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aboutanancientenquiry · 2 years ago

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The use of the poetic priamel by Herodotus in the Prologue of Histories and the foundation by him of history as distinct genre

"But it is not merely the mythological content of the prologue that will have evoked the poetic tradition for Herodotus’ audience; so too the distinctive argumentative structure used by Herodotus to articulate both the (allegedly) non-Greek traditions and his own response to them. That distinctive argumentative structure, with deep roots in the Greek poetic tradition, is the priamel, as William Race first recognised.62 As defined by Race, the priamel is a two-part structure that leads from an introductory ‘foil’ (comprising two or more subjects or perspectives) by means of contrast and analogy to the ‘climax’, a particular point of interest or importance. Surveying the use of the priamel from Homeric epic through Hellenistic poetry, Race identifies five essential features of the form: 1) a general context or category; 2) an indication of quantity or diversity in the foil; 3) a ‘capping’ particle that marks the arrival of the climax; 4) an indication of relative (typically superlative) merit to give the climactic term special prominence; and 5) finally, the subject of ultimate interest.63

All five of these features are found in 1.1-5, although not all at once, since Herodotus’ opening is an ingenious variation on the form of the priamel, and only gradually revealed as such. Race acknowledges in passing that Herodotus’ priamel is ‘more diffuse than its poetic prototypes’, while Hayden Pelliccia, noting that priamels tend to be immediately recognisable as such, proposes the alternative label ‘false-start recusatio’.64 This term rightly underscores the misdirection that characterises the first four chapters, whereby Herodotus himself seems to endorse the foreigners’ belief in the primeval origins of the Greco-Persian wars.65 It is also true, however, that the common features shared by Herodotus’ introduction and the priamel are brought into sharp focus in chapter 5, which demonstrates decisively how Herodotean historiê diverges from the stories of old cited by Persian and Phoenician authorities. By this point the general context or category (1) of the discussion is well established: namely, Herodotus’ search for the αἰτίη of the Greco-Persian conflict, the person(s) responsible for beginning the hostilities between East and West. At the beginning of chapter 5, the Persian account of that origin, detailed in chapters 1 through 4, is summarised in a µέν-clause (5.1); then the diversity of the foil (2) is developed, as the Phoenician counter-claim concerning the circumstances of Io’s departure from Argos follows in a δέ-clause (5.2). These two foreign perspectives are then summarised immediately before the climax (5.3):

ταῦτα µέν νυν Πέρσαι τε καὶ Φοίνικες λέγουσι. ἐγὼ δὲ περὶ µὲν τούτων οὐκ ἔρχοµαι ἐρέων ὡς οὕτως ἢ ἄλλως κως ταῦτα ἐγένετο, τὸν δὲ οἶδα αὐτὸς πρῶτον ὑπάρξαντα ἀδίκων ἔργων ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας, τοῦτον σηµήνας προβήσοµαι ἐς τὸ πρόσω τοῦ λόγου …

Now this is what the Persians and Phoenicians say, but I for my part am not going to say concerning these incidents that they happened in this way or some other. Instead, I will indicate the man whom I myself know first initiated unjust acts against the Greeks, and proceed onwards with my account …

As the first words of the second quoted sentence (ἐγὼ δέ) demonstrate, the climax is indicated not only by a ‘capping’ particle (3), but also by a prominently placed pronoun, effecting a shift of person—a ‘pronominal cap’, in the terminology of Elroy Bundy.66 The extraordinary merit (4) of Herodotus’ chosen topic is marked by the superlative πρῶτον, and the relative clause within which it falls (τὸν δὲ οἶδα αὐτὸς … τοὺς Ἕλληνας) identifies the subject of the author’s interest (5)—but only to a degree, specifying his activity but not yet supplying his name. An additional common feature of poetic priamels is the deferral of crucial information until the very end, a method of achieving closure after arousing audience expectation.67 Herodotus makes use of this technique as well, withholding Croesus’ name until the beginning of the narrative proper in chapter 6, where it makes a notably dramatic entrance in asyndeton (6.1): Κροῖσος ἦν Λυδὸς µὲν γένος, παῖς δὲ Ἀλυάττεω, τύραννος δὲ ἐθνέων τῶν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος ποταµοῦ … (Croesus was Lydian by birth, a son of Alyattes, and tyrant of the tribes west of the river Halys …).

The rhetorical elaboration of Herodotus’ introduction is especially evident when compared to the opening sentence of Hecataeus’ Genealogies (FGrHist 1 F 1a = F 1 Fowler, EGM)

Ἑκαταῖος Μιλήσιος ὧδε µυθεῖται· τάδε γράφω, ὥς µοι δοκεῖ ἀληθέα εἶναι· οἱ γὰρ Ἑλλήνων λόγοι πολλοί τε καὶ γελοῖοι, ὡς ἐµοὶ φαίνονται, εἰσίν.

Hecataeus of Miletus speaks as follows: I write the following accounts as they seem to me to be true, since the stories of the Greeks are both many and laughable, as they appear to me.

Herodotus adopts many of these features in his prologue: the prominent positioning of the author’s name and place of origin, the brief opening clause with a deictic form (ὧδε), the switch from third-person self-reference to first person self-reference, and the forceful contrast between the logoi of others and the author’s own revisionist view. It is in the framing of this last feature that Herodotus parts company with Hecataeus most decisively, and the question remains why Herodotus chose to construct his prologue on the model of the poetic priamel. We can begin to answer this question by noting the special emphasis this construction places upon three important features that distinguish his historiê from epic poetry, the tradition most strongly evoked by the stories of abduction and counter-abduction recounted in 1.1-5.

The first of these features is the first-person authorial voice, which proves to be a constant presence throughout the Histories, and as such a striking departure from Homeric narrative technique.68 Here the priamel construction enables the Herodotean ἐγώ to make its first appearance in duly emphatic fashion, as the convention of the pronominal cap heralds the importance of the authorial ‘I’ in the Histories. Moreover, Herodotus pointedly modifies a second feature of the priamel in characterising his subject matter, since the climactic superlative adjective πρῶτον does not stand by itself, but undergoes crucial qualification. For Herodotus’ claim is (obviously) not that Croesus’ unjust acts against the Greeks within living memory predate the primeval abductions just recounted as foil, but rather that Croesus is the first aggressor of whom he has personal knowledge, τὸν δ’ οἶδα αὐτὸς πρῶτον ὑπάρξαντα ἀδίκων ἔργων ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας: ‘the one whom I myself know first initiated unjust acts against the Greeks’.69 (I note here parenthetically that, in addition to its specialised function in this context as a superlative marking the climax of a priamel, πρῶτος also serves from the beginning of the Greek poetic tradition to mark events of primary importance for narration, even when they lack absolute temporal priority.70) Herodotus thus delimits his account of the war’s origins, at least, by contrast with events of the ‘deep past’ recounted in Homeric epic and other genres of ‘high’ poetry—events so distant in time that not even conscientious historiê can determine their causal connection to recent Greco-Persian hostilities.71 Third and finally, by explicitly opposing his own view about the origins of the Greco-Persian wars to those of the Persians and Phoenicians before him, Herodotus acknowledges that his account of the conflict is part of an ongoing conversation or dispute, a virtual tradition of international debate in which he responds to and departs from previous explanations. This explicit acknowledgement of predecessors again marks a significant deviation from storytelling convention in Homeric epic, which, although the product of long-standing oral tradition, never mentions any of the earlier alternative versions that comprise that tradition: the Homeric bard is imagined as either taught by the gods (the Muse or Apollo), or self-taught, or both.72 Thus Herodotus’ use of the poetic priamel form also serves to highlight his role as adjudicator of the various traditions that he has gathered, as well as his discovering ‘the problem of sources’, which Fowler considers ‘the unique element in his voiceprint’ and ‘an integral part of his self-perception as an historian’.73"

From the article of Charles C. Chiasson "Herodotus' Prologue and the Greek Poetic Tradition", Histos 6 (2012), 114-143

#herodotus #the histories #ancient greek classics #charles c chiasson

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ieltsguidephil · 1 month ago

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Less Common Grammar Skills for High IELTS Bands in Writing and Speaking

While correct grammar is essential for any IELTS taker, it’s the less common and more complex grammar structures that truly impress examiners and help you achieve Band 7.0 or higher. This post dives deep into advanced grammar features that enhance both accuracy and range — crucial descriptors in the IELTS Band Descriptors for Writing and Speaking.

What Are Less Common Grammar Skills?

These are advanced grammatical features that go beyond basic subject-verb agreement or sentence structure. They include a wide range of syntactic and stylistic devices used to communicate ideas clearly, precisely, and persuasively.

Types, Definitions, and Examples

1. Cleft Sentences

Definition: A sentence structure that places emphasis on a specific part of the sentence.

Example: It was the environment that the government failed to protect.

Use: To emphasize a particular point in IELTS Writing Task 2.

2. Inversion

Definition: Reversing the usual subject-verb order for emphasis or style.

Example: Never have I seen such a poorly constructed argument.

Use: High-level writing to show contrast or strong opinion.

3. Conditionals (Mixed & Inverted)

Definition: Advanced conditional forms showing hypothetical or unlikely events.

Example: Had I studied harder, I might have passed the exam.

Use: Reflect on missed opportunities or alternate outcomes in Speaking.

4. Nominalization

Definition: Turning verbs or adjectives into nouns for a more formal tone.

Example: The government should focus on the reduction of pollution, not just control it.

Use: Writing Task 2 essays to sound more academic.

5. Modality for Hedging

Definition: Using modal verbs to express uncertainty or caution.

Example: This could be due to a lack of educational resources.

Use: IELTS Writing Task 2 to show balanced argumentation.

6. Relative Clauses (Defining & Non-defining)

Definition: Clauses that provide additional information about a noun.

Example: Students, who are often under pressure, may find exams overwhelming.

Use: Enhance sentence complexity and fluency.

7. Ellipsis and Substitution

Definition: Omitting or replacing elements to avoid repetition.

Example: He enjoys football more than I do. (ellipsis: enjoy football)

Use: In Speaking for natural fluency and in Writing for cohesion.

8. Passive Voice

Definition: The subject receives the action of the verb.

Example: The new law was introduced to reduce plastic waste.

Use: In formal writing when the actor is unknown or unimportant.

9. Parallelism

Definition: Keeping grammatical structures consistent in lists or series.

Example: She enjoys reading, writing, and painting.

Use: Writing Task 2 for stylistic clarity and cohesion.

10. Discourse Markers and Connectors

Definition: Words and phrases that guide the reader/listener through your ideas.

Examples: Nonetheless, in contrast, as a result, on the other hand

Use: Writing and Speaking to improve coherence and cohesion.

Common Mistakes and Fixes

Mistake / Why It’s Wrong / How to Fix It It is reducing pollution that is important. / Awkward cleft structure / It is the reduction of pollution that is important. Had I would known… / Incorrect use of inverted conditional / Had I known… He is interested about science. / Wrong preposition / He is interested in science. Despite of the rain… / Incorrect phrase / Despite the rain… I want go university. / Missing preposition and article / I want to go to university.

Dos and Don’ts

Dos:

Use advanced grammar purposefully — don’t just show off.

Vary sentence structures to demonstrate range.

Practice both speaking and writing with complex forms.

Review Band Descriptors and tailor grammar to match them.

Don’ts:

Don’t overcomplicate your ideas with forced grammar.

Don’t mix multiple structures in one sentence.

Don’t forget punctuation — even complex grammar needs clarity.

Don’t ignore context — use grammar naturally.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Should I use complex grammar in every sentence?

A: No. Mix simple, compound, and complex structures naturally. Range is important, but clarity comes first.

Q: Can advanced grammar make up for weak vocabulary?

A: Not entirely. High band scores require both grammatical range and lexical resource.

Q: Is passive voice always better?

A: Use it only when appropriate — when the actor is unknown or not important. Overusing it can make your writing impersonal.

Q: How do I practice these forms for IELTS Speaking?

A: Prepare model answers and consciously incorporate one or two advanced structures per answer.

Top Strategies for IELTS Success

Grammar Journaling – Record advanced structures and try writing original sentences daily.

Use Band 9 Model Essays and Speeches – Analyze the grammar used and imitate the patterns.

Shadow Speaking Practice – Repeat after native speakers using complex grammar in context.

Write and Rewrite – Reconstruct simple sentences using more complex grammar.

Self-Recording – Record your speaking responses and evaluate grammar variety.

Sample IELTS Sentences Using Less Common Grammar

What concerns many experts is the lack of infrastructure, not the funding.

Rarely do governments act promptly during environmental crises.

Had they implemented stricter laws earlier, pollution could have been minimized.

There is a growing preference for online education among younger learners.

Although it may seem ideal, this approach is not without drawbacks.

Final Thoughts

Less common grammar skills are the hallmark of advanced language use. They don’t just help you impress IELTS examiners — they help you communicate with precision and sophistication. By mastering these structures and using them strategically, you’ll stand out as a confident, capable, and high-level English user — ready for Band 7.0 and beyond.

Explore More

Full grammar guides at: IELTSGuidePhil.com Expert tips on: IELTS Guide Phil Podcast on Spotify Let’s connect: @IELTSGuidePhil on Facebook, X, and BlueSky

#IELTSGrammar #Band7Plus #IELTSWriting #IELTSSpeaking #LessCommonGrammar #EnglishFluency #GrammarForIELTS #IELTSGuidePhil #AcademicEnglish #IELTSPreparation #IELTS

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leasenegotiationservices · 2 months ago

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Complete Guide to Business Sales & Purchases

Whether you're looking to buy or sell a business, understanding the intricacies of business sales & purchases is crucial for a smooth, successful transaction. This process involves more than just signing a contract—it requires careful planning, due diligence, legal considerations, and financial strategy.

In this guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about business sales & purchases, including key steps, important considerations, and how professional support can make all the difference.

Understanding Business Sales & Purchases

Business sales & purchases refer to the transfer of ownership of a business from one party to another. The process can range from relatively simple asset purchases to complex sales involving multiple stakeholders, intellectual property, staff, and client contracts.

Whether you're selling your business or buying into one, it’s essential to approach the deal with a clear strategy and expert guidance to avoid costly mistakes.

Common Reasons for Buying or Selling a Business

Why People Sell Businesses:

Retirement or lifestyle change

Pursuing new opportunities

Business underperformance

Health reasons

Succession planning

Why People Buy Businesses:

Instant market entry

Existing customer base and revenue

Proven business model

Expansion opportunities

Reduced startup risk

Whatever the motivation, both parties must approach business sales & purchases with professionalism and clarity to ensure the best outcomes.

Key Steps in Business Sales & Purchases

1. Preparation and Planning

Before listing a business for sale or starting a search to buy one, it’s important to define your goals. Sellers should prepare financial statements, business records, and legal documents. Buyers should determine their budget, preferred industry, and risk appetite.

2. Business Valuation

Accurate valuation is a critical part of business sales & purchases. Professional valuers assess the company’s assets, liabilities, earnings, goodwill, and future potential to determine a fair price.

3. Due Diligence

This process involves thoroughly examining the business before purchase or sale. For buyers, this means reviewing:

Financial statements

Legal agreements

Tax records

Customer and supplier contracts

Staff details and entitlements

Sellers should also conduct due diligence on the buyer to ensure they are credible and financially capable.

4. Negotiation and Terms

Negotiating the sale price and contract terms is where professional advice really pays off. Legal experts and brokers can help negotiate:

Payment terms

Transition periods

Inclusion or exclusion of assets

Non-compete clauses

Staff retention agreements

5. Contracts and Legal Documentation

Contracts for business sales & purchases must be comprehensive and legally sound. A business sale agreement will typically include clauses about warranties, liabilities, intellectual property, lease transfers, and more.

6. Settlement and Handover

Once all conditions are met and the paperwork is complete, settlement occurs, and the business is officially transferred to the new owner. A well-structured handover plan can help with business continuity.

Professional Help for Business Sales & Purchases

Given the complexity of business sales & purchases, working with experienced professionals is vital. You may need:

Business brokers – to facilitate the deal and connect buyers with sellers

Accountants – to help with valuations and financial due diligence

Lawyers – to draft and review contracts, handle compliance, and protect your legal interests

Financial advisors – to assess the profitability and funding of the transaction

These experts help mitigate risks and ensure you’re not exposed to unforeseen liabilities.

Legal and Tax Considerations

Business sales & purchases come with various legal and tax implications. For example:

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) may apply to sellers

Buyers may be liable for stamp duty in some jurisdictions

Employment law obligations must be considered when transferring staff

Business name, IP, and licenses must be correctly transferred

Engaging legal and tax professionals early on helps you comply with regulations and avoid penalties.

Tips for a Successful Business Sale or Purchase

Start with a clear plan and exit strategy

Always get an independent valuation

Don’t skip due diligence

Keep communication open and professional

Use contracts to protect all parties involved

Conclusion

By working with the right professionals and staying informed, you can confidently navigate the journey of buying or selling a business and secure the best possible outcome.

#business sales & purchases

0 notes

lawyerforproperty · 2 months ago

Text

Complete Guide to Business Sales & Purchases

In this guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about business sales & purchases, including key steps, important considerations, and how professional support can make all the difference.

Understanding Business Sales & Purchases

Whether you're selling your business or buying into one, it’s essential to approach the deal with a clear strategy and expert guidance to avoid costly mistakes.

Common Reasons for Buying or Selling a Business

Why People Sell Businesses:

Retirement or lifestyle change

Pursuing new opportunities

Business underperformance

Health reasons

Succession planning

Why People Buy Businesses:

Instant market entry

Existing customer base and revenue

Proven business model

Expansion opportunities

Reduced startup risk

Whatever the motivation, both parties must approach business sales & purchases with professionalism and clarity to ensure the best outcomes.

Key Steps in Business Sales & Purchases

1. Preparation and Planning

2. Business Valuation

3. Due Diligence

This process involves thoroughly examining the business before purchase or sale. For buyers, this means reviewing:

Financial statements

Legal agreements

Tax records

Customer and supplier contracts

Staff details and entitlements

Sellers should also conduct due diligence on the buyer to ensure they are credible and financially capable.

4. Negotiation and Terms

Negotiating the sale price and contract terms is where professional advice really pays off. Legal experts and brokers can help negotiate:

Payment terms

Transition periods

Inclusion or exclusion of assets

Non-compete clauses

Staff retention agreements

5. Contracts and Legal Documentation

6. Settlement and Handover

Professional Help for Business Sales & Purchases

Given the complexity of business sales & purchases, working with experienced professionals is vital. You may need:

Business brokers – to facilitate the deal and connect buyers with sellers

Accountants – to help with valuations and financial due diligence

Lawyers – to draft and review contracts, handle compliance, and protect your legal interests

Financial advisors – to assess the profitability and funding of the transaction

These experts help mitigate risks and ensure you’re not exposed to unforeseen liabilities.

Legal and Tax Considerations

Business sales & purchases come with various legal and tax implications. For example:

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) may apply to sellers

Buyers may be liable for stamp duty in some jurisdictions

Employment law obligations must be considered when transferring staff

Business name, IP, and licenses must be correctly transferred

Engaging legal and tax professionals early on helps you comply with regulations and avoid penalties.

Tips for a Successful Business Sale or Purchase

Start with a clear plan and exit strategy

Always get an independent valuation

Don’t skip due diligence

Keep communication open and professional

Use contracts to protect all parties involved

Conclusion

Whether you’re stepping into entrepreneurship or looking to cash out after years of hard work, understanding the process of business sales & purchases is essential. From planning and negotiation to contracts and handover, each step requires careful attention to detail. By working with the right professionals and staying informed, you can confidently navigate the journey of buying or selling a business and secure the best possible outcome.

#business sales & purchases

0 notes

propertyleaselawyer · 2 months ago

Text

Complete Guide to Business Sales & Purchases

In this guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about business sales & purchases, including key steps, important considerations, and how professional support can make all the difference.

Understanding Business Sales & Purchases

Whether you're selling your business or buying into one, it’s essential to approach the deal with a clear strategy and expert guidance to avoid costly mistakes.

Common Reasons for Buying or Selling a Business

Why People Sell Businesses:

Retirement or lifestyle change

Pursuing new opportunities

Business underperformance

Health reasons

Succession planning

Why People Buy Businesses:

Instant market entry

Existing customer base and revenue

Proven business model

Expansion opportunities

Reduced startup risk

Whatever the motivation, both parties must approach business sales & purchases with professionalism and clarity to ensure the best outcomes.

Key Steps in Business Sales & Purchases

1. Preparation and Planning

2. Business Valuation

3. Due Diligence

This process involves thoroughly examining the business before purchase or sale. For buyers, this means reviewing:

Financial statements

Legal agreements

Tax records

Customer and supplier contracts

Staff details and entitlements

Sellers should also conduct due diligence on the buyer to ensure they are credible and financially capable.

4. Negotiation and Terms

Negotiating the sale price and contract terms is where professional advice really pays off. Legal experts and brokers can help negotiate:

Payment terms

Transition periods

Inclusion or exclusion of assets

Non-compete clauses

Staff retention agreements

5. Contracts and Legal Documentation

6. Settlement and Handover

Professional Help for Business Sales & Purchases

Given the complexity of business sales & purchases, working with experienced professionals is vital. You may need:

Business brokers – to facilitate the deal and connect buyers with sellers

Accountants – to help with valuations and financial due diligence

Lawyers – to draft and review contracts, handle compliance, and protect your legal interests

Financial advisors – to assess the profitability and funding of the transaction

These experts help mitigate risks and ensure you’re not exposed to unforeseen liabilities.

Legal and Tax Considerations

Business sales & purchases come with various legal and tax implications. For example:

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) may apply to sellers

Buyers may be liable for stamp duty in some jurisdictions

Employment law obligations must be considered when transferring staff

Business name, IP, and licenses must be correctly transferred

Engaging legal and tax professionals early on helps you comply with regulations and avoid penalties.

Tips for a Successful Business Sale or Purchase

Start with a clear plan and exit strategy

Always get an independent valuation

Don’t skip due diligence

Keep communication open and professional

Use contracts to protect all parties involved

Conclusion

By working with the right professionals and staying informed, you can confidently navigate the journey of buying or selling a business and secure the best possible outcome.

#business sales & purchases

0 notes

ruienglish-blog · 4 months ago

Video

youtube

Non defining relative clauses as sentence modifiers

https://youtu.be/QLsJ4q--teM

#youtube

0 notes

supersoftly · 9 months ago

Note

"They don’t proofread anymore, I think that’s fucked up."</p><p></p><p>I believe you should have used a period after "anymore" since it's the end of a clause that doesn't have a coordinating conjunction connecting it to the following clause and also isn't followed by a non-defining relative clause.

Listen, there's a big difference if I'm being paid, unlike the schlubs running our local tourism pamphlets, printing out the wrong dates for festivals, I have an excuse.

#tho nothing is more embarrassing than reading an in memoriam placard that has spelling errors #like big oof

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englishwiseae · 1 year ago

Text

Beyond the Basics: 10 Advanced Grammar Drills for IELTS Writing

Are you prepared to elevate your writing abilities and achieve top-notch outcomes in the IELTS test? In this piece, we pull the curtain back on advanced grammar exercises designed exclusively for IELTS Writing to set you on a path to victory.

Basic grammar is crucial, but to impress your examiner, you need to learn some advanced writing skills. So, brace yourself to dig into the world of IELTS coaching in Dubai.

1. Subjunctive Mood Mastery:

The subjunctive mood is a grammatical mood typically used in subordinate clauses to express hypothetical situations, wishes, or demands. Effective incorporation of the subjunctive mood displays sophistication in language use. So, practice constructing sentences like these to express unreal or imagined situations.

Example: "I wish I were more confident in my writing abilities."

The phrase "I wish I were" is a classic example of the subjunctive mood. In simple words, the speaker desires something contrary to reality.

2. Relative Clauses Refinement:

Mastering relative clauses is crucial for conveying complex relationships between ideas. But you need to focus on reducing relative clauses to enhance conciseness without sacrificing clarity. Instead, practice using non-defining relative clauses to provide additional information about a noun without altering the sentence's core meaning.

Example: "The textbook, which was published last year, has become a bestseller."

https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?gdpr=0&client=ca-pub-6885477617106093&output=html&h=280&adk=3101664047&adf=734517597&pi=t.aa~a.3858938272~i.40~rp.4&w=760&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1709879554&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=2921498735&ad_type=text_image&format=760x280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsense.com%2Farticle%2Fbeyond-the-basics-10-advanced-grammar-drills-for-ielts-writing.html&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=190&rw=760&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTUuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiMTIyLjAuNjI2MS45NSIsbnVsbCwwLG51bGwsIjY0IixbWyJDaHJvbWl1bSIsIjEyMi4wLjYyNjEuOTUiXSxbIk5vdChBOkJyYW5kIiwiMjQuMC4wLjAiXSxbIkdvb2dsZSBDaHJvbWUiLCIxMjIuMC42MjYxLjk1Il1dLDBd&dt=1709879553887&bpp=3&bdt=795&idt=-M&shv=r20240306&mjsv=m202402290101&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3Dd6873ed2433e29d3%3AT%3D1709877047%3ART%3D1709879372%3AS%3DALNI_MZfmvIEastRvkFTZDzpnMxHy6aV_A&gpic=UID%3D00000d2c5b15b1b5%3AT%3D1709877047%3ART%3D1709879372%3AS%3DALNI_MZxFROYIqzUKjjcnoyWyEudhNVAYg&eo_id_str=ID%3De9c6cd0173475be2%3AT%3D1709877047%3ART%3D1709879372%3AS%3DAA-Afja_HsIKOvTayioFHKqHIB2E&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=2&correlator=6997727527733&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=1158644458.1709879553&ga_sid=1709879553&ga_hid=1251380432&ga_fc=0&u_tz=330&u_his=7&u_h=864&u_w=1536&u_ah=816&u_aw=1536&u_cd=24&u_sd=1.25&dmc=4&adx=274&ady=748&biw=1519&bih=695&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44759876%2C44759927%2C44759842%2C31081613%2C44795922%2C95325753%2C95326316%2C95320376%2C95324161%2C95325784%2C95326919%2C31078663%2C31078665%2C31078668%2C31078670&oid=2&pvsid=887233627436351&tmod=1894617047&uas=0&nvt=2&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsense.com%2Farticle%2Fyourarticles&fc=1408&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1536%2C0%2C1536%2C816%2C1536%2C695&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&bz=1&td=1&psd=W251bGwsbnVsbCxudWxsLDNd&nt=1&ifi=2&uci=a!2&btvi=1&fsb=1&dtd=239

In this specific instance, a relative clause ("which was launched last year") lends more details about the noun "book". Here, the relative clause is non-defining, indicating it incorporates extra details that are not essential.

3. Advanced Conditional Structures:

Beyond the basic conditional forms (zero, first, second, and third), explore advanced conditional structures such as mixed conditionals and conditional perfects. These constructions allow for nuanced expressions of hypothetical situations and are particularly useful for discussing hypothetical scenarios in academic essays.

Example: "If I had trained harder, I’d have scored higher on the test."

The illustration uses a mixed conditional structure, blending elements of the second and third conditional. It expresses a hypothetical situation in the past ("If I had trained harder") and its potential outcome ("I would have scored higher on the test").

4. Parallelism Precision:

Parallelism involves maintaining consistent grammatical structures within sentences or across sentence elements. Refine your writing by practising parallel structure in lists, comparisons, and correlative conjunctions. Consistent parallelism enhances readability and lends a polished look to your compositions.

Example: "She enjoys hiking, swimming, and biking in her free time."

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Here, parallelism is demonstrated by maintaining consistent grammatical structures in the list "hiking, swimming, and biking."

5. Modal Verbs Mastery:

Modal verbs add depth and nuance to writing by expressing possibility, necessity, obligation, or ability. Practice using modal verbs with precision, paying attention to subtle differences in meaning and usage. Experiment with modal perfect constructions to convey past possibilities or unrealised past events.

Example: "Students must complete their assignments by the deadline."

The modal verb "must" is used to indicate necessity or obligation, emphasising the importance of completing assignments by the deadline. Modal verbs convey various degrees of certainty, obligation, or possibility.

6. Gerunds and Infinitives Sophistication:

Explore the subtle nuances between using gerunds (verbs ending in -ing) and infinitives (to + base verb) as subjects, objects, or complements in sentences. Focus on mastering verbs that are followed by specific gerunds or infinitives, as well as verbs with different meanings when used with either form.

Example: "She prefers swimming to running."

This example showcases the use of a gerund ("swimming") as the object of the verb "prefers."

7. Passive Voice Proficiency:

While active voice is generally preferred for clarity and directness, mastering the passive voice adds versatility to your writing. So, practice transforming active sentences into passive constructions. But pay attention to when passive voice is appropriate, such as when emphasising the receiver of the action or maintaining objectivity.

Example: "The report was written by the research team."

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The passive voice here shifts the focus from the doer of the action (the research team) to the receiver of the action (the report).

8. Sentence Variety Enhancement:

Diversify your sentence structures by incorporating complex and compound-complex sentences alongside simple ones. Also, experiment with different sentence beginnings, lengths, and structures to maintain reader engagement and convey complex ideas effectively.

Example: "Despite the rain, he chose to walk in the garden."

This demonstrates sentence variety by combining a subordinate clause ("Despite the rain") with the main clause ("he chose to walk in the garden"). Varying sentence structures like this enhance readability and maintain reader interest.

9. Conjunctions and Connectors Complexity:

Enhance coherence and cohesion in your writing by mastering a wide range of conjunctions and connectors. Practice using coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions to establish logical relationships between ideas and paragraphs. Additionally, explore transitional devices to smoothly guide readers through your arguments.

Example: "Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of regular exercise."

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The conjunction "Furthermore" here introduces additional information that supports the preceding statement.

10. Idiomatic Expressions Integration:

Incorporating idiomatic expressions adds fluency and authenticity to your writing, showing a deep understanding of the English language. So, familiarise yourself with common idioms and phrasal verbs related to academic topics and use them appropriately to enrich your vocabulary and convey nuanced meanings.

Example: "The professor hit the nail on the head with his explanation."

The idiom—hit the nail on the head—describes someone who has precisely identified or articulated a particular issue or solution.

Final Message:

Adequate understanding, consistent practice and reliable coaching are invaluable in achieving your goal. If you are keen to learn more, reach out to English Wise’s PTE Exam in Dubai.

Besides IELTS, English Wise also offers training for more competitive exams, OET and PTE, in Dubai. So, feel free to get in touch with its experts.

#pte exam #pte coaching #online ielts coaching

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trolledu · 8 months ago

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Relative Clauses (defining and non-defining)

Defining Clauses give additional information about something mentioned earlier. There are two kinds of relative clauses, 1. Defining and 2. Non-Defining:

1. Defining Relative Clauses (where the relative pronoun can be omitted)

Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun they modify. If you remove them, the sentence may lose its specific meaning.

Examples:

This is the book (that) I was telling you about. (“That” can be omitted)

The car (which) she drives is very fast. (“Which” can be omitted)

The person (who) you met yesterday is my cousin. (“Who” can be omitted)

2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses (where the relative pronoun cannot be omitted)

Non-defining relative clauses provide extra information that is not essential to identify the noun. If you remove them, the sentence will still make sense.

Examples:

My brother, who lives in New York, is coming to visit. (“Who” cannot be omitted)

The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a famous landmark. (“Which” cannot be omitted)

She gave me the keys, which I had lost earlier. (“Which” cannot be omitted)

#trolleng #trolledu #relative clause #relative clauses #defining #non-defining

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sunum-teknikleri · 27 days ago

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İngilizce Relative Clauses: Who, Which, That, Whose Kullanımı

İngilizce'de isimleri niteleyen veya haklarında ek bilgi veren 'who', 'which', 'that', 'whose' gibi bağlaçlarla kurulan Relative Clauses (Sıfat Cümlecikleri) konusunun detaylı anlatımı, örnek cümleler ve kullanım ipuçları. https://www.fullofenglish.com/ingilizce-dilbilgisi/ingilizce-relative-clauses-who-which-that-whose-kullanimi/

#defining relative clauses #İngilizce dilbilgisi #ingilizce öğrenme #non-defining relative clauses #relative clauses #Sıfat Cümlecikleri #that kullanımı #which kullanımı #Who Kullanımı #whose kullanımı

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vivacapital19 · 2 years ago

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About Hercules Capital The Venture Debt Leader

On the opposite hand, if you need to get a fixed-term loan with regular funds, debt financing is best. Debt financing additionally lets you retain full control of your business and any earnings it generates. Many of the largest lenders in the private debt market have platforms that encompass several vehicles that maintain non-public debt, enabling private loan deals to develop ever bigger. In addition to funding progress, further finances help companies to place cash venture capital lenders into the assets they require in order to expand and advance. New and small companies in particular want entry to money to have the ability to buy the numerous essential firm equipment, stock, machinery, provides, and actual estate. The major issue with debt financing is that you must ensure that you have enough money circulate to settle the principal as well as curiosity obligations that include the loan.

DFC offers financing of more than $50 million to tasks in critical infrastructure, energy, and other projects requiring giant investments. Direct loans and guaranties of as a lot as $1 billion for tenors as lengthy as 25 years, with specific applications concentrating venture lenders on small and medium U.S. businesses. Here are some alternatives to contemplate when debt financing will not be viable. Because these are often high-risk business investments, they need investments with expected returns of 50% or extra.

Venture capital firms sometimes put cash into extra mature businesses that want to broaden or restructure. In addition to providing capital, venture capitalists can also supply priceless resources and connections to assist a company develop and succeed. They might have a community of industry consultants and advisors who can provide steerage and help to the corporate. They may also have relationships with potential customers debt venture capital or companions that can assist the company develop. In addition to providing capital, angel traders can also contribute priceless insight, connections, and advice to businesses due to their trade expertise. They could possibly provide steerage on key business choices and assist entrepreneurs navigate the challenges of starting and rising a business.

Thus, often, good businesses discover it extraordinarily difficult to get funding. Knowing what debt funding is or what debt fund is, as nicely as kinds of debt financing is not enough to decide whether or not to determine on this route to boost funds. The startup must venture debt funding also know the pros and cons of debt funding and compare it with fairness financing earlier than they make the choice. Equity financing requires that business homeowners relinquish some control by selling stocks of their firm.

That’s why it’s essential to take what you want your business’ capital construction to look like—how you fiscal your assets by way of equity or debt financing—seriously. Small enterprise lines of credit score are finest for short-term financing or working capital needs. You may have the ability to qualify with some lenders if your business is relatively new, however interest venture debt financing rates could be excessive and repayment phrases short. This clause states that if your business can’t repay the debt, you’ll be personally liable to pay it again from private belongings. If there’s a query concerning the viability of your small business, it is most likely not worth placing your private funds at risk.

These measures embrace, in numerous specifications, Stringency, Containment, Stayathome, FiscalSupport, DebtRelief, WorkPlaceClosing, and GovtResponse (the response variables are as defined in Table 1). The coefficient α 1 represents the incremental impact of the government response on debt financing in the course venture debt lending of the COVID-19 pandemic interval. This equation, which primarily estimates the impact of the country-level variation in government responses is estimated from the last quarter of 2019, from the very onset of the pandemic, until the third quarter of 2020.

This means that they may have a say within the operations of the company and can search for a future return on their investment. Debt financing is a loan that must be repaid, whereas fairness financing is an funding of money in trade for a stake in the firm. If we’ve managed to soften your perception of debt, you could be questioning tips on how to strategically use it in your business venture debt lenders. We have an entire article that dives into responsible uses of debt for subcontractors, so be positive to give it a learn. At a high level, we encourage you to fulfill together with your group and draft a plan outlining your development initiatives, why they’re attainable and how you plan to attain them.

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