2 chip is 1, the power loss of the latter two is 0. Between 8 and 0.3 to 0.5. Using SiC devices can significantly reduce switching losses, improve system efficiency, reduce dead time, and improve system output capabilities. From the overall consideration of the battery pack and controller, the total cost is reduced by 5%, and from the perspective of the vehicle, the cruising range is increased by 10%. The use of SiC devices can improve overall efficiency. Third, high voltage is the basic trend of the future development of motor controllers The direction of GBT is 650V, and the design of IGBT is towards higher 750V and 1200V. The EMC level will be higher and higher, and the next step should be the class5 level. Now the second-generation products may be able to achieve class3 and class4, and EMC will achieve class5 in the future, requiring measures to be miniaturized and lower in cost. EMC's core breakthrough innovation is positioned to achieve high-level EMC requirements with better filtering solutions and lower cost EMC components.

The motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, with 5 categories of products At present, in many cities, the basic electric vehicle motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, divided into five major categories of products: 1. Single main drive controller and auxiliary three-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC). 2. Auxiliary five-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU + dual source EPS controller). 3. Passenger car controller (integrated: main drive + DCDC). 4. Three-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + DCDC + PDU). 5. Five-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU).

[paper1125]

Electric Car Motor Controller

Motor controller for electric vehicle With the popularization of electric vehicles, the engines of electric vehicles on the market today use AC motors. The power of the AC motor is provided by the on-board storage battery, which provides direct current to the vehicle through the on-board storage battery, but a normal motor requires alternating current to work normally. Therefore, turning direct current into alternating current is the key to the work of electric vehicles.

Electric car motor controller 3 modules 1. Electronic control module (ElectronicController): It is a collective term that includes hardware circuits and corresponding control software. The hardware circuit mainly includes a microprocessor and its minimum system, a monitoring circuit for motor current, voltage, speed, temperature and other states, various hardware protection circuits, and data interaction with external control units such as vehicle controllers and battery management systems. Communication circuit. The control software implements corresponding control algorithms according to the characteristics of different types of motors. 2. Driver: It can convert the control signal of the microcontroller to the motor into a drive signal for driving the power converter, and isolate the power signal and the control signal. 3. Power Conversion Module (PowerConverter): Play a role in controlling the motor current. The power devices often used in electric vehicles include high-power transistors, gate-off thyristors, power field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and smart power modules. Wide variety of electric motors Based on different research purposes, there are many classifications of motors.

At present, the motors of electric vehicles are basically AC motors. The mainstream motors used in mainstream vehicles are permanent magnet AC motors. They have three characteristics: one is simple structure, safe and reliable in operation; second, the motor is small in size and relatively heavy Light, low power consumption, high work efficiency; third, the shape and size of the motor are flexible and diverse. Motor controller to work When the electric motor drives the car, the electric motor controller is urging the electric motor to work. The motor controller is composed of an inverter and a controller. The inverter receives the DC power delivered by the battery and inverts it into three-phase AC to provide power to the car motor. Secondly, the controller receives signals such as the motor speed and feeds it back to the meter. When braking or acceleration occurs, the controller controls the inverter The frequency rises and falls to achieve the purpose of acceleration or deceleration.

The future development of motor controllers follows principles 1. High safety is the most basic requirement of motor controller More and more integrated functions mean higher and higher security requirements. Safety performance needs to be achieved through the combination of many chip architectures, such as SBC+MCU monitoring architecture, high-voltage backup power supply, safety-related drive chips, comprehensive diagnosis of IGBT failures, independent safe shutdown paths, independent ADC channel resolver signal decoding, two high-voltage channels of different qualities Sampling circuit, different quality three-phase current Hall sensor, etc. 2. High power density, its shape and volume will develop towards miniaturization along with sub-assembly With the development of devices and the development of packaging technology, the cost forecast will gradually decrease.

From the perspective of sub-assembly, the traditional easy-to-use modules are developing towards square bricks, ultra-thin shapes, and finally bare DBC/chip forms. The shape and volume are developing towards miniaturization along with the sub-assembly, and it can reach 1/10 of the shape and volume in 2013 in 2018 or in the future. From the chip point of view, the motor controller is developing towards high efficiency and high operating junction temperature. For example, the operating junction temperature of the E3 chip is 150°C, the junction temperature of the EDT2 chip can be increased to 175°C, and the junction temperature of the SIC silicon carbide chip can exceed 175°C. If the power loss of the E2 chip is 1, the power loss of the latter two is 0. Between 8 and 0.3 to 0.5. Using SiC devices can significantly reduce switching losses, improve system efficiency, reduce dead time, and improve system output capabilities. From the overall consideration of the battery pack and controller, the total cost is reduced by 5%, and from the perspective of the vehicle, the cruising range is increased by 10%. The use of SiC devices can improve overall efficiency. Third, high voltage is the basic trend of the future development of motor controllers The direction of GBT is 650V, and the design of IGBT is towards higher 750V and 1200V. The EMC level will be higher and higher, and the next step should be the class5 level. Now the second-generation products may be able to achieve class3 and class4, and EMC will achieve class5 in the future, requiring measures to be miniaturized and lower in cost. EMC's core breakthrough innovation is positioned to achieve high-level EMC requirements with better filtering solutions and lower cost EMC components.

The motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, with 5 categories of products At present, in many cities, the basic electric vehicle motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, divided into five major categories of products: 1. Single main drive controller and auxiliary three-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC). 2. Auxiliary five-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU + dual source EPS controller). 3. Passenger car controller (integrated: main drive + DCDC). 4. Three-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + DCDC + PDU). 5. Five-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU).

[cat0620]

Electric Car Motor Controller

Motor controller for electric vehicle With the popularization of electric vehicles, the engines of electric vehicles on the market today use AC motors. The power of the AC motor is provided by the on-board storage battery, which provides direct current to the vehicle through the on-board storage battery, but a normal motor requires alternating current to work normally. Therefore, turning direct current into alternating current is the key to the work of electric vehicles.

Electric car motor controller 3 modules 1. Electronic control module (ElectronicController): It is a collective term that includes hardware circuits and corresponding control software. The hardware circuit mainly includes a microprocessor and its minimum system, a monitoring circuit for motor current, voltage, speed, temperature and other states, various hardware protection circuits, and data interaction with external control units such as vehicle controllers and battery management systems. Communication circuit. The control software implements corresponding control algorithms according to the characteristics of different types of motors. 2. Driver: It can convert the control signal of the microcontroller to the motor into a drive signal for driving the power converter, and isolate the power signal and the control signal. 3. Power Conversion Module (PowerConverter): Play a role in controlling the motor current. The power devices often used in electric vehicles include high-power transistors, gate-off thyristors, power field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and smart power modules. Wide variety of electric motors Based on different research purposes, there are many classifications of motors.

At present, the motors of electric vehicles are basically AC motors. The mainstream motors used in mainstream vehicles are permanent magnet AC motors. They have three characteristics: one is simple structure, safe and reliable in operation; second, the motor is small in size and relatively heavy Light, low power consumption, high work efficiency; third, the shape and size of the motor are flexible and diverse. Motor controller to work When the electric motor drives the car, the electric motor controller is urging the electric motor to work. The motor controller is composed of an inverter and a controller. The inverter receives the DC power delivered by the battery and inverts it into three-phase AC to provide power to the car motor. Secondly, the controller receives signals such as the motor speed and feeds it back to the meter. When braking or acceleration occurs, the controller controls the inverter The frequency rises and falls to achieve the purpose of acceleration or deceleration.

The future development of motor controllers follows principles 1. High safety is the most basic requirement of motor controller More and more integrated functions mean higher and higher security requirements. Safety performance needs to be achieved through the combination of many chip architectures, such as SBC+MCU monitoring architecture, high-voltage backup power supply, safety-related drive chips, comprehensive diagnosis of IGBT failures, independent safe shutdown paths, independent ADC channel resolver signal decoding, two high-voltage channels of different qualities Sampling circuit, different quality three-phase current Hall sensor, etc. 2. High power density, its shape and volume will develop towards miniaturization along with sub-assembly With the development of devices and the development of packaging technology, the cost forecast will gradually decrease.

From the perspective of sub-assembly, the traditional easy-to-use modules are developing towards square bricks, ultra-thin shapes, and finally bare DBC/chip forms. The shape and volume are developing towards miniaturization along with the sub-assembly, and it can reach 1/10 of the shape and volume in 2013 in 2018 or in the future. From the chip point of view, the motor controller is developing towards high efficiency and high operating junction temperature. For example, the operating junction temperature of the E3 chip is 150°C, the junction temperature of the EDT2 chip can be increased to 175°C, and the junction temperature of the SIC silicon carbide chip can exceed 175°C. If the power loss of the E2 chip is 1, the power loss of the latter two is 0. Between 8 and 0.3 to 0.5. Using SiC devices can significantly reduce switching losses, improve system efficiency, reduce dead time, and improve system output capabilities. From the overall consideration of the battery pack and controller, the total cost is reduced by 5%, and from the perspective of the vehicle, the cruising range is increased by 10%. The use of SiC devices can improve overall efficiency. Third, high voltage is the basic trend of the future development of motor controllers The direction of GBT is 650V, and the design of IGBT is towards higher 750V and 1200V. The EMC level will be higher and higher, and the next step should be the class5 level. Now the second-generation products may be able to achieve class3 and class4, and EMC will achieve class5 in the future, requiring measures to be miniaturized and lower in cost. EMC's core breakthrough innovation is positioned to achieve high-level EMC requirements with better filtering solutions and lower cost EMC components.

The motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, with 5 categories of products At present, in many cities, the basic electric vehicle motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, divided into five major categories of products: 1. Single main drive controller and auxiliary three-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC). 2. Auxiliary five-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU + dual source EPS controller). 3. Passenger car controller (integrated: main drive + DCDC). 4. Three-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + DCDC + PDU). 5. Five-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU).

[littlecat0520]

Electric Car Motor Controller

Motor controller for electric vehicle With the popularization of electric vehicles, the engines of electric vehicles on the market today use AC motors. The power of the AC motor is provided by the on-board storage battery, which provides direct current to the vehicle through the on-board storage battery, but a normal motor requires alternating current to work normally. Therefore, turning direct current into alternating current is the key to the work of electric vehicles.

Electric car motor controller 3 modules 1. Electronic control module (ElectronicController): It is a collective term that includes hardware circuits and corresponding control software. The hardware circuit mainly includes a microprocessor and its minimum system, a monitoring circuit for motor current, voltage, speed, temperature and other states, various hardware protection circuits, and data interaction with external control units such as vehicle controllers and battery management systems. Communication circuit. The control software implements corresponding control algorithms according to the characteristics of different types of motors. 2. Driver: It can convert the control signal of the microcontroller to the motor into a drive signal for driving the power converter, and isolate the power signal and the control signal. 3. Power Conversion Module (PowerConverter): Play a role in controlling the motor current. The power devices often used in electric vehicles include high-power transistors, gate-off thyristors, power field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and smart power modules. Wide variety of electric motors Based on different research purposes, there are many classifications of motors.

At present, the motors of electric vehicles are basically AC motors. The mainstream motors used in mainstream vehicles are permanent magnet AC motors. They have three characteristics: one is simple structure, safe and reliable in operation; second, the motor is small in size and relatively heavy Light, low power consumption, high work efficiency; third, the shape and size of the motor are flexible and diverse. Motor controller to work When the electric motor drives the car, the electric motor controller is urging the electric motor to work. The motor controller is composed of an inverter and a controller. The inverter receives the DC power delivered by the battery and inverts it into three-phase AC to provide power to the car motor. Secondly, the controller receives signals such as the motor speed and feeds it back to the meter. When braking or acceleration occurs, the controller controls the inverter The frequency rises and falls to achieve the purpose of acceleration or deceleration.

The future development of motor controllers follows principles 1. High safety is the most basic requirement of motor controller More and more integrated functions mean higher and higher security requirements. Safety performance needs to be achieved through the combination of many chip architectures, such as SBC+MCU monitoring architecture, high-voltage backup power supply, safety-related drive chips, comprehensive diagnosis of IGBT failures, independent safe shutdown paths, independent ADC channel resolver signal decoding, two high-voltage channels of different qualities Sampling circuit, different quality three-phase current Hall sensor, etc. 2. High power density, its shape and volume will develop towards miniaturization along with sub-assembly With the development of devices and the development of packaging technology, the cost forecast will gradually decrease.

From the perspective of sub-assembly, the traditional easy-to-use modules are developing towards square bricks, ultra-thin shapes, and finally bare DBC/chip forms. The shape and volume are developing towards miniaturization along with the sub-assembly, and it can reach 1/10 of the shape and volume in 2013 in 2018 or in the future. From the chip point of view, the motor controller is developing towards high efficiency and high operating junction temperature. For example, the operating junction temperature of the E3 chip is 150°C, the junction temperature of the EDT2 chip can be increased to 175°C, and the junction temperature of the SIC silicon carbide chip can exceed 175°C. If the power loss of the E2 chip is 1, the power loss of the latter two is 0. Between 8 and 0.3 to 0.5. Using SiC devices can significantly reduce switching losses, improve system efficiency, reduce dead time, and improve system output capabilities. From the overall consideration of the battery pack and controller, the total cost is reduced by 5%, and from the perspective of the vehicle, the cruising range is increased by 10%. The use of SiC devices can improve overall efficiency. Third, high voltage is the basic trend of the future development of motor controllers The direction of GBT is 650V, and the design of IGBT is towards higher 750V and 1200V. The EMC level will be higher and higher, and the next step should be the class5 level. Now the second-generation products may be able to achieve class3 and class4, and EMC will achieve class5 in the future, requiring measures to be miniaturized and lower in cost. EMC's core breakthrough innovation is positioned to achieve high-level EMC requirements with better filtering solutions and lower cost EMC components.

The motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, with 5 categories of products At present, in many cities, the basic electric vehicle motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, divided into five major categories of products: 1. Single main drive controller and auxiliary three-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC). 2. Auxiliary five-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU + dual source EPS controller). 3. Passenger car controller (integrated: main drive + DCDC). 4. Three-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + DCDC + PDU). 5. Five-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU).

[sere22world]

Electric Car Motor Controller

Motor controller for electric vehicle With the popularization of electric vehicles, the engines of electric vehicles on the market today use AC motors. The power of the AC motor is provided by the on-board storage battery, which provides direct current to the vehicle through the on-board storage battery, but a normal motor requires alternating current to work normally. Therefore, turning direct current into alternating current is the key to the work of electric vehicles.

Electric car motor controller 3 modules 1. Electronic control module (ElectronicController): It is a collective term that includes hardware circuits and corresponding control software. The hardware circuit mainly includes a microprocessor and its minimum system, a monitoring circuit for motor current, voltage, speed, temperature and other states, various hardware protection circuits, and data interaction with external control units such as vehicle controllers and battery management systems. Communication circuit. The control software implements corresponding control algorithms according to the characteristics of different types of motors. 2. Driver: It can convert the control signal of the microcontroller to the motor into a drive signal for driving the power converter, and isolate the power signal and the control signal. 3. Power Conversion Module (PowerConverter): Play a role in controlling the motor current. The power devices often used in electric vehicles include high-power transistors, gate-off thyristors, power field effect transistors, insulated gate bipolar transistors, and smart power modules. Wide variety of electric motors Based on different research purposes, there are many classifications of motors.

At present, the motors of electric vehicles are basically AC motors. The mainstream motors used in mainstream vehicles are permanent magnet AC motors. They have three characteristics: one is simple structure, safe and reliable in operation; second, the motor is small in size and relatively heavy Light, low power consumption, high work efficiency; third, the shape and size of the motor are flexible and diverse. Motor controller to work When the electric motor drives the car, the electric motor controller is urging the electric motor to work. The motor controller is composed of an inverter and a controller. The inverter receives the DC power delivered by the battery and inverts it into three-phase AC to provide power to the car motor. Secondly, the controller receives signals such as the motor speed and feeds it back to the meter. When braking or acceleration occurs, the controller controls the inverter The frequency rises and falls to achieve the purpose of acceleration or deceleration.

The future development of motor controllers follows principles 1. High safety is the most basic requirement of motor controller More and more integrated functions mean higher and higher security requirements. Safety performance needs to be achieved through the combination of many chip architectures, such as SBC+MCU monitoring architecture, high-voltage backup power supply, safety-related drive chips, comprehensive diagnosis of IGBT failures, independent safe shutdown paths, independent ADC channel resolver signal decoding, two high-voltage channels of different qualities Sampling circuit, different quality three-phase current Hall sensor, etc. 2. High power density, its shape and volume will develop towards miniaturization along with sub-assembly With the development of devices and the development of packaging technology, the cost forecast will gradually decrease.

From the perspective of sub-assembly, the traditional easy-to-use modules are developing towards square bricks, ultra-thin shapes, and finally bare DBC/chip forms. The shape and volume are developing towards miniaturization along with the sub-assembly, and it can reach 1/10 of the shape and volume in 2013 in 2018 or in the future. From the chip point of view, the motor controller is developing towards high efficiency and high operating junction temperature. For example, the operating junction temperature of the E3 chip is 150°C, the junction temperature of the EDT2 chip can be increased to 175°C, and the junction temperature of the SIC silicon carbide chip can exceed 175°C. If the power loss of the E2 chip is 1, the power loss of the latter two is 0. Between 8 and 0.3 to 0.5. Using SiC devices can significantly reduce switching losses, improve system efficiency, reduce dead time, and improve system output capabilities. From the overall consideration of the battery pack and controller, the total cost is reduced by 5%, and from the perspective of the vehicle, the cruising range is increased by 10%. The use of SiC devices can improve overall efficiency. Third, high voltage is the basic trend of the future development of motor controllers The direction of GBT is 650V, and the design of IGBT is towards higher 750V and 1200V. The EMC level will be higher and higher, and the next step should be the class5 level. Now the second-generation products may be able to achieve class3 and class4, and EMC will achieve class5 in the future, requiring measures to be miniaturized and lower in cost. EMC's core breakthrough innovation is positioned to achieve high-level EMC requirements with better filtering solutions and lower cost EMC components.

The motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, with 5 categories of products At present, in many cities, the basic electric vehicle motor controller has achieved the "five in one" level, divided into five major categories of products: 1. Single main drive controller and auxiliary three-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC). 2. Auxiliary five-in-one controller (integrated: EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU + dual source EPS controller). 3. Passenger car controller (integrated: main drive + DCDC). 4. Three-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + DCDC + PDU). 5. Five-in-one controller for logistics vehicles (integrated: main drive + EHPS controller + ACM controller + DCDC + PDU).

[friendlysecurity-blog]

Home security system using internet of things

Introduction or Internet Things refers to the network of connected physical objects that can communicate and exchange data among themselves without the need of any human intervention. It has been formally defined as an “Infrastructure of Information Society”, because IoT allows us to collect information from all kind of mediums such as humans, animals, vehicles, kitchen appliances. Thus any object in the physical world which can be provided with an IP address to enable data transmission over a network can be made part of IoT system by embedding them with electronic hardware such as sensors, software and networking gear. IoT is different than Internet as in a way it transcends Internet connectivity by enabling everyday objects that uses embedded circuits to interact and communicate with each other utilizing the current Internet infrastructure. The term IoT and its conception can be traced back to 1985 when Peter T Lewis spoke about the concept during his speech at Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Since then the scope of IoT has grown tremendously as currently it consists of more than 12 billion connected devices and according to the experts it will increase to 50 billion by the end of 2020. The IoT infrastructure has helped by providing real time information gathering and analysis using accurate sensors and seamless connectivity, which help in making efficient decisions. With the advent of IoT both manufacturers and consumers have benefited. Manufacturers have gained insight into how their products are used and how they perform out in the real world and increase their revenues by providing value added services which enhances and elongates the lifecycle of their products or services. Consumers on the other hand have the ability to integrate and control more than one devices for a more customized and improved user experience.

   An important factor to consider when we talk about home automation is Security. Home security is a very important feature of home automation and maybe the most crucial one. Home security made a drastic changes in the past few decades and continue to advance much more in the coming years. Previously home security systems meant having an alarm that would go off when somebody would break in but a smart secure home can do much more than that. Therefore the main objective of our work is to design a system which can alert the owner and others of an intruder break-in by sending a notification to their smart phones. The owner will also have the ability to stop or start the alarm remotely using just his smart phone. This system will help the users to safeguard their homes by placing the system on the doors or windows and monitoring the activity through their smart phones. There has been an unprecedented growth in the number of devices being connected to the Internet since past few years. All these devices connected to the internet are part of the IoT infrastructure which can that allows these devices to send and receive data among each other. This is why it is beneficial to use such an existing infrastructure for designing the proposed security system. An alarm system that sounds the buzzer is of no use when a user is not present in the home to take action. When the owner is away communicate with each other. The IoT network consists of embedded electronics, sensors and software from their home, they want to be assured that their home is protected by intruders and thieves while they are gone. This is why the proposed system keeps the owner informed in the real time about the security status of their home. The designed system informs the user as there is a break-in so that the user can take necessary actions. The paper is organized as follows: Section 1 discuss about the introduction of IOT and its applications. Section 2, gives a details review of the focus of the paper. Section 3 talks about the materials and the methods to implement the proposed systems. Section 4 proposed the working model of the proposed system, whereas section 5 gives the configuration of the application. Section 6 explains the experimental results followed by conclusion and future enhancement as Section 7. 2. Literature review Design and Implementation of Security for Smart Home based on GSM technology was discussed by Govinda et al. (2014) that provides two methods to implement home security using IoT [1]. One is using web cameras such that whenever there is any motion detected by the camera, it sounds an alarm and sends a mail to the owner. This method of detecting intrusion is quite good, albeit somewhat expensive due to the cost of the cameras involved in the process. The cameras need to be of good quality which means it should have a wide range and the picture quality should be high enough to detect movement. Also if you go for movable cameras such as dome cameras they will cost even more than the fixed ones. SMS based system using GSM was proposed by Karri and Daniel (2005) propose to use internet services to send messages or alert to the house owner instead of the conventional SMS.[2] Jayashri and Arvind (2013) have implemented a fingerprint based authentication system to unlock a door        This system helps users by only allowing the users whose fingerprint are authorized by the owner of the house. This system can also be used to monitor who all have used the sensor to gained entry into the house. The system is coupled with a few more home protection features such as gas leakage and fire accidents. Although a good system, fingerprint sensors are expensive and complex (as they need increased sensor resolution) to integrate into an IoT setup. Some experts also argue that only relying on a fingerprint sensor is not wise as it is relatively easy to lift someone‟s fingerprints and replicate them, which is why it is always advised to use fingerprint scanners in a two factor authentication systems where an additional layer of security is available in the form of PIN, passcode, voice recognition, etc. Some researchers proposed an idea of robust IoT home security system where a fault in of one component in the system does not lead to the failure of the whole system [4]. The idea of using multiple devices which may or may not be directly compatible with each other but can be made to work in such a way that they can replace an existing component of the system in case of a fault. In tandem to this, the model has the ability to use overlap between various devices which would result in preserving energy thus making the model more efficient. An example provided of the said model would use temperature sensor, WiFi module and a door sensor to replace a faulty camera. The authors are successful in an effort to demonstrate the given example. However such systems are useful for people with energy efficiency in mind and for those who need a high degree of robustness with their security systems and are willing to expend more money than usual. Laser rays and LDR sensor are used to to detect intrusion using their movement was proposed in 2016 [5]. The way the system works is that a laser is focused towards a LDR sensor and the moment that the contact of laser to LDR sensor breaks, the alarm connected to the sensor goes off alerting the neighbours and sends a SMS to the owner. This system solves the problem of covering the places which are out of range from the fixed cameras but faces the same difficulties which are faced with systems consisting of GSM modules to send text messages, which is that the delivery of message is dependent on network coverage. Also due to the nature of lasers being a straight beam, it can be avoided by intruders who know about the system and are capable of dodging the lasers, rendering the whole system useless. A novel way to design an electronic lock using Morse code and IoT technology [6]. The authors claim that this as an original idea which have not been tried before and is the first of its kind “optical Morse code-based electronic locking system”. This system uses LED‟s (Light emitting diodes) as an encrypting medium to send signals. To make it more accessible to general public, the LED in smart phones has been used. On the receiver‟s side is a photosensitive resistor as well as a microcontroller such as arduino processor which has the ability to decrypt the optical signal after receiving them from the LED. Upon decoding the signal it can than upload the current condition of the lock to a cloud from where the owner can monitor the system. The authors have experimented the system in real time and it has proved to work under different illumination environments with all the functions working as they were intended to. The authors also claim to have an easy and user-friendly interface. The IoT system developed here works very well and can be used by anyone and is very convenient due to the use of mobile phones as LED, which also makes it a cost expensive alternative[7]. Anitha et al (2016) proposed an home automation system using artificial intelligence and also proposed a model for cyber security systems [8,9]. 3. Materials and Methods Various hardware materials are required to have an home automation system. Some of the essential components are listed below to have and idea about the proposed system. 3.1. Arduino Uno Arduino is an open source, PC paraphernalia and programming organization, endeavour, and client group that plans and produce microcontroller packs for constructing programmed devices and intelligent object that can detect and control questions in the real world. The inception of the Arduino extend began at the Interaction Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. The equipment reference plans are appropriated under a Creative Commons Attribution Share

Once the ESP8266 has been flashed with the latest firmware, other components can be added to the configuration. For this we will need a breadboard to connect the microcontroller, reed sensor, buzzer and the ESP8266 using the jumper wires. The breadboard is used to interface between the various components available. It also makes it easy to connect multiple inputs to a single pin on the arduino board. 

  Configuring Blynk App After the user installs the Blynk app on the smartphone, an account has to be created in the app to access its services. The first time the app is opened, it will ask to either sign in or create an account. Create an account and add a new project to get started as given in figure 9. Each project has its own authentication code which is used by the code to communicate with that particular model as provided in figure 10. To interface with our components, we need to add widgets to our model. To add widgets press „+” to add to the model. The app provides a neat interface to add all the required widgets and setting them up according to the code as shown in figure 11. The Blynk needs to be running in the background for the user to get real time notifications.

Experimental results The experiment was carried out in Pentium iv 2.60GHz intel dual core processor, with 4 GB RAM, 15‟ LCD monitor with hard disk as 40 GB. The software required are Blynk App, Arduino IDE, in windows operating system using C++ programming language. The resultant system was checked thoroughly by repeating the motion of opening the door multiple times to see if each time a notification is sent or not and by remotely switching the buzzer on or off from the Blynk app which showed that the system works in the intended way and flawlessly. To test the endurance of the hardware, the setup was left turned on for a couple of hours and tested afterwards. The components got heated which is acceptable but still worked and the notification was shown

Conclusion and future scope The sensors placed on the door informs the home owner as soon as the door is opened by sending a Push notification. The user will get this notification irrespective of whether the phone is locked or unlocked or even if any other app is opened at the moment. This was the main objective of the project, which is the user feels safe and not worry about any intrusion or break-ins when he is away from home. This setup can also be used in commercial offices where some areas are restricted for certain personnel, such a system will immediately inform the administrator of any unauthorized personnel trying to access such an area. Therefore the extensibility and applicability of such a system is only limited only by the imagination. Another important component of the project is the connectivity between the ESP8266 (WiFi module) and the Blynk server. The system successfully connected to the Blynk server using the authentication token and the Blynk libraries. As a result, we were able to get the notification on our smart phones as soon as there was any change in the status of the reed module sensor. Also the additional ability to control the alarm remotely is very beneficial and can be very useful in some unforeseen circumstances. It was also observed that the Blynk app worked smoothly and carried out all communication between the hardware and the app very accurately. The developed system can also be used to in industrial and commercial applications such as offices, warehouses and other areas where some areas are reserved for authorized personnel only or other places where safety and precautions are of primary concerns such as internet server room of a big MNC from where corporate data can be stolen. The system can also be easily upgraded to add extra safety features such as cameras, motion detection sensors, etc. for increased safety. The system can also further be developed by adding an RFID scanner so that the authorized users need only carry a RFID or NFC tag with them on their person. The RFID scanner will work by scanning the tag wirelessly and if the user is authorized to enter, the alarm system will be disabled for some time so that the user can enter.

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