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wizsensor · 2 months ago
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Reliable Digital & Industrial pH Sensors with Integrated pH Monitoring System
Our advanced pH monitoring system combines precision, durability, and real-time data tracking to meet the needs of modern industrial operations. Featuring both digital pH sensors and industrial pH sensors, this system delivers accurate pH measurements across a wide range of applications including water treatment, chemical manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and food processing.
The digital pH sensor offers high-resolution measurement and fast response times, with minimal drift for long-term stability. It integrates seamlessly with automated control systems, allowing for continuous pH monitoring and instant alerts in case of deviations. The industrial pH sensor is built to withstand harsh environments, including high temperatures, corrosive chemicals, and high-pressure conditions, making it ideal for demanding field use.
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Our complete pH monitoring system provides real-time data visualization, logging, and remote access, helping operators maintain optimal pH levels and improve overall process efficiency. With plug-and-play compatibility and minimal maintenance requirements, it’s a cost-effective solution that enhances quality control and regulatory compliance.
Whether you need precise pH control for a small operation or a complex industrial setup, our digital and industrial pH sensors deliver reliable performance and peace of mind. Upgrade your facility with a trusted pH monitoring system designed for accuracy, durability, and ease of use. WizSensor digital & industrial pH sensor with real-time pH monitoring system for all industries.
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amrutabade · 1 month ago
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shopii11on · 8 months ago
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Online Fishing Pond Dissolved Oxygen Sensor / Optical Do Probe
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"Buy Now and Get 20% Off Your First Order!"
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uniglobalbusines · 10 months ago
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DO Meter
Uniglobal Business is the premier and reliable supplier of high-quality DO Meter, equipped with optical sensor techniques for accurate results. is the most recent high-functioning and high-performance model of our bubble cleaning type DO meters, which has been developed over many years using our knowledge.
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tamanna31 · 11 months ago
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Water Quality Monitoring Systems Market to register high demand rate by 2030
Water Quality Monitoring Systems Industry Overview
The global water quality monitoring systems market size was estimated at USD 5.35 billion in 2023 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 7.1% from 2024 to 2030. Advancements in technology, increased environmental awareness, stricter regulations, climate change, and growing urbanization and industrialization have all heightened the need for comprehensive water quality monitoring. Improved sensors and remote sensing technologies have upgraded the accuracy and efficiency of monitoring efforts. Simultaneously, the impacts of climate change and increased pollution from urban and industrial activities necessitate continuous and stringent assessments to protect water resources and ensure their sustainable use.
Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Water Quality Monitoring Systems Market
Governments worldwide are enforcing stricter regulations and standards to protect water resources and public health, which is accelerating the demand for comprehensive water monitoring solutions to monitor and maintain water quality strictly. These regulations mandate regular assessment of various parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, heavy metals, and microbial contaminants in water bodies. Consequently, there is a growing demand for water quality monitoring equipment and services, including sensors, analyzers, data loggers, and software solutions.
The rising public awareness about environmental issues and the critical importance of clean water further fuels the market demand, compelling industries, and governments worldwide to invest more heavily in sustainable water management practices and technologies. Industries, agriculture, and municipalities not only need to comply with regulations but also aim to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable water management practices. This has led to the widespread adoption of advanced water quality monitoring technologies to ensure compliance and maintain public trust.
In February 2024, the Odisha Government's Housing & Urban Development Department (Odisha, India) launched the first state-level Water Quality Assurance Cell (WQAC) to improve urban water supply standards. The initiative focused on ensuring rigorous water quality surveillance and monitoring from intake to consumer taps, with technical support from the public technical university, IIT Madras. The initiative aims to maintain high water quality standards across urban areas in the state of Odisha, supplementing existing infrastructure, including state and regional water testing laboratories and the Drink from Tap Mission.
Browse through Grand View Research's Specialty Polymers Industry Research Reports.
The global automotive backup camera market size was valued at USD 639.5 million in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 18.1% from 2024 to 2030. 
The global vehicle analytics market size was estimated at USD 3.53 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 24.3% from 2024 to 2030.
Key Water Quality Monitoring Systems Company Insights
Key companies include General Electric Company, Danaher Corporation, and Xylem. Companies active in the market are focusing aggressively on expanding their customer base and gaining a competitive edge over their rivals. Hence, they pursue various strategic initiatives, including partnerships, mergers & acquisitions, collaborations, and new product/ technology development.
For instance, in January 2024, ABB acquired Real Tech Inc., a Canadian company specializing in innovative optical sensor technology for real-time water quality monitoring and testing. This acquisition aims to enhance ABB's portfolio in the water segment, leveraging Real Tech Inc.’s optical sensors and AI-powered analytics to improve water management. The move aligns with ABB’s strategy to advance smart water management solutions and expand its environmental technology offerings globally.
Key Water Quality Monitoring Systems Companies:
The following are the leading companies in the water quality monitoring systems market. These companies collectively hold the largest market share and dictate industry trends.
General Electric Company
Danaher Corporation
Xylem
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Teledyne Technologies Incorporated
HORIBA, Ltd.
Emerson Electric Co.
Siemens
Evoqua Water Technologies LLC
Pentair
Recent Developments
In January 2024, Badger Meter, Inc. acquired select remote water monitoring software and hardware from Trimble Inc. These includes the Trimble Unity Remote Monitoring software and the Telog brand of remote telemetry units (RTUs), and aims at enhancing Badger Meter's smart water management offerings by providing real-time monitoring solutions for water, wastewater, stormwater, and environmental applications.
In December 2023, Siemens acquired Bunt Planet S.L., a technology-based company, to enhance its AI portfolio in the water sector. Siemens has been increasingly focusing on integrating AI and digitalization into various industries, including water management. This acquisition highlights the company’s commitment to further advancements in AI technologies tailored for water-related applications.
Order a free sample PDF of the Water Quality Monitoring Systems Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.
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krinstruments · 1 year ago
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The Crystal Ball of H2O: Harnessing Technology for Precise Water Quality Monitoring and Management
Water, the very essence of life, flows through our veins, nourishes our crops, and sustains our ecosystems. Yet, this precious resource faces an insidious threat: contamination. From industrial waste to agricultural runoff, pollutants weave a murky tapestry across our rivers, lakes, and aquifers. But amidst this rising tide of concern, technology emerges as a beacon of hope, offering tools for precise water quality monitoring and management, transforming us from passive observers to proactive guardians of this vital resource.
Sensing the Unseen: A Technological Arsenal
Gone are the days of archaic dip-and-test methods. Today, a sophisticated arsenal of sensors stands sentinel, their watchful eyes trained on the invisible threats lurking within our waters. Real-time water quality monitoring systems equipped with electrochemical, optical, and biological sensors provide a constant stream of data on parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and bacterial levels. These sentinels tirelessly scan the depths, painting a real-time picture of the water's health, alerting us to any deviation from the norm.
The Power of the Cloud: From Data to Decisions
But data, like raw ore, needs refinement to reveal its true worth. This is where the cloud steps in, transforming raw readings into actionable insights. Powerful data analytics platforms ingest the deluge of data, crunching numbers, identifying patterns, and predicting potential contamination events. Imagine virtual alarm bells ringing, not based on guesswork, but on the cold, hard calculus of data, giving us precious time to intervene and avert disaster.
Beyond the Numbers: AI and the Future of Water Management
The future of water management is not just about collecting data; it's about harnessing its power to predict and prevent problems. Artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to play a pivotal role in this transformation. Imagine intelligent systems analyzing years of data to identify pollution patterns, forecast contamination events, and even optimize treatment processes. This is not science fiction; it's the cutting edge of water management, where AI becomes the ultimate guardian of our most precious resource.
Technology thrives on collaboration. Breaking down silos between government agencies, research institutions, and private companies is crucial for effective water management. Imagine an open-source platform where data from various sources is readily available, fostering innovation and allowing researchers to develop better sensors, AI algorithms, and treatment techniques. Collaboration is the key to unlocking the full potential of water technology.
From Silo to Symphony: The Connected Water Grid
But technology's magic lies not just in individual tools, but in their harmonious orchestration. The Internet of Things (IoT) acts as the conductor, connecting sensors, data platforms, and treatment facilities into a unified water grid. Imagine sensors whispering data to the cloud, AI analyzing the symphony of information, and treatment plants adjusting their filters in real-time, all in a seamless dance to safeguard our water.
Harnessing technology for precise water quality monitoring and management is not just a technological feat; it's a moral imperative. Every community, every industry, every individual has a role to play. From investing in advanced monitoring systems to adopting sustainable practices, we must all become co-creators in this collective effort to protect our water.
Remember, the future of water is not something out there; it's something we create, together. Let technology be our brush, data our canvas, and AI our guiding light, as we paint a masterpiece of clean, sustainable water for generations to come.
In the Embrace of Community: Empowering Local Action
The journey towards pristine water bodies navigates through the heart of our communities. Local action, empowered by technology, becomes the cornerstone of this endeavor. Community-based monitoring programs, leveraging user-friendly technologies, invite citizens to become the eyes and ears of their waterways. These grassroots efforts cultivate a deeper connection with our natural resources, fostering a sense of stewardship and responsibility. As we equip local guardians with data-driven tools and educational resources, we not only enhance their ability to detect and report issues but also strengthen the collective resolve to enact meaningful change. This synergy of technology and community spirit ignites a powerful force, one that propels us towards a future where every drop of water is a testament to our shared commitment to environmental stewardship and sustainability.
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kaciseonline · 2 years ago
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The Future of Aquatic Life Preservation: KFDO300 DO Sensor
In an era marked by environmental challenges and growing concerns about the health of our planet's aquatic ecosystems, innovative technologies are emerging as our best allies in the fight for preservation. One such groundbreaking tool is the KFDO300 DO Sensor, a game-changing device designed by Kcsensor to revolutionize the way we monitor and safeguard aquatic life. In this blog post, we'll explore how this state-of-the-art sensor is poised to make waves in the field of aquatic conservation.
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The KFDO300 DO Sensor Unveiled: A Glimpse into Innovation
At the heart of the KFDO300 DO Sensor lies cutting-edge technology that sets it apart from conventional monitoring devices. The sensor employs advanced optical measurement principles to accurately determine the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels in water bodies. This vital parameter directly influences the survival and well-being of aquatic organisms, making it a pivotal factor in assessing water quality.
Key Features That Redefine Aquatic Monitoring
High Accuracy and Precision: The KFDO300 boasts unparalleled accuracy, ensuring that aquatic researchers, conservationists, and water management authorities obtain reliable data. This precision aids in identifying trends, anomalies, and potential threats to aquatic life.
Real-time Monitoring: Real-time data is the backbone of effective aquatic life preservation. The KFDO300 provides continuous, instantaneous measurements, enabling swift responses to sudden changes in DO levels. This real-time aspect is invaluable for preventing fish kills, algal blooms, and other ecological disasters.
User-friendly Interface: Embracing user convenience, the KFDO300 comes equipped with an intuitive interface that offers easy setup, configuration, and data visualization. Researchers can effortlessly access and interpret data, promoting informed decision-making.
Remote Connectivity: Leveraging the power of the digital age, the sensor offers remote connectivity options. Users can monitor aquatic environments from a distance, fostering efficiency and reducing the need for constant on-site visits.
Durability for Diverse Environments: Whether deployed in freshwater lakes, brackish estuaries, or even aquaculture facilities, the KFDO300 is built to withstand various environmental conditions. Its robust design ensures longevity, making it a reliable asset for long-term monitoring projects.
A Step Towards Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems
The significance of the KFDO300 DO Sensor extends beyond data collection. By providing accurate and timely information about DO levels, it empowers stakeholders to implement targeted conservation efforts. These efforts may include regulating wastewater discharges, managing nutrient levels, and designing effective aeration systems to support aquatic habitats.
Moreover, the sensor's data-driven approach encourages cross-disciplinary collaborations between scientists, policymakers, and environmentalists. Together, they can develop comprehensive strategies that safeguard aquatic life, promote biodiversity, and ensure the availability of clean water for future generations.
Conclusion: Pioneering a New Wave of Conservation
The KFDO300 DO Sensor stands as a testament to human ingenuity and determination to protect our delicate aquatic ecosystems. As we navigate an era of environmental uncertainty, such advanced technologies will play an indispensable role in shaping a sustainable future. Kcsensor’s innovation paves the way for a new wave of aquatic conservation, giving us hope that with the right tools and strategies, we can preserve the wonders that lie beneath the surface for generations to come.
Visit Kcsensor to learn more about the KFDO300 DO Sensor and how it's transforming the future of aquatic life preservation. Join us in championing this revolutionary step towards a healthier planet.
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orgrevolution · 2 years ago
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Unlocking the Potential: Advanced Technologies for Industrial Waste Water Treatment
Industrial waste water treatment is undergoing a transformation thanks to advancements in technology. With increasing environmental concerns and stricter regulations, industries are turning to innovative solutions to optimize their waste water treatment processes. In this blog post, we will explore some of the advanced technologies that are unlocking the potential for more efficient and effective industrial waste water treatment.
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Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) Membrane bioreactors combine biological treatment processes with membrane filtration. They utilize microorganisms to break down organic pollutants while incorporating a membrane system to separate suspended solids and contaminants from the treated water. MBR systems offer superior effluent quality, smaller footprint, and enhanced control over the treatment process. These systems are highly efficient in removing pollutants, including bacteria and viruses, making them ideal for various industrial applications.
Electrocoagulation (EC) Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical treatment technology that utilizes the principles of coagulation and precipitation to remove contaminants from waste water. It involves the application of an electrical current that causes the formation of coagulant agents, which aggregate and separate suspended solids, heavy metals, and other pollutants. EC is effective in treating a wide range of pollutants and offers advantages such as minimal chemical usage, reduced sludge production, and improved overall treatment efficiency.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) Advanced oxidation processes employ powerful oxidizing agents to break down and remove persistent and toxic contaminants from industrial waste water. AOPs generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which oxidize and degrade organic compounds into simpler and less harmful substances. Technologies such as ozone treatment, hydrogen peroxide, and UV/H2O2 systems are commonly used as part of AOPs. These processes are effective in treating recalcitrant pollutants that are resistant to conventional treatment methods.
Nanotechnology Applications Nanotechnology is finding applications in industrial waste water treatment, offering unique capabilities for contaminant removal. Nano-based materials, such as nanoparticles and nanofiltration membranes, exhibit high surface area, enhanced adsorption capacities, and selective separation properties. These materials can effectively target specific pollutants, including heavy metals, organic compounds, and microorganisms, leading to improved treatment efficiency and water quality.
Artificial Intelligence and Automation Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are revolutionizing waste water treatment by enabling real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of treatment processes. AI algorithms analyze vast amounts of data, such as sensor readings and process parameters, to identify patterns, optimize energy consumption, and predict maintenance needs. Automation systems can adjust process parameters and dosing rates in response to changing conditions, ensuring optimal treatment efficiency and reducing manual intervention.
Advanced Monitoring and Sensor Technologies Advancements in monitoring and sensor technologies allow for more accurate and real-time monitoring of waste water treatment processes. Sensor technologies, such as optical sensors and biosensors, provide rapid and precise measurements of key parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, and pollutant concentrations. This data can be integrated into control systems, enabling operators to make informed decisions and optimize treatment processes effectively.
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) Systems Zero Liquid Discharge systems aim to eliminate liquid waste discharge by maximizing water reuse and minimizing waste generation. These systems employ advanced treatment processes, including evaporation, crystallization, and reverse osmosis, to recover and recycle water from waste streams. ZLD systems not only reduce water consumption but also minimize environmental impact by preventing the release of pollutants into water bodies.
By harnessing these advanced technologies, industries can unlock the potential for more efficient, sustainable, and effective industrial waste water treatment. Embracing these innovations not only supports environmental conservation but also offers economic benefits through resource recovery, regulatory compliance, and improved operational efficiency. As industries continue to prioritize responsible waste water management, these advanced technologies will play a crucial role in shaping the future of industrial waste water treatment.
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poojaj · 2 years ago
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Single-use Bioprocessing Sensors Market : Evolving Technology, Trends and Industry Analysis to 2030
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The single-use bioprocessing sensors market refers to the market for sensors used in single-use bioprocessing systems. Bioprocessing refers to the use of biological materials (such as cells, enzymes, or proteins) to produce pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and other biotechnology products. Single-use bioprocessing systems are designed for single-use applications, eliminating the need for cleaning and sterilization between batches, which offers advantages such as increased flexibility, reduced risk of cross-contamination, and cost savings.
For Sample Report Click Here:- https://www.marketinforeports.com/Market-Reports/Request-Sample/511533
Bioprocessing sensors play a critical role in monitoring and controlling various parameters during bioprocessing, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, pressure, and conductivity. These sensors provide real-time data on process conditions and enable process optimization, ensuring product quality and yield. They are integrated into single-use bioreactors, mixers, filtration systems, and other disposable bioprocessing equipment.
The market for single-use bioprocessing sensors has been experiencing significant growth in recent years. This growth can be attributed to several factors:
Increasing adoption of single-use bioprocessing systems: The biopharmaceutical industry is increasingly adopting single-use technologies due to their operational advantages. This adoption has driven the demand for single-use bioprocessing sensors.
Growing biopharmaceutical production: The demand for biopharmaceuticals, such as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and vaccines, continues to rise. This increased production requires efficient bioprocessing systems, including sensors, to ensure product quality and process control.
Advancements in sensor technology: The development of advanced sensor technologies, such as optical sensors, electrochemical sensors, and spectroscopic sensors, has enhanced the capabilities of single-use bioprocessing sensors. These sensors offer improved accuracy, sensitivity, and stability, further driving market growth.
Regulatory support for single-use systems: Regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA), have provided guidelines and support for the implementation of single-use systems in bioprocessing. This has encouraged the adoption of single-use bioprocessing sensors in the industry.
Cost savings and process efficiency: Single-use bioprocessing systems eliminate the need for cleaning, validation, and maintenance associated with traditional stainless-steel systems. This reduces operational costs and improves process efficiency, making single-use bioprocessing sensors an attractive choice for biopharmaceutical manufacturers.
The market for single-use bioprocessing sensors includes various companies that specialize in sensor manufacturing, such as Hamilton Company, Broadley-James Ltd., PreSens Precision Sensing GmbH, Sartorius AG, and Parker Hannifin Corporation. These companies offer a range of sensors tailored for single-use bioprocessing applications.
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joeypetter · 3 years ago
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Smart Sensors Market Report 2022| Size, Growth, Share, Trends, Demand, Key Players, and Regional Data Statistics and Forecast to 2030| By R&I
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The report is titled as ‘Smart Sensors Market: Opportunity Analysis and Future Assessment 2020-2028’. An overview of conceptual frameworks, analytical approaches of the smart sensors market is the main objective of the report, which further consists the market opportunity and insights of the data involved in the making of the respective market. Smart sensors market is expected to grow with significant rate in the near future.
The global smart sensors market in 2020 is estimated for more than US$ 35.0 Bn and expected to reach a value of US$ 145.9 Bn by 2028 with a significant CAGR of 19.5%.
Request a Sample Copy of this Report @: https://reportsandinsights.com/sample-request/1249
Smart Sensors Introduction
In the present world, the constant technological innovation and advancements that has resulted in one of the most important innovations of smart sensors that allows enhanced command and supervision over various operations, for example, to feel and notice physical input such as heat, light, moisture, motion, pressure, or any other object, and reciprocate by generating an outcome on a display or communicate the information electronically for more processing with the help of installed algorithms, signal conditioning, and digital interface. Owing to which, the global smart sensors market is projected to boost rapidly in the near future.
Along with that, the smart sensors have the potential to accumulate highly precise and authentic environmental data with least possible sound, which further adds to its rising demand in the global market.
More importantly, in present times when everything around us is turning advanced and smart, smart sensors gain more momentum owing to its technologically advanced features and advantages, which is expected to propel the growth of the smart sensors market in the upcoming years.
Smart Sensors Market Dynamics
The smart sensor is expected to gain huge traction in the global market owing to growing investments in R&D activities these days as well as key market players have aimed their attention towards innovation and new technology such as the internet of things. Therefore, the global smart sensors market is projected to thrive briskly during the forecast timeframe.
Along with that, the smart sensor carries the potential to be implemented in advanced IT solutions, such as machine-to-machine analytics and communication, and to assess changes with regard to pressure acceleration, temperature, or others, which are crucial for a process.
Attributing to which, the smart sensor is estimated to observe huge demand in the global market, thereby projected to give a positive push to the growth of the global smart sensors market during the forecast period.
Noticeably, the smart sensors are employed in smart cities, smart grids, smart environments (snow level monitoring, forest fire control, and early earthquake detection),  and defense, automobile, electronic, and sports sectors, which further adds to its wide range of applications across the world. Therefore, the global smart sensor market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.
Wish to Know More About the Study? Click here to get a Report Description: https://reportsandinsights.com/report/global-smart-sensors-market
Smart Sensors Market Segmentation
The Smart Sensors market is segmented on the basis of sensor types, technology, component, network connectivity, and end user.
By Sensors Types
Temperature & Humidity Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors
IR Sensors
Other Types of Temperature Sensor
Pressure Sensors Piezo resistive
Capacitive
Electromagnetic
Resonant Solid State
Optical
Flow Sensors
Touch Sensors
Capacitive
Resistive
Infrared
Image Sensors
Motion & Occupancy Sensors
Smart Motion Sensors
Smart Occupancy Sensors
Water Sensors
Turbidity Sensors
PH Sensors
Soil Moisture Sensors
Level Sensors
Dissolved Oxygen (DO2)Sensors
Light Sensors
Analog
Digital
Position Sensors
Linear
Rotary
Proximity
Ultrasonic Sensors
By Technology
MEMS
CMOS
SiP
SoC
Other Technologies
Optical spectroscopy
Microsystem technology (MST)
Integrated smart sensors
IC-compatible 3D micro-structuring,
ASIC
By Component
 Analog To Digital Converters (ADCs)
 Digital To Analog Converters (DACs)
 Transceivers
 Amplifiers
 Microcontrollers
 Others
By Network Connectivity
Wired
Wireless
Bluetooth
Enocean
Wi-Fi
ZigBee
Z-Wave
Others
By Region
 North America
 Latin America
 Europe
 Asia Pacific
 Middle East
 Africa
Smart Sensors Market Key Players
Some of the key participating players in Smart Sensors market are:
 Siemens AG
 GENERAL ELECTRIC
 Sensirion AG
 Legrand
 Emerson Electric Co.
 Honeywell International Inc.
 Robert Bosch GmbH
 TDK Corporation
 ABB
 NXP Semiconductors
 STMicroelectronics
 Infineon Technologies AG
 TE Connectivity
 Analog Devices, Inc.
 Renesas Electronics Corporation
 Yokogawa Electric Corporation TOP
 Schneider Electric
 Delphi Technologies
 Maxim Integrated
 Vishay Electronic GmbH
 Gira Giersiepen GmbH & Co. KG
 Airmar Technology Corp.
 BeanAir
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rootsanalysis-blog · 3 years ago
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SINGLE-USE SENSORS FOR BIOPROCESSING MARKET– CURRENT AND FUTURE MARKET POTENTIAL
Sensors are used to detect events or changes in environment parameters during a bioprocess control. These can be classified based on the type of variables measured, which include chemical variables (pH, dissolved oxygen or substrate or product concentration), physical variables (temperature, pressure, or viscosity), and biological variables (biomass concentration/morphology or biomass productivity). These sensors can also be classified on the basis of different principles used for measuring the variables, such as electrochemical sensors, optical chemosensor systems (known as optodes), optical spectroscopic sensors, and calorimetric sensors.
Further, sensors can be classified on the basis of their placement and integration within the bioreactor. sensors and controllers can be submerged in a liquid phase inside the bioreactor, submerged in a gas phase inside the bioreactor, in the exhaust gas stream, or placed with no physical connection to the bioreactor. Based on the abovementioned classification the sensors can be broadly categorized as follows:
§  At-line Sensors: These types of sensors provide data obtained by procedures performed after a short delay in the sampling and analysis. In case of filtration for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and derivatization for gas chromatography, analytes are accessible after pre-treatment only.
§  In-line sensors (known as in situ sensors): These sensor types are in direct contact with the process, either with the liquid or gas phase. These help in providing data of the bioprocess in an online format.
Single-use sensors offer a number of benefits, such as ease of use, and convenience components, while providing the accuracy and robustness of traditional measurement techniques. Further improvements in analytical equipment, sensors and probes may facilitate process quantification and process analytical technology (PAT). Therefore, as bioprocessing processes becomes increasingly monitored by improved and novel detection methods (chemical, physical, and microbiological) and assays including single-use sensors, the output obtained can be further used for mathematical modeling and risk analysis.
The key advantages associated with SUT include reduced risk of cross-contamination, lower capital expenditure, and flexibility. Single-use bioprocessing systems are known to significantly reduce operation and manufacturing costs along with maintaining the overall quality of the product.  The major advantages offered by single-use technologies are listed below:
§  Cost Reduction
§  Increased Productivity
§  Easy Disposal
§  Less Energy and Water Demand
§  Time Saving
§  Reduced Risk of Cross-Contamination
 For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/reports/single-use-sensors-for-bioprocessing.html
 You may also be interested in the following titles:
1.      Viral Vectors, Non-Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy Manufacturing Market (4th Edition), 2021-2030
2.      Global T-Cell (CAR-T, TCR, and TIL) Therapies Market (5th Edition), 2020-2030
3.      Oncolytic Virus Therapy Market: Pipeline Review, Developer Landscape and Competitive Insights, 2020-2030
 Contact:
Ben Johnson
+1 (415) 800 3415
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wizsensor · 2 months ago
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Oil in Water & Leak Detection Sensor | Wizse Nsor Inc.
Wizse Nsor Inc. is a trusted provider of advanced sensing technology for environmental and industrial monitoring. Our Oil in Water sensors, Oil Detection sensors, and Oil Leak Detection sensors are engineered to deliver fast, accurate, and reliable results in a wide range of applications including wastewater treatment, offshore drilling, industrial discharge monitoring, and environmental protection.
Our Oil in Water sensors use fluorescence and infrared absorption technologies to detect and quantify trace levels of oil in various water bodies. Whether you need to comply with discharge regulations or prevent environmental damage, our solutions provide the precision and consistency you need.
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The Oil Detection and Oil Leak Detection sensors from Wizse Nsor Inc. are ideal for real-time monitoring of pipelines, processing plants, and marine systems. With early warning capabilities, our systems help minimize risk, reduce operational downtime, and ensure regulatory compliance.
We pride ourselves on developing sensors that are rugged, easy to install, low maintenance, and scalable for various industries. At Wizse Nsor Inc., we combine cutting-edge innovation with dependable performance to help safeguard our planet’s water resources.
Choose Wizse Nsor Inc. for intelligent oil sensing solutions—because clean water matters.
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rootsanalysis · 3 years ago
Text
SINGLE-USE SENSORS FOR BIOPROCESSING MARKET– CURRENT AND FUTURE MARKET POTENTIAL
Sensors are used to detect events or changes in environment parameters during a bioprocess control. These can be classified based on the type of variables measured, which include chemical variables (pH, dissolved oxygen or substrate or product concentration), physical variables (temperature, pressure, or viscosity), and biological variables (biomass concentration/morphology or biomass productivity). These sensors can also be classified on the basis of different principles used for measuring the variables, such as electrochemical sensors, optical chemosensor systems (known as optodes), optical spectroscopic sensors, and calorimetric sensors.
Further, sensors can be classified on the basis of their placement and integration within the bioreactor. sensors and controllers can be submerged in a liquid phase inside the bioreactor, submerged in a gas phase inside the bioreactor, in the exhaust gas stream, or placed with no physical connection to the bioreactor. Based on the abovementioned classification the sensors can be broadly categorized as follows:
§  At-line Sensors: These types of sensors provide data obtained by procedures performed after a short delay in the sampling and analysis. In case of filtration for high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and derivatization for gas chromatography, analytes are accessible after pre-treatment only.
§  In-line sensors (known as in situ sensors): These sensor types are in direct contact with the process, either with the liquid or gas phase. These help in providing data of the bioprocess in an online format.
Single-use sensors offer a number of benefits, such as ease of use, and convenience components, while providing the accuracy and robustness of traditional measurement techniques. Further improvements in analytical equipment, sensors and probes may facilitate process quantification and process analytical technology (PAT). Therefore, as bioprocessing processes becomes increasingly monitored by improved and novel detection methods (chemical, physical, and microbiological) and assays including single-use sensors, the output obtained can be further used for mathematical modeling and risk analysis.
The key advantages associated with SUT include reduced risk of cross-contamination, lower capital expenditure, and flexibility. Single-use bioprocessing systems are known to significantly reduce operation and manufacturing costs along with maintaining the overall quality of the product.  The major advantages offered by single-use technologies are listed below:
§  Cost Reduction
§  Increased Productivity
§  Easy Disposal
§  Less Energy and Water Demand
§  Time Saving
§  Reduced Risk of Cross-Contamination
 For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/reports/single-use-sensors-for-bioprocessing.html
 You may also be interested in the following titles:
1.      Viral Vectors, Non-Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy Manufacturing Market (4th Edition), 2021-2030
2.      Global T-Cell (CAR-T, TCR, and TIL) Therapies Market (5th Edition), 2020-2030
3.      Oncolytic Virus Therapy Market: Pipeline Review, Developer Landscape and Competitive Insights, 2020-2030
 Contact:
Ben Johnson
+1 (415) 800 3415
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kimoinstrument · 4 years ago
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Multi-Parameter Transmitters Kimo's multi-parameter transmitter provides monitoring of one, two, or four in-line sensors for measurement of optical DO,  pH/ORP, conductivity, resistivity, TOC dissolved ozone, amperometric oxygen, turbidity and flow in pure water as well as process applications.
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kaciseonline · 2 years ago
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Streamlining Your DO Analysis with the KFDO300 DO Sensor
In today's fast-paced world, time is of the essence. Everyone is looking for ways to streamline their processes and increase efficiency. The same applies to Dissolved Oxygen (DO) analysis. Accurate DO measurement is critical in various industries, including wastewater treatment, aquaculture, and biotechnology. However, traditional DO analysis methods are often time-consuming and prone to errors. That's where the KFDO300 DO sensor comes in. In this blog post, we'll discuss how the KFDO300 DO sensor can help streamline your DO analysis.
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Firstly, let's talk about the traditional DO analysis methods. These methods require a significant amount of time and effort. The typical process involves taking a water sample, adding reagents, and waiting for a chemical reaction to occur. The reaction produces an electrical current that is proportional to the DO concentration in the sample. The process can take up to 30 minutes to complete, and there is always a risk of errors due to human error or interference from other substances in the sample. The KFDO300 DO sensor eliminates the need for most of these steps. The sensor uses an optical method to measure the DO concentration in real-time. The sensor measures the fluorescence of a probe coated with a special material that is sensitive to oxygen. The more oxygen present, the less fluorescence is emitted. The sensor converts the fluorescence into a DO concentration reading, which is displayed on the sensor's built-in screen. The process takes less than 10 seconds to complete, saving you valuable time.
The KFDO300 DO sensor is also highly accurate. The sensor is calibrated at the factory before shipping, ensuring that you get accurate readings right out of the box. The sensor has a measurement range of 0-20 mg/L, which covers the range required for most applications. The sensor also has a resolution of 0.01 mg/L, providing precise and reliable measurements. The KFDO300 DO sensor is also easy to use. The sensor is designed to be plug-and-play, meaning that it requires no special training or expertise to operate. The sensor comes with a user manual that provides step-by-step instructions on how to use the sensor. The sensor is also compatible with most process control systems, making it easy to integrate into your existing system.
Another advantage of the KFDO300 DO sensor is its low maintenance requirements. Traditional DO analysis methods require frequent calibration, cleaning, and replacement of the reagents. The KFDO300 DO sensor, on the other hand, requires no reagents and has a long service life. The sensor is also easy to clean, with a self-cleaning function that removes any fouling on the probe's surface. Finally, the KFDO300 DO sensor is cost-effective. Traditional DO analysis methods require the purchase of reagents and equipment, which can be expensive. The KFDO300 DO sensor, on the other hand, requires no reagents and has a long service life, reducing the overall cost of DO analysis.
In conclusion, the KFDO300 DO sensor is a game-changer for DO analysis. The sensor is fast, accurate, easy to use, low maintenance, and cost-effective. It is suitable for a wide range of applications, including wastewater treatment, aquaculture, and biotechnology. If you're looking to streamline your DO analysis, the KFDO300 DO sensor is the way to go. Visit the KC Sensor website to learn more about the KFDO300 DO sensor and how it can help you optimize your processes.
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annieboltonworld · 5 years ago
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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources
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The Impact of Tropical Cyclone 'Phailin' on the Hydrology of Chilika Lagoon, India
Authored by Pradipta R Muduli
Abstract
The Asia’s largest lagoon; Chilika, designated as first Ramsar site in India, was studied after a severe cyclonic storm “Phailin” in October 2013 that was coupled with heavy precipitation and flooding. Physicochemical parameters, nutrients, and salinity data were analyzed to understand the impact of Phailin on the hydrology of lagoon. Multidimensional scaling analysis of 15 years of salinity data, revealed spatial partitioning of lagoon into four distinct ecological sectors; southern, central, northern, and outer channel. Fresh water discharge from the rivers remained a dominating factor for controlling the salinity regime of the lagoon (r= -0.2894, p= 0.0144).
A significant change in the salinity regime as well as in the nutrients was observed after the cyclone compared to the pre-cyclone months. The salinity of southern, central sectors and outer channel decreased by 28.7, 29.8, and 19.1% respectively, whereas in the northern sector, it remained fairly constant compared to pre-cyclone months. There was an overall increase in silicate concentration in the lagoon after cyclone due to riverine silicate influx evidenced by a significant negative correlation between salinity and silicate concentration in the lagoon. However, there was a decline in nitrate+nitrite and phosphate concentration throughout the lagoon mostly due to dilution effect as well as adsorption to sediment in case of phosphate. The impact of cyclone was also distinctly visible on specific biota such as sea grasses, macrophytes, and benthic community which are considered as good bio-indicators.
Keywords : Chilika; Lagoon; Nutrient dilution; Phailin; River discharge; Ramsar Site; Super cyclone; Water quality
Introduction
The Bay of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent is well known for origin of tropical cyclones, which often turn into super cyclone before hitting the continental land mass. Most tropical regions are exposed to high intensity rainfalls associated with cyclones Summer et al. [1]. Two of the cyclonic storms had hit the east coast state of India; Odisha during October of year 1999 (super cyclone) and in 2013 (severe cyclonic storm). A very severe cyclonic storm Phailin had landfall to south Odisha coast on 12th October 2013 with a sustained maximum surface wind speed of 200-210 kmph gusting to 220 kmph (IMD Report [2]. An ecological effect of such major storms on coastal ecosystems has been studied by many researchers Bhatacharya et al. [3]; Mitra et al. [4]; Reddy et al. [5]; Satpathy et al. [6]; Webster et al. [7]. Freshwater discharge can play an important role in changing the water chemistry and hydrology of the coastal estuarine ecosystem Kanuri et al. [8]; Muduli et al., 2012 [9], Muduli et al., 2013 [10], Worldwide many studies are focused on the influence of heavy freshwater discharge (due to flood events) on water quality of coastal ecosystems; Martinez-Mena et al. [11]; Steven [12]. However, such studies in context to Indian lagoon ecosystems are lacking.
Salinity is an important factor in determining the distribution of biodiversity of flora and fauna in coastal ecosystem Benjamin et al. [13]; Mcevoy et al. [14]. For instance, benthic organisms and sea grass communities have been shown to be significantly influenced by the change in salinity and turbid water flux which occurs during flood events Gaonkar et al. [15]; Orth et al. [16]. Flux of nutrients during flooding can alter the rate of primary production in the aftermath of cyclone Murrell et al. [17]; Sarma et al. [18]. Thus, monitoring of water quality assumes high priority to understand the impact of cyclone on the hydrology and biodiversity of the lagoon.
Chilika lagoon is a highly sensitive and complex ecosystem especially due to large catchment size (3500 Km2). A variety of land-derived discharge flows into the lagoon through several rivers and their distributaries. The flood after the cyclone Phailin brought a huge amount of freshwater of different chemistry into the lagoon, which could have an adverse effect on the hydrology and water quality. As salinity and nutrients are vital parameters influencing and determining the ecology and biodiversity in coastal lagoon, these two parameters were studied in great details in relation to Phailin. The specific objectives of this study are to understand
i. The effect of Phailin on the nutrients inputs from major rivers that drain into Chilika lagoon and the influence of this input on the water quality of different sectors of the lagoon.
ii. The impact of Phailin on the salinity regime of the lagoon.
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Chilika lagoon (Figure 1) is a largest brackish water lagoon in Asia located on the east coast of India (19 28' 19 54' N and 85 06' 85 35' E). It is one of the most dynamic shallow ecosystems (average depth: 2m), about 65 km long and spreading parallel to the coastline in north east to south west direction with a varying width (reaching to average 20 km). There are 52 rivers and rivulets that drain fresh water and sediment into the lagoon. There are three inlets (showed as one in the figure, due to very small spatial distances ~300m) connected to sea through which saline water enters into the lagoon. Apart from this, lagoon through the Palur Canal (Figure 1) at the southern part of the lagoon connected to the sea, through Rushikulya estuary.
Sampling and Analysis
Sampling was carried out during September and October months of year 2013 from 30 different stations covering all four sectors: Southern (SS), Central (CS), Northern (NS) and outer channel (OC) (Figure 1). Simultaneously, samples were also collected from 11 major rivers streams that drain into Chilika lagoon. Surface water samples were collected using a 5L Niskin bottle. Nutrients [nitrate+nitrite (NO3+NO2), phosphate (PO4), and silicate (SiO2)] were estimated by nutrient auto analyser (SKALAR SANplus ANALYZER) following SKALAR methodology with the precisions of nitrate+nitrite ±0.02, 0.01, and 0.02 |imol, respectively. Temperature and pH and salinity were measured using water quality Checker (TOA DKK, WQC24). Chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and turbidity data were recorded using optical sensor in the sondes of data buoys (Multi-parameter water quality sonde; 6 Series; DATA BUOY; YSI, USA) deployed at each sector set to provide real-time water quality data at 15-minute intervals. Data of 30 days before and after Phailin were considered for correlation analysis.
Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the benthic community was made by adopting stringent methods described earlier Gosner et al. [19]; Holme et al. [20]. Sea grasses and freshwater macrophyte survey was carried out after three months of the cyclone, and identifications were made using taxonomic keys described earlier Campbell et al. [21]; Kanan et al. [22]. Using float method, long-term river discharge data was recorded everyday between years 2004-2013. Average discharge data of each month was considered for calculation of nutrient flux (discharge x nutrient concentration), as samples for nutrient analyses were collected only twice a month and average values were used for all calculations.
Result and Discussion
Phailin caused a drastic change in salinity gradient and nutrients status of Chilika lagoon. The extent of which varied depended on the flow rate and concentration of nutrients in the riverine inputs.
Physico-chemical parameters
Transparency of the entire lagoon decreased by 31% except SS of the lagoon where it remained almost same due to least freshwater inflow to this sector. The transparency decreased 1.35, 1.50 and 1.41 times in CS, NS, and OC, respectively. However, such significant change between the months (September and October) was not observed during 2012 (Tables 1a &1b). This could be attributed to the inflow of turbid water from rivers as well as mixing of bottom sediment due to wind-induced wave action caused by Phailin. Since the turbid water, inflow was highest in NS (Tables 1a & 1b) (Figure 2), this sector also experienced the lowest transparency Nixon et al. [23]. The pH in SS and CS was observed to increase significantly (Figure 2), which could be due to dominating primary production though there was a decrease, in transparency (Table 1b).
The production might have contributed by re-suspended benthic algae, which have better production than the pelagic algae Annual report [24]. This phenomenon was also evidenced with concurrent increase in chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen. Overall pH of the lagoon remained almost same however there was a significant decrease in DO concentration observed, could be attributed to surfing of lagoon water. This observation is unlike to that observed in other ecosystem affected by cyclonic events Bhatacharya et al. [3]; Mitra et al. [4]. Before Phailin, the Chlorophyll-a concentration was 3.2 μg L-1 which increased to 4.1 μg L-1 after Phailin. chlorophyll-a also showed a positive correlation with dissolved oxygen (r=0.28, p=0.0001) indicating that increase in oxygen was due to primary production rather than by surfing of water due to heavy winds Hull et al. [25]. A strong positive correlation (r=0.71, p=0.0001) between chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity further supported the fact that suspended particulates mostly contained Chlorophyll-a during the study period.
Salinity Variation in Chilika during the Monsoon
The salinity of the Chilika lagoon is predominantly controlled by the sea water exchange and river water discharge. Apart from these, Palur canal, which is connected to the sea through Rushikulya estuary, also raises salinity of the lagoon (Figure 1). Depending upon the freshwater influx of rivers, the salinity regimes were significantly different in each sector, which was evident from the multi-dimensional scale (MDS) plot (Figure 3). River discharge during the high-flow period was compared with average salinity ofthe whole lagoon recorded between years 2004 to 2013. There was a significant influence of river discharge on water quality of Chilika as evident from the regression analysis (r=0.2894, p=0.0144) (Figure 4). It was found that during the high river discharge period in years 2006, 2008 and 2013, the average salinity of the lagoon decreased, considerably.
The salinity recorded in monsoon (July to October) was examined and compared with recent observation from different sectors (Figure 5). Since 1999, during monsoon, the salinity of the lagoon varied between 4.6 to 11.9 with an average of 8.3, whereas during the non-monsoon period the salinity varied between 9.1 to 15 with an average of 12.7. The lowest salinity value observed during 2006 could be attributed to flood events that brought heavy freshwater discharge (Figure 3). Higher salinity of >11 during 2002, 2004 and 2005 could be due to late arrival of monsoon. The lowest salinity during 1999 was the indication of poor exchange of sea water with lagoon, which led to an opening of a new mouth during September 2000 Jayaraman et al. [26].
Spatial variation in salinity due to Phailin
The results of the present study revealed that during October 2013, the average salinity of the entire lagoon reached to a level of 1.72, which was the lowest ever recorded since 1999 for October month. After Phailin, the salinity of the lagoon decreased by 3.3 times and 4.8 times as compared to previous month i.e. September 2013 and previous year October 2012, respectively. Comparison of salinity of October 2013 with September 2013 indicated that the salinity of the NS remained almost same, whereas in OC maximum decrease in the salinity was observed. The decrease in salinity of SS, CS and OC was observed to be 7.1, 2.3, and 8 times respectively ((Figure 2)) (Table 1b). The decline in salinity was not only due to the freshwater riverine discharge but also from the massive rainfall after Phailin. The level of salinity decreased in October 2013 in following order: OC>SS> CS> NS as compared to the average values of October months of last 14 years (since 1999 to 2012) and the magnitude were 7.95, 2.47, 1.93, and 1.29 times, respectively. Since last 14 years, during October, average salinity in the OC, SS, CS and NS were 8, 8.8, 2.4, and 1.4 respectively. However, after Phailin, average salinity in the in the OC, SS, CS and NS decreased to 1.02, 3.56, 1.24, and 1.08, respectively. After Phailin, the salinity in SS and OC was found to be the lowest ever recorded in last 15 years, though there was a natural opening of a new mouth during the Phailin (Forest beat house) about 1 km northward to an earlier existing mouth at Gabakunda. The resultant all time low salinity in the lagoon could be attributed to unidirectional freshwater flow (from lagoon to sea) at the mouth.
Effect of Nutrient Flux from Major Rivers
There was a significant decrease in river nutrient concentration (except silicate) which caused dilution of nutrient concentrations in the lagoon (Table 1b) (Figure 2). A number of studies have reported high variability in the concentrations of these nutrients due to freshwater discharge Acharya et at. [27]; Bond et at. [28]; Sarma et at. [29]. After the Phailin, PO4 concentration in the lagoon showed 2.9 times decrease whereas silicate concentration increased by 2.94 times; being highest in NS and lowest in CS. There was a decrease in nitrate concentration (Table 1) observed after could be due to dilution effect however the increase in nitrate concentration has been reported for other ecosystems such as, Kannada coast Reddy et at. [5], Kalpakam Satpathy et at. [30], southwest coast of India and Sunder ban mangrove wetland ( Bhattacharya et at. [3]. In contrast, few studies have also reported no significant changes in the concentration of dissolved P with change in environmental conditions Meyer et at. [31]. However, the total fluxes of all nutrients were found to be increased 3.8 fold due to Phailin induced heavy rainfall. Total nutrient flux from the Mahanadi catchment contributed ~85% as compared to the western catchment (Table 2). During 2012, the variation in nutrient concentrations between September and October months was not significant (ANOVA, p > 0.05) but in 2013 it was found to be highly significant (ANOVA, p<0.05) indicated drastic changes in water chemistry due to cyclone.
Consequences of changes in water quality on biodiversity
Due to sudden fall in salinity decomposition and decrease of rich sea grass meadows of Halophila ovalis was observed. While, the appearance of freshwater weeds such as Chara sp. and Naja sp. in most parts of the SS could be considered as an effect of changes in salinity regime of the lagoon due to cyclone. Halophila ovalis is highly productive over a salinity range of 15 to 35 and can withstand salinity <10 up to one month Benjamin et al. [13]. Thus, the reduction in salinity after Phailin did not favour Halophila ovalis growth but promoted the proliferation of freshwater weed species. A significant variation in the macro benthic group composition and decrease in abundance were also observed after the Phailin which could be due to sudden drop in salinity and increase in turbidity in the water column Alongi et al. [32]; Murrel et al. [17] (Table 1b).
Among the macro benthic groups, benthic amphipod was found dominant in November 2013 while during the previous year, polychaetes group were dominant [33]. There were number of small juveniles of polychaetes and amphipods were noticed and their biomass was comparatively higher than the previous year (October 2012). This could be due to the presence of more molluscan species. Overall the benthic biomass and abundance was decreased from 44 to 40 gm m-2 and 365 to 241 nos. m-2 respectively after Phailin. Change in the dominant group indicated the possible influence of super cyclone Phailin on the bottom substratum of the Chilika lagoon.
Conclusion
The present study reported the immediate changes in water quality of lagoon due to Phailin such as increasing silicate concentration and dilution of PO4 and NO3+NO2. The salinity of the lagoon, remained lowest in SS and OC compared to last 15 years of record. The overall decrease in salinity and turbidity resulted in loss of sea grass meadows and proliferation of freshwater weeds as well as changes in benthic communities. The present study could be treated as baseline information for further research especially on the changes in water quality and diversity of zooplankton, phytoplankton, and benthic macro fauna after the cyclonic storm. The long-term study on these aspects will be helpful for understanding the recovery period and resilience of the coastal lagoons from such extreme weather events. This data and knowledge would be useful in modelling studies to predict the health of an ecosystem and accordingly management action could be planned to restore the ecosystem balance. As due to climate change the frequency of the extreme weather events like cyclone are likely to be exuberated.
Recommendations
Chilika lagoon, a shallow brackish water lagoon with an average depth of ~1.5 m is influenced by high seasonal fluctuation in water inflows and evaporation, changing its volume, significantly. This decides the residence time of water with nutrients influencing the biogeochemistry of the entire lagoon. High precipitation induced by severe cyclonic storm suddenly changes the water quality which ultimately has an adverse effect on the balance of an ecosystem. The change in water level is likely to affect important littoral macrophytes- lined fish spawning and nursery zones and important habitat for benthic fauna and pelagic component. Water quality of an aquatic ecosystem is a crucial indicator to understand the ecological health. The change in water quality has an immediate effect on the phytoplankton followed by zooplankton and fisheries. Hence, studies must be extended to plankton and their influence on the productivity and fishery diversity. In shallow ecosystem, during cyclonic events, heavy precipitation with river discharge also change the sediment texture and composition which might affect the benthic community structure. Thus long-term studies to understand the recovery period of the ecosystem (in terms of salinity, nutrient level, plank tonic structure, sea grass, benthic communities and fishery) is essential for the sustainable management, lake productivity, perpetual ecosystem services and biodiversity of the lagoon.
For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php
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