#patent act in india

[unitedworldipr]

Exploring the Patents Act

A Patent is an intellectual property right relating to inventions and is the grant of exclusive right, for a limited period, provided by the Government to the patent, in exchange for full disclosure of his invention, for excluding others from making, using, selling, importing the patented product or process producing that product. Novelty, Nonobviousness, and Utility are key determining factors while granting a patent.

[scotianostra]

The Scottish physician and inventor Neil Arnott was born on May 15th 1788.

Arnott, was born in the town of Arbroath, he  would become a very highly-regarded physician and show an inventiveness unusual for his era.

Misfortunes compelled the father, Alexander, to give up his farm and settle first at Blair and afterwards in Aberdeen. Neil was taught by his mother Ann, and at the parish school of Lunan, and in November 1798 entered Aberdeen grammar school. In 1801 he was entered as a student in the Marischal College, with a small bursary, where he remained during four sessions, and was especially interested by the lectures of Patrick Copland on natural philosophy. He graduated M.A. in 1805, and at once commenced the study of medicine in Aberdeen. He supported himself partly by acting as shop-assistant to a chemist.

By the age of 19 young Neil was a fully fledged surgeon and made two visits to China as surgeon for the British East India Company and then settled in London where his reputation would grow and grow.

He gave lectures at the Philomathic Institution and published these as Elements of physics. Arnott was one of the founders of the University of London, 1836. Within a few years he was made physician to the French and Spanish embassies, and in 1837 he became physician extraordinary to the Queen. He was elected to the Fellow of the Royal Society in 1838. He was a strong advocate of scientific, as opposed to purely classical, education.

Doctor Arnott gifted 2,000 pounds to each of the four universities of Scotland and to the University of London, to promote its study in the experimental and practical form.Of his inventions they included, a  Smokeless Fire-place, Chimney-valves, and “Other Means, Old and New of obtaining Healthful warmth and ventilation”  But is the final invention I find most interesting, he gave us the first form of waterbed. Dr Arnott’s Hydrostatic Bed, as it was known, had been created to help invalids avoid bedsores. A bath of water covered with rubber-impregnated canvas, and a lighter bedding on top, it worked a treat. The modest Arnott, however, didn’t choose to patent the idea, amazingly the waterbed was not actually patented until 1968 by an American furniture designer Charles Prior Hall, but oor Dr Arnott definitely came up with the idea first.

The water bed was first used in aid of medicine. In 1873, when Sir James Paget at St Bartholomew’s Hospital presented a waterbed designed by Arnott as a treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers (bed sores); a condition that was quite common in this era. Paget found that waterbeds allowed mattress pressure to be evenly distributed over the body. Unfortunately, this invention lacked the ability to regulate the temperature of the water.

And so we have another first from a Scot, the waterbed!

Neil Arnott died in London in 1874 but is buried with his mother in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

[dailyanarchistposts]

Against Agriculture: Sowing the Seeds of Resistance

For those of us conscious about the way our food choices affect others, the basic act of cutting out meat and/or dairy products, or eating only organic, feels like a huge step and is often as far as we can manage to take our concerns. But the politics of food go far beyond veganism and organics. Economic and social factors like the conditions of migrant farmworkers, or the low labor standards in most Agriculture in the global south, rarely influence our cultures’ purchasing decisions. Even organic farming often reproduces many of the same ecological and economic dynamics at work in commercial farming. What about the soil erosion from over-farming huge fields, even if crops are organic? (According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, topsoil is lost on average 17 times faster than it is formed, and it takes at least 100 years to form one inch of topsoil). The use of Slaughterhouse byproducts to replace the soil lost from heavy tilling, and the overuse of “biological” fungicides and herbicides, undoubtedly maintains an imbalance in the give and take relationship that forms the basis of ecological values.

The trends toward “natural food” and “organic” are quickly being co-opted, as green businesses consolidate their power and corner markets, gobbling up profits as they go. Consequently, these concepts are losing their meaning altogether. The notion of “sustainability” has been colonized by the profit-hungry. The biotechnology industry touts the term whenever they get the chance. Of course, what they are talking about is the sustainability of profits and the dependence of farmers on them, not sustainability of ecological systems and social bonds. So when we examine the idea of sustainability we should always define what ft is we are trying to sustain. If we are thinking of ecology and cultural survival, then we must remove the factors that contradict those: industrialism and capitalism, to start with.

To be against agriculture does not require advocating mass starvation or a return to an exclusively primitive or foraging existence, and it doesn’t lave to mean eradicating cultivated food altogether. We need to make a distinction between “agriculture” and other plant (aid possibly animal, although the ethics of the domestication of animals should be viewed with suspicion) “cultivation” methods that have been, and are continuously being developed by people around the world. The problem of agriculture is largely related to the scale. “Horticulture” refers to garden-scale cultivation rather than field-scale, as in the prefix “agri”. For example, permaculture is a specific cultivation method that aims to integrate die garden system into the wild ecosystem around it. Industrial farming (even organic) places the “field” — the monocrop — outside of our immediate surroundings, removing our social lives from the polycultural, intimacy of “the garden”. Subsistence horticulture doesn’t depend on industrial systems or take more than they give back ecologically, or even require specialization of labor, or long monotonous work hours. The most effective methods have always been diversified community efforts, which cut down on work hours as well as monotony.

When farmers in India plant a seed they pray for its endurance. But the “gene giants” have their sights trained on “terminator” technologies that break the seed’s reproductive cycle. Hybrid seeds produced in laboratory conditions are usually bred to retain certain characteristics patented by the breeder. If saved and replanted they will not show the same traits, and may turn out to be something weird and unpalatable. Open-pollinated seeds defy this controlled approach. When replanted for generations they adapt to local climate conditions, and develop a bioregionally distinct immunity. When saved for many generations they become Heirloom Seeds. For example, we have seeds that have been in circulation since Cherokee gardeners first grew and saved them hundreds of years ago, and took them on the Trail of Tears. They made their way back to the Southeast and to this day are still being passed around. The more they’re grown out, the more decentralized the seed becomes. These seeds are crucial to maintaining plant biodiversity. The reduction in varieties that comes with industrialization and capitalism has created a massive loss of genetic diversity (75% in the last century, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization), which weakens the plant’s insect blight and disease resistance, and their adaptability to changing growing conditions. The Irish potato famine was a direct result of the dependence on one variety. Breeders had to go back to the Andes to find a potato that would resist the blight. In the face of the elimination of ancient varieties in favor of more uniform crops that ship and store more efficiently, heirloom seeds are truly Seeds of Resistance. Check out Seed to Seed by Suzanne Ashworth for detailed instructions on seed saving.

Humanure and Greywater are traditionally used methods intended to keep nutrients in the garden ecosystem, thereby closing the circuit rather than requiring imported materials. As these methods are inherently non-capitalist and non-industrial, it would not be possible to adopt these practices (or to return to them, depending on how we look at it) beyond just a small privileged minority, within the capitalist market or the industrial model. True sustainability actually requires the subversion of those institutions.

On a personal level, we can take steps to re-establish foodways in our cultures by learning about our food, discovering what foods grow where and in what season — and where those foods originated. We should know where our food comes from and seek out food grown locally. We can seek out those with traditional knowledge, learn how to cook with whole foods, then teach others. We can learn about the wild edible plants that grow around us, and about the ancestral people who ate and propagated those foods. This knowledge provides us with an essential missing component that early horticultuialists combined with cultivation. (A great reference is the work of Steve Brill, an urban wild plant forager in New York City: www.wildmanstevebrill.com). Challenge your taste buds to appreciate foods in their natural state, and replace the junk foods you crave with natural sweets and snacks.

Reconnecting with our food goes beyond the personal. Taking food out of the capitalist market means reintegrating ourselves with the processes of growing food — whether that means getting to know local farmers and buying from them, getting involved in a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) or a food co-op, going to farmers markets, or even better — growing your own. These options increase the security of our access to healthy food, lessening our dependence on the market. In urban areas this can be much more challenging, but all the more rewarding if you can challenge the obstacles. For some inspiring examples of urban food security check out Www.foodsecurity.org. The Hartford Food System in Hartford, CT (www.hartfordfood.org) and The Food Project in Massachusetts (www.thefoodproject.org) are amazing examples of urban food security ] that truly challenge the class structures that keep people dependent on Agriculture.

The challenge of feeding ourselves ! sustainably might be the fundamental question for our future survival. There is not one path forward out of this mess, but many possible options, and we’ll have to make up a lot of it as we go. But our paths will be totally new and unique. Learning from the mistakes and the successes of the past is crucial to bringing the modern world back in direct relationship with nature, and the life-support systems on which we depend. We should celebrate the opportunity we have to examine and analyze what has worked and what has compromised our freedoms and our health, and move toward post-industrial and post-capitalist models of sustenance. Rather than an afterthought of social revolution, reclaiming truly sustainable foodways could itself be a catalyst for challenging the deep alienation of our modern world.

[youturningintodust]

Xena was lean, mean, man-killing machine, Mean Angry (technically Kinsey 5)-Dyke representation and I will always love them for giving that to us so goddamn much

When have we ever seen in fiction a woman having a past with, and THEN rejecting men so flatly, as Xena did with Ares towards the end?

Letting him know smugly that "Gabrielle got the job" of her child's father... Always mocking him to his face, and at one point telling him to just go die. (in 6x20.)

Even now, where are the righteous, man-killing lesbians on tv? They fully punished Villanelle for it in the final season of Killing Eve. (and technically as an undercurrent throughout the whole show (written as an evil act, always, vs Xena's moral righteousness, Robin Hood-style motivations).)

I feel so seeeeeen lol. Amazing that they did this in the 90s. I feel like there's no room for this kind of rep these days because everyone in mainstream writig is trying to be So PC about it all. My writing is about dykes rejecting and killing cis dudes and I need a publisher who won't handwring about Bad Representation and Upsetting the Hetero Allies~!

The really subversive part about this character is that the homophobic line of "she just hasn't tried the right guy yet" is patently false. She tried it, lived it, and in the end, it wasn't as good as her female soulmate. She consciously chose something else.

And it subverts the notion that "oh, well it's okay if you were just BORN fully gay and couldn't help it!" She wasn't. She "could have" been with a man and turned away from that. It didn't fulfill her as much, as shown by her life choices in the end. And, arguably, they were destined to meet each other and be soulmates in all lifetimes, through reincarnation, on a metaphysical level. So it was both choice AND nature, meant to happen. From the hetero incarnation shown in India - with Gabrielle as the man - to Mel and Janice - to Annie and Mattie in the modern day. Among other things, they showed us that a woman can have been with men, and STILL be destined to be with woman/a woman, forever. That's powerful.

God, I could go on. When has ANY show ever given us something this special, in general? Ever since?

[mariacallous]

This month the World Trade Organization threw in the towel on COVID-19. Medicines like Paxlovid have been plentiful in the U.S. and Europe, but because of insufficient supplies and high prices, hardly anyone in Africa, Asia, and Latin America has had access. After more than three years of debate, the WTO declared on Feb. 13 that it was unable to reach agreement on waiving global patent rules for COVID-19 treatment to ease the way for expanded production.

Those confused about why the WTO is even still debating COVID-19 nearly a year after the public health emergency was declared over by the World Health Organization can be forgiven. Not only is this slow speed not what the world needs in a pandemic, it is also not how the World Trade Organization is supposed to work, and begs questions on WTO’s relevance in a multi-crisis world. It also makes clear that responsibility for the global governance of pandemic-related technology and intellectual property cannot remain with the WTO.

As negotiations have reconvened this week in Geneva over a new Pandemic Treaty, the question of which organizations should manage the response is a live question. Some negotiators are pushing for a role for the world’s health ministers and the World Health Organization on intellectual property, but the U.S. negotiator and others say these questions should stay with the WTO. The WTO’s failure, though, make this an increasingly untenable position: If the WTO cannot act in a pandemic to remove patents barriers and promote sharing of technology so the world can produce enough medicines and vaccines, then the WHO must be empowered to do so.

When the World Trade Organization was created in 1995, it marked a fundamental change to international trade law. Where the international system it replaced had primarily dealt with flow of goods across borders, WTO rules expanded the definition of “trade” to include the intangible—including patents on pharmaceuticals. All members were required to enforce 20-year monopolies over making new medicines. As the late scholar Susan Sell described it, this was a remarkable act of “forum shifting.” Before that, patents (effectively government-granted monopolies) were not part of “free” trade. Into the 1970s, many rich countries such as Italy and Japan did not allow patents on medicines, and many developing countries like India, Brazil, and Mexico had continued to exclude medicines from patent monopolies into the 1990s. But they were convinced to expand intellectual property in the new WTO agreement with a promise of “technology transfer” and a requirement that wealthy countries incentivize their companies to share with least-developed countries. This has not gone as promised.

The first effective medicines in the AIDS pandemic arrived just as the WTO came into being. It quickly became clear this debate about globally enforceable intellectual property was life-or-death as patents proved a major barrier to access. Twelve million Africans died between 1997 and 2007 with AIDS medicines too expensive and pharmaceutical companies blocking affordable generic versions. Eventually manufacturers in India, Brazil, South Africa, and elsewhere overcame barriers and made the drugs at a 99 percent lower cost. Today 30 million people are on treatment and cutting-edge medicines costs less than $50 per year.

Did drug companies voluntarily relent? Unfortunately, no. Dozens of low- and middle-income country governments issued “compulsory licenses” forcing drug companies to allow local producers to make HIV medicines. Activists pressured companies to drop their price and share their technology. The WTO eventually agreed on the “Doha Declaration” clarifying WTO rules allowing countries “flexibilities” to make affordable medicines and special consideration during emergencies. It took over a decade, but eventually the Medicines Patent Pool was created to facilitate voluntary sharing of technology—though companies only joined because compulsory alternatives left them little choice.

When the pandemic hit, these structures to transfer technology were all available, but world leaders decided to only use the voluntary elements—an approach that failed spectacularly. Scientists delivered vaccines in record time. Highly effective mRNA vaccines were developed in under a year and treatments followed. Paxlovid proved among the most effective—a long-standing HIV drug combined with a new drug similar to HIV antiretrovirals. Costa Rica and the WHO proposed a mechanism to pool technology and patents even before medicines were developed and approved. Over 100 different drug and vaccine manufacturers around the world were prepared to make them, several even showing they could reverse engineer mRNA vaccines. But no drug company agreed to share its technology, and none of the governments where companies were based compelled them to.

With neither a relaxation of WTO rules nor enough voluntary sharing to enable factories in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to expand supply, global leaders backed a set of voluntary efforts for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). COVAX, the international effort to procure and equitably distribute vaccines, tried to secure vaccines from companies like Pfizer and Moderna. Predictably, however, COVAX quickly discovered high-income countries were locking up global supplies by using economic and political power to secure preferential access from companies. By the end of the first year, less than 1 percent of all vaccines had gone to low-income countries. Medicines fared no better. One analysis showed need for Paxlovid exceeded supply in LMICs by 8 million doses—leaving 90 percent without access. The lowest reported price was $250—200 percent of the average per capita spending on all health in lower middle-income countries.

These shortages had consequences. Analyses show as many as 27 million lives lost to the pandemic, many of which were preventable. Beyond the direct effect, dangerous coronavirus variants swept the world from contexts of high transmission and low vaccinated immunity. The pandemic has been longer and more damaging because of an artificially limited global supply of countermeasures.

Throughout this time the WTO was locked in debate. South Africa and India proposed a temporary waiver of WTO rules on all COVID-19 products during the pandemic. Pharmaceutical industry lobbyists cast this as a dangerous idea, launching a campaign against it claiming “voiding patents” would undermine innovation for pandemic products. In reality, a waiver does not take away IP rights. It simply suspends global rules temporarily, giving policymaking authority back to national governments to decide whether to enforce patents on pandemic-products during the pandemic without threat of WTO-linked sanctions. A waiver alone would not have solved the pandemic supply problem, which also required shared know-how and expanded manufacturing. But it would have removed threats of lawsuits for companies making financial and infrastructure investments in production lines and threat of sanctions from powerful states for governments allowing local production.

The WTO is supposed to be able to use mechanisms like waivers to respond to crises in a matter of weeks, not years. The Marrakesh Agreement explicitly includes a provision on waivers, stating the General Council must act within 90 days on a waiver request, assuming consensus, but falling back to a vote of three-fourths of members. Every year multiple WTO waivers are granted on issues from pharmaceuticals to diamonds to preferential trade for neighbors. But since 2020, the WTO’s efforts to pass a waiver in the middle of a world-changing event hit institutional and ideological roadblocks. Even as heads of state weighed in and wide swaths of the global economy depended on stopping the coronavirus, the institutional structure encouraged gridlock. Despite seemingly supportive law, the WTO’s structures encourage narrow interest-group politics, excluding actors with a broader public interest and economic agenda.

Narrowly-focused intellectual property negotiators framed the COVID-19 issue in ways that insulated negotiators, focused on footnotes and eligibility instead of stopping the pandemic, and gave an effective veto to trade negotiators from a few states with strong pharmaceutical lobbies. By the time the 12th WTO Ministerial Conference rolled around in June 2022, a simple pandemic-long waiver proposed two years earlier had morphed into a complicated mechanism that several developing countries declared unworkable. It only covered vaccines, pushing treatments to further negotiations. Eight months of more negotiations yielded no further progress, leading to the WTO’s declaration of no agreement last week.

It is time for a new forum shift. Negotiations over a new Pandemic Treaty are intensifying as negotiators hope for a May conclusion. The draft agreement includes a commitment to waive intellectual property during a pandemic and to use WTO flexibilities to produce pandemic-fighting products. These are the minimum steps to make the whole world safer. President Joe Biden already supported a patent waiver during the pandemic and is using these flexibilities at home, including “march-in” rights to limit patent monopolies on high-priced drugs in the U.S. The U.S. negotiator’s opposition suggests misaligned foreign policy.

But the agreement should go further. Given the WTO’s repeated failure, the new agreement should shift authority to waive patent rules to the World Health Assembly. And it should include a binding agreement to share publicly funded technologies for global production. States delegated authority to the WTO, which has proved a barrier rather than an asset in pandemics. Taking it back is just good governance.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.16 (before 1910)

632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sasanian dynasty (modern Iran). 1407 – Ming–Hồ War: Retired King Hồ Quý Ly and his son King Hồ Hán Thương of Hồ dynasty are captured by the Ming armies. 1487 – Battle of Stoke Field: King Henry VII of England defeats the leaders of a Yorkist rebellion in the final engagement of the Wars of the Roses. 1632 – The Plymouth Company granted a land patent to Thomas Purchase, the first settler of Pejepscot, Maine, settling at the site of Fort Andross. 1745 – War of the Austrian Succession: New England colonial troops under the command of William Pepperrell capture the Fortress of Louisbourg in Louisbourg, New France (Old Style date). 1746 – War of the Austrian Succession: Austria and Sardinia defeat a Franco-Spanish army at the Battle of Piacenza. 1755 – French and Indian War: The French surrender Fort Beauséjour to the British, leading to the expulsion of the Acadians. 1760 – French and Indian War: Robert Rogers and his Rangers surprise French held Fort Sainte Thérèse on the Richelieu River near Lake Champlain. The fort is raided and burned. 1779 – American Revolutionary War: Spain declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Great Siege of Gibraltar begins. 1795 – French Revolutionary Wars: In what became known as Cornwallis's Retreat, a British Royal Navy squadron led by Vice Admiral William Cornwallis strongly resists a much larger French Navy force and withdraws largely intact, setting up the French Navy defeat at the Battle of Groix six days later. 1811 – Survivors of an attack the previous day by Tla-o-qui-aht on board the Pacific Fur Company's ship Tonquin, intentionally detonate a powder magazine on the ship, destroying it and killing about 100 attackers. 1815 – Battle of Ligny and Battle of Quatre Bras, two days before the Battle of Waterloo. 1819 – A major earthquake strikes the Kutch district of western India, killing over 1,543 people and raising a 6-metre-high (20 ft), 6-kilometre-wide (3.7 mi), ridge, extending for at least 80 kilometres (50 mi), that was known as the Allah Bund ("Dam of God"). 1824 – A meeting at Old Slaughter's coffee house in London leads to the formation of what is now the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). 1836 – The formation of the London Working Men's Association gives rise to the Chartist Movement. 1846 – The Papal conclave of 1846 elects Pope Pius IX, beginning the longest reign in the history of the papacy. 1858 – Abraham Lincoln delivers his House Divided speech in Springfield, Illinois. 1871 – The Universities Tests Act 1871 allows students to enter the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham without religious tests (except for those intending to study theology). 1883 – The Victoria Hall theatre panic in Sunderland, England, kills 183 children. 1884 – The first purpose-built roller coaster, LaMarcus Adna Thompson's "Switchback Railway", opens in New York's Coney Island amusement park. 1897 – A treaty annexing the Republic of Hawaii to the United States is signed; the Republic would not be dissolved until a year later. 1903 – The Ford Motor Company is incorporated. 1903 – Roald Amundsen leaves Oslo, Norway, to commence the first east–west navigation of the Northwest Passage. 1904 – Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolay Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland. 1904 – Irish author James Joyce begins a relationship with Nora Barnacle and subsequently uses the date to set the actions for his novel Ulysses; this date is now traditionally called "Bloomsday".

[pathofregeneration]

Spiritual Progress — part III

“Many persons seem to think that adeptship is not so much the results of radical development as of additional construction; they seem to imagine that an Adept is a man, who, by going through a certain plainly defined course of training, consisting of minute attention to a set of arbitrary rules, acquires first one power and then another; and when he has attained a certain number of these powers is forthwith dubbed an adept. Acting on this mistaken idea they fancy that the first thing to be done towards attaining adeptship is to acquire ‘powers’—clairvoyance and the power of leaving the physical body and travelling to a distance, are among those which fascinate the most.

To those who wish to acquire such powers for their own private advantage, we have nothing to say; they fall under the condemnation of all who act for purely selfish ends. But there are others, who, mistaking effect for cause, honestly think that the acquirement of abnormal powers is the only road to spiritual advancement. These look upon our [Theosophical] Society as merely the readiest means to enable them to gain knowledge in this direction, considering it as a sort of occult academy, an institution established to afford facilities for the instruction of would-be miracle-workers. In spite of repeated protests and warnings, there are some minds in whom this notion seems ineradicably fixed, and they are loud in their expressions of disappointment when they find that what had been previously told them is perfectly true; that the Society was founded to teach no new and easy paths to the acquisition of ‘powers’; and that its only mission is to re-kindle the torch of truth, so long extinguished for all but the very few, and to keep that truth alive by the formation of a fraternal union of mankind, the only soil in which the good seed can grow. The Theosophical Society does indeed desire to promote the spiritual growth of every individual who comes within its influence, but its methods are those of the ancient Rishis, its tenets those of the oldest Esotericism; it is no dispenser of patent nostrums composed of violent remedies which no honest healer would dare to use.

In this connection we would warn all our members, and others who are seeking spiritual knowledge, to beware of persons offering to teach them easy methods of acquiring psychic gifts; such gifts (laukika) are indeed comparatively easy of acquirement by artificial means, but fade out as soon as the nerve-stimulus exhausts itself. The real seership and adeptship which is accompanied by true psychic development (lokothra), once reached, is never lost.

It appears that various societies have sprung into existence since the foundation of the Theosophical Society, profiting by the interest the latter has awakened in matters of psychic research, and endeavouring to gain members by promising them easy acquirement of psychic powers. In India we have long been familiar with the existence of hosts of sham ascetics of all descriptions, and we fear that there is fresh danger in this direction, here [in India], as well as in Europe and America. We only hope that none of our members, dazzled by brilliant promises, will allow themselves to be taken in by self-deluded dreamers, or, it may be, wilful deceivers.”

— H.P. Blavatsky, Collected Writings

* * *

Shiva Ascetic in Levitation (c. 1820) — from the series Ascetics Performing Tapas, Collection of the British Museum

[usafphantom2]

Russia registers patent for the biplace version of the Su-57

The patent received by UAC is for an aircraft that will act as a multifunctional air control center

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 11/21/2021 - 11:40am Military

United Aircraft Corporation has received a patent for a two-seater multifunctional aircraft for use as an air control center and ensuring interaction between aviation and military formations using network-centric methods to control weapon objects on the battlefield.

The aircraft concept was developed at the Sukhoi Design Bureau. Patent RU2807624 was registered by the Federal Intellectual Property Service on November 17, 2023.

It is assumed that the aircraft can also be used as a control point for unmanned aerial vehicles, which is achieved through a wide range of means of communication, including satellite, high-speed communication channel and installation of equipment for the transmission of information in a group over long periods and distances.

The rear cabin of the two-seater aircraft is optimized to perform the functions of gun operator and air command post, its information field is provided by an enlarged panoramic aviation indicator and an additional indicator to increase the operator's field of work. In addition, controls are installed to transfer control priority from one cabin to another.

The equipment in the co-pilot's cabin allows you to quickly receive information from various external sources, both air, land and sea, analyze it on board the aircraft and issue recommendations or commands for the group's aircraft to carry out a combat mission, taking into account their fuel reserves and combat equipment.

An increase in flight range and duration is achieved due to a 10% higher capacity of fuel tanks compared to the prototype, as well as the placement of detachable fuel tanks ?? in the aircraft's cargo compartments. The increase in the transverse area of the cabin in relation to the prototype allows the installation of large multifunctional indicators on the instrument panel for display of various tactical and flight information, as well as equipment for separate control of the aircraft systems between the cabins.

Composite materials are widely used in aircraft design, which ensures high weight efficiency. To increase the level of stealth, radar signal-absorbing materials and coatings are used. The tail, ?? together with the use of an integral load-bearing fuselage and engines with deflectable thrust vectorization, it helps to ensure supermaneuverability by expanding the range of altitudes and flight speeds. To further increase stability, ventral crests are installed at the bottom of the tail.

Based on the designs presented in the patent, it can be assumed that the prototype of the multifunctional air control center is the fifth-generation Su-57 fighter. However, the patent summary indicates that the aircraft of the Su-30MK family are the closest. Common features include an integral aerodynamic layout with a smooth wing and fuselage coupling, a fully movable horizontal tail console and a vertical tail console.

The invention of the Sukhoi Design Bureau aims to create a multifunctional two-seater aircraft, with an integral aerodynamic configuration and low level of radar signature, designed to destroy aerial, ground and surface targets with guided and unguided weapons, capable of acting as an airborne command post for network-oriented actions of mixed groups of aircraft and, as a consequence, with a significantly higher level of combat effectiveness.

Su-57 biplace proposal for the Indian Air Force, designated FGFA.

The two-seat stealth aircraft was a requirement for India when the two sides signed an agreement for the joint development and production of the fifth-generation fighter aircraft -FGFA (as the Su-57 was known at the time) in 2008. However, India gave up the agreement in 2018, after delays in the development of crucial technologies by the Russian side, but maintained the possibility of joining again in the future.

Tags: Military AviationRussiaSukhoi Su-57 Felon

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Fernando Valduga

Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Dayton Airshow and FIDAE. He has work published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work in the world of aviation.

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[maryisis]

Black Cumin Seed Oil: Uses & Benefits of this Powerful Medicine

(FYI-This is a blog I wrote years ago for my friend Sky Kubby's online store/blog "Medicinal Foods" and I just realized I never actually posted the blog on my own blog! I absolutely love Black Cumin Seed oil and believe in its healing powers.... Enjoy!)

Being a native to the Middle East and South West Asia, the cultivation of this Nigella sativa can be traced back over 3, 000 years, to Ancient Egypt. This seed is actually not even related to the “Cumin” seed that we know of, which resembles caraway, so its name can be misleading. 

Even the prophet Mohammed proclaimed Black Seed as “a remedy for all diseases except death.” Black Seeds with honey, an ancient recipe, which was found in King Tutankhamen’s tomb, is still used my many people to this day for digestion, respiratory ailments and more.

Black Seeds are used in many dishes in the Middle East, as well as India, yet it is argued by some that the cooking of the seeds may decrease some of the medicinal aspects.  Others believe that the tempering of the spice is what brings out the medicinal qualities.

Consuming the ground up black seeds can be helpful for easing digestive troubles, flatulence, clearing parasites, and have also become an alternative treatment to battling cancer. However, many prefer the oil for economic reasons and wider range of use. Simply, with the oil, you can get more of a potent dose with a smaller amount.

There are so many potential nourishing and restorative qualities of this precious oil, but one needs to know what to look for as the consumer to get a good product. 

First of all, be sure the oil you use is cold pressed and organic, to assure the integrity and purity. 

Second, due to certain chemical constituents present in the oil, such as the Omega fatty acids, this oil (similarly to flax oil) should not be heated as these constituents can be chemically altered and become disadvantageous to the body. 

Third, the proper storage of this oil would be in a dark colored, preferably glass bottle and to keep it cool or refrigerate it, especially after opening. A daily recommended dose is 1 teaspoon of oil, and for more medicinal effects, not around too much food. 

It can be taken in capsules, or simply swallowed from a spoon. Using this oil on the skin and hair is deeply nourishing, however the smell is quite strong (in a spicy and savory way) so combining essential oils may help to create a most supreme healing, anointing oil. 

Autoimmune disease and cancer are huge problems in today’s society. Thymoquinone, one of the chemical constituent in Black Seed Oil, is of great interest to scientists, because its been shown to actually kill cancer cells, act as an anti-inflammatory and stimulate Opioid receptors which could help treat or prevent food allergies.

Even the big corporation Nestlé applied for a patent in 2010 which would protect their extraction process and the use of this chemical from Nigella sativa, which expectedly caused mass protest and controversy from upset people who felt a big corporation should not be able to own and control a natural chemical or people’s right to use it.

The knowledge and use of Black Seed Oil is becoming very common these days, just look it up on the internet! 

There are oil pulling blends which use this oil , luxurious body washes, and even a “Kardashian Beauty” brand of oil for the hair! 

The truth is, this oil alone can be used for a wide range of things, and is revered by the ancient and modern healers and scientists.

Lastly, I'd like to leave the readers with an image of this beautiful flower from which these precious black seeds come from. It may look familiar to you because, perhaps, its relative "Love in a mist" flower is already growing in your garden. If so, why not make some space in there for Nigella sativa too.

References:

sciencedirect.com aritcle

theblessedseed.com/learn-more/history/

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583426/

wakeup-world.com/2013/01/02/black-cumin-seed-oil-the-miracle-oil/

wellnessmama.com/37127/black-seed-oil-benefits/

[hydrofittings]

Hydraulic Manifold valve manufacturer in india by hydrofittings

In addition, an Air Manifold With Valves allows the set up of more than one solenoid valves in a centralized vicinity. A unmarried air deliver and port are shared by means of numerous valves. Manifold take a look at Valve acts as a primary distribution point for aircraft that have dual dry air pumps. If one pump of Manifold Pneumatic fails it’s miles designed to isolate the failed pump and provide continuous airflow from the operating pump. Water Manifold With Valves is designed to distribute water and has built-in ports in a section of pipe. They act as manage facilities of water distribution within the house. Solenoid Valve Manifold has a most preferred stress of 6000 psi at a hundred ranges F and has a mounting hollow that enables inside the self-supporting software. Hydraulic Valve Manifold Has a stainless steel pin that forestalls the bonnet from detaching itself from the frame due to vibration. Ball Valve Manifold has a burr-loose thread that reduces inner floor leaks accordingly offering accurate transmitter read. No O-ring is used bonnet to body pressure Transmitter Manifold seal. It is a steel-to-metallic seal. Hydraulic Valve Manifold Block has the choice of panel mounting. There are one of a kind sorts of Manifold Valves to be had within the market but the maximum typically used ones are the two valve, three valve, and 5 valve assemblies. Swagelok Manifold is designed mainly for liquid stage, static stress, and differential stress packages. Smc Valve Manifold has a blended isolating and venting in a single valve that eliminates the want for tubing and fitting. Festo Valve Manifold is simple to gather and set up and is dependable. They’ve dirt caps fitted on them that comprise stem lubricant and save you the ingress of contaminants. Rosemount 305 Manifold gets rid of the need for a flange because it suits immediately to the patented Rosemount. Why to choose hydrofittings ? About us – The briefcase of our company consists of numerous additions which include, – clever hydraulics, engineering, and digital answers. With the guide of 80 personnel, our company works like a well-oiled system to deliver most effective the very best fine product to our buyers. Proper from the responsibly sourced product by way of our procurement team to our nice manage team, many agencies have lauded our work. And that they admire the fact that we’re transparent in all our dealings. With a properly-mounted channel of communique, our customers can connect with us anytime. Our control and our body of workers, together form a competent and ambitious crew. The readability and high stage of performance make us one of the most modern but sought after manufacturers. And because we fee initiative behavior, we adore to have our studies and development crew collaborate with the opposite teams to recognize the current requirements of the hour. We frequently have checking out and great exams to maintain brilliant requirements.

An global provider of

TO KNOW MORE ABOUTS US VISITE OUR WEBSITE www.hydrofittings.com

[setindiabizipr]

A Step-by-Step Guide to Copyright Registration in India: Online Copyright Registration Made Easy

In today's digital age, protecting your original works is more important than ever. Copyright registration is the best way to safeguard your creations and prevent others from using them without your permission.

In India, the Copyright Act, 1957, governs copyright laws, and the Copyright Office handles the registration process. In this step-by-step guide, we will take you through the copyright registration procedure in India, with a focus on online copyright registration.

Step 1: Determine the Eligibility of Your Work

Before you apply for copyright registration, you need to ensure that your work is eligible for protection. Under the Copyright Act, original literary, artistic, musical, and dramatic works, as well as films and sound recordings, are eligible for copyright protection. The work must be original and created by the author or with the author's permission.

Read also: Types of Copyright

Step 2: Prepare the Copyright Application

Once you have determined the eligibility of your work, the next step is to prepare the copyright application. The application form can be downloaded from the Copyright Office website or obtained in person from the office. You need to fill in the required details, including the title of the work, the name of the author, and the date of creation.

Step 3: Submit the Copyright Application Online

The Copyright Office has made it easy to apply for copyright registration online. You can submit your copyright application through the Copyright Office website using the e-filing facility. This option saves time and eliminates the need to visit the Copyright Office in person.

Step 4: Pay the Required Fees

After submitting the copyright application, you need to pay the required fees. The fees vary depending on the type of work and the mode of application. You can pay the fees online through the Copyright Office website using a credit or debit card, or through a challan in a designated bank.

Step 5: Track the Copyright Application

After submitting the copyright application, you can track the status of your application online. The Copyright Office provides an online tracking system that allows you to check the progress of your application. This feature enables you to know the status of your application, such as whether it has been received, processed, or approved.

Step 6: Receive Your Copyright Registration Certificate

If your copyright application is approved, the Copyright Office will issue a copyright registration certificate. This certificate is a legal proof of ownership of the copyright and can be used as evidence in case of any copyright infringement. You can download the copyright registration certificate online from the Copyright Office website.

Conclusion:

Online copyright registration is a fast and convenient way to protect your original works in India. By following the above steps, you can ensure that your work is registered and protected under the law. 

We hope this step-by-step guide has helped you understand the copyright registration process in India. If you have any questions or require further assistance, please feel free to contact us.

Also check-

Trademark Registration in India

Patent Search Services in India

[seemabhatnagar]

Ratification of an act by the competent authority binds the Principal legally

Municipal Commissioner Jamnagar, Municipal Corporation & Anr. v. R M Doshi

Decided on 02.05.2023 by Supreme Court of India

 Fact: This is a case where a Civil Engineer R M Doshi, (Respondent in this case) working with Municipal Corporation Jamnagar was found to have committed certain #irregularities with respect to execution of work within the Municipal Corporation of Jamnagar. #Charge sheet was issued against him to which he didn’t agreed. #Departmentalinquiry was initiated and inquiry report was provided to him along with the notice as to why major penalty be not issued under Gujrat Civil Services Rules 1971. Respondent replied to the show cause notice. Respondent was #dismissed by Commissioner Municipal Corporation.

#Dismissalorder as well as the authority of the #Commissioner was #challenged before Single Judge of Gujrat High Court. Single judge held that the Resolution passed by the General Board of the Jamnagar Municipal Corporation did not empower the Municipal Corporation to initiate and/or to conclude the disciplinary proceedings for the alleged irregularities or negligence in the present case.

Single Judge set aside the order of dismissal passed by the Commissioner solely on the ground that the Commissioner had no authority and/or power to impose any major penalty upon the respondent for the misconduct proved.

The order of the Single Judge was challenged in #LetterpatentAppeal before Division Bench of the Gujrat High Court. The Division Bench of The High Court confirmed the order of the Single Judge and dismissed the Letter Patent Appeal

Aggrieved by the dismissal of Letter Patent Appeal, #CivilAppeal was filed before the #ApexCourt.

Issue: The Municipal Commissioner who passed the order of dismissal had no power / authority to impose the penalty of dismissal on the respondent.

Argument on behalf of the Municipal Corporation: Resolution authorized the Commissioner to pass the final order of penalty and the said delegation covers all kinds of works including purchases and other execution of work in which it is found that the officer has committed irregularity and/or had acted in a negligent manner.

It is submitted that in any case, thereafter, the decision of the Commissioner to dismiss the respondent from service was placed before the General Board and the General Board subsequently ratified the action taken by the Commissioner. It is submitted that even if the order passed by the Commissioner can be said to be invalid, the same is be ratified subsequently and the defect is said to have been cured.

Observation of the Apex court

i. In the Departmental proceedings charges and the misconduct alleged against the respondent have been proved, which has been even confirmed by the learned Single judge.

ii. However, thereafter, solely on the ground that the Commissioner, who passed the order of dismissal had no power / authority to impose the penalty of dismissal on the respondent has quashed the order of dismissal with all consequential benefits and the same has been confirmed by the Division Bench.

iii. Any irregularity complained of by the respondent on the authority exercised by the Commissioner to dismiss him stood ratified by the competent authority (General Board) thereby making an invalid act a lawful one in conformity with the procedure prescribed under the Act and the Rules.

Decision: The Division Bench of the Hon’ble Apex Court comprising Hon’ble Mr. Justice M R Shah J & Hon’ble Mr. Justice J B Pardiwala J quashed and set aside the order passed by Single Judge of Gujrat High Court as well as the order passed in Letters Patent Appeal by the Division Bench of the Gujrat High Court.

It was further submitted that the decision of the Commissioner to dismiss the respondent from service was placed before the General Board and the General Board of the Corporation vide its subsequent resolution, ratified the action taken by the Commissioner. The said ratification relates back to the order of dismissal passed by the Commissioner and the defect is cured after ratification.

Seema Bhatnagar

[shekhawatlaw]

Best Patent Law Firms In India by Shekhawat Law

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. To get a patent, technical information about the invention must be disclosed to the public in a patent application in India.

History Of Patent Law In India

The history of Patent law in India starts from 1911 when the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 was enacted.

The Patents Act, of 1970 is the legislation that to date governs patents in India. It first came into force in 1972.

The Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trademarks or CGPDTM is the body responsible for the Indian Patent Act.

The Patent Office has its headquarters in Calcutta and has branches in New Delhi, Chennai, and Mumbai. The office of the CGPDTM is based in Mumbai. Nagpur hosts the office of the Patent Information System and also the National Institute for Intellectual Property Management.

The Controller General supervises the Act’s administration and also offers advice to the government on related matters.

The Patents Act was repeatedly amended in 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2006 respectively. These amendments were required to make the Patents Act TRIPS compliant. TRIPS stands for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.

The major amendment in the Patent Act was in 2005 when product patents were extended to all fields of technology like food, drugs, chemicals, and microorganisms. The Rules under the Patent Act were also amended in 2012, 2013, and 2014.

Unpacking the Role of Patent Law Firms

Patent law firms play a crucial role in the patent lifecycle, from conception to grant and beyond. Their core services can be broadly categorized into:

Patent drafting and prosecution: This involves crafting a watertight patent application that clearly defines your invention and fulfills all legal requirements. The firm will then liaise with the Indian Patent Office, handling communication, responding to objections, and ultimately guiding your application through the granting process.

Patent infringement analysis and litigation: Should your patent be infringed upon, the firm will assess the situation, advising you on the best course of action. This may involve initiating litigation, negotiating settlements, or even pursuing post-grant proceedings to defend your patent rights.

Patent portfolio management: A comprehensive patent strategy goes beyond securing a single patent. Firms can help you develop a robust portfolio, analyze existing patents, identify white spaces in the market, and plan for future inventions.

Licensing and technology transfer: If you wish to monetize your invention, the firm can assist in drafting licensing agreements, identifying potential licensees, and negotiating terms that maximize your profit and protect your IP.

Also, Read Our Related Blogs on What Intellectual Property Law 

Investing in Protection

Engaging a patent law firm is an investment in your invention's future. Their expertise can be the difference between securing valuable patent rights and seeing your hard work go unprotected. With the right guidance, you can navigate the intricate world of patent law and unlock the full potential of your innovation.

Further Exploration

This blog is merely a stepping stone. To delve deeper, consider exploring online resources like the website of the Controller General of Patents & Designs, professional associations like the Institute of Patent Attorneys of India, and online directories that list patent law firms based on their expertise and location.

Remember, protecting your invention is vital for long-term success. By understanding the role of the Best Patent law Firms in India and carefully choosing the right one, you can chart a course to securing your intellectual property and turning your ideas into tangible rewards.

This blog offers a comprehensive overview of patent law firms in India for educational purposes. It explores their roles, services, and considerations for choosing the right firm, and encourages further exploration of resources. Feel free to adapt and expand on this information to cater to your specific needs and audience. Remember, clarity, accuracy, and engaging language are key to creating an informative and valuable resource for anyone navigating the world of patent law in India.

[mykhuranaandkhurana-blog]

Patents are territorial rights and if a patent application is filed in more than one country, there are certain steps that need to be taken, to attain protection for such a patent in India

[whizlegalnoida]

Patent dispute law firm for NRI in India

Navigating Patent Disputes in India: A Guide for NRIs

Introduction

The rise of globalization has expanded business opportunities, but it has also increased the complexity of intellectual property (IP) laws. For Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) with interests in India, understanding patent law is crucial. India’s patent system, governed by the Patents Act, 1970, has evolved significantly, and with it, the landscape of patent disputes. This blog aims to provide NRIs with essential insights into handling patent disputes in India, including key legal considerations and strategies for effective resolution.

Understanding Patent Disputes

What Is a Patent Dispute?

A patent dispute arises when there are disagreements over the validity, infringement, or ownership of a patent. Common issues include:

Infringement: Unauthorized use of a patented invention.

Invalidity: Challenges to the validity of a patent based on prior art or other grounds.

Ownership: Disputes over who holds the patent rights.

Why NRIs Should Care

For NRIs with patents in India or interests in Indian companies holding patents, understanding how to navigate these disputes is critical. Patent disputes can impact revenue, market position, and international relations, making it essential to address them promptly and effectively.

The Patent Dispute Resolution Process in India

1. Pre-Litigation Strategies

Before initiating litigation, consider these steps:

Patent Audit: Review your patent portfolio and evaluate the strength of your patents.

Cease and Desist Letters: Address potential infringements before escalating to court.

Negotiation: Engage in discussions with the opposing party to reach a settlement.

2. Litigation

If pre-litigation strategies do not resolve the dispute, litigation may be necessary. The Indian court system handles patent disputes, with the following steps:

Filing a Complaint: Initiate legal proceedings by filing a complaint with the relevant court.

Evidence Collection: Gather and present evidence to support your claims.

Trial and Judgment: The court will review the case, and a judgment will be issued.

3. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

ADR methods, such as arbitration and mediation, offer a less formal approach to resolving disputes and can be quicker and more cost-effective than traditional litigation.

Key Considerations for NRIs

1. Jurisdiction and Venue

Determine which Indian courts have jurisdiction over your case. The choice of venue can impact the outcome, so understanding local regulations and court practices is essential.

2. Legal Representation

Engage a reputable law firm with experience in patent disputes and a deep understanding of both Indian and international patent laws. A local firm with expertise in handling NRI cases can be invaluable.

3. Cultural and Legal Differences

Be aware of the cultural and legal differences between your home country and India. Understanding these nuances can aid in navigating the legal process and avoiding common pitfalls.

4. Documentation and Compliance

Ensure that all patent-related documentation is complete and compliant with Indian regulations. Proper documentation can be crucial in both preventing and resolving disputes.

Finiscope: Your Partner in Patent Dispute Resolution

At Finiscope, we specialize in providing comprehensive legal solutions for NRIs involved in patent disputes in India. Our team of experienced attorneys understands the intricacies of Indian patent law and offers tailored strategies to address your specific needs. Whether you’re dealing with infringement issues, challenging a patent’s validity, or resolving ownership disputes, Finiscope is here to guide you through every step of the process.

Why Choose Finiscope?

Expertise: Our attorneys have extensive experience in patent law and dispute resolution.

Personalized Service: We offer customized legal strategies based on your unique situation.

Global Perspective: We understand the complexities faced by NRIs and provide solutions that align with international standards.

Conclusion

Navigating patent disputes in India can be complex, especially for NRIs. However, with the right knowledge and legal support, you can effectively manage and resolve these issues. At Finiscope, we are committed to providing expert guidance and ensuring that your patent interests are protected. For more information or to discuss your case, contact us today.

for more information

[kanakkupillai-trademark]

A Comprehensive Guide to Design Registration in Coimbatore: Step-by-Step Process

Understanding Design Registration in Coimbatore

Design registration in Coimbatore is a crucial legal process that protects a product's unique visual appearance or ornamental design. In Coimbatore, as in the rest of India, registering a design involves several steps and requirements to ensure intellectual property rights are upheld and maintained.

What is Design Registration?

Design registration grants exclusive rights to the creator of a design, preventing others from using, copying, or producing the design without permission. In Coimbatore, the process is governed by the Designs Act of 2000, which outlines the procedures and requirements for obtaining design protection.

Importance of Design Registration

Registering a design in Coimbatore offers several benefits:

Legal Protection: It provides legal backing against unauthorised use of the design.

Exclusive Rights: The registrant gains exclusive rights to use and license the design.

Commercial Advantage: It enhances the marketability and value of the product, deterring competitors from copying.

Process of Design Registration in Coimbatore

Pre-filing Search: Search to ensure the design is unique and not already registered.

Filing Application: Apply with necessary documents to the Design Wing of the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trademarks (CGPDTM) in Coimbatore.

Examination: The application undergoes examination to check compliance with legal requirements and uniqueness criteria.

Publication: The design will be published in the official gazette if approved.

Opposition: Third parties can oppose the design registration in Coimbatore within a specified period.

Registration: Upon successful completion of all requirements, the design is registered, and a certificate is issued.

Duration and Renewal

In Coimbatore, design registration is valid for ten years and renewable for another five years upon application and payment of prescribed fees.

Conclusion

Design registration in Coimbatore is a strategic step for creators and businesses to protect their innovative designs and gain a competitive edge in the market. Understanding the process and complying with legal requirements ensures that intellectual property rights are safeguarded effectively.