#multi fossil block

[uk-fossils]

Canavarella Ammonite Belemnite Fossil Multi Block Jurassic Coast Dorset UK COA

Offered here is a visually captivating multi-fossil block featuring a well-preserved Canavarella ammonite alongside a classic Jurassic belemnite, both embedded in natural matrix. This specimen was discovered by our own expert team members Alister and Alison on 30 April 2025 from the world-famous Jurassic Coast at Burton Bradstock, Dorset, UK.

This fossil originates from the Inferior Oolite Formation, a Middle Jurassic marine limestone unit. Canavarella is a lesser-known but distinct genus of ammonite, with smooth or faintly ribbed whorls and moderately involute coiling. It is typically associated with:

Order: Ammonitida

Superfamily: Hildoceratoidea

Family: Hammatoceratidae

Geological Stage: Bajocian (~170 million years ago)

Depositional Environment: Warm, shallow marine setting with carbonate sedimentation (oolitic limestones)

The belemnite included in the block provides additional context to the rich marine ecosystem of the Jurassic seas, making this specimen not only aesthetically appealing but also educationally significant.

This multi-fossil block has been expertly cleaned, prepped, and treated by Alison. The image shows the actual specimen you will receive, and a 1cm scale cube is included in the photo for reference. Please see images for complete sizing.

All of our fossils are 100% genuine specimens and come with a Certificate of Authenticity (COA), guaranteeing the fossil's origin and authenticity.

An ideal piece for fossil collectors, educators, or anyone looking to own a tangible piece of Earth’s ancient history.

Origin: Burton Bradstock, Dorset, United Kingdom

Formation: Inferior Oolite

Age: Bajocian Stage, Middle Jurassic (~170 Ma)

Species: Canavarella ammonite with Belemnite

Discovered by: Alister and Alison (30 April 2025)

Prepared by: Alison

Authenticity: 100% Genuine Fossil with COA

[the-smut-mongerer]

hi how are you? If requests are still open can I request headcanon for Transformers Prime? (predaking, shockwave and megatron) with a reader who is literally a dragon? The reader has kept a Cybertronian relic for a long time.

Megatron, Shockwave, and Predaking with a Dragon! S/O

a/n: sorry for taking an ungodly amount of time to get to this, hope you like it!

wanna support me? donate to kofi!

tags: GN reader, dragon reader, robot x monster/dragon relationship, reader isn't suggest to be a human at all. reader isn't described to be verbal but assume they have a way to communicate, dragon hoards, fighting, mention of blood and animal death(just hinted), romance!!!!

ヾthis is a multi-fandom blog that is designed for mlm/nbmlm identifying readers! so if you're female or fem, she/her, she/they please do not follow or interact with my mlm related post!! you will be blocked if you do not heed this warning ゛

Megatron —

finds you fascinating, often he can find himself just staring. taking in your beauty and the power the radiates off of you.

of course, he'd like to have you fight for his cause. an advantage for one, and he simply loves seeing you fight.

he'd love to have you train with him. That would depend on your size, though. he knows better than to try to fight. that would be roughly the same size as his ship. (He's a sore loser when he loses btw.)

beware, he might treat you like a pet if he had you at his feet while he pet the rough skin and scales alongside your body. he may accidently go onto a power trip with you

however, feel more than free to put him back in his place. you're much stronger than him at the end of the day

When you show him your hoard, he's intrigued. He views it as a trophy room, like the one he once had from his gladiator days.

If the relic isn't useful to him, he'd let you keep it, but if it is, he will take it from you, regardless of your protest.

Shockwave —

of course, he takes a scientific interest in you. collects your scales you shed, examines your claws, and likes to scale just how strong your fire is and a lot of other things.

His sharp claws are perfect for preening, especially in the stubborn hard to reach places. while he doesn't admit it and claims he only does it to collect them, shockwave finds it very relaxing.

he wouldn't bother trying to fight you, he'd however would like to fly with you. moslty flying out to places that have predacon fossils or lost Cybertronian relics.

he likes to observe how you fly with or against the winds, taking down notes as your body adjusts to flying in high or low altitudes.

When you showed him your hoard, he was indifferent. he saw no point in hoarding objects that wouldn't benefit you.

as he looked around your domain, he picked up and fiddled with some items that he was interested in.

upon finding the relic he asks to take it, if you say no, he'll simply scan the core things he needs from it and leave it there, but if you say yes, he'll have a ball. he might give it back to you once it served it's purpose.

Predaking —

at first, he'd thought of you as a threat. somone who would take his place as a king. it wasn't until he, of course, grew closer and got to know you were he dropped these thoughts.

if your size is similar or doesn't have a very drastic difference, he'd love to spar or play fight with you.

he has no way to consume animals, but he'd love to go hunting with you or watch you hunt, to say the least. finds the way you move with such grace and precision is simply amazing to him.

he likes the difference between his metal and your scales. Feeling your body up against his is an odd sensation but very much welcomed. he's godly at preening your scales and would do anytime anywhere.

flying with you is one of his favorite pastimes with you. he most definitely tries to show off his flight capability as well, doing a wide variety of tricks and flips.

courting dancing/flights are a must. he's unfamiliar with his, but they're so engraved into his(the former kings)muscle memory that he'd remember as he went on with the courting.

when you respond with a dance of your own, he's smitten 10x again. Likes to learn your dance if you'd teach him.

also during courting and even after or before he likes bringing you gifts. Random trinkets he thinks you'd find joy in having.

upon being introduced into your hoard his is amazed. It was one of the most beautiful places he has seen.

unless the relic relates to him, he wouldn't bother doing anything with it, simply leaving it there alone unless shockwave may request it.

[darexirepublic]

The celebrations for the new capital district was a resounding success! Over a hundred national delegates from many allied nations including the @guildsre , @zaanmanistellarcouncil, @elepharchy, @goganworlds, @gopnuiirevs and many many others were on hand to enjoy the celebrations with the Chancellor and those who are now moved into the new housing blocks.

The Republic News Update channel has been undergoing some system maintenance lately, but I know they will be back within the solar week to broadcasting more news from across our nation. But, I wanted to share this before then - that everything is going fine and well for the network despite the maintenance.

Work also continues on the expedition AR-1127; more caverns have been mapped and located by the @elepharchy remote drones. Further finds are still being unearthed, but they have not been shared yet owing to scientific analysis.

Some of the fossils have been taken to Benevolence Habitat to be stored temporarily while a multi-national scientific team from PEACE will study them within the habitat's scientific district. Exciting news for the community!

A preview of the new Republic News Update! Some new talent has been brought on board, including Gelthogg, a Bavian social correspondent who will be bringing new perspectives on more younger and "exciting trends" across the nation.

I hope you all have a wonderful rest of the week, wherever you are!

[datapacks]

The other tie for the second place on my postpoll was to post about the new Archeology stuff, so here's the info about the new archeology stuff for my minecraft mod, Valley of Plenty!

Again, this'll be coming to the 1.1 release, not the 1.0, and is for an update focused on Deserts & Painting. This update is largely already finished, despite the 1.0 release not being out yet! I just like talking about my ideas, too 🤷‍♀️

Essentially, I'd like to introduce a few new pot shapes, some new options to decorate pots with, more pots with loot tables in pre-existing structures, and more archeology sites to begin with. Another huge part ov this is that I want to introduce more things for the Sniffer to dig up, way more biome-based, so you actually have some reason to bring them places.

For the archeology system as a whole, I want to change things a bit, so that when players dig something up, it starts off as an unidentified artifact! These artifacts can be identified at a new archeology workstation, essentially making it so that players don't just start brushing, see a stick, and decide to call it quits.

I've got some plans, also, to make it so that even with things like sticks, what you dig up actually reflects some ov the culture surrounding the place you're digging in. For instance, instead ov just finding a golden nugget, you might find an old piece ov broken golden jewelry- functionally, still just working as a nugget, but like... adding some more character to the system!

I want to introduce some rare / unique artifacts! The idea is to use new loot table functionality so that the first time a player meets the conditions to find one and does so, they'll retrieve the only "legitimate" original copy ov the item. The item can be found in recreations, otherwise, and can be recreated, itself, but ideally I'd like to incentivize players to build museums for things by actually implementing more scarcity to them in the first place. Think sorta how Animal Crossing has "real" artifacts, and very-close "fake" artifacts. Additionally, if any ov these has a function, the function will only work with the recreations- the idea being that the originals should probably not be being used for risk ov damaging them.

I'd also like to introduce a couple ov "multi-part" items able to be found in dig sites, so that you need to collect at least 1 ov each unique piece from the dig site to be able to complete the artifact.

Another part ov this is the introduction ov a handful ov blocks that are very similar to pre-existing blocks, but cannot be collected by breaking them! You'll either have to display them on-site, or move them with pistons if you're really dedicated. Like, make fossils out ov "Fossilized Bones" instead ov just bone blocks, so that if the player wants to show off the actual fossil, they'll have to put some work into it, instead ov just making a recreation ov said fossil. I really want to make all ov this stuff very niche, so that it doesn't ever become an issue ov "this block is way too valuable for this type ov build to be scarce".

Also, new paintings the player is able to dig up, and a couple ov new banner patterns! I'd also really like, with my new painting system for blocks, namely the Painting work station, to be able to introduce a sort ov "Armor Trim Template" type item to some blocks; the item itself would essentially be a "Pattern" template for players to apply to some pre-existing blocks, with the Pattern 1) taking durability damage in the crafting process, and 2) being replicable a la smithing templates.

[jittersbitters]

I had to break out my final paper for this because this is my favorite part of Biology.

It's is called the Mitochondrial Theory. The DNA of a Mitochondria is purely maternal and, therefore can only be traced back through your mother's side. It is self-replicating, independent of the other organelle replication during the S stage (Synthesize) of the cell life right before division (mitosis/meiosis). It copies itself continuously to keep the cell's power and water levels balanced (isotonic). Plants have a secondary version of mitochondria called a chloroplast.

I'm calling it a secondary version because how it became a part of our cells to evolve into us one day is the same as mitochondria. The only difference is that chloroplasts uniquely perform photosynthesis (and its GREEN) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria because of their simple energy sources (water, sunlight, fertile soil).

Hazard Symbols were right when they said they were their own domain, but to me, that only scratches the surface of our cells and their evolution from pre-Cambrian history (creation of our solar system).

I'll use these paragraphs from my paper to explain:

After balancing earth's atmosphere and perfecting the ATP production of proto-bacteria, one day an archaea cell, most similar to Aagard Achaea, 'consumed' its bacterial cousin, alphaproteobacteria, and enslaved it for future generation for its efficient ATP production. The first merger of the two Domains was with a with aerobic mitochondria, creating animal simple cells as we know them today, while the second merger added chloroplasts, creating the green plants. From this, came the next expansion of life as the Eukarya domain was made and the first primitive Eukaryotic cells started to populate earth. These basic cells populated the thermally heated ground around underwater vents slowly from the glaciation and the Great Oxidation event during the Neoarchean (last Archaen Era) - Paleoproterozoic (First Era of the Proterozoic Eon) boundary.  

This first multi-cellular life that originated on this earth is the still debated 'Francevillian biota', a collection of 2.1-billion-year-old Palaeoproterozoic macroscopic structures. After this new life was also the expansion into the creation of fungi. Fungi diverged from other life around 1.5 billion years ago, with the glomaleans branching from the "higher fungi" at ~570 million years ago. This took up the Mesoproterozoic - Neoproterozoic era conjunction and most of the ending periods the Proterozoic Eon. These ending periods both were the catalyst and backbone for the Cryogenian period (1), which in turn set off the Cambrian Expansion (2).

(1) The Cryogenian is a geologic period that lasted from 720 to 635 million years ago. It is the second of the three periods of the Neoproterozoic era, preceded by the Tonian and followed by the Ediacaran. The Cryogenian was a time of drastic climate changes. After the long environmental stability/stagnation, this glaciation froze the entire planet in a state of severe icehouse climate known as a snowball Earth. After 70 million years it ended, but was quickly followed by another global ice age, the Marinoan glaciation. There is controversy over whether these glaciations indeed covered the entire planet, or whether a band of open sea survived near the equator (i.e. "slushball Earth"), but the extreme climates with massive expanse of ice sheets blocking off sunlight would nevertheless have significantly hindered primary production in the shallow seas and caused major mass extinctions and biosphere turnovers. 

(2) The Cambrian explosion  is an interval of time beginning approximately 538.8 million years ago in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic, when a sudden radiation of complex life occurred and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record. It lasted for about 13 to 25 million years and resulted in the divergence of most modern metazoan phyla. B 

If you want more information, check out my paper:

Chaos and Order - Copy.docx

[salinewater]

Saline Water Desalination: Paving the Way for Sustainable Freshwater Resources

In an era where fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce due to climate change, population growth, and overconsumption, the need for innovative solutions to secure clean, potable water has never been more urgent. One of the most promising technologies for addressing this critical issue is saline water desalination. Desalination, the process of removing salt and other impurities from seawater, offers a solution to augment freshwater supplies for regions where natural sources of freshwater are limited. As the demand for freshwater continues to rise, desalination is emerging as a key player in ensuring a sustainable and reliable water supply for the future.

Understanding Saline Water Desalination

Saline water desalination involves the process of extracting salt from seawater or brackish water to produce fresh water that can be used for drinking, agriculture, or industrial purposes. There are two primary desalination technologies: Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), though various hybrid and advanced techniques are also being explored. Among these, reverse osmosis has gained the most widespread adoption due to its energy efficiency and effectiveness in removing salts and other contaminants from water.

Reverse osmosis works by pushing water through a semi-permeable membrane that allows only water molecules to pass while blocking larger molecules like salts and impurities. As seawater passes through the membrane, the result is freshwater on one side and concentrated brine on the other, which requires proper disposal or further treatment.

Global Relevance and Growth of Desalination

As of recent estimates, over 16,000 desalination plants operate worldwide, providing fresh water to more than 300 million people. This number is growing rapidly, with countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and increasingly in Asia and parts of the United States, investing heavily in desalination infrastructure. In countries like Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Israel, desalination plays a central role in meeting the ever-increasing demand for water in arid regions where natural freshwater sources are scarce or nonexistent.

Desalination is not only limited to coastal areas; countries with access to brackish water are also investing in desalination to improve water quality. The United States, for example, has several desalination plants along its coasts, but the technology is also gaining traction in inland states like Texas, where brackish groundwater is being treated to meet local water needs.

Environmental Considerations and Challenges

While desalination offers a promising solution for addressing water scarcity, it is not without challenges. One of the most pressing concerns is the environmental impact of desalination, particularly the disposal of brine. Brine is the highly concentrated, salty byproduct left over after desalination, and if not properly managed, it can pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems. The discharge of brine into the ocean can lead to increased salinity levels, which can harm marine life and disrupt ecosystems.

Moreover, the energy consumption associated with desalination is another important challenge. Desalination processes, especially reverse osmosis, require a significant amount of energy, which typically comes from fossil fuel-based sources. This leads to concerns about the carbon footprint of desalination, particularly in regions where the power grid is primarily fueled by coal or natural gas. However, recent advancements in renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, and tidal power, are being integrated into desalination plants to reduce their environmental impact and make the process more sustainable.

Technological Advancements in Desalination

In recent years, desalination technologies have evolved significantly, addressing some of the major concerns regarding energy consumption, cost, and environmental impact. Innovations in membrane technology, such as the development of more efficient and durable membranes, have improved the performance of reverse osmosis systems, reducing energy usage and operational costs.

One exciting development is the integration of renewable energy sources with desalination processes. The use of solar and wind power is increasingly being explored to provide the necessary energy for desalination. For example, Saudi Arabia has developed large-scale solar-powered desalination plants, which allow for a more sustainable approach to water production. The synergy between renewable energy and desalination could pave the way for greener, more cost-effective solutions for freshwater production in the future.

Another promising technology is forward osmosis, which uses a semi-permeable membrane to draw water from saline water through the osmotic pressure created by a draw solution. This method is still under development but holds potential for offering a more energy-efficient alternative to traditional reverse osmosis. Additionally, there is ongoing research into improving the efficiency of desalination systems through nanotechnology and improving brine management solutions.

Economic and Social Impact

Desalination's potential to provide a reliable and consistent water supply has far-reaching implications for economic growth and social stability. In water-scarce regions, desalination can help drive agricultural productivity, ensuring food security by providing water for irrigation. It can also support industrial activities by offering a stable water supply for manufacturing processes that rely on large amounts of water.

In urban areas, desalinated water can alleviate pressure on existing freshwater sources, helping to meet the demands of growing populations. As such, desalination plays a crucial role in supporting urban development and ensuring that cities can grow sustainably without compromising their water supply.

Additionally, desalination can contribute to job creation and economic diversification. The construction, operation, and maintenance of desalination plants create employment opportunities, and the growing desalination industry can lead to technological advancements and exports in areas such as membrane production and renewable energy integration.

Looking Toward a Sustainable Future

Despite its challenges, saline water desalination holds great promise as a tool for ensuring water security in the face of growing global demand. As technology advances and the integration of renewable energy continues to expand, desalination is poised to become an even more sustainable and viable solution for the production of freshwater.

Governments and industries around the world must continue to invest in desalination infrastructure and research to optimize its efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and make the technology more accessible. In doing so, desalination will become an integral part of the global effort to address water scarcity, helping to secure a sustainable freshwater future for generations to come.

Learn more: https://www.linkedin.com/company/kangyi

[finnovent03]

Modern Commercial Architecture: The Future of Business Spaces

Modern commercial architecture is reshaping the way businesses operate, enhancing functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics. In today's competitive business landscape, the design of commercial buildings goes beyond appearance—it influences employee productivity, customer experience, and even a company’s brand identity.

Gone are the days when commercial spaces were simply concrete blocks with generic office interiors. Today, architecture plays a crucial role in business success, integrating cutting-edge technology, sustainable materials, and innovative layouts. As businesses grow and evolve, their physical spaces must reflect these changes, adapting to new work cultures, environmental concerns, and technological advancements.

This article explores the characteristics, benefits, challenges, and future trends of modern commercial architecture, shedding light on how businesses can leverage architectural innovation to stay ahead in their industries.

Key Characteristics of Modern Commercial Architecture

Minimalism and Simplicity

Modern commercial buildings embrace clean lines, open spaces, and clutter-free designs. The focus is on functionality, where every architectural element serves a purpose. Unlike traditional buildings that often feature heavy ornamentation, modern designs prioritize efficiency and elegance through simplicity.

Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Materials

With climate change concerns rising, architects now incorporate sustainable materials such as bamboo, recycled steel, and low-emission glass. These materials reduce carbon footprints while maintaining structural integrity and aesthetics.

Smart Technology Integration

The rise of smart buildings has transformed commercial architecture. Automated lighting, energy-efficient HVAC systems, and IoT-based security enhance building performance. Businesses now use AI-driven systems to optimize space usage and reduce energy consumption.

Open and Flexible Spaces

Rigid office layouts are becoming obsolete. Companies now prefer flexible, multi-functional spaces that adapt to different work styles. Open floor plans, collaborative areas, and dynamic seating arrangements improve communication and creativity in work environments.

The Role of Sustainability in Commercial Architecture

Importance of Green Building Practices

Sustainability is no longer an option—it’s a necessity. Green architecture reduces waste, lowers energy consumption, and promotes environmental responsibility. Architects now focus on sustainable site planning, energy-efficient systems, and waste reduction strategies.

Use of Renewable Energy Sources

Many modern commercial buildings integrate solar panels, wind turbines, and geothermal energy to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. This not only cuts operational costs but also aligns businesses with global sustainability goals.

LEED Certification and Environmental Standards

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification is now a benchmark for sustainable commercial buildings. Companies strive to meet these standards, ensuring their buildings are eco-friendly and efficient.

Innovative Materials and Construction Techniques

Glass, Steel, and Composite Materials

Modern commercial architecture heavily relies on glass facades, steel structures, and advanced composite materials. These elements enhance aesthetics while providing durability and energy efficiency.

Prefabricated and Modular Construction

Prefabrication is revolutionizing commercial architecture. Modular structures reduce construction time, minimize waste, and allow for greater customization. This approach is particularly useful for rapidly growing businesses that need scalable solutions.

The Role of 3D Printing in Commercial Buildings

3D printing technology is making construction faster and more cost-effective. It enables architects to create complex designs with precision while reducing material wastage. Some companies have already experimented with 3D-printed office spaces, showcasing the future potential of this technology.

Smart Buildings: The Future of Commercial Architecture

Internet of Things (IoT) in Architecture

IoT connects building systems to a centralized network, allowing real-time monitoring and automation. Smart sensors track energy usage, adjust lighting based on occupancy, and optimize heating and cooling for maximum efficiency.

Automation and AI-Driven Building Management

Artificial intelligence is transforming how buildings function. AI-powered building management systems predict maintenance needs, automate climate control, and enhance security through facial recognition and access control.

Energy-Efficient Smart Lighting and HVAC Systems

Smart lighting adapts to natural daylight levels, reducing energy waste. HVAC systems use machine learning to maintain optimal temperatures, enhancing comfort while cutting costs.

The Impact of Commercial Architecture on Business Success

First Impressions and Brand Image

A company's building is often the first impression customers, clients, and potential employees get. A sleek, modern, and well-designed commercial space speaks volumes about professionalism, innovation, and brand identity. Companies like Apple and Google invest heavily in architecture to reflect their corporate culture and values.

Employee Productivity and Workspace Design

A well-designed workspace enhances employee well-being and productivity. Natural lighting, ergonomic furniture, and collaborative spaces foster creativity and efficiency. Studies show that employees working in modern, aesthetically pleasing environments experience lower stress levels and higher job satisfaction.

Customer Experience and Engagement

Retail spaces, hotels, and commercial centers are designed to enhance customer experience. Open, inviting layouts, comfortable waiting areas, and interactive digital features all contribute to customer satisfaction and engagement. Businesses that invest in modern architectural elements often see an increase in foot traffic and customer loyalty.

Notable Examples of Modern Commercial Architecture

Apple Park, Cupertino

Apple Park, designed by Foster + Partners, is a prime example of cutting-edge commercial architecture. The ring-shaped campus features sustainable energy sources, open workspaces, and a seamless integration of nature within the design.

The Shard, London

This iconic skyscraper in London, designed by Renzo Piano, stands as an architectural marvel. Its glass façade, mixed-use functionality, and emphasis on natural lighting make it a standout in modern commercial architecture.

One World Trade Center, New York

A symbol of resilience and innovation, One World Trade Center is one of the most technologically advanced skyscrapers. It integrates smart building technologies, energy-efficient designs, and top-tier security features.

Challenges in Modern Commercial Architecture

High Costs of Sustainable Materials

While sustainability is a priority, eco-friendly materials and technologies can be expensive. Many businesses struggle to balance initial investment costs with long-term savings.

Balancing Aesthetics with Functionality

A building’s design must be visually appealing yet highly functional. Architects often face challenges in merging creativity with practical business needs, especially in multi-use commercial buildings.

Adapting to Changing Work Environments

The rise of remote work and hybrid workspaces is shifting architectural priorities. Businesses now need flexible spaces that cater to both in-office and remote work models, requiring innovative design approaches.

Trends Shaping the Future of Commercial Architecture

Hybrid Workspaces and Co-Working Hubs

With remote work becoming more common, commercial spaces are adapting to accommodate hybrid work models. Co-working spaces, flexible office layouts, and shared meeting rooms are gaining popularity.

Biophilic Design and Nature Integration

Biophilic architecture, which integrates nature into building designs, is on the rise. Green walls, rooftop gardens, and natural ventilation systems improve indoor air quality and create healthier work environments.

The Rise of Mixed-Use Developments

Modern commercial architecture is moving toward mixed-use developments that blend office spaces, retail, residential, and recreational areas. This approach enhances convenience and fosters community engagement.

Modern commercial architecture is more than just designing buildings—it’s about shaping environments that enhance business success, employee well-being, and customer experience. Sustainability, technology, and flexible workspaces are driving the future of commercial architecture, ensuring that businesses stay adaptable in an ever-changing world.

As companies continue to invest in cutting-edge designs, commercial spaces will become smarter, greener, and more efficient. The future of commercial architecture is not just about buildings; it’s about creating spaces that inspire and support the people who use them.

Contacts: Tel: +1 805-562-1270 Email: info@mda-group.com Address: Santa Barbara Area, 150 Castilian Dr., Suite 201 Goleta, CA 93117 Sacramento Area, 9281 Sierra College Blvd, Roseville, CA 95661 Bay Area, 101 Jefferson Dr 1st floor, Menlo Park, CA 94025

[mariacallous]

US President Donald Trump has warned Russia that he will impose economic measures including taxes, tariffs, and sanctions unless Russian President Vladimir Putin agrees to end the war in Ukraine. While it is far from clear whether economic pressure alone can bring Putin to the negotiating table, Russia’s oil and gas industry looks to be the most vulnerable sector of his wartime economy.

United States sanctions on Russia’s energy industry have already been tightened in the first weeks of 2025. Just before leaving the White House, outgoing US President Joe Biden fired a parting salvo of comprehensive new sanctions on Russian oil producers, intermediaries, tankers, traders, and ports handling both oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

This package was widely seen as one of the most aggressive since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion. The impact is already being felt globally. Some banks in India, which currently takes around 40% of all Russian oil supplied to international markets, are reportedly blocking payments for Russian oil imports. Meanwhile, fleet capacity to service Russian crude exports is expected to shrink significantly due to the latest restrictions.

With oil sanctions also targeting major producers such as Surgutneftegaz and Gazprom Neft as well as more than 180 vessels in the Russian oil fleet, some observers are now predicting that the Kremlin could lose up to $24 billion during the coming year. This would be equal to around one percent of the country’s projected GDP.

These latest sanctions come as Moscow is already adjusting to the end of gas transit through Ukraine, after Kyiv refused to extend a five-year deal that expired at the start of the current year. With the termination of this gas transit agreement, Russia has lost another sizable chunk of the European market.

Trump vowed during his January 20 inaugural address to “drill, baby, drill.” Since then, initial steps in support of the United States fossil fuels sector have included lifting the Biden administration’s freeze on export permits for LNG projects.

Many now expect to see more LNG being exported from the United States to Europe, potentially replacing remaining Russian gas deliveries. Increasing US exports at a time when the Russian gas industry is already facing growing obstacles would place Trump in a strong position ahead of negotiations over a possible settlement of the war in Ukraine.

Trump could potentially increase the pressure on Putin by urging the Ukrainian authorities to ban the transit of Russian crude via Ukraine to Hungary. There is currently a bill in the Ukrainian parliament calling on the government to stop oil transit and deprive the Kremlin of up to $6 billion in sales to European buyers. Additional options include a lower price cap, further sanctions on remaining shipments, and expanded secondary sanctions.

The United States may have fewer options in terms of gas-related sanctions. With demand from key LNG importers such as China and India projected to recover in 2025, US exports may be diverted to Asia, leaving Europe more reliant on Russian LNG and pipeline gas. Additional LNG production from Canada’s western coast could create greater supply options later this year, but that may not be enough to satisfy European consumers or address concerns over rising energy bills.

While Trump’s efforts to undermine Russia economically will face a range of practical challenges, there is no question that Putin’s energy empire is looking increasingly fragile.

Russia’s Gazprom in particular appears to be in a difficult position. The Kremlin’s flagship energy company has reported multi-billion dollar losses in the past two years, with this trend likely to worsen in 2025 due to the end of Ukrainian gas transit. The outlook for Gazprom is currently so troubled that the company is reportedly seeking to increase domestic gas prices.

The new United States administration has been quick to signal that it sees the Russian economy as the Putin regime’s most vulnerable point. Trump clearly aims to exploit this weakness in order to end the war in Ukraine. US efforts are likely to focus on the energy industry, which serves as the engine of the Russian war machine.

Ideally, the United States will work closely with the EU and UK in the coming months to expand current sanctions on the Russian energy sector while also working to tighten up the implementation of existing measures. This would send an unambiguous message to Moscow that Russia’s current economic woes will only worsen if Putin rejects a negotiated settlement and refuses to end the invasion of Ukraine.

[airpolotiononwindows]

The Influence of Air Pollution on Window Maintenance in Urban Perth

Perth, renowned for its natural beauty and lively urban environment, is dedicated to sustaining a clean atmosphere. Despite this commitment, the city, like many others, faces air pollution issues. This pollution has an impact not only on public health but also on the maintenance of buildings, especially windows. As a result, professional window cleaning services in Perth are increasingly essential for homeowners and businesses to preserve the aesthetics and durability of their properties.

Air Pollution in Perth: Key Facts

Perth's air quality is relatively good when compared to larger cities, but pollution remains a concern. Major sources include vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and seasonal smoke from bushfires. According to the Department of Water and Environmental Regulation, particulate levels can increase during peak traffic and hotter periods, affecting air quality and property exteriors.

Main Sources of Air Pollution

Vehicle Emissions: Perth’s expanding population has resulted in more vehicles, leading to elevated levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.

Industrial Sources: Factories along the Swan River and in surrounding suburbs release pollutants, impacting the local atmosphere.

Bushfires & Controlled Burns: Seasonal fires elevate smoke and ash levels, which can travel to urban areas and settle on buildings.

How Air Pollution Impacts Windows

Windows are the most exposed parts of a building’s facade, directly facing the external environment. In cities like Perth, pollutants can affect both the look and lifespan of windows.

1. Build-Up of Particulate Matter

Dust from construction activities, soil erosion, and unpaved surfaces.

Soot originating from vehicles and industrial emissions.

Pollen & Spores from seasonal plant cycles.

These particles create visible dirt, form stubborn layers, and block visibility. To keep windows clear, regular professional cleaning using specialised equipment is often required. Additionally, accumulated allergens can negatively influence indoor air quality when windows are opened.

2. Chemical Reactions on Surfaces

Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂), primarily from industrial operations and burning fossil fuels.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOₓ), which come from vehicles and power generation.

These pollutants can combine with moisture to create acid rain. Acidic substances can corrode metal window frames, cause wooden frames to decay, and etch glass, leading to a cloudy appearance. Regular cleaning, protective coatings, and using corrosion-resistant materials can help prevent this damage.

3. Less Natural Light

Dirt and pollutants on windows can reduce the amount of natural light entering a building, resulting in dimmer interiors. This increases reliance on artificial lighting, raising energy costs. Clean windows allow more sunlight to enter, improving both atmosphere and energy efficiency.

The Necessity of Regular Cleaning

Due to increased pollution from urban sources, windows in Perth require frequent cleaning to maintain a building’s appearance and structural integrity. Regular maintenance not only helps prevent damage but also ensures properties meet commercial cleanliness standards. Cleaning schedules often need to be adjusted based on seasonal changes and pollution levels, such as during dry periods or bushfire season.

Difficulties in Cleaning Windows Affected by Pollution

Pollutants can form tough-to-remove stains due to their chemical interaction with glass surfaces, necessitating professional cleaning solutions. Multi-story buildings present additional safety challenges, making the expertise of professional window cleaners crucial. These professionals use proper safety equipment to ensure efficient and risk-free cleaning.

Advantages of Using Professional Window Cleaners in Perth

Hiring expert window cleaners offers a range of benefits, including skill, safety, and efficient service. They offer tailored cleaning plans that incorporate advanced techniques and environmentally friendly products. Additionally, professional cleaners can identify any damage or deterioration, allowing property owners to address issues early.

Advantages of Routine Window Maintenance

Enhanced Aesthetic Appeal: Clean windows contribute to a well-maintained exterior.

Longevity of Windows: Regular cleaning reduces the risk of corrosion, prolonging window life.

Better Indoor Environment: More natural light improves indoor spaces, enhancing well-being and productivity.

Energy Conservation: Maximising sunlight reduces the need for artificial lighting, leading to cost savings.

Conclusion

Air pollution in Perth’s urban areas creates unique challenges for window maintenance. Frequent professional cleaning helps combat pollutant build-up, ensuring windows remain clear, functional, and energy-efficient. By taking a proactive approach, property owners in Perth can keep their windows in good condition and preserve the overall quality of their buildings.

[vinylwindowsolutionsblog]

The Benefits of Energy-Efficient Vinyl Windows for Anniston Homeowners

As energy costs continue to rise, homeowners in Anniston are searching for ways to make their homes more energy-efficient without sacrificing comfort or style. One of the most effective solutions is upgrading to energy-efficient vinyl windows. Not only do these windows provide significant savings on heating and cooling bills, but they also enhance the comfort and value of your home. In this article, we will explore the numerous benefits of energy-efficient vinyl windows and why they are an ideal choice for homeowners in Anniston.

1. Lower Energy Bills

The most immediate and obvious benefit of energy-efficient vinyl windows is the reduction in energy costs. Anniston experiences hot, humid summers and cooler winters, making it essential to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature without overburdening your HVAC system.

Vinyl windows with energy-efficient features, such as double or triple-pane glass and low-E (low-emissivity) coatings, provide superior insulation. These features reduce heat transfer, keeping warm air inside during the winter and blocking excessive heat during the summer. As a result, your heating and cooling systems won’t need to work as hard, leading to significant savings on your monthly utility bills.

2. Enhanced Comfort in All Seasons

Anniston’s climate can vary significantly between seasons, and maintaining a comfortable home temperature year-round can be challenging. Energy-efficient vinyl windows are designed to provide excellent thermal insulation, keeping your home warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.

With less air leakage and improved insulation, you’ll experience fewer drafts and temperature fluctuations inside your home. This creates a more stable and comfortable environment, allowing you to enjoy your living spaces without constantly adjusting the thermostat.

3. Reduced Environmental Impact

By Vinyl Window Installation Anniston, homeowners can do their part to reduce their environmental footprint. Lower energy consumption means less reliance on fossil fuels to heat and cool your home. This not only reduces your energy bills but also decreases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a healthier planet.

In addition, many energy-efficient vinyl windows are made from recyclable materials, making them a sustainable option for eco-conscious homeowners. Choosing vinyl windows aligns with green building practices and promotes a more environmentally responsible lifestyle.

4. Noise Reduction

Living in a busy neighborhood, near a highway, or in an area with regular outdoor activities can expose your home to unwanted noise. Energy-efficient vinyl windows help reduce outside noise, providing a quieter, more peaceful indoor environment.

The multi-pane design of energy-efficient windows, combined with the natural insulating properties of vinyl, creates a sound barrier that minimizes noise pollution. This feature is especially valuable for homeowners who live near busy streets or urban areas, offering a sense of tranquility and improving overall quality of life.

5. UV Protection

Anniston’s sunny climate is enjoyable, but prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to your home’s interior, including fading furniture, carpets, and hardwood floors. Energy-efficient vinyl windows with low-E coatings help block harmful UV rays from entering your home.

By filtering out the majority of UV radiation, these windows protect your furnishings and extend their lifespan. You’ll also reduce the need for curtains or blinds to block out the sun, allowing more natural light to fill your home without the worry of UV damage.

6. Low Maintenance and Durability

Vinyl windows are known for their durability and low maintenance requirements. Unlike wood windows, which can warp, rot, or require frequent painting, vinyl windows are resistant to moisture and won’t fade, chip, or peel over time.

Energy-efficient vinyl windows are designed to last, providing long-term benefits without the need for constant upkeep. A simple cleaning with soap and water is all that’s required to keep them looking new for years. This makes vinyl windows a smart investment for busy homeowners who want the advantages of energy efficiency without the hassle of frequent maintenance.

7. Increased Home Value

Vinyl Window Installation Anniston can significantly increase the value of your home in Anniston. Potential buyers are more likely to be attracted to homes with energy-saving features, knowing they will save money on utility bills and enjoy a more comfortable living space.

Energy-efficient upgrades, like vinyl windows, are also a strong selling point in today’s real estate market, where eco-friendly homes are in high demand. If you’re considering selling your home in the future, installing energy-efficient windows can help you secure a higher selling price and make your home more appealing to prospective buyers.

8. Tax Incentives and Rebates

In some cases, upgrading to energy-efficient vinyl windows may qualify you for federal or state tax incentives and rebates. These programs are designed to encourage homeowners to make energy-efficient improvements to their homes, helping reduce the overall cost of installation.

While specific incentives vary by region and year, it’s worth checking with local authorities or your utility provider to see if any programs are available in Anniston. By taking advantage of these opportunities, you can lower the upfront cost of your window installation and enjoy even greater savings in the long term.

9. Improved Indoor Air Quality

Energy-efficient vinyl windows help improve indoor air quality by reducing drafts, air leaks, and condensation. Older windows often allow outdoor air and pollutants to enter your home, compromising the air you breathe.

With proper Vinyl Window Installation Anniston, you’ll experience fewer drafts and reduced moisture buildup, which helps prevent mold and mildew growth. This is especially important in Anniston’s humid climate, where excess moisture can lead to air quality issues. By keeping your home’s interior free from excess moisture, you’ll create a healthier living environment for your family.

10. Aesthetic Appeal and Customization

In addition to their practical benefits, energy-efficient vinyl windows are available in a wide range of styles, colors, and designs to suit the aesthetic of your home. Whether you prefer a classic double-hung window or a sleek, modern look with sliding windows, vinyl offers customization options that allow you to match your home’s architectural style.

With advancements in vinyl manufacturing, you can even find windows that mimic the appearance of wood without the associated maintenance. This ensures that you can enjoy the visual appeal you desire without sacrificing durability or energy efficiency.

Conclusion

Energy-efficient vinyl windows are an excellent investment for Anniston homeowners looking to reduce energy costs, enhance comfort, and increase the value of their homes. From lower utility bills to improved indoor air quality and noise reduction, the benefits of these windows extend beyond energy savings.

At Vinyl Window Solutions, we specialize in providing top-quality energy-efficient vinyl windows that are perfectly suited to Anniston’s climate. Contact us today to learn more about how upgrading your windows can transform your home into a more efficient, comfortable, and valuable space.

[uk-fossils]

Oppelia subradiata Ammonite Bivalves Belemnite Multi Fossil Block Jurassic Dorset COA

A fascinating multi-fossil block featuring a beautifully preserved Oppelia subradiata ammonite, accompanied by bivalves and a belemnite, discovered by our own team members Alister and Alison on 30 April 2025 at Burton Bradstock, part of the iconic Jurassic Coast in Dorset, UK.

This specimen originates from the Inferior Oolite Formation, a Middle Jurassic unit known for its fossil-rich marine sediments. Oppelia subradiata is a slender, evolute ammonite with fine ribbing and a compressed shell. It belongs to:

Order: Ammonitida

Superfamily: Haploceratoidea

Family: Oppeliidae

Zone: Often associated with the Garantiana Zone

Geological Stage: Bajocian (~170 million years ago)

Depositional Environment: Shallow marine oolitic shelf, warm carbonate-rich seas

This block is a wonderful representation of Jurassic marine life, combining different fossil groups in a single matrix, offering a mini paleo-ecosystem snapshot.

It has been expertly cleaned, prepped and treated by Alison. The photo in this listing shows the exact specimen you will receive, and includes a 1cm scale cube for size reference. Please refer to the images for full dimensions.

We guarantee the provenance and authenticity of all our fossils. All of our fossils are 100% genuine specimens and come with a Certificate of Authenticity (COA).

Perfect for collectors, educational use, or display, this multi-fossil block is both scientifically significant and visually striking.

Origin: Burton Bradstock, Dorset, United Kingdom

Formation: Inferior Oolite

Age: Bajocian Stage, Middle Jurassic (~170 Ma)

Species: Oppelia subradiata + bivalves + belemnite

Discovered by: Alister and Alison (30 April 2025)

Prepared by: Alison

Authenticity: 100% Genuine Fossil with COA

[commercialawarenesstoday]

Chevron and Exxon’s latest buys could usher in a new era of oil megamergers

Chevron and Exxon announced new acquisitions this month, and industry watchers say it could be the start of more multibillion megadeals to come.

“The big-money acquisition of Hess by Chevron and Hess accelerates the trend of consolidation and big-money deals,” Rystad Energy said in a note.

Energy heavyweights Chevron and Exxon Mobil announced shiny new acquisitions this month — and some industry watchers say it could be the start of more multibillion megadeals to come.

Chevron on Monday said it’s buying Hess for $53 billion in stock, allowing Chevron to take a 30% stake in Guyana’s Stabroek Block — estimated to hold some 11 billion barrels of oil.

The announcement comes just weeks after Exxon Mobil announced its purchase of shale rival Pioneer Natural Resources for $59.5 billion in an all-stock deal. While this marks Exxon’s largest deal since its acquisition of Mobil, the merger would also double the oil giant’s production volume in the largest U.S. oilfield, the Permian Basin. 

“The big-money acquisition of Hess by Chevron accelerates the trend of consolidation and big-money deals,” energy consultancy Rystad Energy said in a note.

Although Chevron’s acquisition is the continuation of a story started by the Exxon-Pioneer deal, its motivation and impact is slightly different, the note stated.

Exxon is zoning in on its core operations in the Permian basin, while Chevron has decided to expand into where it does not yet have existing assets: Guyana and the Bakken shale.

Kpler’s economist Reid I’Anson said the Exxon-Pioneer deal is “likely a bit less risky” compared to the Chevron-Hess deal.

Exxon will see more immediate returns and Pioneer alone would add 711,000 barrels per day, he said comparing it to just 386,000 barrels per day from Hess. 

“However, the Chevron acquisition likely has more upside given the future production growth potential out of Guyana,” he noted.

That said, both Exxon and Chevron’s megadeals are indicative of a larger, overarching ambition.

The two oil giants plan to continue pumping investments into fossil fuels as demand for crude remains strong, especially amid tightening global supplies fueled by years of chronic underinvestment. 

Consolidation has been a focus in the North American shale space in the past year, especially in the Permian basin where larger exploration and production (E&Ps) have “swallowed up” smaller operations in the bid to bolster drilling inventories and boost free cash flow, Rystad’s senior shale analyst Matthew Bernstein told CNBC. 

The upstream segment of the oil and gas industry refers to the exploration for oil or gas deposits, as well as extraction and production of those materials.

The Permian basin is a shale patch that sits between Texas and Mexico, which saw a slew of deals this year.

“These megadeals are just a prelude to this large investment wave I expect in coming years,” Bob McNally, president of Rapidan Energy Group, told CNBC via email. With Exxon deepening its presence in the U.S. shale sector, and Chevron’s eyes on Guyana, the two deals will instill more confidence in the wider oil industry to overcome any hesitation and invest in oil and gas, McNally continued.

“These deals signify the shift from a multi-year bust phase in oil that began in 2014 to a multi-year boom phase that should last well through this decade,” he forecasts.

No peak demand for oil just yet?

The deals by the two largest publicly traded major oil companies appear to confirm that crude oil demand will remain strong over the long term, said Andrew Woods, Mintec’s industrial analyst.

Dan Pickering, founder of Pickering Energy Partners, echoed similar sentiments, saying that both energy behemoths believe oil demand has not yet peaked.

On Tuesday, the International Energy Agency reported that demand for oil, coal and natural gas is set to peak before the end of the decade, on the back of rising clean energy technologies.

A peak in oil demand refers to the point in time when the highest level of global crude demand is reached, in which a permanent decline would then follow. This would theoretically decrease the need for investments in crude oil projects as other energy sources take precedence. 

“We are clearly entering into a period of consolidation,” Pickering said, adding it is not just megadeals that the oil industry will be seeing, but also many “merger-of-equals” amongst small or mid-sized companies with market capitalizations between $3 billion to $30 billion.

Pickering said investors currently do not want volume growth, but prefer capital discipline — a shift from focusing on production volume to a focus on financial value.

“Instead of drilling to grow production or cash flow, companies are now combining to gain scale, lower costs and grow earnings and cash flow without meaningful incremental volumes,” he said.

[concreterstoowoombaqld]

Add Value to Your Home With a Concrete Slab

A concrete slab is a multi-purpose surface or foundation that can be used in a variety of outdoor projects. This is an inexpensive and durable material that can last for years if it is properly installed and maintained.

You can build your own concrete slab by using ready-mix concrete, which is available in many home centers. However, the job is time consuming and requires at least two assistants.

Cost

Concrete slabs are a cost-effective way to add value to your home. They can be used to create patios, sidewalks, driveways, and garage floors. They are durable and long-lasting, and they offer great design flexibility. Many homeowners can do a concrete slab project themselves by mixing and pouring the concrete, but hiring a professional is usually the best option. A concrete contractor can help you choose the best type of concrete, add reinforcements, and apply a finish.

A concrete slab can cost between $4 and $8 per square foot for materials and labor. The price varies depending on the size and thickness of the slab. The cost also varies based on whether or not you need a vapor barrier, wire mesh, or other accessories. The type of house you have also factors into the cost of a concrete slab, as some types require a thicker foundation than others. Pre-cast concrete is generally cheaper than cast-in-place concrete, which is poured at the construction site.

Durability

Concrete slabs can be very durable if they are properly poured and maintained. They also offer a substantial return on investment, especially in warm climates. For example, a new driveway or patio can increase your home’s value and add a great space for outdoor gatherings.

In addition to the cost of the concrete itself, a concrete slab’s overall cost depends on its size and thickness. A larger surface area and thicker slab require more materials and labor, which increases the price. You can lower the cost by choosing a design that is simple and straightforward to pour. For example, driveway concrete includes rebar to strengthen it and prevent cracking, while concrete for building foundations requires reinforced steel for strength.

Other costs include Styrofoam for insulation or a vapor barrier to prevent moisture from entering the concrete slab, which can cause mold and rot. These extras can add up to $0.50 per square foot to your project’s total cost.

Styles

Concrete slabs can be finished in a variety of ways. They can be stained and sealed to match the look of pavers or natural stone. Concrete contractors can also add a stamped design to the concrete, from block-like patterns to leaves and fossils. In addition, existing concrete can be colored to brighten up a dull area.

Slab foundations are a common choice for homes, garages and sheds. They are cheaper than other types of foundation and can withstand heavy loads. However, a slab foundation can crack over time, and this is especially true in cold climates.

A slab foundation is also less expensive than a basement foundation, and it can be used in places with high rainfall. It is also ideal for those who want to avoid the risk of a basement flood. However, slab foundations lack crawlspaces and may require the installation of heating and air conditioning units on the ground floor, which will take up living space.

Installation

A concrete slab is a durable addition to your home that adds value. You can use it for walkways, patios, and driveways. A concrete slab foundation also protects the inside of your building from termites, ants, and other pests. It is more expensive than a wood foundation, but it lasts longer and requires less maintenance.

The cost of a concrete slab depends on the size and thickness. Most residential concrete slabs are 4 to 6 inches thick. If you need a thinner or thicker slab, the price will increase. You can save money by reducing the thickness of the slab or adding rebar. You can also reduce the cost by using fiber instead of wire mesh.

A professional concrete contractor can help you determine the best thickness for your project and the type of reinforcements needed. They will also prepare the site and pour the concrete. They may charge an hourly rate or a flat fee per job. They can also help you decide on finishing options and advise on the best maintenance.

source https://concreterstoowoomba545092813.wordpress.com/2023/07/01/add-value-to-your-home-with-a-concrete-slab/

[jurassicsunsets]

The first palaeontologist on Mars

(Image: Artist’s impression of NASA’s Perseverance rover on Mars)

Today NASA’s Perseverance rover landed on Mars. I don’t usually talk astronomy on this blog, but this time it’s relevant because—as you might have read—Perseverance is more or less the first palaeontologist on Mars!

Let me explain.

(Image: Satellite topography map of Jezero Crater, the site where Perseverance landed)

The site where Perseverance is landing, Jezero Crater, is a meteor impact crater near Mars’s Equator (say that 10 times fast!). It has evidence of a delta—the geomorphic feature that occurs when running water enters a large body of water. Orbital analyses also suggest it’s filled with carbonate rock—the kind that tend to deposit at the bottom of bodies of water.

Jezero Crater is not filled with water today. But the evidence strongly suggests it once was. If we’re going to find evidence of life on Mars, this is a good place to start looking.

Microbial fossils

When you think of fossils, most people think of giant T. rex skeletons, or frozen woolly mammoths, or neanderthal skulls. Maybe you’ve been around the block a bit, and you think about corals, or plant fossils, or tiny fossil shells. But some of the most common and important fossils on Earth are even tinier. Microbial fossils are commonly made by bacteria, archaea, and the like.

(Image: A cross-section of a stromatolite fossil, showing the multiple layers)

Some of the earliest fossils on earth are called stromatolites. They occur when bacterial colonies grow together in a mat—then, over time, sediment deposits over the colony, and the bacteria form another layer on top of the previous layer. Over time, many layers can be formed.

(Image: Helium Ion Microscopy image of iron oxide filaments formed by bacteria)

Although we breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, many microbes are not quite so restricted, and can breathe anything from sulphur to iron to methane or ammonia. When they do this, they often leave behind solid waste products, such as the above iron oxide filaments, that give away their presence. We can tell these apart from normal minerals in a number of ways, including by the relative proportions of different isotopes in them.

(Image: Schematic digram showing how molecular fossils form and are studied)

However, some of the most important fossils are molecular fossils. Living organisms produce a variety of different organic molecules; even long after the bodies of these organisms decay, those molecules can stay behind in an altered form for millions or even billions of years. If we’re looking for evidence of life on Mars, this might be our best bet.

Enter Perseverance

(Image: Diagram of Perseverance rover showing different instruments)

The Perseverance rover is overall similar in design to the Curiosity rover that landed in 2012, but there are some key differences—and most relevant here is that it’s a geological powerhouse. It’s got a number of instruments designed to carry out detailed geologic investigations:

RIMFAX is a ground-penetrating Radar unit. Like normal Radar, it works by sending radio waves into the ground; different materials affect the radio waves differently, as do transitions between different materials. This will allow us to, for the first time, study the geology of Mars below the surface to get an idea of what has been going on down there.

(Image: This is the kind of result produced by ground-penetrating radar—a rough image of the stratigraphy below the surface.)

PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) shoots x-rays at samples and examines how they fluoresce in reaction. This allows for the detection of the elemental composition of a sample—helping us better understand the geology of the area, and potentially detect signatures of life. 

SuperCam is a multi-function laser spectrometer that uses four different spectroscopy methods to examine the composition of samples. They all work in similar ways—essentially, different molecules react to laser stimulation differently, and different amounts of energy are required to make different molecules vibrate. The way that these molecules react can help us identify their composition, and the hope is that this may allow us to detect molecular fossils (these methods allow us to detect molecular fossils on Earth!)

SHERLOC (Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman & Luminescence for Organics & Chemicals) is another spectroscopic instrument—this one, however, is more precise, and optimised for detecting trace biosignatures in samples. It works similar to the above, using an ultraviolet laser to scan a 7 × 7 mm zone for evidence of organic compounds. 

In addition to studying samples in situ, Perseverance will package small samples and leave them behind on Mars. A planned future mission will collect these packaged samples and launch them into space, where an orbiter will collect them and—hopefully—return them to Earth. This would be the first time that samples have ever been recovered from Mars, and would go a long way in increasing our understanding of the Martian environment and geology.

There’s no way of knowing yet what Perseverance will find—but even the fact that a robot palaeontologist is on Mars is incredibly exciting. Here’s to many years of discovery!

[fatehbaz]

First week of December 2020, after years of sustained Native opposition and after 6 years of regulatory review and legal challenges, Alberta-based oil giant Enbridge began building the multi-billion-dollar Line 3 fossil fuel pipeline expansion in northern Minnesota, as the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission voted to ignore appeals from multiple Indigenous groups. In late December, during blizzards and frigid cold, protest actions continue to be held each day.

-------

-------

-------

Nearly two dozen protestors were arrested at an Enbridge Line 3 pipeline construction site in Aitkin County near the Mississippi River on Monday [14 December 2020] after they blocked equipment and refused orders to disperse [...].

Indigenous and environmental activists, who have been holding daily protests north of Palisade, Minn., prevented the extraction of a protestor who had been camped in a tree for 10 days. [...] Activists vowed to continue to stand in the way of pipeline construction, which started two weeks ago. [...]

“They’re standing up to say it’s time the state actually listen to Indigenous voices [...] instead of caving to the interests of a Canadian oil giant.” Calgary-based Enbridge said in an earlier statement: “We recognize the rights of individuals and groups to express their views legally and peacefully. We don’t tolerate illegal activities of any kind including trespassing, vandalism, or other mischief, and Enbridge will seek to prosecute those individuals to the fullest extent of the law.” [...]

Work on the $2.6 billion pipeline began on Dec. 1 after Enbridge received its final permit following six years of regulatory review. Opponents say the pipeline, which will deliver oil from the tar sands of Alberta to a terminal in Superior, Wis., will contribute to climate change and expose new parts of the state to the risk of oil spills. [...]

Indigenous organizer Winona LaDuke, who built a ceremonial lodge on the pipeline route where it is set to cross the Mississippi that had halted construction at that specific site, said “we will expect more resistance.” [...]

About 2,000 people are on the job across the 340-mile pipeline route, and another 2,000 are expected to join them by the end of the year [2020].

-------

Text excerpt from: Brooks Johnson. “22 protestors arrested at Enrbidge pipeline construction site.” Minneapolis Star Tribune. 15 December 2020.

-------

-------

In northern Minnesota’s Aitkin County, just north of the tiny town of Palisade, construction workers are clear-cutting a wide path through the forest near the Mississippi River, heavy equipment rumbling, to make way for the new Line 3 oil pipeline replacement project. [...] Construction has ramped up quickly on Line 3 since Enbridge Energy received its final state and federal permits late last month — and so have the protests of activists determined to stop work on the contentious project [...]. Several environmental and tribal groups, along with the Red Lake and White Earth Nations and the Minnesota Department of Commerce, have filed suit to try to block it. Groups are expected to soon ask the state appeals court to put a pause on construction until those suits can be heard. [...] [T]he new corridor passes through treaty land that Ojibwe tribes ceded to the federal government in the late 1800s — land which still maintains important historic and cultural significance.

-------

Text excerpt from: Dan Kraker. “Line 3 construction barrels ahead, despite efforts to block it.” MPR News. 15 December 2020.

-------

Other context:

After Line 3 brings the fuel from Alberta to Duluth-Superior, the fuel is then carried by Enbridge’s Line 5 pipeline from Duluth-Superior to Sarnia (Ontario) north of Detroit.

[kythed]

haikyuu!! + where they take you on your first date

yes, i have a soft spot for akaashi, how could you tell?

karasuno

sugawara koushi: one of those clay painting places. he tries to paint your face on a mug-- it ends up looking like a purposefully offensive caricature, but you appreciate the gesture.

azumane asahi: takes you thrifting because he thought it would be aesthetic. the only clothing you two buy is a set of XXL galaxy cat t-shirts.

nishinoya yuu: chuck-e-cheese.

hinata shouyo: an action movie. he won’t stop chattering and making side comments the entire time, but it’s kinda cute. tries to pull the classic yawn-over-the-shoulder move and accidentally spills his popcorn on your lap.

kageyama tobio: invites you to watch one of his volleyball games. it’s not your ideal first date, but the rare smile he flashes you when his team wins makes up for it. he is incredibly sweaty when you go out to eat afterwards, though.

sawamura daichi: a bowling alley. he’s a shit bowler but pretends to be an expert just so he can get close and “teach” you the proper form. he also really likes the overly greasy bowling alley pizza for some reason.

tanaka ryunosuke: italian restaurant. he pronounces gnocchi like “guh-no-chee” and pitches a fit when they don’t offer bottomless breadsticks like olive garden does. before leaving, you slip the poor waitress an extra five for the inconvenience.

yamaguchi tadashi: a butterfly garden. coincidentally finds out he has a deathly phobia of flying insects that same day. you don’t end up staying very long.

tsukishima kei: a natural history museum, but not in a cute way-- you just tail him for three hours while he silently stares at fossils and refuses to hold your hand.

nekoma

kozume kenma: a duck pond near his house. he thought it���d be nice to feed them stale bread, but it turns out there are only very large, very angry geese there. you watch in horror as the largest one chases him around the block.

haiba lev: an amusement park. brags that he never gets sick on roller coasters before vomiting on your favorite sneakers after the first ride. it’s up to you whether or not he gets a second date.

kuroo tetsurou: finesses his way into the country club without paying. you two obnoxiously cannonball into the pool and eat too many free nuts until the concierge chases you out.

yaku morisuke: the skate park. he doesn’t actually know how to skate so he sits on the board and hangs on for dear life while you push him down the ramp as hard as you can. you can honestly say it’s one of the best first dates you’ve ever been on.

inuoka sou: ikea, mostly to purchase matching ikea bucket hats. also forces you to take a picture of him in the kitchen section for flexing purposes.

shiratorizawa

ushijima wakatoshi: a book store. he’s not much of a reader but he thinks the way you open every book just to inhale that new book scent is funny. buys you five hardcovers and refuses to be paid back.

tendou satori: an open house for a multi-million dollar villa. you pretend to be wealthy newlyweds and eat the complimentary charcuterie while chatting up a real estate agent. halfway through the conversation he switches to a british accent and blows your cover.

semi eita: takes you to a ballroom dancing class in the park. all the other students are elderly couples that smile warmly and “aww” when he dips you. he may or may not drop you on purpose at some point.

tsutomu goshiki: the animal shelter. he’s allergic to dogs and has a runny nose the entire time but muscles through because he likes how excited you get to pet them.

shirabu kenjirou: mini-golfing, but he swings like it’s regular golf. ends up launching a ball into one of the little windmills’ blades and breaking it. he subsequently gets banned for life so you win by default.

aoba johsai

oikawa tooru: a cafe. orders straight black coffee to prove his maturity. you can see him grimace with every bitter swallow so you mercifully trade your maple latte.

iwaizumi hajime: the beach. is it just so he can show off his glorious, glorious pecs? maybe. but you’re not complaining.

hanamaki takahiro: costco. you play hide and seek in between the aisles and get free samples. he accidentally startles a small child into tears after lodging himself in between two bags of rice to hide.

matsukawa issei: hiking. you two get lost on the way down and end up having to call the forest service to get rescued by rangers.

kunimi akira: the backseat of his car (it’s an SUV).

inarizaki

miya atsumu: an arcade. does that thing with the ticket wheel where he lifts up the cover and stops it on the 1000 ticket slot. is also surprisingly adept at skee-ball.

miya osamu: tells you to get dressed for a fancy dinner. when he picks you up you find out “fancy dinner” in osamu language means two pbj’s on a picnic blanket in the park and a game of cards.

kita shinsuke: the planetarium. he’s fascinated with the stars and pays more attention to them than he does to you, but it’s cute how wide his eyes get when the entire milky way comes into view.

suna rintarou: a wendy’s drive-thru, and you’re not even mad about it— he somehow manages to make a frosty and fries seem classy.

fukurodani

akaashi keiji: the aquarium. he has an endearing fixation on the hermit crabs and unsuccessfully tries to hide his excitement when the tour guide lets him hold one on his palm. you now have a picture of him smiling at the crab as your lock screen.

bokuto koutarou: a hedge maze. it takes you two hours to escape, and you only manage to get out because he kicks a hole in one of the hedges and crawls through.

konoha akinori: the farmer’s market. purposely buys way too many bananas as an excuse for asking you over tomorrow to help him make banana bread.

date tech

futakuchi kenji: tries to seem sophisticated by taking you to see a foreign film. it ends up being so raunchy that he can’t even look you in the eye when the credits roll.

koganegawa kanji: axe throwing. is incredibly embarrassed when you manage to hit the target and he can’t. claims he’s just “going easy” on you but his scowl says otherwise.

aone takanobu: tandem bike riding. his greek god quads provide more than enough horsepower, so you can just sit back and relax.

other

terushima yuuji: a lookout. it’s too cloudy to see the city lights so you have a contest to see who can spit the farthest over the edge.

sakusa kiyoomi: invites you over for dinner and a puzzle-- he’s more comfortable in his own home. the atmosphere is almost relaxing, and dare I say… romantic? he does get frustrated when you keep trying to fit edge pieces in the center, though.