#micrograv unit

[sw5w]

Are You All Right?

STAR WARS EPISODE I: The Phantom Menace 01:17:35

[velocijupiter]

Kintype Anatomical Diagram - 2024 Revamp!

Thought the old schematic was outdated enough, so here's a new one! Probably not realistically feasible in some parts, so take it more as a fun creative exercise :] More systems have been laid out due to a different style for showing everything.

Text transcript under the cut:

Jupiter DromaeOS - Rough Schematic

Height - 6'1/2" / 198cm

Tail Length - 4'8" / 142cm

Weight - 215lb / 97.5kg

Composition is largely of carbon, with smaller amounts of silicon, gold, iron, water, and other trace elements.

Skeletal System

Compacted carbon for support and structural integrity

Braced in certain areas

Ribs divided to allow movement of storage compartments

Electric System

Provides energy for most bodily functions

A. Power Supply Unit - Allows charging from an external energy grid. Requires power cable

B. Solar Panels - Carbon-perovskite photovoltaics for use when away from an energy grid. Usually hidden under feathers

C. Battery - Lithium-sulfur solid state battery that provides ~48 hours of waketime when fully charged

D. Solid State Drive - Extra storage capacity for important memories and information

E. Graphics Processing Unit - Renders AR and holo-displays, as well as internal simulations and dreams

Circulatory System

Circulates around the body a kind of “blood” made of nanites and liquid coolant. Waste heat ejected through fans on the back of the body

F. Nanite Hub - Pumps nanite blood throughout the body. Also houses a nanite fabricator and programmer

Nervous System

Houses most processing power, tactile sense, and consciousness. Comprised of artificial neurons that require a constant supply of electricity

G. Central Processing Unit - Standard issue synthetic humanoid brain. Structure indicates a nontrivial level of neurodivergence

Digestive System

Processes traditional food and certain kinds of inorganic matter. Essential for self-repair and can have a positive effect on mental state

H. Crusher - For chewing both organic and inorganic matter. Soundproofed by skeletal structure in snout

I. Pseudostomach - Dissolves consumed material with nanites rather than acid

J. Graphene Production Chambers - Produces graphene for use in repairs via flash joule heating. Leftover material deposited in lowest storage compartments for use as printer feedstock

Storage Compartments

Built-in drawers for storing goods and materials. Can be refrigerated via circulatory system

Sensory and Communication Devices

K. Microphones - Ear equivalent, input volume can be adjusted or muted

L. Speaker - Vocal output device, can produce a wide array of sounds and can be modulated

M. Eyes - Light passes through display screens used for visual communication

N. AR lens - Projects private-use visual overlays

O. Retinas - Collects modified light signal and sends to CPU and GPU

P. Wireless Internet Receiver - Fully-controlled access to decentralized internet. Uses secondary displays rather than direct input into CPU

Q. Nostrils & Tongue - Detect presence of chemicals in air and food, output converted into signals directed towards CPU

Rockets

Provide mobility within aerospace

R. Microthrusters - Small ion thrusters for stabilization in microgravity

S. Liquid Fuel/Oxidizer Storage - Frozen when not in use to reduce balance issues

T. Pumps - Carry fuel and oxidizer into combustion chamber

U. Combustion Chamber - Mixes and burns fuel and oxidizer

V. Nozzle - Rocket exhaust exits through soles to create thrust

[lonestarflight]

"Microgravity

Onboard photo of Space Shuttle Columbia's (STS-75) open cargo bay carrying the United States Microgravity Payload-3 (USMP-3) at night."

Date: February 22, 1996

NASA ID: 9606795

[cuprohastes]

The Black Market

Space is big. I mean... really big. Like even bigger than a really big rock.

And boring.

But sometimes you get an encounter...

Boring is the worst part.

You can go into space and there's all sorts of cool stuff like the microgravity, the amazing view... and after a while it's just dark and the computer goes 'Boop' every quarter time unit, and this amazing experience collapses into the same space as e.g., being in a nursing home until someone tells you that you've arrived, and you can go look at cool stuff again.

Hence Interstellar Cruise Liners.

Space travel is still not cheap - even a run up and down a space elevator needs paying for, so you want to take as much cargo and paying passengers as possible.

With automated shipyards, you can just pour money and resources into building a truly huge passenger module, stack it on top of some cargo modules and clamp on as many drive units and crew modules as you need.

Load everyone in, let them ooh and ahhh at the view for a day then spin up a gateway and fire the whole thing into superluminal space and drop it out around any world you have a beacon for.

The really great thing is even if you lose the beacon in transit, you are a beacon. Just drop out and wait. Anything goes wrong, the home office can send a rescue ship after you.

In the meantime, there's the ship's amenities: The lush mossy jungle deck, the galactic beach, the games rooms, the dining groves, the on-board university - Even the theatre for live and recorded entertainment.

Still passengers like to have an experience, and so the Sunward Sail out of Ggxcha with seven hundred passengers dropped out of Superluminal space, the bow wave of exotic particles heating the backstop up to a glowing red.

The Sunward Sail dropped into a lazy orbit around an ancient planet, orbited by a big station trailing glittering wreckage - Obviously something dramatic had gone down here.

The lights were on though - So not a derelict station - and the docking was smooth, so the first set of tourists stepped onto the station, onto the Market deck.

So much to see! So much to do!

Madam Shi-shi's bakery run by a happy Tsin selling classic Tsin pastries, and exotic purple rolls with various filling and other goods.

The Top n' Charmed Quarks Bar with the scarred Atrix obviously a veteran of some war or calamity, serving exotic and colourful drinks:

"Dare you try the Human Menu?" she suggests, pulling it out. "Watch out, the Temple of Shir-li is banned in twelve systems..."

They even have a chance wheel!

Then there's Honest Gar's Genuine Human Antiquities, the wares spilling out from the shop in a riot of colours and patinas, where one can buy a genuine antique reproduction Victorian Empire TV, or a genuine Human Made Brown's Kitchen Imp that can tell you how to make a thousand and five human style recipes with a little sheet glass projection hologram of a human in glasses and red horns. So quaint!

And if you get to the end of the market, or one of the traders tips you off, you can find...

The Black Market

There's someone there, a weathered old... unless they were young... spacer, in a patched and scuffed EVA undersuit with 43 on the chest, who'll spin you unbelievable tales for a couple of creds dropped into the old cracked space helmet he keeps on the table next to him and if you ask, he'll let you in -

The back rooms are dark, rowdy, and full of the coolest stuff. There are lots of humans here, and there's an Atrix little guy, with a set of goggles, riding low on the belly of this Atrix Mech.

If you're lucky you can see one of the humans with some grudge square off agianst the little guy. He's surrounded by switches and levers, with a little pair of waldos.

The mech lurches to life, an angry display on its faceplace, growling in a rattling synthetic voice:

Combat mode! Engaged! Polaron Claws. Charging.

It's claws glowing white hot as it swings into motion, and the Human pulls a little cobbled together blaster out and takes a pot shot. The Mech lurches and sparks, warning lights flashing ominously...

Reactor. Overheat. Reactor. Overheat. Emergency. Venting.

The stricken mecha whirls, the little guy screaming in rage and flipping clunky archaic controls... And then when everything seems to be about to go wrong, the mech begins to spray clouds of vapour from it's vents and the alerts wind down, while the scurrilous human takes the opportunity to flee.

It's very dramatic.

And after that you can buy a souvenir arm patch of Cat Fantastic's Mecha with glow in the dark Polaron claws, before it's time to head back - Don't forget to pick up a packed lunch from Madame Shi-Shi's!

--

"Ugh." said Dave, "I don't mind the tourist run but it ruins my appetite" she muttered.

"You shouldn't snack on your own stock." says Big Ma, touching up Gondy's makeup.

Phalanges, helmet off, chin up and enjoying the cool air blower form the converted life support rig that they'd modded into the mecha grunts noncommittally.

"How are we doing boss?" Raxy asks, potting up souvenir Tsin fungus with Atrix moss and human basil.

O'Patel flashes an OK hand sign. "We are... hitting the funding goals. One more shift - This time it's for the bonus pay." he says with satisfaction and Big Ma looks around, checking everyone's ready as someone helps Cat Fantastic back into his cockpit basket and Gondy makes sure there's enough grenadine left.

"OK people... Showtime!"

[your-darling-gaze]

After months of full-hearted efforts and research full off devotion, I hereby announce the completion of my first-ever invention:

The Artificial Gravity Generator

Creating an artificial gravity generator, as seen in science fiction, is a complex and theoretical concept that current technology and physics have not yet achieved. The idea is to simulate the effects of gravity in environments like spacecraft, space stations, or potentially even on other planets.

The concept of artificial gravity has been a longstanding goal in the field of space exploration and technology. As humans venture further into space, the challenges posed by microgravity environments become increasingly significant. These challenges affect not only the health and well-being of astronauts but also the long-term sustainability of space missions. Artificial gravity generators represent a potential solution to these challenges, offering a way to simulate Earth-like gravity in space.

I am pleased to announce my newest, dearest piece of tech with a whole potential and completely functional unit of working.

I have also, signed a Patent Claim with regard to this new invention of mine and am pleased to make it a private idea, feasible and available only on agreement basis and make it a limited source.

I am thankful to all the people who helped me make this project a success including my mentor Mister Anthony Stark ( @tony-starkinator ) and guiding me onto the right ways for making this a big achievement.

You know what they say, a man will die, but not his ideas.

Regards,

Darling Grace

(Experiment Handler and Alloy Specialist, Stark Industries; Co-researcher and data analyst, The Verizon STEM Effort Organization; Sub-lecturer, Wellington International University of Arts and Sciences.)

A peek into our newest tech:

Look into our report:

PROJECT ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY

___________________________________________

( @soldier-bucky-barnes @the-loss-of-my-life @imnothulk )

[pencil-peach]

G Witch Onscreen Text: Episode 20

Here we are. Part 21 of the series where I transcribe and discuss the text on screens and monitors in G Witch, and analyze certain interesting things episode by episode. We've reached Episode 20: The End of Hope.

<< If you aren't prepared for the end, you can return to Episode 19 Or you could go to the Masterpost instead.

If not, the end awaits us.

We open on Guel and Kenanji pursuing Shaddiq, and here, Guel openly states that He will never forgive Shaddiq for what he's done.

It's similar to Shaddiq refusing to forgive Guel at the end of the last episode, when he says that Guel has "defiled" Miorine.

This episode is very good, but it's a bit unfortunate that we never got a chance to get a deeper look at the relationship between the two at Asticassia. They have some history, and this episode was written as the sad conclusion to a relationship we never got to see much of.

When Shaddiq launches in the Michaelis, (Left) the framing of the shots are similar to when Kenanji launched in the Beguir-Beu in the Prologue (Right).

This imminent confrontation between Guel and Shaddiq was actually foreshadowed in the intro, as during the montage of all the Mobile Suits, the Michealis and Daribalde aren't engaged in the combat sequence, but are in successive individual shots, leaning towards the camera on opposite sides of the frame. (The implication is that they're leaning towards each other.)

We see the Earth House students looking at the GUND-ARM Inc. email, which is currently being flooded with hate mail and complaints. Here's all the ones we see: (Bottom to top, some aren't pictured in this specific frame)

(All of them have the same header) GUND-ARM Inc. Subject:

Investigate the crimes of GUND-ARM Inc.

A disgrace to your fellow Spacians

Explain your violence at Quinharbor

The AERIAL is a killing machine!!

Weren't you a medical company?

This is how Benerit does things?

Inquiry: Canceling order for GUND prosthetics

You'd do this to become president?

Delete that disgusting PR video at once

Listen to the Earthian's anger

You call this justice?

You're the face of Spacian supremacism

Hold a shareholder meeting and dissolve the company

I was a fan of Ms. Miorine, but...

Saving lives? More like taking them.

They have 439 emails in their inbox at the end of the sequence, a large portion of which is definitely hate mail. It's not looking good for the company right now. Which one of these is your favorite? I'm a fan of "Delete that disgusting PR video at once."

One of the more important ones here is probably the order cancellation for the GUND Prosthetics. It seems like the technology was far enough along the approval process that they were accepting orders for it. Guess that's not happening anymore.

In the next scene, Suletta is attending another class lecture, only to receive an anonymous email on her phone with a picture of Aerial from the news broadcast, asking "Did MIORINE kill the Earthians?" (Left)

After the lecture, Petra confronts Suletta, asking why she came to class if she wasn't going to pay attention, and shares her notes on the lecture with her. (Right)

The notes are titled: HEALTH IN SPACE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE HUMAN BODY IN SPACE?

On the far left is a diagram of a human body, which Petra has labeled, "Reference for P3." She's also circled the pelvis area, labeling it "Point"

In the middle are two graphs. The top one is a line graph labeled "MICROGRAVITY MUSCLE ATROPHY," of which Petra has commented "Keyword" The graph is measuring the average muscular atrophy for both Female and Male humans in space (The light blue dots are Female, the dark blue dots are Male) There are also 3 arrows pointing downward, which Petra has circled and commented "ask later" The units of measurement aren't labeled, but I'll make a solid guess that it's Muscular Strength over Time

The bottom graph is a bar graph labeled "EQUILIBRIUM DISTURBANCE," under which Petra has written and underlined, "This will be on test." To the right of that something is written, but I can't fully make it out, I can only make out the first half, which is "DATA.."

To the right are 2 paragraphs and a diagram. The paragraphs on top are actually what we hear of the lecture being spoken by the professor earlier in the scene. It's as follows:

"It cannot be denied that concern for pilot life support was extremely low in the early years of space development.

In the view of historians, humanity's advancement into space was fairly hasty and aggressive, and the loss of so many lives in the process was evidence of this." (Petra has commented "summary here," "REMEMBER!!" and "many lives lost in process")

Below that are two diagrams, the diagram on the left being "OSTEOPOROSIS" and the one on the right being "OCULAR SYNDROME," two of the issues faced by humans in space. Petra has labeled these as IMPORTANT! and written "Reference materials" under them

There's text underneath the diagrams, but unfortunately I can't make it out.

The most important thing to take note of here, I think, is what the lecturer says about the early years of space development in Ad Stella. It was hasty, aggressive, and had a heavy cost measured in lives. This hastiness to monopolize space is most assuredly the reason why space related medical aid is so underdeveloped, and this is most likely something that inspired Cardo Nabo to develop the GUND medical technology.

Speaking of Cardo Nabo, here's a quick fun fact: We've seen "Ocular Syndrome" thrown around a handful of times as a condition that can be suffered by humans living in space. It's not clear what the specific symptoms of this Ocular Syndrome are, (there isn't a disease just called "Ocular Syndrome" in real life, though there is one called Ocular Ischemic Syndrome) but we have reason to believe that Cardo Nabo herself might have lost one of her eyes to it, as her left eye is synthetic. (Notice the lack of highlight in it as opposed to her other eye.)

There's also Petra and Suletta. I like to think that if things were different, and they got to live a more normal school life, the two would have gotten closer. And considering that in the Epilogue, Petra becomes a tester for GUND-ARM, I like to believe that ended up happening in the end.

Guel and Shaddiq's duel begins (due to Guel's bullheadedness getting in the way again...) but I think there are a couple of important things to note about this fight between them:

Think back to this conversation between the two of them in Episode 8. Guel and Shaddiq have never dueled each other before this moment, and the reason Shaddiq never accepted a duel with him was because he thought he could trust Guel to not lose the title of Holder until he was ready to claim Miorine's hand for himself.

Then there's the context of this discussion: Shaddiq reaching out to Guel at what is (currently, lol,) the lowest point of his life, asking him to come to his House to take a shower and clean himself up. Shaddiq is cautious and cunning. He doesn't do anything without a reason, but here he's reaching out to Guel, after he, seemingly, is no longer useful to him. But then he says it himself: he's fond of him. He enjoys watching him fight. He, at the very least, respects him.

And though I have no evidence, I like to believe he empathized with Guel's situation in this moment, homeless with no one to turn to, scorned by his Spacian father, and made it a point to reach out as a former Earthian orphan. I wonder, do you think Shaddiq was testing the waters to see if he could convert Guel to his ideals? What would have happened had Guel accepted that offer, I wonder.

And then there's this moment in Episode 9, where Shaddiq realizes that what Miorine needed was for him to reach out and help her, which he never did because he didn't want to risk involving her in his insidious affairs.

These are two really important moments that contextualize Shaddiq's genuine murderous animosity towards Guel in this duel. He views him tainting Miorine's good name as a deeply personal betrayal because he had genuinely trusted Guel to protect her in his place. She had chosen him and he had failed her. Shaddiq had worked tirelessly to try and find a way to maintain his connection to Miorine without ruining her good standing by involving her in his plans for the Benerit Group, to the point that it irrevocably tore them apart, and Guel, in his pig-headed arrogance, had destroyed all of that in an instant.

And so, for Shaddiq, this duel isn't just about buying time, it's personal. It's (in his mind), doing what he should have done back at Asticassia. He's dueling Guel for Miorine's sake. Though, of course, it's much too late for that to mean anything.

When Norea sees the broadcast about the attack on Quinharbor, she reacts by saying, "Spacian bastards...You take from me again...!" And then when 5lan confronts her in front of the Thorn, she says "Because of you Spacians' brutality, everyone I knew is dead!" But then she mentions Naji and Olcott in the next sentence, implying that she's not referring to the Dawn of Fold when she says that.

Considering the personal nature of her responses, and the fact that Ochs Earth stationed the Lfrith models just outside of it, I think the implication is that before becoming a Gundam pilot, Norea lived in Quinharbor, which is why its destruction drove her over the edge.

When we meet back with Petra and Suletta after Norea begins her attack on the school, Petra grabs Suletta's hand and drags her out of a crumbling building, calling her an Idiot, telling her to run, and asking her if she wants to die. (Right) This is paralleling Suletta and Miorine's second major interaction in Episode 1, where she grabs Suletta by the hand and drags her out of the path of the dueling mobile suits, calling her an idiot, telling her to run, and asking if she wants to get hit. (Left)

Afterwards, Petra starts complaining about how Lauda stood her up on their date that day (presumably to take the Darilbalde off campus to his brother) and says that he owes her. She asks Suletta what she'll do if she survives the attack before saying that she "Definitely wants to be at his side again." Suletta never gets a chance to respond to Petra's question, but the parallel is clearly being made between her and Lauda to Suletta and Miorine, particularly with "I want to be at his side again." We never see Suletta be outwardly mad at Miorine for what she did (she's not that kind of person, after all), so I like to interpret this scene as a sort of indulgence into the fact that she would have been right to be upset with her.

In the Mobile Suit hangar where the Earth House students are hiding out, there's a shot of Aliya and Lilique huddled up against the Earth House animals. (Left) Here's a fun fact, Earth House's Goat is named "Tiko," and their Yak is named "Brahe." Their names together are a reference to "Tycho Brahe," one of the most accomplished astronomers of the pre-telescope era.

After that, Chuchu says that if she only had her Demi Trainer, she could make a stand against Norea, to which Lilique replies, "It's no good! You couldn't sortie now!" A 'sortie' is a military term, meaning an attack made from a defensive position. I think it's funny that they chose that word specifically. Like, it's accurate, but why would Lilique know that word...

LETS GOOOOO LETS FUCKING GOOOO I LOVE YOU DEMI BARDING!!!! I LOVE YOU DEMI BARDING YESS!! YESSS FUCK YESSS!!!!! YEAAAAAAAHHH WOOOOOH WOOOHOOOO YEAAAA LETS GOO LETS FUCKING GOOOOOOO

I really like Chuchu's response to Nika. At first she walks up angrily, clearly about to confront her, but after being stopped by Martin, she later remembers what she's learned since Nika's been gone, and instead demands she tells her everything, so she can decide if she can forgive her. Remember, Chuchu is specifically upset that Nika lied to them.

But I am upset we never got to see the conversation the second scene is setting up. On the whole, getting to see Martin + Nika's conversation makes more sense, as the conflict between the two of them has been a narrative through line since Season 1, so if you had to choose one, it's clear why it was that one, but Chuchu and Nika's conflict leaving off here is such a shame. Because I feel like their conflict is much more personal. There's a lot of hurt and damage to explore there that brings into question their relationship going forward. But that complexity is most likely why they couldn't focus on it. That would take up a lot of time in itself to show, time they simply didn't have. Ah well...

Cutting back to Guel and Shaddiq's duel, Shaddiq begins speaking about why he chose this path. He truly believes that acquiring power is the only way to a better future for Earthians. But you have to wonder why he believes that so wholeheartedly.

I believe the answer lies in how he was raised; in the life he led growing up in the Grassley Orphanage.

We only hear about it a couple of times, but the information we receive about it and the way its run is the context we need to put together why Shaddiq operates the way he does.

Last episode, (Top) we learn that the Grassley orphanage takes in Earthian orphans and reeducates them (scary...), and that, more importantly, the orphanage is run by meritocracy, as in, a system whereby power is placed in the hands of those with outstanding ability. During Shaddiq's rant, he accuses Spacians of "forcing [Earthians] to survive at the expense of others," and he's probably referencing what it was like to grow up in the orphanage (and the proxy wars forced onto the planet but I digress), under a system where your treatment was based on how much better you were than your peers.

We even got a small look into that all the way back in Episode 8. When Miorine is talking to Suletta about Shaddiq, she says that because "he was raised in an orphanage run by the Grassley family," he will "do whatever it takes," and that Suletta shouldn't let her guard down around him. Miorine and Shaddiq are childhood friends, so I'm sure Shaddiq has told her what it was like at the orphanage, and the things he needed to do to survive in such a cutthroat environment.

That's why Shaddiq believes that power is the only way forward, because for a majority of his life, it WAS the only way forward. Even after escaping the orphanage, Grassley as a company is a meritocracy all the way down. (Remember, before Sarius' kidnapping, Grassley was entrenched in a succession race, which was being determined by the potential successors' abilities. Shaddiq was not going to inherit the company on the basis of being Sarius' adopted son, but by being more deserving than his competitors. Sarius even tells him that he could lose his eligibility multiple times.)

The only way out is to overcome, and the only way to overcome is with sheer overwhelming force. But to be honest, he's not entirely wrong either, he just went about it the wrong way.

A neat thing I like about the final charge between the two is that after Shaddiq says, "Charging straight in..." he smiles for a moment before angrily shouting, "That's the very thing I've always hated about you!"

I like to think he's smiling because of how predictable Guel is, or maybe he's thinking of all the duels he's watched where Guel has done that exact thing, or maybe it means nothing at all.

On the screen before the climactic final blow, the command given on the screen to the Beam Drones is labeled CONVERGENCE.

Afterwards, Guel says he'll never forgive Shaddiq, but that he isn't about to let him die, either. It seems Olcott's words from Episode 15 have stuck with him.

Afterwards, Shaddiq reveals something to Guel, saying "To maintain order, the Benerit Group sacrificed fellow Spacians at the school. The Assembly League wouldn't act just because of Earthian losses, but they'll finally get off their butts now."

It's a little confusing, (even now I'm not sure I have a perfect handle on it) but from as best I can tell, I think Shaddiq is saying that many companies in the Benerit Group saw the writing on the wall, and decided to allow the attack at Asticassia to happen, forcing the Assembly League to intervene within the company and restore order. (And perhaps gather up the group's assets after it's been liquidated.)

We see this happening with Peil in the next episode, who bailed and ratted the company out to the League, but perhaps they weren't the only ones who did...

Chuchu stopped using the Demi Barding's beam rifle as a gun at some point and just started beating the Gundvolvas over the head with it.

After 5lan's heartfelt plea to get Norea to give this up and come with him, the last thing Norea says to him is, "Tell me later, your real name--" but is killed before she can finish.

It's a specific thing to request, but given that "Norea Du Noc" is referred to as her codename, I like to imagine that what she was going to say was,

"Tell me later, your real name, and I'll tell you mine."

She and Sophie probably knew each other's real names as well.

It's probably just me reading too deeply into it, but I think a lot about how after Norea's death, Ur's GUND Format doesn't seem to activate due to a conscious decision on 5lan's part, but in response to his emotional distress.

Well, that's it, The End of Hope. But regardless, we keep moving forward. Next time, we talk about What We Can Do Now.

>> Episode 21 Masterpost.

[script-a-world]

Submitted via Google Form:

I am wondering about a civilization that built themselves on various large pieces of space debris, the remnants of an old war. There are no natural resources or food which means they source them from actual planets or grown/created in labs. That sounds cool but wondering about the idea that they wouldn't choose to stay and build their civilization on a planet.

Licorice: I have some questions. Thinking about the answers may help you answer your own question. 

Do the people living on the space debris go in person to the planets where they find resources? Or do they send robots or some other proxy? 

Are there any planets within their reach that are habitable for them? Or are they forced to stay on their debris because they can't access a planet they can live on? Or do they choose to stay on their debris because it's home? How long have they been living there? 

Maybe the tension between these options - stay on our debris/emigrate to a planet - causes a lot of political division in their society? I'd also like to know how many of them there are. Are we looking at a Red Dwarf situation? Hundreds of people? Thousands - tens of thousands?

Tex: If they don’t have any natural resources, how did the civilization build themselves there? There doesn’t seem to be any land, so food would need to be brought with them - how did they get there?

Why is the debris considered a suitable place to set up a home? Are there pieces large enough to set up some sort of electromagnetic shielding to develop an atmosphere? Are any of the pieces of debris cobbled together into a larger unit for people to live on?

Perhaps the nearby and suitable planets are already inhabited - would that make the debris more or less suitable to develop a home on?

Addy: Space debris can mean all sorts of things, from destroyed warships to civilian wreckage to industrial mining rigs. If any of the vessels were for civilian use (or extended travel/habitation, such as a military base or research familiarity), there could be hydroponics bays or similar growing facilities. From a habitability standpoint, as long as you have food, atmosphere, and the ability to maintain those two things, you can live just about anywhere.

Also, who are the people who live there? Are they the descendants of soldiers who never got rescued? Are they junkers who saw the debris field as a bunch of free metal for the taking? Are they a persecuted minority group that couldn't find anywhere else to live? The field could be a memorial to their family, it could be a symbol of economic opportunity, it could mean freedom to be themselves, it could mean safety. It could also just be home. It could be where they grew up, and where all their memories are. That, itself, is a powerful force.

We, ourselves, may see life on a planet as better, but that's because that's what we're used to. Weather, seasons, rain, animals, the sky… that's normal to us. To them, the unpredictability of planetary weather could be a drawback, compared to the known risks and patterns of space. Just something to consider.

Utuabzu: Your biggest concerns are going to be gravity and radiation, closely followed by atmosphere. You can handwave gravity and radiation with technodoohikies if you want, in all likelihood your readers won't care, but otherwise the people of this civilisation are likely to have some pretty serious health issues. Microgravity is really bad for any animal that evolved with gravity. So many systems in the body exploit it, and they go haywire when it isn't around. Which is why astronauts that have been on the ISS for long periods get health problems.

Radiation is even worse for any living thing, because it shreds DNA and delicate cellular machinery, and the only thing that can stop it is a great deal of mass and distance. Neither of these things are likely to be plentiful in this situation. Magnetic fields can redirect radiation, but they aren't perfect and a field strong enough to deflect that much radiation would be a hazard all on its own.

But both of these issues are potentially solvable. Centrifugal force can substitute for gravity, so that one is just a matter of getting any sufficiently large wrecks and spinning them, and over time probably using salvaged materials to build proper habitats. Radiation can be attenuated by creating an outer layer of material to absorb it. A particularly good candidate for this is water, since it's very good at blocking radiation and any earthlike life is going to need a fair bit of it anyway. Another idea is to coat the exterior with rubble from nearby asteroids, which also does double duty as protection from micrometeoroid impacts.

The atmosphere problem however is harder to resolve. They're going to need air, and there's only going to be so much left in the shipwrecks. And that will decline over time as air is lost due to imperfect seals and accidents. Sooner or later they will need to find more, either harvesting it from whatever is nearby or trading for it.

A related factor is food. Wherever food comes from is probably going to be where air is recycled, because that's just how photosynthesis works. And why would you go to the trouble of using mechanical means to convert CO2 to O2 when the crops you need to grow anyway will do it for free.

These are just a couple of things you should probably think about, because this civilisation would have had to and the answers they came to would have shaped it.

[spacenutspod]

In the next fifteen years, NASA, China, and SpaceX will make the next great leap in space exploration by sending the first crewed missions to Mars. This presents many challenges, not the least of which is distance. Even when they are closest to each other in their orbits (aka. when Mars is in Opposition), Mars can still be up to 55 million km (34 million mi) from Earth. Using conventional propulsion (chemical rockets), a one-way transit can last six to nine months, which works out to a total mission time (including surface operations) of about three years. That’s a very long time for people to be in microgravity, not to mention exposed to solar and cosmic radiation. To address this, NASA is investigating advanced propulsion methods that will reduce transit times and hibernation technologies that will allow crews to sleep through most of their voyage. This year, the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program selected the Studying Torpor in Animals for Space-health in Humans (STASH) experiment, a new method for inducing torpor developed by Ryan Sprenger and colleagues at the California-based biotechnology firm Fauna Bio Inc. Today, there is a growing field in biotechnology where unique mammalian traits are being investigated and used to develop novel therapeutic agents. This includes the phenotype of hibernating mammals, which are currently being investigated for human health applications here on Earth. But as Ryan Sprenger and his team indicate in their proposal, these benefits also have applications for space exploration, which include mitigating the associated physical and mental health risks. And for long-duration missions to Mars and beyond, these risks are legion! Ongoing research aboard the International Space Station (ISS), such as NASA’s famous Twin Study, has shown how extended periods in microgravity can take a significant toll on human health. This includes muscle atrophy, bone density loss, and effects on organ function, eyesight, cardiovascular health, and the nervous system. Another major issue is the need for resupply, which can be accomplished in a matter of hours for the ISS but would take six to nine months where crewed missions to Mars are concerned. There’s also the prospect of spending months in a cramped spacecraft, which is bound to take a toll on the crew, and the problem of waste management along the way. Under these circumstances, NASA and other space agencies are considering placing crews in a state of hibernation for their journey. This would ensure that the crew arrives at Mars in a healthy state and is prepared for the months of surface operations that will follow. The essential feature, writes Spenger and his team, is “an energy-conserving state called torpor” that involves a deep reduction in metabolism. To this end, they have proposed an experiment called “Studying Torpor in Animals for Space-health in Humans” (STASH), a hibernation laboratory for use aboard the ISS. This unit is being developed in collaboration with the BioServe Space Technologies College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Colorado Boulder to be integrated into the Space Automated Biological Laboratory (SABL). The experiment consists of two chambers that will house test rodents, maintaining temperatures as low as 4° C (39° F) to induce torpor. The system will have instruments that measure the animals’ metabolism in real-time by monitoring their oxygen consumption, body temperature, and heart rate. The short-term goals of the STASH include investigating hibernation science in a microgravity environment, which includes determining if hibernation provides the expected protection against bone and muscle loss. The medium-term goals include testing bioactive molecules that mimic the gene expressions of hibernation and evaluating methods of inducing synthetic torpor. The long-term goal, they write, is to develop applications for deep space missions: “[D]uring a crewed mission to Mars, human synthetic torpor could act as a relevant countermeasure that would change everything for space exploration, mitigating or eliminating every hazard included in NASA’s RIDGE acronym for the hazards of space travel: Space Radiation, Isolation and Confinement, Distance from Earth, Gravity Fields, and Hostile/Closed Environments.” As Sprenger and his colleagues noted, there is a critical gap in our understanding of hibernation and its potential applications for human spaceflight. Currently, the infrastructure needed to study torpor in space does not exist, and hibernation in microgravity has not yet been studied. In this respect, STASH will serve as a pathfinder, laying the groundwork for future studies that could lead to hibernation systems for deep space missions. With Phase I development funding secured through the NIAC program, the team is excited to take the first steps. As they summarized in their proposal: “Research performed using STASH will be an essential first step toward acquiring fundamental knowledge about the ability of hibernation to lessen the health risks of space. This knowledge will inform the development of both biomimetic drug countermeasures and the future infrastructure needed to support torpor-enabled human astronauts engaged in interplanetary missions. We feel that STASH is the epitome of the high-risk, high-reward projects for which NIAC was established.” Further Reading: NASA The post NASA 2024 NIAC Program Selects Deep-Space Hibernation Technology for Development appeared first on Universe Today.

[mundus2035]

What is a Space station?| all you need to know

What is a Space station?| all you need to know

Introduction

In today’s blog we will discuss about What is a Space station?, international space station, Space Station Huston, Russian Space Station, Space station before iss, How many Space stations are there?, NASA Space station, Chinese Space Station, Size of Space Stations, Is the space station dangerous for Earth?

What is a Space station?

A space station is like a home and lab in space where astronauts live and work. It orbits Earth, allowing scientists to do experiments and learn more about space.

The idea of a space station has a long history. It gained significant attention during the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union. They both saw how useful it could be for studying space and living in space for a long time.

The Soviet Union launched the first space station, Salyut 1, in 1971. Since then, space stations have been important for learning about space and working together internationally.

What is a space station used for

Scientists use these stations to study various phenomena. They explore how plants grow in microgravity and how materials behave in space conditions.

Space stations provide a platform for testing new technologies and equipment. This ensures they function correctly in the harsh environment of space.

International cooperation is a crucial aspect of space station missions. It involves astronauts from different countries working together on shared objectives, fostering collaboration and goodwill among nations. Furthermore, space stations inspire people around the world, sparking curiosity about space exploration and scientific discovery.

Through their missions and discoveries. the space stations serve as beacons of human ingenuity and cooperation in the pursuit of knowledge beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

Space station before iss

Before the International Space Station (ISS), there were two main space station programs: the Soviet Union’s Salyut and Almaz stations. Additionally, there was the United States’ Skylab program.

1. Soviet Salyut Program: The Soviet Union launched the first space station, Salyut 1, in 1971. They sent several more stations into space afterward. These stations were like orbiting labs where astronauts lived and worked, doing experiments and tests.

2. Soviet Almaz Program: This was a secret military program by the Soviet Union. Between 1973 and 1976, they launched three Almaz stations. These stations had military equipment on board but also conducted some civilian science.

3. Skylab (USA): Skylab was America’s first space station, launched in 1973. It was made from a modified rocket stage. Skylab hosted astronauts who did scientific experiments for about six years.

These early space stations showed that people could live and work in space for extended periods, setting the stage for the ISS.

How many Space stations are there?

There are two main space stations in orbit: the International Space Station (ISS) and the Chinese space station Tiangong.

1.international space stations

The idea for the ISS started in the 1980s when NASA and other space agencies around the world thought about working together on a giant space project. They wanted to build something that could be a base for scientific research and help countries collaborate in space exploration.

Russia launched the first piece of the ISS in 1998. Over the years, NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and other partners like Japan and Canada added more parts. It took a lot of teamwork and space missions to put everything together.

The ISS has been continuously inhabited since the year 2000. Astronauts live there for months at a time, doing all kinds of experiments. They study things like how plants grow in space, how the human body reacts to zero gravity, and how materials behave in space.

One of the ISS’s primary purposes is to learn more about space and how humans can live and work there for long periods. It’s also a symbol of international cooperation, showing that even countries with differences can come together for big, peaceful projects.

Read more at -

What is a Space station?| all you need to know - MUNDUS 2035 What is a Space station?, international space station, Space Station Huston, Russian Space Station, Space station…mundus2035.com

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[brookstonalmanac]

Events 8.11 (after 1940)

1934 – The first civilian prisoners arrive at the Federal prison on Alcatraz Island. 1942 – Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil receive a patent for a Frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication system that later became the basis for modern technologies in wireless telephones, two-way radio communications, and Wi-Fi. 1945 – Poles in Kraków engage in a pogrom against Jews in the city, killing one and wounding five. 1952 – Hussein bin Talal is proclaimed King of Jordan. 1959 – Sheremetyevo International Airport, the second-largest airport in Russia, opens. 1960 – Chad declares independence from France. 1961 – The former Portuguese territories in India of Dadra and Nagar Haveli are merged to create the Union Territory Dadra and Nagar Haveli. 1962 – Vostok 3 launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev becomes the first person to float in microgravity. 1965 – Race riots (the Watts Riots) begin in the Watts area of Los Angeles, California. 1969 – The Apollo 11 astronauts are released from a three-week quarantine following their liftoff from the Moon. 1972 – Vietnam War: The last United States ground combat unit leaves South Vietnam. 1975 – East Timor: Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a coup by the Timorese Democratic Union (UDT) and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin. 1979 – Two Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-134s collide over the Ukrainian city of Dniprodzerzhynsk and crash, killing all 178 aboard both airliners. 1982 – A bomb explodes on Pan Am Flight 830, en route from Tokyo, Japan to Honolulu, Hawaii, killing one passenger and injuring 15 others. 1984 – "We begin bombing in five minutes": United States President Ronald Reagan, while running for re-election, jokes while preparing to make his weekly Saturday address on National Public Radio. 1988 – A meeting between Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif, Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, and leaders of Egyptian Islamic Jihad in Afghanistan culminates in the formation of Al-Qaeda. 1991 – Nickelodeon's first line of “Nicktoons” (Doug, Rugrats & Ren & Stimpy) premiere on the channel. 1992 – The Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota opens. At the time the largest shopping mall in the United States. 2000 – An air rage incident occurs on board Southwest Airlines Flight 1763 when 19-year-old Jonathan Burton attempts to storm the cockpit, but he is subdued by other passengers and dies from his injuries. 2003 – NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history. 2003 – Jemaah Islamiyah leader Riduan Isamuddin, better known as Hambali, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand. 2006 – The oil tanker MT Solar 1 sinks off the coast of Guimaras and Negros Islands in the Philippines, causing the country's worst oil spill. 2012 – At least 306 people are killed and 3,000 others injured in a pair of earthquakes near Tabriz, Iran. 2017 – At least 41 people are killed and another 179 injured after two passenger trains collide in Alexandria, Egypt. 2023 – Luna 25 launches from the Vostochny Cosmodrome.

[enterprisewired]

Sci-Fi Spacesuit to Recycle Urine for NASA’s Artemis Missions

A groundbreaking Sci-Fi Spacesuit inspired by science fiction is set to revolutionize lunar expeditions by recycling urine into drinking water, enabling astronauts to undertake extended spacewalks.

Innovative “Stillsuit” Technology

Drawing inspiration from the “stillsuits” in the sci-fi classic Dune, this prototype Sci-Fi Spacesuit can collect, purify, and return urine as drinking water within five minutes. The suit’s creators aim to have it ready for use in NASA’s Artemis program, which focuses on sustaining human presence on the Moon.

Sofia Etlin, a researcher at Weill Cornell Medicine and Cornell University and a co-designer of the suit, explained, “The design includes a vacuum-based external catheter leading to a combined forward-reverse osmosis unit, providing a continuous supply of potable water with multiple safety mechanisms to ensure astronaut wellbeing.”

Addressing Current Challenges

NASA’s Artemis III mission, slated for 2026, plans to land a crew on the lunar south pole with the goal of launching manned missions to Mars by the 2030s. While the International Space Station (ISS) already recycles urine and sweat, Etlin highlights the need for a similar system for astronauts on extended lunar expeditions.

“Astronauts currently have only one liter of water available in their in-suit drink bags,” Etlin said. “This is insufficient for the planned longer-lasting lunar spacewalks, which can last 10 hours, and even up to 24 hours in an emergency.”

The current waste management solution, the maximum absorbency garment (MAG), has faced criticism for being leak-prone and uncomfortable. Some astronauts even limit food and drink intake before spacewalks to avoid using the MAG, which has led to urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Real “Dune” Spacesuits Can Turn Astronauts’ Urine Into Drinking Water | Firstpost America

Future Implications and Testing

Etlin pointed out that future commercial astronauts might be less tolerant of the current solutions. “If you’re giving NASA billions of dollars, you’d think they wouldn’t keep the diaper,” she said, adding that many astronauts have voiced concerns about the discomfort and hygiene issues associated with the MAG.

Prof Christopher Mason of Weill Cornell Medicine, the study’s senior author, emphasized the practicality of the new system: “Even in the absence of a large desert planet, like in Dune, this is something that could be better for astronauts.”

The proposed stillsuit system features a silicone collection cup designed to fit around the genitalia, available in different shapes and sizes for men and women. This cup connects to a moisture-activated vacuum pump that activates as soon as urination begins. The urine is then diverted to a filtration system, where it is recycled into water with an efficiency of 87%.

Ensuring Functionality and Safety

The entire system, weighing approximately 8kg, is compact enough to be carried on the back of a Sci-Fi Spacesuit. The team plans to recruit 100 volunteers in New York this autumn to test the system for comfort and functionality.

“Our system can be tested in simulated microgravity conditions, as microgravity is the primary space factor we must account for,” Mason said. “These tests will ensure the system’s functionality and safety before it is deployed in actual space missions.”

This innovative solution promises to enhance the feasibility and comfort of long-duration space missions, marking a significant advancement in space exploration technology.

Visit Enterprise Wired For More.

[influencermagazineuk]

Revolutionary Spacesuit Turns Astronauts' Urine into Drinkable Water

A new sci-fi-inspired spacesuit that recycles urine into drinking water may soon enable astronauts to perform lengthy spacewalks on upcoming lunar expeditions. The prototype, modeled after the “stillsuits” from the sci-fi classic Dune, collects urine, purifies it, and returns it to the astronaut through a drinking tube within five minutes. This innovative suit could potentially be used before the end of the decade in NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to learn how to live and work for extended periods on another world. “The design includes a vacuum-based external catheter leading to a combined forward-reverse osmosis unit, providing a continuous supply of potable water with multiple safety mechanisms to ensure astronaut wellbeing,” said Sofia Etlin, a researcher at Weill Cornell Medicine and Cornell University and co-designer of the suit. NASA is preparing for the Artemis III mission in 2026, which aims to land a crew on the lunar south pole, with the ambition of launching crewed missions to Mars by the 2030s. While urine and sweat are already routinely recycled on the International Space Station (ISS), Etlin notes that an equivalent system is needed for when astronauts are on expeditions. “Astronauts currently have only one liter of water available in their in-suit drink bags,” said Etlin. “This is insufficient for the planned longer-lasting lunar spacewalks, which can last 10 hours, and even up to 24 hours in an emergency.” Longstanding complaints persist about the current waste management solution, known as the maximum absorbency garment (MAG), essentially an adult diaper. These garments are reported to be leak-prone, uncomfortable, and unhygienic, leading some astronauts to limit their food and drink intake before spacewalks and causing others to experience urinary tract infections (UTIs). “If you’re giving NASA billions of dollars, you’d think they wouldn’t keep the diaper,” said Sofia Etlin, who surveyed astronauts while researching the new design. “It’s commonplace for the MAG to leak,” she added. “The astronauts talk about how, at a certain point, they can’t tell whether it’s urine or sweat anymore. They’re like, ‘Yes, I’m an astronaut, and this is a burden I have to bear.’” Etlin suggested that future commercial astronauts might be less likely to tolerate such issues. Prof. Christopher Mason of Weill Cornell Medicine, the study’s senior author, said: “Even in the absence of a large desert planet, like in Dune, this is something that could be better for astronauts.” The proposed stillsuit system includes a molded silicone collection cup that fits around the genitalia, available in different shapes and sizes for men and women. This cup is contained within an undergarment made of multiple layers of flexible fabric. The silicone cup connects to a moisture-activated vacuum pump that automatically activates when the astronaut begins to urinate. Once collected, the urine is diverted to the filtration system, where it is recycled into water with an efficiency of 87%. The system uses osmosis to remove water from urine and a pump to separate water from salt. Collecting and purifying 500ml of urine takes only five minutes. In practice, the purified water could be enriched with electrolytes and returned to the astronaut as an energy drink. The system measures 38cm by 23cm by 23cm and weighs approximately 8kg, making it sufficiently compact and light to be carried on the back of a spacesuit. The team plans to recruit 100 volunteers in New York this autumn to test the system for comfort and functionality. “Our system can be tested in simulated microgravity conditions, as microgravity is the primary space factor we must account for,” said Mason. “These tests will ensure the system’s functionality and safety before it is deployed in actual space missions.” Read the full article

[hobbyspacer]

Space habitat reports – July.1.2024

Here is this week's selection of videos and news items about government and commercial space habitats, living in space, and space settlement. === International Space Station & NASA ** Space to Ground: Laying the Groundwork: June 28, 2024 - NASA Johnson https://youtu.be/pBJ509DpwFA ** Expedition 71 Space Station Crew Talks with Yahoo Finance – Friday, June 28, 2024 - NASA Video Aboard the International Space Station, Expedition 71 Flight Engineers Tracy Dyson and Jeanette Epps of NASA discussed life and work aboard the orbital outpost during an in-flight interview June 28 with Yahoo Finance. Dyson and Epps are in the midst of a long-duration mission aboard the microgravity laboratory to advance scientific knowledge and demonstrate new technologies for future human and robotic exploration flights as part of NASA’s Moon and Mars exploration approach, including lunar missions through NASA’s Artemis program. https://youtu.be/JTg_0F7x7JA ** NASA accidentally broadcasts space station medical emergency drill - Hear it here! - VideoFromSpace On June 12, 2024, NASA accidentally broadcasted a drill that simulated an astronaut with a medical emergency. A NASA flight surgeon can be heard suggesting treatment during the call the Internatlonal Space Station. Full Story: https://www.space.com/no-emergency-si... https://youtu.be/WwXeMWL4goA === Commercial space habitats ** Axiom Space ---- Axiom aims to offer "in-space cloud computing" services from its orbital habitat: Axiom Space Plans To Test Orbital-Based Data Center Tech on ISS This Year | FMN News Axiom plans to test their new designs on ISS this year. “We plan to fly and install an Axiom Data Center Unit (AxDCU) prototype onboard the ISS,” Aspiotis says. That prototype will “Test and demonstrate use cases for in-space cloud computing, AI/ML, data fusion and cybersecurity applications. The primary objectives are: (a) continue to develop the orbital data center market by demonstrating and proving the efficacy of in-situ cloud computing use cases, and (b) raise the technical readiness level of commercial and terrestrial-grade hardware operating in a space station environment.” As Axiom completes its ODC development, the company sees a good market for its services, “Any terrestrial company that could stand to benefit from space-derived data or insights being processed and delivered with lower latency and more security could be a user of ODCs. Financial institutions requiring faster insights from Earth observation data could be an example,” said Aspiotis. ---- Axiom says it's space suit development projects remain on track: @Axiom_Space continues development & testing of #AxEMU to deliver a next-gen spacesuit for #Artemis, ready for the challenges of the lunar south pole. We are on track, meeting/exceeding all milestones for the nation’s return to the Moon by 2026. ** Gravitics ---- Gravitics will work with NASA to develop procedures and systems for certifying space structures much larger than the usual satellite type of spacecraft. The company signed a Space Act Agreement (SAA) with NASA ... to develop verification and validation by similarity approaches for 6 to 8-meter diameter structures. “It is time to build bigger,” said Colin Doughan, CEO of Gravitics. “I am optimistic that the qualification and validation solutions being pioneered by Gravitics will be used across the industry from 6 to 8-meter diameter payloads and beyond.” More at: - NASA and Gravitics Sign Space Act Agreement with Focus on Verification and Validation for Large Spacecraft | Gravitics - June.18.2024 - Gravitics prepares a testing gauntlet for a new generation of giant spacecraft | TechCrunch - June.20.2024 ** Sierra Space ---- Robb Report tours inside of the Sierra inflatable habitat: Inside Sierra Space's LIFE Inflatable Space Station | Robb Report - June.25.2024 Robb Report’s recent visit to the aerospace company’s headquarters and research facility in Louisville, Colorado, included an exclusive tour of its inflatable space habitat. The full-scale prototype is designed to launch into space inside a conventional rocket and then expand—while in orbit—into globular living quarters. “Walking through it now might feel claustrophobic, but when you’re floating, it’s very roomy,” says Sierra Space’s chief safety officer Angie Wise. Above her is an upside-down hammock harnessed to the ceiling—“The astronauts have to strap in, or they’ll float around”—and beside it, a copy of sci-fi thriller Project Hail Mary by Andy Weir (who also wrote The Martian), nestled within its own perch like a makeshift nightstand. ** Starlab / Voyager Space ---- Starlab aims to launch Starlab habitat on a Starship: Team #Starlab is out at @SpaceX this week working closely with their team as we work towards our launch on Starship. Starlab will launch on a single flight prior to @Space_Station decommissioning. pic.twitter.com/FiuxTToXrC — Starlab (@Starlab_Space) June 24, 2024 ---- Starlab will use Palantir Technologies data management software for space station: Palantir will become the exclusive supplier of enterprise-wide software data management solutions for the Starlab commercial space station. Palantir's AI-driven software enables analysts, users, and decision-makers alike to optimize the entirety of space architecture. Palantir helps deliver cutting-edge, adaptable software solutions from the ground to the edge – helping ensure space capabilities are maximally resilient, effective, and accessible, - Starlab Space Announces Strategic Partnership with Palantir Technologies, Inc. | Starlab/PRNewswire - June.20.2024 - Starlab Space announces Palantir Technologies as strategic partner | SatellitePro ME - June.23.2024 === Lunar habitation ** China's Plan to Establish a Permanent Base on the Moon - Dongfang Hour While the US and its partners are planning to carry out the Artemis Program in the coming decade, China is preparing the competing "ILRS", aka the International Lunar Research Station. In this episode, we do a deep dive into China's permanent lunar base project and its scientific and political ramifications. If you like what you see and would like to support me, please consider joining our small Patreon community at / dongfanghour ! We also have some very cool space merch available at https://shop.dongfanghour.com. 00:00 Artemis and the ILRS (introduction) 00:43 China's Moon Program: Early Beginnings 01:58 Chang'e 1 to Chang'e 6 02:35 First Mention of the ILRS 03:21 Private Internet Access 05:14 The ILRS Becomes a Sino-Russian Project 06:02 ILRS Phase 1 - Moon Base "Basic Model" 06:57 ILRS Phase 2 - Moon Base "Construction Phase" 10:09 How China plans to launch the ILRS hardware 11:20 Can the ILRS become international? https://youtu.be/FKorcw_BiBA ** Gateway Lunar Space Station Flyby - NASA Johnson NASA and its international partners will explore the scientific mysteries of deep space with Gateway, humanity’s first space station to orbit the Moon. Witness Gateway in stunning detail with this video that brings the future of lunar exploration to life. For more information about Gateway, visit: nasa.gov/gateway. https://youtu.be/T3Mh65QPN6s === Other space habitat and settlement news and articles: - Calendar: - 13th annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference (ISSRDC 2024) -  July 30-August 1, 2024,  Boston. - Exploring a Martian Economy at 2024 Mars Society Convention - Aug. 8-11, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Washington. -  ISS: - Boeing Starliner: - Starliner landing now on indefinite hold for more tests, but NASA insists crew not ‘stranded’ in space | Spaceflight Now - June.29.2024 - Starliner to remain on ISS for more thruster tests | SpaceNews - June.28.2024 - NASA, Boeing Discuss Ground Testing, Starliner Timeline | Commercial Crew Program/NASA Blogs - June.28.2024 - NASA indefinitely delays return of Starliner to review propulsion data | Ars Technica - June.21.2024 - Star-crossed liner | The Space Review - June.3.2024 - De-orbiting at end of life: - NASA will pay SpaceX nearly $1 billion to deorbit the International Space Station | Ars Technica - June.27.2024 - NASA awards SpaceX contract for space station deorbit vehicle | SpaceNews - June.26.2024 - NASA Selects International Space Station US Deorbit Vehicle | NASA - June.26.2024 - The Space Station Now Has Blisteringly Fast Internet | Universe Today - June.30.2024 - Crews Conduct Spacewalk Review, Physics Research, and Orbital Plumbing | Space Station/NASA Blogs- June.25.2024 - Spacewalk Cancelled Due to Spacesuit Cooling Unit Water Leak | Space Station/NASA Blogs - June.24.2024 - One of Humanity’s Greatest Architectural Feats Will Be Dismantled Soon — What Happens Next? | Inverse - June.20.2024 - Amateur Radio on ISS (ARISS) - Status ISS Stations - Livestream - Misc. settlement topics: - Bryan Versteeg to Showcase 'Future Habitats' at the 2024 Mars Society Convention | The Mars Society - June.29.2024 - Determining the Safest Martian Caves for Future Astronauts | Universe Today - June.29.2024 - NASA’s commercial spacesuit program just hit a major snag | Ars Technica - June.26.2024 - Using energy from space to power in situ resource processing on the Moon | Space Settlement Progress - June.26.2024 - NASA Advances Research to Grow Habitats in Space from Fungi | NASA - June.26.2024 - The Space Race Gets Serious | Newgeography.com - June.23.2024 - Potential Terraforming Breakthrough to Be Presented at Mars Society Convention | The Mars Society - June.22.2024 - Resources: - Space Settlement National Space Society – NSS - Space Studies Institute | Technology for Human Space Settlement - Space Settlement Progress – Cutting-edge technology enabling settlement of the solar system and beyond - Factories in Space - Making products for Earth and space === Earth views from ISS ** Highlight: SoCal - Los Angeles - San Diego - Jun 25, 2024 - 10:38 PDT - ISS Above NASA EHDC6 Live views of the Earth from the International Space Station https://youtu.be/HltM7PbDJPQ ** Expedition 71 International Space Station Flyover of Hurricane Beryl - Monday, July 1, 2024 - NASA Video The International Space Station flew 260 miles over Hurricane Beryl at approximately 9 a.m. EDT Monday, July 1, 2024. External cameras on the orbiting laboratory captured views of the storm as it traveled across the Caribbean near the Windward Islands as a Category 4 hurricane with winds around 130 miles per hour. https://youtu.be/c2vB7LLqvNU ** Live Video from the International Space Station (Official NASA Stream) - NASA Watch live video from the International Space Station, including inside views when the crew aboard the space station is on duty. Views of Earth are also streamed from an external camera located outside of the space station. During periods of signal loss due to handover between communications satellites, a blue screen is displayed. The space station orbits Earth about 250 miles (425 kilometers) above the surface. An international partnership of five space agencies from 15 countries operates the station, and it has been continuously occupied since November 2000. It's a microgravity laboratory where science, research, and human innovation make way for new technologies and research breakthroughs not possible on Earth. More: https://go.nasa.gov/3CkVtC8 Did you know you can spot the station without a telescope? It looks like a fast-moving star, but you have to know when to look up. Sign up for text messages or email alerts to let you know when (and where) to spot the station and wave to the crew: https://spotthestation.nasa.gov https://www.youtube.com/live/xAieE-QtOeM?feature=share ====

ISS after undocking of STS-132 === Amazon Ads === Lego Ideas International Space Station 21321 Toy Blocks, Present, Space, Boys, Girls, Ages 16 and Up  ==== Outpost in Orbit: A Pictorial & Verbal History of the Space Station  Read the full article

[aria3layla]

Exploring Space: The ISS, Cape Canaveral, Propulsion Systems, and the Boeing Starliner Mission

The pursuit of space exploration has led humanity to achieve remarkable milestones. Among the most notable are the International Space Station (ISS), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, advancements in propulsion systems, and the significant progress made by the Boeing Starliner mission. Each of these elements represents a critical component of our journey into space, illustrating the collaboration, innovation, and determination that drive our quest to explore the cosmos.

International Space Station: A Beacon of International Collaboration

The International Space Station (ISS) is one of the most significant achievements in human space exploration. Launched in 1998, the ISS is a symbol of international cooperation, involving five space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). This collaborative effort has resulted in a continuously inhabited orbital laboratory that serves as a platform for scientific research and technological development.

The ISS orbits Earth at an average altitude of approximately 420 kilometers, traveling at a speed of around 28,000 kilometers per hour. It provides a unique microgravity environment, allowing scientists to conduct experiments that are not possible on Earth. Research conducted on the ISS spans various fields, including biology, physics, astronomy, and materials science. For example, studies on fluid dynamics in microgravity help scientists understand how liquids behave without the influence of gravity, which has implications for a wide range of applications, from industrial processes to medical treatments.

The ISS also plays a crucial role in studying the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body. Astronauts aboard the ISS provide invaluable data on how microgravity impacts bone density, muscle mass, cardiovascular health, and other physiological aspects. This research is essential for preparing future missions to Mars and other distant destinations, where astronauts will need to endure extended periods in space.

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station: The Launchpad of Space Exploration

Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, located on Florida's east coast, has been a cornerstone of American space exploration since the 1950s. Initially known as the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, it was renamed in 2020 to reflect its mission under the United States Space Force. The station's strategic location near the equator provides an advantage for launching rockets, as it allows them to take advantage of Earth's rotational speed, reducing the amount of fuel needed to reach orbit.

Cape Canaveral has been the launch site for many historic missions, from the early days of the Mercury and Gemini programs to the Apollo missions that landed humans on the Moon. The station continues to be a hub of activity, supporting a wide range of launches, including those by NASA, the United States Department of Defense, and commercial space companies like SpaceX and United Launch Alliance (ULA).

One of the most significant recent developments at Cape Canaveral is the integration of commercial spaceflight operations. The station has been upgraded to accommodate new types of rockets and spacecraft, reflecting the evolving landscape of space exploration. This shift towards commercial spaceflight is exemplified by the Boeing Starliner mission, which marks a significant milestone in the collaboration between NASA and private industry.

Propulsion Systems: The Engine of Space Exploration

Propulsion systems are the backbone of space exploration, enabling spacecraft to overcome Earth's gravity and travel through space. There have been significant advancements in propulsion technology since the early days of spaceflight, leading to more efficient and powerful systems that are critical for current and future missions.

Chemical propulsion is the most common type of propulsion used in space exploration. It involves the combustion of propellants (fuel and oxidizer) to produce high-speed exhaust gases that generate thrust. Liquid-fueled engines, such as those used in SpaceX's Falcon 9 and NASA's Space Launch System (SLS), offer the advantage of throttle control and the ability to be shut down and restarted. Solid rocket motors, used in boosters like those of the Space Shuttle and the SLS, provide high thrust and simplicity but lack throttle control.

Electric propulsion offers a more efficient alternative for deep-space missions. Systems such as ion thrusters use electric fields to accelerate ions to high speeds, producing thrust. Although the thrust generated by electric propulsion is much lower than that of chemical engines, the high efficiency allows spacecraft to operate for extended periods, making them ideal for missions to distant destinations like Mars or the outer planets. The Dawn spacecraft, which explored the asteroids Vesta and Ceres, is a notable example of a mission that successfully utilized electric propulsion.

Nuclear propulsion is an emerging technology that holds great promise for future space exploration. Nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) uses nuclear reactions to heat a propellant, typically hydrogen, to generate thrust. This method could significantly reduce travel time to Mars, making it a key technology for future crewed missions beyond the Moon. While nuclear propulsion is still in the experimental stage, ongoing research aims to address the technical and safety challenges associated with this powerful propulsion method.

Boeing Starliner: A Milestone in Commercial Spaceflight

The Boeing CST-100 Starliner is a spacecraft developed under NASA's Commercial Crew Program, which aims to enable commercial transportation of astronauts to and from the ISS. The Starliner represents a significant milestone in the shift towards commercial spaceflight, reducing reliance on government-operated vehicles and fostering a competitive space industry.

Designed to accommodate up to seven astronauts, the Starliner is a reusable spacecraft capable of multiple missions. It features advanced avionics, automated docking systems, and a launch escape system to ensure crew safety in the event of an emergency during launch. The development of the Starliner has encountered challenges, including delays and technical issues, but each hurdle has provided valuable lessons that contribute to the overall safety and reliability of the spacecraft.

In December 2019, the Starliner embarked on its first uncrewed test flight, Orbital Flight Test-1 (OFT-1). Although the mission encountered software issues that prevented it from reaching the ISS, it successfully demonstrated many of the spacecraft's capabilities. Following a thorough review and addressing the issues identified during OFT-1, Boeing conducted a second uncrewed test flight, Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2), in May 2022. This mission successfully docked with the ISS, paving the way for future crewed flights.

The first crewed mission of the Starliner, called Crew Flight Test (CFT), is a critical step towards certifying the spacecraft for regular astronaut transport. This mission will test the spacecraft's performance in real-world conditions with astronauts aboard, ensuring all systems function correctly and safely. Success in this mission will mark a significant achievement for Boeing and NASA, furthering the goal of maintaining a continuous American presence on the ISS using commercially operated spacecraft.

Conclusion

The International Space Station, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, advancements in propulsion systems, and the Boeing Starliner mission are all pivotal elements of contemporary space exploration. The ISS continues to be a hub of scientific innovation and international cooperation, providing invaluable insights into space and human health. Cape Canaveral remains a cornerstone of American space endeavors, launching missions that push the boundaries of human knowledge and capability. Advancements in propulsion systems are essential for reaching farther destinations in our solar system. The Boeing Starliner represents a new era of commercial spaceflight, enhancing our ability to maintain and expand human presence in space.

Together, these components highlight the progress and potential of human space exploration, driven by both government agencies and commercial entities, and underscore the collaborative spirit essential for overcoming the challenges of exploring the final frontier.

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Staying updated on current affairs is crucial for anyone interested in science and its applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of 50 current affairs questions and answers related to science and current affairs as of May 19, 2024. These questions cover a wide range of topics, from space exploration to environmental issues, and are designed to help you stay informed about the latest developments in these fields. Current Affairs Questions and Answers for Science Category [ad_1] 50 Current Affairs Questions and Answers for Science Category as On May 19, 2024 [ad_2] 1. What is the purpose of the Luna Programme? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore Mars D. To explore the Sun Ans: B Explanation: The Luna Programme was a series of unmanned space missions launched by the Soviet Union to explore the Moon between 1959 and 1976. 2. Which launch vehicle was used for the Project Apollo? A. Electron (Rocket Lab) B. Saturn Launch Vehicle C. Falcon Heavy launch D. Rocket Lab Test Launch Ans: B Explanation: Project Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America using the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launched vehicle conducted between 1961-1972. 3. Who among the following is not part of Project Apollo? A. Neil Armstrong B. Michael Collins C. Yuri Gagarin D. Buzz Aldrin Ans: C Explanation: Yuri Gagarin was the first human in space, but he was not part of Project Apollo, which was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by the United States of America. 4. What is the primary cause of climate change? A. Deforestation B. Industrial pollution C. Greenhouse gases D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: The primary cause of climate change is the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide, which is released through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. 5. What is the impact of plastic pollution on marine life? A. It has no impact B. It causes minor damage C. It causes significant harm D. It leads to extinction Ans: C Explanation: Plastic pollution has a significant impact on marine life, causing harm to many species and ecosystems. Plastic debris can entangle or be ingested by animals, and it can also break down into microplastics that are consumed by small organisms. 6. Who is the CEO of SpaceX? A. Elon Musk B. Jeff Bezos C. Richard Branson D. Mark Zuckerberg Ans: A Explanation: Elon Musk is the CEO and CTO of SpaceX, a private aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company. 7. What is the purpose of the International Space Station? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To conduct scientific research D. To serve as a military base Ans: C Explanation: The International Space Station is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit where scientists conduct research in microgravity, test technologies, and perform experiments. 8. Which planet in our solar system has the most moons? A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune Ans: A Explanation: Jupiter has a total of 79 known moons, making it the planet with the most moons in our solar system. 9. What is the primary source of energy for the Earth? A. Solar energy B. Wind energy C. Hydro energy D. Fossil fuels Ans: A Explanation: The primary source of energy for the Earth is solar energy, which is harnessed through various means such as solar panels and solar thermal systems. [ad_1] [ad_2] 10. Who is the founder of the World Wildlife Fund? A. David Attenborough B. Jane Goodall C. Steve Irwin D. Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands Ans: D Explanation: Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands founded the World Wildlife Fund in 1961 to conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth. 11. What is the purpose of the Mars Curiosity Rover?

A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore Mars D. To explore the Sun Ans: C Explanation: The Mars Curiosity Rover is a robotic spacecraft designed to explore Mars and search for signs of past or present life on the planet. 12. Which country has the highest number of Nobel laureates in science? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. Germany Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in science, with a total of 384 laureates as of 2024. 13. What is the primary cause of deforestation? A. Overpopulation B. Climate change C. Agriculture D. Urbanization Ans: C Explanation: The primary cause of deforestation is agriculture, particularly the clearance of forests for the production of food and other crops. 14. Who is the CEO of NASA? A. Jim Bridenstine B. Bill Nelson C. Chris Kraft D. Ellen Stofan Ans: B Explanation: Bill Nelson is the current CEO of NASA, serving since 2021. 15. What is the purpose of the Hubble Space Telescope? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To serve as a military base Ans: C Explanation: The Hubble Space Telescope is a space-based observatory that has been used to study the universe, making numerous groundbreaking discoveries about the nature of the cosmos. 16. Which country has the highest number of scientists per capita? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of scientists per capita, with a total of 1.4 million scientists and engineers as of 2024. 17. What is the primary cause of ocean pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Plastic pollution D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Plastic pollution is the primary cause of ocean pollution, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering the oceans every year. [ad_1] [ad_2] 18. Who is the founder of the European Space Agency? A. Wernher von Braun B. Sergei Korolev C. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky D. Hermann Oberth Ans: D Explanation: Hermann Oberth is considered the founder of the European Space Agency, which was established in 1975 to coordinate the space activities of its member states. 19. What is the purpose of the Large Hadron Collider? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: D Explanation: The Large Hadron Collider is a powerful particle accelerator used to study the properties of subatomic particles, such as the Higgs boson. 20. Which country has the highest number of patents in science and technology? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of patents in science and technology, with a total of 1.4 million patents as of 2024. 21. What is the primary cause of air pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Vehicle emissions D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Vehicle emissions are the primary cause of air pollution, with millions of vehicles on the road releasing pollutants such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. 22. Who is the CEO of the World Health Organization? A. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus B. Margaret Chan C. Gro Harlem Brundtland D. Hiroshi Nakajima Ans: A Explanation: Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus is the current CEO of the World Health Organization, serving since 2017. 23. What is the purpose of the International Energy Agency? A. To promote renewable energy B. To promote fossil fuels C. To promote energy efficiency D. To promote nuclear energy Ans: C Explanation: The International Energy Agency is an intergovernmental organization that promotes energy efficiency and security through the development of policies and technologies. 24. Which country has the highest number of scientists in the field of artificial intelligence?

A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: B Explanation: China has the highest number of scientists in the field of artificial intelligence, with a total of 100,000 researchers and engineers working on AI-related projects. 25. What is the primary cause of water pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Sewage D. Natural disasters Ans: A Explanation: Industrial pollution is the primary cause of water pollution, with millions of tons of pollutants entering waterways every year. 26. Who is the founder of the European Organization for Nuclear Research? A. Wernher von Braun B. Sergei Korolev C. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky D. Carlo Rubbia Ans: D Explanation: Carlo Rubbia is considered the founder of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, which was established in 1954 to coordinate the nuclear research activities of its member states. 27. What is the purpose of the Square Kilometre Array? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The Square Kilometre Array is a next-generation radio telescope designed to study the universe, including the formation of galaxies and the search for extraterrestrial life. 28. Which country has the highest number of patents in biotechnology? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of patents in biotechnology, with a total of 100,000 patents as of 2024. [ad_1] [ad_2] 29. What is the primary cause of soil pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Sewage D. Natural disasters Ans: B Explanation: Agricultural runoff is the primary cause of soil pollution, with millions of tons of pollutants entering soil every year. 30. Who is the CEO of the European Space Agency? A. Jan Woerner B. Johann-Dietrich Wörner C. Thomas Reiter D. David Parker Ans: A Explanation: Jan Woerner is the current CEO of the European Space Agency, serving since 2015. 31. What is the purpose of the James Webb Space Telescope? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The James Webb Space Telescope is a space-based observatory designed to study the universe, including the formation of galaxies and the search for extraterrestrial life. 32. Which country has the highest number of scientists in the field of renewable energy? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: B Explanation: China has the highest number of scientists in the field of renewable energy, with a total of 100,000 researchers and engineers working on renewable energy projects. 33. What is the primary cause of noise pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Vehicle emissions D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Vehicle emissions are the primary cause of noise pollution, with millions of vehicles on the road releasing pollutants such as noise and air pollution. 34. Who is the founder of the World Meteorological Organization? A. Vilhelm Bjerknes B. Jacob Bjerknes C. Vagn Walfrid Ekman D. Tor Bergeron Ans: A Explanation: Vilhelm Bjerknes is considered the founder of the World Meteorological Organization, which was established in 1950 to coordinate the meteorological activities of its member states. 35. What is the purpose of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope is a next-generation telescope designed to study the universe, including the formation of galaxies and the search for extraterrestrial life. 36. Which country has the highest number of patents in nanotechnology? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea

Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of patents in nanotechnology, with a total of 100,000 patents as of 2024. [ad_1] [ad_2] 37. What is the primary cause of light pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Vehicle emissions D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Vehicle emissions are the primary cause of light pollution, with millions of vehicles on the road releasing pollutants such as light and air pollution. 38. Who is the CEO of the European Organization for Nuclear Research? A. Fabiola Gianotti B. Rolf Heuer C. CERN Director-General D. Sergio Bertolucci Ans: A Explanation: Fabiola Gianotti is the current CEO of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, serving since 2016. 39. What is the purpose of the Square Kilometre Array? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The Square Kilometre Array is a next-generation radio telescope designed to study the universe, including the formation of galaxies and the search for extraterrestrial life. 40. Which country has the highest number of scientists in the field of quantum computing? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: B Explanation: China has the highest number of scientists in the field of quantum computing, with a total of 100,000 researchers and engineers working on quantum computing projects. 41. What is the primary cause of radiation pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Nuclear power plants D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Nuclear power plants are the primary cause of radiation pollution, with millions of tons of radioactive waste released into the environment every year. 42. Who is the founder of the International Astronomical Union? A. Giovanni Schiaparelli B. Camille Flammarion C. Henri Poincaré D. Simon Newcomb Ans: A Explanation: Giovanni Schiaparelli is considered the founder of the International Astronomical Union, which was established in 1919 to coordinate the astronomical activities of its member states. 43. What is the purpose of the Hubble Space Telescope? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The Hubble Space Telescope is a space-based observatory that has been used to study the universe, making numerous groundbreaking discoveries about the nature of the cosmos. [ad_1] [ad_2] 44. Which country has the highest number of patents in biotechnology? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: A Explanation: The United States has the highest number of patents in biotechnology, with a total of 100,000 patents as of 2024. 45. What is the primary cause of soil pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Sewage D. Natural disasters Ans: B Explanation: Agricultural runoff is the primary cause of soil pollution, with millions of tons of pollutants entering soil every year. 46. Who is the CEO of the European Space Agency? A. Jan Woerner B. Johann-Dietrich Wörner C. Thomas Reiter D. David Parker Ans: A Explanation: Jan Woerner is the current CEO of the European Space Agency, serving since 2015. 47. What is the purpose of the James Webb Space Telescope? A. To explore the Earth's atmosphere B. To explore the Moon C. To explore the universe D. To study subatomic particles Ans: C Explanation: The James Webb Space Telescope is a space-based observatory designed to study the universe, including the formation of galaxies and the search for extraterrestrial life. 48. Which country has the highest number of scientists in the field of renewable energy? A. United States B. China C. Japan D. South Korea Ans: B Explanation: China has the highest number of scientists in the field of renewable energy, with a total of 100,000 researchers and engineers working on renewable energy projects.

49. What is the primary cause of noise pollution? A. Industrial pollution B. Agricultural runoff C. Vehicle emissions D. Natural disasters Ans: C Explanation: Vehicle emissions are the primary cause of noise pollution, with millions of vehicles on the road releasing pollutants such as noise and air pollution. 50. Who is the founder of the World Meteorological Organization? A. Vilhelm Bjerknes B. Jacob Bjerknes C. Vagn Walfrid Ekman D. Tor Bergeron Ans: A Explanation: Vilhelm Bjerknes is considered the founder of the World Meteorological Organization, which was established in 1950 to coordinate the meteorological activities of its member states. [ad_1] [ad_2] Staying informed about current affairs is essential for anyone interested in science and its applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of 50 current affairs questions and answers related to science and current affairs as of May 19, 2024. These questions cover a wide

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Priceless Video Shows US-Russian Group Hug in Microgravity When Astronauts Arrive at the ISS

YaY!! "The reality is that there’s more that unites us than divides us. We all have shared values core to who we are as human beings." ~ Zino Akaka 🫂