#pid controller explained

[viskarenvisla]

Where the Shadows Lie: Chapter 2 - Five Seconds of Eternal Spring

There was something about the chase - no, not the chase, the totally-not-creepy approach - that already felt romantic. She wandered back toward the reference stacks, where the shadows drew long and illumination bloomed from dim 1980s desk lamps. I felt like I was following her through a place that was at once an enchanted forest, but also the school library.

I meant it quite literally.

Vines and ivy twisted among the bookshelves, disappearing up into the ceiling, curled around glowing blue stones. I saw bizarre, long-limbed figures crawling amidst them, little dibbuks or something with oversized noses and pointed ears on unknowable missions. 

A…troll? Was it a troll? Something big and brutal-jawed with beady black eyes and sloped shoulders leans forward to pick through painting catalogues, mumbling unintelligibly to the crow-feathered girl scanning a QR code.

I ignored them, following the gentle percussion of Tessa’s shod hooves around another stack. I reached one of those towering walls of tomes the library curates but few people seem to stumble across. Their age could be measured in triple digits, and a slender iron ladder on wheels was required to reach up to the higher levels…how was that not a bold-faced defiance of OSHA?

Lanterns hung from the ceiling, limning her in pale light as she stood on one of those ladders a few meters above me. 

I was engrossed by the sight of her, and I will not pretend like I’m a man of decency…I dared an errant peek under her skirt and felt my breath hitch at the sight of that bright purple thong gracing her hips; I could see the swell of her sex pressed against the fabric, the shape of bulbous labia beneath. 

Quickly shifting my attention from between her thighs to something less obviously perverse, I cleared my throat to get her attention.

Grab the bull by the horns.

The garden of my woes overflowed with problems, spilling forth unattended into the orderly, if barren estate of my life. 

Lasciviously pink purslane danced in bands across the courtyard of my mind, as Tessa waltzed gracefully through my thoughts…I could practically taste her, right on the tip of my tongue.

A black bramble of fear spiderwebbed outward from mildew-ringed puddles of rainwater…my stalker’s blank visage stared up at me from the puddle…not a reflection, but somehow omnipresent in the water.

A tangled, dead oak tree that had once flowered proudly among the pillars of my identity mouldered and turned stony. Once colorful Khamdoan prayer flags were stamped with black bile that read ‘POSITION TERMINATED’.

As if those three blights weren’t bad enough, there loomed a fourth complexity in my life I’d yet to solve, one quite different from the other three. It was the Bascom Ridge Suspension Bridge problem; a conundrum that should not have kept me up as it did but it was just in the way; there was a poetic relevance to it.

Let me explain.

Professor Paz had randomly assigned a group project to the entire Control Systems class, and I ended up with Bohen Sautner and Milly Long; the former was singularly focused on his future career with the NBA (yeah good luck pal) and, due to his position on the college’s lucrative basketball team, he was generally allowed to coast by. Milly Long did her part of the project with a certain lackluster haste, so while it was done, I’d probably have to make sure it wasn’t garbage.

For my own part, I had to design a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller; in common English, that’s a control device that responds to external change. In the case of the bridge, that means gusts of wind and the kinds of waves that we see in Dade County…Or that made traversing the different Abbacies perilous in Khamrungsa. 

Didn’t take a genius to see how that would have been useful for me.

There was always the temptation to give in to despair, cut my losses, drop out and go work in carpentry…but how soulless that felt. That in turn makes me feel entitled; if I hadn’t gotten lucky and had Rachel to help me get here, my choices would be scarce. 

My best friend Aryn, for instance, wasn’t so lucky; she was playing it safe with loans to go to the tech college and become a phlebotomist, just so she could have some income in this price gouge-singularity of a town.

Speaking of, my phone made a quiet blip as she pinged me; I was thankful for a distraction from Kp over Ki.

<blockquote> `Aryn: bruv are you still in the library designing a video game controller`</blockquote>

As was usually the case she found my plight amusing; she’d heard me whining about it, interspersed with my own equivocations concerning Tessa…should I make a move? Should I wait for her to make a move? Would she even make a move? ‘Why oh why did her pantherine form dance across the backs of my eyes as if seared there by a darkening flame?’ I would ask Aryn, prompting her to gag.

<blockquote>`Ascher: yes I am, it doesn’t have nearly enough buttons. whut do you want`

`Aryn: some of that kosher bussy, boi 🍆💍 ur gunna be ma strawberry 🍓`

`Ascher: 😐`

</blockquote>

Christ. I didn’t even know that word existed until she exposed me to it with her…eccentric taste in comics and pornography. I didn’t even know how she got a hold of that stuff, the university system was strict about checking our online activities.

I knew what she was bothering me for, of course…the four of us - me, Aryn, Karl and Vicky - had a YouTube channel with a few thousand subscribers, hardcore fans of our ‘ghost hunting’ show. I caught it all on camera when we went into abandoned factories, moldering houses and sealed-off university wings to catch paranormal activity. 

Some of it was even real.

<blockquote>`Ascher: bro i can’t come i know you’re going to ask me`

`Aryn: ascher can you not be a little bitch? We suck at this when you don’t come, karl’s pantaloons are still brown cuz of possum-poltergeist`

`Ascher: 👻🐭 is this just part of an elaborate plot to get me in your bed to lay some cable? All you gotta do is ask boo 👄`

`Aryn: 🤮 why did i ever show you that episode, now you’re laying cable everywhere man; in bed, in your car. dude come on it’s our season finale, we’ll stay up late and wait for your slowness`</blockquote>

It was a kind offer, but I intended to be here until midnight at least. I glanced at the corner of my laptop’s monitor…already half past 9. I had a long way to go and found myself chained to the seemingly impossible conundrum of the derivative term in my equation…again, in layman’s terms, I have to build a mechanism that moves the suspension cables of a bridge to compensate for the environment so it doesn’t collapse. 

The derivative was the part that predicts what will happen in the future, so the cables don’t overcompensate and snap like dental floss.

I was always a mediocre hand at math, and dealing with the added distortion of choppy wind, waves and simulated traffic gurgling over my bridge was making my life difficult. Differential calculus in particular was not my strong suit, even if Linear Algebra was. 

All of it was abstract as a color’s flavor.

I really didn’t want to disappoint them but I had to wonder…was this me being ‘incredibly weak’, or just caring about my friends’ safety and happiness?

<blockquote>`Ascher: if i finish by midnight ill tell you but don’t go without me, you’ll get possessed and it will get weird.`

`Aryn: what if the ghost is a hot chick? if you come back to my place it’ll be like you’re with two chicks at once, or if the ghost is a hot dude it’ll be awesome for me having two dudes inside me 🥵🌶️`</blockquote>

Ah. That was one of the reasons she wanted me to come out tonight. 

The exact texture of my friendship with Aryn was a complex tapestry that went back to when we were five years old in the same shitty foster care hovel. She and I have been through a lot together; I actually lost my v-card to her (she lost hers to that douchebag Kyle Burgmann with the Lamborghini) and…we definitely mess around when neither of us is seeing anyone. I’d recently broken up with Nieve Chen (a curious ache that lingered in spite of its bitter ending) and Aryn and I had already dallied a few times.

Sometimes I wondered why I didn’t just date her, and remembered it’d be…weird. 

Weirder than fucking her. I could use the relief and closeness, though.

<blockquote>`Ascher: if im done at midnight ill come with you guys and if im not i can still come over tonight and relieve you of your tension`

`Aryn: mmmm good 👅 I could use a nice deep massage, you get places most folks can’t`</blockquote>

Flattery always worked, frankly…I could already feel a stirring in my loins as I pictured joining Aryn in her bed, her dark thighs smooth and mostly exposed in the shorts she slept in. She had a voracious appetite to match mine; there was that at least. 

Still…she wasn’t the object of my desires. That person, in fact, was sitting three tables down, diligently working on her own project.

My thoughts drifted from Aryn like a flock of birds abandoning an electric pole, drawn toward the dawn…laying eyes upon her felt like the sun cresting over the stormy horizon of my heart. How could I describe someone like Tessa? Everytime I tried it felt inadequate. 

She’d strung little wildflowers on green tendrils amidst her horns; it made her appear as if drawn from a Bouguereau painting. The delicate lines of her face were relaxed, wearing a cupid’s bow smile as she bobbed her head to whatever was playing in her earbuds.

Tessa had been catching me staring more often, and when I felt the whiskey-warmth of her gaze track toward me I looked away lamely, pretending I was glancing at my phone…and when I dared sneak a peek back I made contact with her eyes. 

My breath caught, lips parting like I already had some excuse lined up.

She was wearing a lacy, low-cut black tank top that proudly displayed the ripe fullness of her bosom; I could see the impression of her nipple rings pressing against the fabric, infinitely tempting. A little necklace of pink and blue blossoms dangled around her shoulders, golden pinpricks of light rising from gently waving stamens. To my complete surprise Tessa smiled warmly at me, and - 

- in my mind I was suddenly transported to a tan prominence of rock overlooking an unknown sea The Gulf of Antalya. Her curled dark tresses whipped against my face as we stared into each other’s eyes. The heat was oppressive but dry, and her Aegean-tan skin was sheened with only a light gleam of perspiration. “Nothing in all Seleukeia, in Thrakesia or Dyrrachion can match your radiance,” I tell her -

…that didn’t feel like my usual imaginative meanderings. What was that…?

While I was staring blankly at my computer screen, I heard the rhythmic thnk-thnk-thnk-thnk of Tessa’s hooves, and when I looked up she was sashaying away toward the back of the library. A shimmery, almost weightless skirt of silver drifted around her toned legs; her shins sported short brown fur and ended in cloven hooves. 

She looked once more at me over her shoulder, as if to check that I was still staring. 

Which I was.

I thought about Doctor al-Rashi’s advice, to ‘seize the bull by the horns’ which had an uncomfortably suggestive air. Still…the underlying meaning was significant. 

That impulse you get when you’re about to do something really risky and crazy snuck up on me, you know? That sort of free-wind spirit that has your eyes blown wide open while you’re doing something insane like, jumping off a roof into a pool, or starting a fight you can’t win, or chasing a girl who was WAY out of your league.

I got up and followed her.

There was something about the chase - no, not the chase, the totally-not-creepy approach - that already felt romantic. She wandered back toward the reference stacks, where the shadows drew long and illumination bloomed from dim 1980s desk lamps. I felt like I was following her through a place that was at once an enchanted forest, but also the school library.

I meant it quite literally.

Vines and ivy twisted among the bookshelves, disappearing up into the ceiling, curled around glowing blue stones. I saw bizarre, long-limbed figures crawling amidst them, little dibbuks or something with oversized noses and pointed ears on unknowable missions. 

A…troll? Was it a troll? Something big and brutal-jawed with beady black eyes and sloped shoulders leans forward to pick through painting catalogues, mumbling unintelligibly to the crow-feathered girl scanning a QR code.

I ignored them, following the gentle percussion of Tessa’s shod hooves around another stack. I reached one of those towering walls of tomes the library curates but few people seem to stumble across. Their age could be measured in triple digits, and a slender iron ladder on wheels was required to reach up to the higher levels…how was that not a bold-faced defiance of OSHA?

Lanterns hung from the ceiling, limning her in pale light as she stood on one of those ladders a few meters above me. 

I was engrossed by the sight of her, and I will not pretend like I’m a man of decency…I dared an errant peek under her skirt and felt my breath hitch at the sight of that bright purple thong gracing her hips; I could see the swell of her sex pressed against the fabric, the shape of bulbous labia beneath. 

Quickly shifting my attention from between her thighs to something less obviously perverse, I cleared my throat to get her attention.

Grab the bull by the horns.

She favored me a glance downward.

“Hey Tessa. Hope I’m not…catching you at a bad time?” I hazarded; god that sounded lame.

To my surprise she smiled again and the sun blazed triumphant in my chest. “Hi Ascher, not at all, I was just…oh it doesn’t matter. Let me come down to you.” My eyes followed the side-to-side sway of her hips as she climbed down, of her callipygian perfection…god that ass. 

Once she’d come down to my league level, she seated herself on the fifth step easily, crossing her legs and leaning backward. “What’s on your mind, hm?”

That Hellenic accent of hers; a lilting roll of her ‘r’s, a rhythm foreign on this side of the pond…it did things to me, just as much as the valley of her cleavage.

“I’m actually having a pretty tough time with Paz’s assignment,” I chuckled self-consciously…wracking my mind for the right words. “You know, the bridge thing.” 

The bridge thing, Ascher. Nice.

“Yes, I know, the ‘bridge thing’.” Her eyes gleamed golden-orange as her smile widened, stifling a little giggle like she found my outward stupidity endearing. “What’s getting you down?” Tessa’s fingers danced along the silver chain hanging around her neck, a nail tracing lightly over the shape of her collarbone.

I wondered what it would feel like against my lips.

“I got stuck with making the PID controller - ”

“ - ah, so they dumped the hard part on you, Ascher - ”

“ - precisely, and honestly I just can’t get it right. I’m using the formula Paz gave us but it just doesn’t work. Every time I run the sim, the bridge starts oscillating and wobbles like a…I dunno, like a seizing horse. It overcompensates and goes down in the mud. Paz never taught us how to deal with the derivative.”

The last part was an excuse to try and banish my growing sense of dumbness, the feeling that I was just shaming myself in front of the most beautiful girl I’d ever seen over some throwaway differential calc that anyone could do -

“That’s the hardest part,” she pointed out.

Oh.

“...it’s like trying to use math to predict the future based on a panic attack. Everything just starts spiraling, it all gets jammed together and I can’t make sense of it,” I continued, handing her my cellphone - I’d taken a photo of my simulation. Everything she did was graceful, even the way her fingers closed one by one around my Samsung reminded me of a blooming rose viewed in reverse.

“Giving me your phone so freely…wonder if there are some naughty pictures on here,” she mused. Normally this sort of thing wouldn’t phase me but she had my cheeks brighter than a raspberry, and I knew she could see it.

“None that you’ll find.” I tried to sound real cool, and it must have worked; Tessa pushed a string of wildflowers back into her dark hair and pursed her lips with a little ‘ooo’. She handed my Samsung back and pushed off where she was seated, her smiling face inches from mine.

Butterflies and moths fluttered rampant in my belly; she hooked a finger in my belt loop - a shockingly erotic motion that made me bite the inside of my cheek - and tugged me after her. “Come on Ascher. I’m gonna show you why I’m a better teacher than Paz.”

“That’s not hard,” I quipped, drawn along like a moon in her orbit.

I wasn’t oblivious; it was clear as the light from one of those blue rocks that she was flirting with me…but didn’t she flirt with everyone? Had to remind myself that I saw her go home with Liam on Saturday, caught her making out with Jun on Sunday, and last night she and Tara were dancing up on each other at Crucible. 

For her, flirtation was as natural as a sparrow’s flight, her lingua franca; it shouldn’t have felt special because it wasn’t, but it did…like when a celebrity took notice of one of her fans for the first time.

Tessa touched everyone like that (so I presumed) - fingers dancing over chests, her laughter tickling their lips - but the way she did it with me made my heart pound. It made me feel special even though I knew I wasn’t, and I found it as tantalizing as it was humiliating.

“Sooo. We breaking into Paz’s classroom, hacking his computer and making off with an answer key?” I fell in at her side as we left the library; my fingers sought something to grab onto, unsure of what to do with themselves. They wanted to crawl around her waist and pull her closer…they wanted to brush through her hair…they wanted to brush along her jawline, her breath against my lips.

I shoved my hand in my pocket.

“No, silly. That’s cheating…think of this as foreplay.” I almost bit the tip of my tongue off. Foreplay. How does she get this comfortable this fast?

Her hands were clasped behind her back as she strode at my side…ever accompanied by the quiet ‘clp-clop-clp-clop’ of her hooves. “Besides we’re going to Grafton Hall, I wanna show you something cool that gets my point across, yes?” Grafton was only a couple buildings down. The sun had already started its descent Californi-way, so our path was lit by black-hooded street lamps. A spider the size of a squirrel skittered out from under one, watching us peevishly; a tiny green tie hung around its…well, its neck-equivalent. “[Stay away from my lamp!]” it groused. 

I noticed Tessa glance its way dismissively.

I couldn’t find words at that moment, just because of that subtle motion…I’d seen the uh, the creatures interact with each other, like the fox with the blue dresser. I’d never witnessed a person even respond to the things I saw all around me, constantly. 

What did it mean? Was I just hallucinating? Certainly wouldn’t be the first time I’d made a bigger deal over something trifling…

“Ascher?” she asked after a bit - oh god I’d just been staring off, walking silently at her side.

“I was just thinking, our passcards don’t get us into Grafton after 5pm.” Phew, quick recovery.

“Mmm, but I TA with Hunjadi, so I got…” She held up an empty hand, closed her fingers, and opened them again. A little brass key gleamed in her palm.

“This. Just in case she’s too lazy to close up after dinner.”

Impressive sleight-of-hand…I’d seen a lot wilder shit in my time, but this floored me. Probably just the giggle-hots on my part.

“How’d you do that? Where were you hiding it?” I had to ask.

She stopped at the ugly, rusty side door leading into the brick fortress that was Grafton Hall, her expression serious as stone. “I was hiding it in my ass.” She stared me down, unsmiling for a second before bursting out into laughter at her own joke.

What an incredible dichotomy of a woman.

Like a figure from a Gentileschi painting, given elegant life, all soft golds and bronzes…then she cracked an ass-joke (no pun intended). Her laugh was a swaying song that reminded me of a wandering river; raw yet gentle, wild but dignified. 

The two of us stood there, laughing like idiots - that kind where you’re bent forward, tears threatening at the corners of our eyes. Wasn’t even a joke, just…a wildcard moment from Tessa.

I’d never expected anything like that from her, and it only made me fall deeper into her golden spiral.

Then I remembered: I wasn’t hers. She had many lovers to choose from, certainly higher caliber than me. That was what made me cling to the side of the gyre, kept me from drowning.

Even so, my imagination awakened uninvited, and painted a picture where I tugged the door shut behind with a squeaky-clang; in the dark I’d press her against a wall and hear her gasping smile; our lips would meet, fierce and hungry, my hand would slide up her bare thigh to take her hip and press my arousal between her legs -

- the door made a k-thunk as I pulled it shut behind me, leaning my back against it and watching her clop ahead of me…watched her ass sway with each step, which wasn’t helping me control an unwelcome erection. My hands were firmly shoved in my pockets, holding it down against my thigh and trying to look chill as I followed her.

Grafton’s first floor had the characteristic 1970s ugliness of a proper university. The linoleum floor’s color reminded me of gruel mixed with caulk, and glass panels on the walls displayed student projects. 

A pair of gnome-like creatures whose red flesh reminded me of lacquer were maneuvering a gurney through the hallway; a humanoid shape underneath a black tarp twitched, an arm falling to hang off the side of the gurney. Looked like it was made of porcelain; it waved at me as I went by.

We stopped at a door that looked like every other one, and when she cracked the lock we walked into a high-ceilinged room filled with machines I vaguely recognized. The reek of soldering flux hung cloying herein and a trio of big lathes squatted against the wall. Each one cost…well, probably as much as I was paying for my (now questionable) degree. 

Lightbulbs set in grated hangings cast dim illumination from on high, buzzing like insects on a summer night.

“Ever been in here?” she asked playfully, leaning against a bench with a five-axis vice connected to a power supply. Her fingers danced across it affectionately, like a favored musical instrument.

“Not before you invited me in, I don’t think welding is a consideration for my major.” I couldn’t help but pick up a rubber mallet, turning it in my hand idly…just so they could have something to do besides resisting reaching out to touch her.

“You should come hang out sometime Ascher.” Tessa reached out and curled her fingers around the mallet, gently dragging her nails over my knuckles. “Seriously, we do more than just fuck around with blowtorches.” For me that moment was electrical; I wanted so badly to believe that she was showing interest in me but I’ve seen those eyes before, and they weren’t just for me.

I was nothing special to her.

I think she saw the sadness in my smile. I’m pretty shit at hiding my emotions, and there arose this questioning look in her eyes. She was going to ask me what the matter was, I could tell. 

Master of evasion that I was, I turned my attention to the vice. “What’s this thing do?” I let her take the role of teacher again, slid it over her pretty, bared shoulders like a cardigan.

She was too smart to just be distracted, but she let me play my game and wore the professor’s role gracefully. “It’s a vibration testing vice…it’s more or less the real world version of the PIC sim. Look…” there was something so surreal about watching a satyr work a vice like this - you only ever saw paintings of them cavorting, drinking, chasing nymphs. 

Here was one, hallucinated into existence before me, selecting two bars of mild steel that she clamped in.

“This one here on the left,” she began, tightening that section of the vice and adding some bolt-clamps, “is rigidly clenched.” Tessa pulled her lips back with a little smirk. “It’s never good if it’s too tight, is it.” She winked, swinging the mallet in her fingers to the beat of my throbbing heart. “This one’s got some give to it, now…”

She reached out, her fingers on my arm. “Go and ahead, ooo…wow, you work out, don’t you…” Tessa’s attention seemed fully on my bicep, testing it with her strong fingers. 

At the risk of sounding like an addle-brained jock, yes I went to the gym rather obsessively; I’d had this silly vision in my head of arriving in Khamdo in peak condition. Now I just went to focus on something besides the gulf of my future. 

Her attention made me want to giggle stupidly, but I restrained that impulse and grinned stupidly instead. She returned it, like the sun sparkling on a lake, her eyes almost glowing that amber light…and I foolishly wondered if that was for me alone.

“Hit them with the mallet,” she finally suggested, dragging her nails down amidst the crags and lines of definition in my arm before letting go. 

I carefully tapped the steel bar bolted into the machine; it rang sweetly.

“See how it sings? Pleasant, beautiful even, yes? That’s how it tricks you…now.” She gestured at the other bar, almost giddy. That one I struck, and it gave a dull -clank-. “This one tells the unappealing truth, you’ll see.”

Tessa bent forward to plug the vice into the wall-outlet; I couldn’t help myself, staring at the backs of her thighs, disappearing under that shimmery silver dress…the shape of her comely ass was a fixture against my vision - I was literally unable to pull my eyes from it - and she slowly straightened. All the muscles in her back, her legs, they moved under her skin, the flowers strung through her horns glinting like stars in the low-lit chamber.

“Just watch…it won’t take long.” She slid a finger along a black knob, turning it to the right so that the machine vibrated violently. The two metal rods became a blur. 

For a bit we just watched; I sat on a three-leg stool, leaning forward with my elbows on my knees. I was intensely aware of her presence at my side, radiating warmth and an unseen light that eroded my better judgment like a puddle draining into cracked earth.

I wanted to press her against the table behind me and kiss her with chaotic passion, lips crashing against each other without order.

I wanted to push her to sit in one of the stools, slide her skirt up, pull down her panties, and show her what I can do with my tongue.

I wanted to tell her that I’ve been into her from the very first time I saw her, that I loved her horns, her glowing eyes, her hooves. I’d never told one of them - you know, the…Otherfolk, I guess - that I could see the horns, or the fire, or the tree-trunk arms.

I didn’t do any of those things because I had propriety, and of course an unhealthy fear of rejection. 

“So. Who’re those girls I see you with all the time?” Tessa asked casually, never taking her eyes from the noisy vice.

The question caught me off guard; anytime she showed any interest in me did, I didn’t think I’d ever get used to it. “Aryn? Or Vicky?” Those were the first two that came to mind; I didn’t really talk to or see Neave Chen anymore…a sore spot in my heart I steadfastly ignored

“Porque no los dos?” she quipped, turning to gently brush some dust off my shoulder, fingers lingering for a moment, thumbing ash gently from my chin…the gesture was so casual, like something Aryn would do yet utterly unlike her straightforward tomboy-energy.

“Oh they’re just buddies, Aryn has been my friend since we were little and Vicky lived in the room above me Freshman year, so we kinda cliqued up I guess. Get drunk together enough times and it’s kinda inevitable.” No need to tell her I was probably going to end up in Aryn’s bed tonight.

“Mmm. So. You’re single?”

I was. At least, that’s how Aryn and I saw it, our bedroom antics aside.

It would have been easy to just say ‘yep!’ but me being me, I had to stop and overthink it…I knew I was staring at the vice, probably looked like I was ignoring her or hadn’t caught the question like a dolt.

Was she just curious for curiosity’s sake?

Was she interested in making me part of her little man-harem?

Or…against all odds…was she actually interested in me? This stunning, otherworldly woman of my (clearly disturbed) dreams asking me something so…casual. 

I opened my mouth to answer -

-SNAP!-

I felt it like a thunderclap through my shoes.

I watched as the metal bar she’d bolted down tightly broken down the middle, while its partner kept on trembling. “See Ascher…” Tessa unplugged the vice, presenting the broken steel. “Rigidity and too much control, you’ll see how the steel snaps…but this one didn’t, did it.” She laid the solid ingot in my right hand, as if to assure me it was real.

I thought about it for a bit, relating it back to my simulation. It made me think of the bridge, of its struts and supports bolted tightly down, shearing in the wind just the broken steel bar.

All those little disturbances and oscillations, it felt like herding cats; eventually one would get free, then all the others would make their escape and the whole structure fell apart. “So…I think what you’re saying is by trying to control all the variables, I’m overcompensating.”

“You’re overcompensating.” I was suddenly quite aware of her entering my space again, and my eyes met hers - a mistake, as the power of speech seemed to leave me. Her fingers found the hem of my T-shirt, tugging downward on it lightly. “You’re being too careful.” She was close enough that I could feel her breath against my chin.

Seize the bull by the horns.

I watched her eyes flutter just a little as I drew close; I couldn’t hear anything but her breathing, the scrape of her flats against the concrete. Her lips barely brushed mine and just like that a hundred million flowers bloomed in my heart.

Lightning raced from the tip of my tongue down through my chest, striking my loins.

Desire and wanton need clawed at me as my palm found the smooth, tan skin of her waist.

My thoughts became a jumble of simplistic impulse, of wordless erotic imagery. Unadulterated, simple joy.

Spring reigned eternal in my heart for those five seconds.

[aspenmissing]

𝚃𝚎𝚊𝚛𝚜 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝙱𝚊𝚕𝚖𝚎𝚛𝚊 (𝙿𝚝 𝟷)

In the Bridge of the Castle of Lions, Shiro awakens to Sendak ordering Haxus to find the saboteur who is thwarting their plans.

"Haxus! I want whoever's in this ship found and terminated!" Sendak orders.

"Commander Sendak, I've received a transmission generating from somewhere inside" Haxus says. He plays Team Voltron's communication channel out loud. Allura and Pidge are heard speaking,

"There's not much time before they get the ship running again. You must shut off the particle barrier so we can get in" Y/N shuffles as her eyes open a bit.

"A-Allu-ra?" She mutters. Shiro, hearing her, looks down at her. 

"You got it. Tell me what to do" 

"P-pid-ge?"

"The particle barrier generator is beneath the main hull" Allura says. Y/N tries to move, but groans in pain.

"Y/N? Y/N open your eyes. Come on" He whispers, Y/N opens her eyes and looks up at her brother staring down at her "Oh. Thank god" He sighs in relief.

 "What happened? What's going on?"

"You and Lance were in an explosion. The two of you got knocked out. Lance hasn't woke up yet." Shiro explains as she slowly gets onto her knees. She turns her head to see Lance, gasping.

 "Lance" She gently shakes him "Lance. Your gonna be alright, buddy" 

"Find that room. Kill the Paladin!" Sendak orders. The Galra sentries leave "Repair the engine. Emperor has commanded us to bring him . This ship will rise before day's end" Sendak looks to Y/N "Well. Well. Well, I see the little earthling girl has woken up" Sendak says, smirking at her "How was your sleep?"  

"This is all your fault" Y/N grits her teeth. Sendak chuckles before turning back to the controls. Y/N hears a slight noise and looks up at the vent to see Soul "Soul? Go and get help" She mouths. Soul runs off as Y/N holds Lance closer.

"We're gonna be all right" Shiro mutters. 

==

In the bottom of the mine on the Balmera, two aliens approach Hunk and Coran from the darkness. Hunk raises his cannon Bayard in defence.

"Okay, don't come any closer! I don't know how to use this very well" The aliens step into the lights, they are two local Balmerans. "Wait a minute. You're not Galra." Hunk said when they came into the light. 

"Nor are you" The female Balmeran says. A Galra fighter yet slowly descends the mine.

"A patrol! Shay, we must take leave from these ones, now" The male says, placing his hand on Shay's shoulder.

"Wait, please! We need your help. If the Galra find us, they'll kill us" Coran says.

"Or torture us." Hunk adds

"Or keep us as some sort of creepy pet to play with how they please"

"Not our problem, Hairy Lip. Galra see us near you and they kill both you and us. Shay, exeunt!" 

"No! These many years only Galra have been seen here. I will not turn my back on the skylings." She says,

"...Vex!" Shay and Rax approach the Altean flight pod "Grab a side. In here. Hurry!" Shay and Ray push the flight pod out of sight; Hunk and Coran follow. The Galra patrol passes by without detecting them.

"Thanks for saving us. I'm Hunk"

"Shay. And this one, my brother Rax. How did you fall to us?" 

 "Well, we came looking for something. And you guys might be the right people to help us find it"

==

Pidge is inside the Castle of Lions at the Generator Room: a long hall of energy arcs. Pidge speaks to Allura through the team's communication channel.

"Pidge, have you made it to the generator room?" Allura asks.

 "I'm in. This technology is so advanced, I don't know if I can figure it out"

"Yes, you can. The lives of your fellow paladins are at stake. You can't give up." Allura says. Pidge reflects on her past. 

==Flashback==

In the past, she sat with her family at dinner.

"Hope you enjoy this home-cooked meal, Matt. After our launch to Kerberos tomorrow, we'll be eating freeze-dried peas for the next two months." Sam says.

"Don't lie. I know you love those peas, Dad. Matt jokes.

"It's true. Those Garrison chefs really know how to genetically manufacture a delicious vegetable" Katie sighs.

"I wish I was going up with you guys"

"Just you wait, kiddo. Something tells me that you're going to have your own crew someday. You're going to fly with them to worlds so far away, we can't even imagine. I bet my bottom dollar you're going to be part of something that makes the whole universe sit up and take notice" Holt says. Katie smiles. 

==

Later, she witnesses the news broadcast of the Kerberos Mission Disaster along with her mother.

"The Galaxy Garrison mission to the distant moon of Kerberos is missing, and all crew members are believed to be dead. The Galaxy Garrison has said the crash was presumably caused by pilot error. It is, indeed, a sad day for all humanity." The news anchor woman says.

==

Katie became enraged and hacked into the computers at the Galaxy Garrison. Iverson finds her in his office.

" You again? Get off my computer! How did you get past the guards?" Iverson demands.

"You said the spacecraft went down due to pilot error. I saw the video feeds from your probes. There's no evidence of a crash anywhere on Kerberos!" 

"Those feeds are classified! I could charge you with treason for hacking into them." Iverson says. He grabs Katie and drags her into the hall to a guard.

"Escort Miss Holt off the premises and make sure every guard knows she's never allowed on Garrison property ever again" The guard restrained Katie. 

"You can't keep me out! I'll find the truth! I'll never stop!" Pidge shouts. The Guard escorted her out and throws her onto the ground; walking away, leaving Katie on the ground. 

"Your Katie right? Holts kid" A soft voice says. Katie looks up to see a brown-haired girl, with cognac brown eyes "Sorry. Where are my manners" The girl smiles "Y/N Shirogane, my brother is Takashi Shirogane. He went up with your brother and father" She smiles "Now, let's get you off the ground" Y/N holds out her hand. Katie hesitates before taking her hand. Starting the unbreakable friendship between the two.

==Flashback End==

Pidge speaks to Allura through the communication channel.

"Okay. Talk me through it, Allura" 

"Shutting down the barrier from this room can be dangerous. Remember, the barrier is also a weapon. So, stay away from the energy arcs" Allura warns,

"Don't touch the giant lightning bolts. Got it." A blast was shot at me but rover quickly reacted and pushed me out the way. 

"Now, what I'm going to need you to do is—" Rover shoved Pidge aside just as a Galra Sentry fires lasers at her.

"Pidge! Hello? Are you there?" Pidge flees from the sentries

==

"A Pidge, what's going on?... Wait... the mice. Maybe they can help" Allura focuses and telepathically speaks to the Altean Mice "Friends, I need your help" The Mice are sleeping in Allura's room. They wake up to her talking and scurry off.

==

Pidge is trapped behind a structure in the Generator Room under laser fire; her map shows an exit shaft above her

"My only way out is two floors up? Seriously?" Pidge yells and avoid being shot. She generates a hologram of herself from her armour "Let's try this" The hologram of Pidge runs towards the energy arc.

"There!" A Sentry fires at the hologram, destroying it and hitting the energy arc, causing it to explode and takes out a Sentry. Pidge runs for the exit shaft above, using her grappling hook to reach it.

"Whoa! Can't believe that worked!" The Sentries fire lasers at Pidge; she flees with Rover. One Sentry instruct the others.

"You stay and guard the generator" One Sentry stays behind as two pursue Pidge. Pidge exits the shaft at the Training Deck. The two Sentries attack but Pidge defends with her shield and accesses the invisible maze

"The invisible maze. Let's see them get through this" The Sentries are trapped by the maze; one is destroyed by the maze's shocks. Pidge escapes through another shaft and the remaining Sentry pursues her. Pidge is hit by laser fire and falls down a shaft; she stops herself and drags the Sentry into the shaft with her Bayard. The Sentry falls and explodes, producing shock waves that make Pidge lose her footing. Rover stops Pidge from falling to her death

"Rover! Nice save, buddy" I said.

==

Hunk and Coran sit with Shay and Rax and their Balmeran family around a fire.

"Thank for the delicious soup. Are these potatoes in here?" Hunk asks. Hunk and Coran sip at bowls of soup.

"Grandma's special dish for special visitors" Shay says "Cave-root for the skin. Cave bugs for the soul"

"Oh!" Hunk and Coran retch. Coran tries to remain polite.

"Eheh...Thank you for the bugs" Shay's Grandmother gives Coran more soup. "O-okay, I think that's too many" 

"So, how many of you are down here?" I asked.

 "There are thousands here on Balmera. We worked and live In these mines" Shay's father says.

"We harvest crystals for Zarkon" Shay says.

. "Zarkon... That's so.. sad that he's enslaved an entire planet" 

"Zarkon may rule, but we still have family. That's where true happiness comes from" Rax stands.

"Galra would tear our family asunder if they found these ones. Everyone comes to Balmera and takes, but gives nothing in return" Rax says.

"In the past, those who took the Balmera's crystals would replenish her with energy. It was an equal exchange. But the Galra only take" Shay places her hand on the ground; it glows, and the Balmera is heard "It is no wonder we can feel her suffering" 

"I'm sorry that we put everyone in this situation, but the faster we get the crystal and get out, and the faster everyone is out of danger"

"We're looking for a battleship-class crystal." I said. 

"Battleship-class crystal? Those are most rare. Galra soldiers guard them ceaselessly until their harvest. Your quest is in vain" Shay's father says.

"There is one, found only weeks ago. It is almost excavated" Shay said. 

"Quite! Even if they could steal the crystal from the Galra, battle patrols wait to take down their ship. These ones have no chance of getting out of here alive, with crystal or without" He said. Coran has his arms crossed.

"Okay, so this crystal we need it basically the hardest thing in the universe to get" Hunk says, looking at Coran.

 "I don't know about the hardest. There is the scaultrite mineral found only  in the stomachs of giant weblums. Collecting that stuff's no picnic" Coran says, elbowing Hunk. Hunk looks unamused "Uh- but, yes, this seems very difficult" 

"You may stay here until the Balmera gives another crystal. One that is hidden frim Galra eyes" 

"We don't have that kind of time. I got two injured friends who need to get into a magic healing machine, stat"

"Hunk, you fix the pod" Coran stands "I'm going to do some reconnaissance and see if I can come up with another plan" Coran leaves Hunk with the Balmerans.

==

Pidge exits the shaft into an empty hallway of the Castle of Lions, taking off her helmet and recalls the day she took on the identity as Pidge. 

==Flashback==

In the past, Katie Holt stood before a mirror in a Garrison cadet uniform.

"First day of school. Time for a haircut" Katie took a pair of scissors and cuts off her hair.

==

At the Galaxy Garrison, Lance and Hunk stood before a list of names.

"I made it! I'm a fighter pilot" Lance dances in celebration "Hasta la later, Keith" Lance says"And look, you're my engineer!"

"Cool. Uh, can I do that from the ground?" Hunk asks. Lance frowns.

"And our communications officer is... Who the heck is Pidge Gunderson?" 

"Right here" Lance and Hunk turn to see Pidge.

"Welcome to the team, Gunderson. I'm Lance, your fighter pilot" 

"Hey, I'm hunk" Hunk said and stuck out his hand for me to shake. "

"We got a lot of great times ahead, so we should probably start bonding now. What do say we sneak off campus—"  Pidge overhears Iverson talking to another Garrison officer.

"--just a minute. Security for the Galaxy Garrison's mainframe is our first priority. It's been breached once. And by a little girl, no less. It can not happen again!" Iverson orders. Iverson turns and walks towards Lance, Hunk, and Pidge. Pidge saluts with her left arm to hide her face.

"Wrong arm, cadet" Pidge saluted correctly; Lance and Hunk were startled and salute as well. Iverson walks by without noticing anything amiss. Pidge sighed in relief

"Hello? Pizza? Girls? Astronauts?"

"Sorry, I don't have time to mess around with you guys. See you in the simulator." Pidge walks away.

"What's his problem?" Lance asks. The two leave. Pidge turn to watch them before leaving. She rounds the corner and bumps into someone.

"Woah, you okay kid?!" A voice says.

"Sorry" Pidge continues to look down and walks past the person, only for a hand on her shoulder to stop her.

"Wait, Katie?" Pidge turns and looks up to see Y/N "Wha- What have you done with your hair?"

"It was the only way to get in without them recognizing me" Katie explains "I'm going by Pidge" Y/N bends down to Pidge.

"Your secret is safe with me" She says, smiling "I better head off to see my team. Talk to you later?" 

"Yeah, sure" Katie says and walks away, leaving a frowning Y/N. 

==Flashback End==

The Flashback ends'; Pidge is frowning.

"You know, Rover, I haven't always been there for my team" Pidge puts on her helmet "But this time, I will be. Come on" Pidge runs off with Rover. The Altean Mice are also infiltrating the Castle

==

Hunk is repairing the Altean flight pod as Shay watches.

"Tell me, what is the sky like?" Shay asks.

"The sky? You seriously have never even seen the sky?"

"No... but, at night, I sneak up as high as I dare" Shay climbs on top of the flight pod "trying to imagine what it is like. Oh, lucky are you to fly in this machine to worlds far from here" 

"Well, it doesn't have to be like this. You can be free, too" Hunk says.

"Free?" Shay asks, jumping down.

"Yeah, free. It means you can go where you want, be what you want, do what you want. No Galra masters to tell you what to do"

"It makes no sense. Zarkon controls everything." I said. 

"Nope. No, things are changing. Have you heard of Voltron?" Hunk asks. 

"A child's tale" 

"It's real. I'm one of the paladins, and Voltron is going to defeat Zarkon"

"You are?" Rax appears.

"Stop filling this one's head with your shadow show! The cavern is our home. This will never change. Come" Shay reluctantly leaves with her brother. Hunk frowns as they leave.

[imeralla-blog]

PID control explained

Everyone wants toxic yuri and complex female characters until the yuri is toxic and the female characters are complex :(

[coffeeandteavending]

The Ultimate Guide to Popular Espresso Machines for the Australian Workplace

Why the Right Workplace Coffee Machine Matters in Australia

Australia’s office culture is fuelled—quite literally—by quality coffee. From Sydney’s fintech hubs to Melbourne’s creative studios, staff expect barista-level espresso without leaving the building. A reliable workplace coffee machine boosts productivity, elevates morale, and impresses clients who’ve grown up in a nation famous for the flat white.

Popular Espresso Machines: What Australian Offices Look For

Priority Why It Matters in AU Workplaces Speed & Consistency Morning rush peaks between 8 – 9 a.m.; machines must pull identical shots fast. Milk Texture Quality Flat whites & lattes dominate; silky micro-foam is non-negotiable. Ease of Use Rotating staff shouldn’t need barista training. Sustainability Australian businesses are under pressure to reduce waste and energy use. Service & Support Downtime equals disgruntled teams; local servicing is key.

Machine Categories Explained

Bean-to-Cup Super-Automatics – Whole beans ground fresh, one-touch milk drinks.

Traditional Commercial Espresso Machines – Two-group or three-group units paired with automatic grinders; ideal for cafés inside corporate HQs.

Capsule & Pod Systems – Convenient but less sustainable; still popular in small satellite offices.

Top 5 Popular Espresso Machines for Australian Workplaces in 2025

Jura Giga X8 Gen II

Type: Bean-to-cup super-automatic

Why It’s Popular: Twin grinders, 200 cups/day output, automatic milk rinse meets Aussie hygiene standards.

Ideal For: Corporate floors of 50–100 staff.

La Marzocco Linea PB

Type: 2-group traditional commercial machine

Why It’s Popular: Iconic build, PID temperature stability, and manual steam gives barista-style control.

Ideal For: Offices with in-house baristas or client-facing cafés.

Franke A800 Fresh Milk

Type: Super-automatic

Why It’s Popular: Triple boiler, FoamMaster tech for perfect flat whites, 250 cups/day.

Ideal For: Enterprise campuses or co-working hubs.

Nespresso Momento 120 + Milk Module

Type: Capsule system

Why It’s Popular: Bluetooth maintenance alerts, 60 seconds to flat white, recyclable aluminium pods via Australia Post.

Ideal For: Small teams or boardrooms.

Nuova Simonelli Appia Life XT

Type: Semi-automatic 2-group

Why It’s Popular: Energy-saving insulated boilers, soft-infusion for forgiving extractions, compact footprint.

Ideal For: Medium-sized businesses wanting café quality without Linea pricing.

Choosing the Perfect Workplace Coffee Machine: A Step-By-Step Framework

Calculate Cup Volume – Track a typical week; include visitors.

Assess Beverage Mix – Espresso-heavy vs milk-based drinks.

Space & Power Audit – 15-amp vs 32-amp outlets, plumbing proximity.

Sustainability Goals – Beans in reusable hoppers, compostable cups, energy-rating compliance.

Budget for TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) – Factor beans, water filters, preventive maintenance.

Service Level Agreement (SLA) – Four-hour on-site repair is the Australian corporate benchmark.

The Role of Fresh-Milk Technology in Aussie Favourites

Australian coffee culture prizes velvety micro-foam. Super-automatics like the Jura Giga and Franke A-series use cooled milk fridges and automatic steam wands calibrated for 60–65 °C—ideal for flat whites. Look for self-cleaning cycles to pass workplace food-safety audits.

Beans, Water, and Maintenance—The Trio No Machine Can Outperform

Beans: Source locally roasted, ethically certified blends; they stay fresher and cut transport emissions.

Water: Install filters; Sydney’s soft water differs from Perth’s mineral-rich supply—hardness affects flavour and scale build-up.

Maintenance: Schedule quarterly preventative servicing; Coffee & Tea Vending provides swap-out loan machines to eliminate downtime.

Sustainability Spotlight: Reducing Waste in Office Coffee

Compostable Coffee Pucks – Ground coffee makes excellent fertiliser; partner with local gardens.

Reusable Cup Initiatives – Offer staff branded keep-cups; some machines feature height-adjustable spouts for mugs.

Energy-Savings Mode – Machines like the Appia Life cut consumption by up to 13 % during idle periods.

Closed-Loop Pod Recycling – Nespresso’s partnership with Planet Ark lets offices return pods free.

Implementing even two of these practices helps Australian businesses align with ISO 14001 goals.

Financing & Rental Options with Coffee & Tea Vending

Outright Purchase – Ideal for capital-expense budgets seeking depreciation benefits.

Operating Lease – Preserve cash flow; payments are 100 % tax-deductible in Australia.

Full-Service Rental – Beans, filters, maintenance bundled per cup; perfect for headcounts that fluctuate.

Our consultants tailor packages so you only pay for the coffee you pour.

Case Study: Turning a Sydney Tech Start-Up into a Coffee Destination

Client: 120-person software firm in Surry Hills Challenge: Long café queues and lost coding time. Solution: Installed Franke A800 with dual hoppers (single-origin + decaf) and automatic milk fridge. Integrated a self-service payment app. Results in 3 Months:

18 % uptick in staff satisfaction surveys

11 % reduction in break-time away from desks

ROI achieved in 9 months through saved café reimbursements

Future Trends: What’s Next for Workplace Espresso Machines?

IoT Remote Diagnostics – Predictive maintenance before a fault occurs.

Plant-Based Milk Modules – Separate lines for oat or almond milk to avoid cross-contamination.

Carbon-Neutral Manufacturing – Brands aiming for net-zero factories by 2030.

Touchless Ordering – QR codes and smartphone apps maintaining hygiene in hybrid workplaces.

Coffee & Tea Vending partners with manufacturers leading these innovations, ensuring your office keeps pace with changing tastes.

How Coffee & Tea Vending Supports Your Office Journey

Free Tasting Sessions – Try multiple machines and bean profiles on-site.

Barista Training – Half-day courses for staff on traditional machines.

Nationwide Support Network – Technicians in all major Australian capitals.

Sustainable Bean Sourcing – Direct-trade relationships with Queensland and PNG growers.

Ready to Upgrade? Next Steps for Australian Offices

Book an Assessment: Our specialists will analyse volume, space, and taste preferences.

Custom Proposal: Receive machine options, costings, and sustainability recommendations.

Installation & Training: We handle plumbing, electrical, and staff induction.

Enjoy Café-Quality Coffee Daily!

Contact Coffee & Tea Vending today to transform your break room into the most popular spot in the office.

Conclusion

Choosing the right workplace coffee machine isn’t just about caffeine—it’s about culture, sustainability, and productivity. With this guide to the popular espresso machines favoured in Australian offices and Coffee & Tea Vending’s end-to-end support, your team can sip the perfect flat white without leaving the premises. Ready for barista-quality coffee in-house? Visit Coffee & Tea Vending or call 1300 ESPRESSO to start your journey.

[inditechvalves]

Design and Functionality of Pressure Reducing and Desuperheating Stations

Superheating stations play a crucial role in processes that include the use of superheated steam. These heat exchangers help regulate the temperature and the phase of the steam through the injection of a specific quantity of cooling water into the stream. 

Superheated steam, having high temperature and pressure, can be potentially hazardous for the downstream equipment, designed for saturated or slightly superheated steam. They are used in power generation, chemical processing, and other industries where maintaining a consistent temperature of the system is crucial for the quality of the end product and efficiency of the process.

A PRDS working principle represents a highly technical balance between many aspects, from safety and regulatory ones to purely technical and economical ones. Indeed, a PRDS is very important in applications where the steam has to be conditioned for use—specifically, to reduce its pressure and temperature to satisfy process requirements. This blog explains the necessary critical considerations in designing such a system.

Flow Requirements

The design of the system must be based on maximum and minimum flow rates of steam to be handled. Peak flow rates need to be ascertained that can ensure stable conditions in the PRDS even when the conditions vary concerning loads.

The number of the flow range that a system can handle without losing its efficiency or control is known as the turndown ratio. Proper design with adequate turndowns ensures smooth operation over a wide range of flow conditions.

What is required here is accounting for the variability of process demand so that the system can be designed as responsive to changes in immediate downstream pressure and temperature requirements.

Pressure and Temperature Ratings

Functionality of Pressure Reducing station should be done in such a manner so as to handle the peak upstream pressure with downstream pressure at the desired level. The pressure ratings of the valves, pipes and fittings shall be chosen in such a way so as to meet the operating conditions of the system.

This desuperheating section shall be capable of cooling steam down to rated levels. Materials and parts that will be at the different levels of temperature are rated for those same temperatures so thermal stresses don't damage the system. Since safety is optimized by maintaining the design pressure a little higher than that required at normal operating pressure, plus 10 to 20%, this buffer space takes up any unforeseen surge.

Material Selection

Materials such as stainless steel are selected due to their resistance properties, mainly when steam has various contaminants or condensate that could corrode the system. Materials chosen offer resistance against extremely high temperatures and pressure conditions without deformation and degradation with time. Some of these examples include some alloys applied in the high-temperature usage of chromium-molybdenum steel.

Desuperheating stations' valves erode due to high-velocity steam. Hard-facing alloys or materials, such as tungsten carbide, can be applied for extending valve life and minimizing maintenance.

Control Systems Design

The system has to use modulating control valves to regulate steam pressure according to the variations in process demand. Such valves are pneumatically or electrically operated. The minimum requirement for desuperheating is the precise injection of certain quantities of water to cool down the steam. Thus, such control systems have to be fitted with temperature sensors and actuators to monitor and regulate the flow of spray water so that the appropriate amount is mixed with the steam.

Advanced control systems employ PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers to fine-tune the process of steam conditioning in such a way that energy use is reduced but efficiency is gained.

Safety Features

Pressure relief valves are an essential part of avoiding overpressure conditions. They open and allow steam to vent when pressures become so high that they exceed the safe limits, thereby avoiding damage to downstream equipment.

Automatic Shutdown Systems allow for the isolation of the PRDS in the event of failure, such as from main leak or malfunctioning equipment, in a way to prevent further damage and ensure safety. Safety interlocks can be fitted to prevent water injection when the temperature falls below a critical value and thus effectively avoid water hammer and/or condensate formation that can harm piping and equipment.

Regulatory Compliance

Safety is important in Pressure reducing design consideration. Most of the places require designs of PRDS to abide by the ASME requirement of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers on the pressure vessels and piping systems.

Most steam and pressure system codes vary from one country to another. You are therefore advised to reach out to the concerned office and find out their requirements in terms of the system and whether it meets those requirements. There must be adherence to the emission standards, particularly condensate release and steam venting, to ascertain control over environmental effects or avert litigation.

Energy Efficiency 

Today, the most important goal is energy saving and reduction of energy usage and its impact on the environment. Energy conservation measures, when adopted in industries, provide numerous advantages, such as cutting down costs, enhanced productivity, and environmental sustainability. 

Energy efficiency measures range from improving industrial practices to using clean energy; they enhance sustainable practices, lower the emission of greenhouse gases and create a basis for a sustainable world. Energy efficiency is not just an economic opportunity but rather a moral obligation and a responsibility that lies in the hands of every individual towards our planet and future generations.

Integration with Steam Systems

Desuperheating stations are designed to blend with steam systems and offer control of the superheat temperature as well as improve efficiency. By controlling the temperature of superheated steam, such special systems provide safeguards for the critical parts from thermal stress to guarantee the operation reliability and safety. 

There are specific points in the steam cycle where desuperheating stations can be located to effectively control the enthalpy of steam and increase the efficiency of the system. With the integration of desuperheating technology and steam systems, the efficiency of the energy used, the durability of the equipment, and the control of the process improve, making it a crucial part of modern industrial applications that require high-temperature steam.

Conclusion

In the constantly changing industrial processes, pressure reducing and desuperheating stations appear as essential tools to address heat and temperature issues. This in turn means that industries need to tap the best of the manufacturers and the state-of-the-art technologies to get the best out of these systems. Desuperheating stations are instrumental in protecting equipment, enhancing procedures, and minimizing harm to the environment, which creates a solid foundation for progress and profitability. 

By understanding the importance of energy saving and environmental protection in industries, the addition of desuperheating stations is not only the need for innovation, competition, and development of industries but also a responsibility to provide a better future for future generations.

[drdeepaligynecologist]

Top Lady Gynecologist Doctor in Jaipur for Pregnancy, PCOD & Fertility Care

Looking for the best gynecologist in Jaipur who understands women’s health inside and out? Whether you are planning a baby, dealing with PCOD, or searching for the right fertility care, it’s important to choose a trusted expert. Dr. Deepali, one of the top lady gynecologist doctors in Jaipur, offers compassionate care and complete support to women of all age groups. With years of experience and a warm, understanding approach, she has helped thousands of women lead healthier, happier lives.

Why Choose Dr. Deepali — The Top Lady Gynecologist Doctor in Jaipur?

Personalized care for every woman

Experienced in handling all types of pregnancy and gynecology cases

Focused on comfort, safety, and women-centric treatment

Advanced technology with a caring, friendly team

Located in the heart of Pratap Nagar, Jaipur

Recognized for Excellence in-

Female Gynecologist in Pratap Nagar- Many women feel more comfortable consulting a female doctor for personal health concerns. Dr. Deepali, being a respected female gynecologist in Pratap Nagar, provides a safe space for open discussions and thorough checkups. From adolescence to menopause, we care for women at every stage.

Lady Obstetrician Doctor in Pratap Nagar- A good obstetrician ensures a smooth pregnancy and delivery journey. Dr. Deepali is a trusted lady obstetrician doctor in Pratap Nagar who monitors your health regularly, handles complications, and makes your experience joyful. Whether it’s your first baby or third, you’re in good hands.

Lady Gynecologist Doctor in Pratap Nagar- From regular checkups to critical gynecological surgeries, Dr. Deepali covers it all. As a well-known lady gynecologist doctor in Pratap Nagar, she brings empathy and precision into every treatment. Women trust her for expert advice and honest consultations.

Top Lady Gynecologist Doctor in Pratap Nagar- If you’re looking for top-rated gynecological care in Pratap Nagar, Dr. Deepali is your go-to expert. Her long-standing reputation and positive patient stories speak for her dedication and skills. Personalized care, time-tested treatments, and patient satisfaction make her stand out.

Lady Obstetrician in Pratap Nagar- Your pregnancy care is safer in the hands of a qualified obstetrician. Dr. Deepali is known for her calm approach and expert delivery handling. Whether you need high-risk pregnancy support or routine prenatal care, she ensures you and your baby are well taken care of.

Best Lady Gynecologist in Pratap Nagar- Women across Pratap Nagar call Dr. Deepali the best lady gynecologist for a reason. Her honest advice, caring nature, and ability to explain everything in simple language make every visit comfortable. She listens, understands, and treats with dedication.

Top Female Obstetrician Doctor in Pratap Nagar- If you want expert care during pregnancy and delivery, consult the top female obstetrician in Pratap Nagar — Dr. Deepali. Her experience in handling complicated pregnancies, multiple deliveries, and C-sections ensures complete safety.

Her Treatments and Services-

PID Treatment in Jaipur- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) can cause pain, irregular periods, and even infertility. Dr. Deepali provides effective PID treatment with advanced diagnosis and personalized care plans. Early treatment helps avoid complications and improves overall reproductive health. We ensure a safe and hygienic environment for every woman. Get the right care before it’s too late.

PCOS Treatment in Pratap Nagar- PCOS is a hormonal problem that affects many women. If you’re facing weight gain, acne, or irregular periods, Dr. Deepali offers PCOS treatment tailored to your body and needs. Lifestyle guidance, medications, and regular follow-ups help manage the condition better. Our clinic in Pratap Nagar is well-equipped for hormone evaluations and ultrasound services. Take control of your health today.

Antenatal Care in Pratap Nagar- Antenatal care includes emotional and physical support for the mother during pregnancy. Our team provides diet advice, safe exercises, and tips for labor preparation. Dr. Deepali ensures your body and mind are both ready to welcome a new life.

Painless Delivery Hospital in Jaipur- Worried about labor pain? We offer painless delivery options with expert monitoring and advanced methods. From epidurals to gentle birthing techniques, Dr. Deepali ensures safe and comfortable delivery experiences. Our maternity hospital is designed for modern moms who want care with comfort. Choose joy over fear for your childbirth journey.

Fertility Doctor in Pratap Nagar- Struggling to conceive? Our fertility services include basic to advanced care like ovulation tracking, hormone therapy, and fertility counseling. Dr. Deepali, a trusted fertility doctor in Pratap Nagar, understands the emotional and physical challenges of infertility. With a gentle approach and expert treatment, she brings hope to couples wanting to grow their family.

PCOD Treatment in Pratap Nagar- PCOD causes hormonal imbalances, unwanted hair growth, and difficulty in conceiving. At our clinic, we use a combination of diet, lifestyle changes, and medications to treat PCOD naturally and effectively. Dr. Deepali ensures you understand your condition well and works closely to improve your quality of life.

Maternity Hospital in Pratap Nagar- Our maternity hospital is fully equipped with modern labor rooms, NICU, and emergency care facilities. We offer a peaceful and hygienic space for moms-to-be and their families. The staff is well-trained and supportive during delivery and postnatal care.

Infertility Treatment in Pratap Nagar- Infertility can be emotionally draining. Our infertility treatment includes everything from simple tests to advanced therapies. Dr. Deepali combines medical expertise with emotional support, helping couples through each step of their journey.

Pregnancy Checkup in Pratap Nagar- Regular pregnancy checkups are vital to a healthy delivery. Dr. Deepali monitors both baby and mother through every trimester. Our clinic offers blood tests, ultrasounds, and dietary support to keep your pregnancy on the right track.

Antenatal Checkup in Pratap Nagar- Antenatal checkups help detect early pregnancy problems and prepare for a safe delivery. Dr. Deepali offers regular tracking of baby’s growth, mother’s health, and necessary scans or supplements. These checkups are important for peace of mind and healthy results.

Begin Your Journey with the best Obstetrician

When it comes to women’s health, trust only the expert. Dr. Deepali is not only the top lady gynecologist in Jaipur but also known as the Best Obstetrician in Jaipur. With a focus on comfort, care, and clinical excellence, she makes sure every woman feels heard, supported, and healed. Whether it’s pregnancy care, PCOD treatment, or fertility support — you’ll find complete solutions under one roof.

👉 Clinic Address:- 264/7, Ground Floor, Near Popins School, Sector 26, Pratap Nagar, Jaipur, Rajasthan — 302017 👉 Phone: +91–9509761886 👉 Email: drdeepaligyno@gmail.com 👉 Website: https://drdeepaligynecologist.com/best-gynecologist-in-jaipur

[cooltron-fans]

How Cooling Fans Supercharge Energy Storage Systems? Cooltron's Pro Solutions Explained

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Heat Management Challenges in the Clean Energy Era

While the global battery energy storage market surges past $30 billion, lithium battery thermal runaway incidents have increased by 27% YoY (Wood Mackenzie). Cooltron R&D reveals: 68%+ battery degradation stems from uneven temperature distribution - exactly why professional-grade cooling fans are now mission-critical components.

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3. System-Wide Smart Control EC fans with IoT thermal management feature: • Real-time PID tuning (0-10V/PWM signals) • Predictive diagnostics monitoring vibration/temperature/current

Cooltron Engineering Breakthroughs

Battle-Tested Reliability Survives 2000hr salt spray (ASTM B117) and -40°F to 185°F thermal shocks

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Call to Action: Visit Cooltron.com now! Our engineers provide 24/7 support to help you ace UL1973 & IEC62619 certifications.

[tccicomputercoaching]

Electrical & EC Engineering Key: Concepts Explained

We at TCCI (Tririd Computer Coaching Institute) are committed to delivering high-quality education in Electrical & EC Engineering: Key Concepts Explained. These domains are essential for any student aspiring to excel in modern technologies. In this article, we will highlight some fundamental concepts that define these engineering disciplines.

Introduction to Electrical and EC Engineering

Electrical and EC Engineering are perhaps the most developing streams of engineering and encompass electricity, the electronics and communication system. Their focuses will differ. While Electrical Engineering will emphasize the issues that deal with power generation and transmission, on the other hand, EC Engineering will deal primarily with electronic circuits, communication technologies, and embedded systems.

Fundamental Concepts of Electrical Engineering

1. Electrical Circuit and Components

Resistor, Capacitor, and Inductor: These are the components needed to design a circuit.

Ohm's law: Relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

Kirchhoff's laws: Used when the circuits are complex.

2. Power Systems

Generation: The conversion of available resources to electricity by power plants.

Transmission: The transfer of generated electricity over long distances by means of high-voltage lines.

Distribution: Supply of electricity to residential and industrial connections.

3. Electrical Machines

Transformers: Get a voltage transformed into another level.

Motors and Generators: Be converted into mechanical energy from electrical energy or vice versa.

AC & DC Machines: These have several industrial applications.

4. Control systems

Simple as well as Closed-Loop Systems: Automation.

PID Controllers: Stability in the system.

Fundamental concepts of EC Engineering

1. Electronic Circuits:

Diodes & Transistors: They are viewed as the basic building blocks of electronic circuits.

Operational Amplifiers (Op-Ab): Minicomputers used for signal processing.

Integrated Circuits (ICs): They are miniaturized electronic circuits.

2. Communication Systems:

Similar to Analog and Digital Communication: Represents the ways information is transferred.

Modulation Techniques: AM, FM and PM.

Wireless Communication: Mobile networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.

3. Signal Processing

Fourier Transform: Signal frequencies are analyzed in it.

Filters: These process signals.

4. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers

Embedded Systems: Increased usage in smart devices.

Programming and Interfacing: Under automation.

Applications of Electrical & EC Engineering Advance Power

Regenerable energy systems

Power Plants

Electronics and Embedded systems

Telecommunications and IOT

Automation and Robotics

Conclusion

At TCCI (Tririd Computer Coaching Institute), we can enjoy providing expert coaching on all Electrical and EC Engineering concepts to establish a solid foundation for the future careers of students. Whether a student dreams of power systems or digital communication, these concepts will have to be mastered for success as they brace in the tech-centered world.

Location: Bopal & Iskon-Ambli Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Call now on +91 9825618292

Get information from: https://tccicomputercoaching.wordpress.com/

[drmikewatts]

IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, Volume 32, Issue 12, December 2024

1) A Bayesian Framework for Modelling the Trust Relationships to Group Decision Making Problems

Author(s): Xianchao Dai, Hao Li, Ligang Zhou, Qun Wu, Weiping Ding, Muhammet Deveci

Pages: 6594 - 6606

2) Adaptive Memory Event-Triggered Output Feedback Finite-Time Lane-Keeping Control for Autonomous Heavy Truck With Roll Prevention

Author(s): Fei Ding, Kaicheng Zhu, Jie Liu, Chen Peng, Yafei Wang, Junguo Lu

Pages: 6607 - 6621

3) Adaptive Fuzzy Position and Force Control for Cooperative Multimanipulators With System Uncertainties and Input Dead-Zone Nonlinearities

Author(s): Xing Li, Junxuan Luo, Shaoyu Li, Fujie Wang

Pages: 6622 - 6632

4) VMCFDGS: Variable Multicenter Aggregation Clustering Method Based on Fuzzy Dominating (Dominated)-Granularity Structure

Author(s): Bin Yu, Ruihui Xu

Pages: 6633 - 6645

5) Toward Sensor Fault Detection for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: A Zonotopic Approach

Author(s): Jitao Li, Yushi Zhang, Zhenhua Wang, Jianbin Qiu, Mingjun Zhang

Pages: 6646 - 6657

6) Mixed Fuzzy Intermittent Control for Nonlinear ODE-PDE Coupled Systems

Author(s): Zi-Peng Wang, Hua-Ran Su, Xi-Dong Shi, Junfei Qiao, Huai-Ning Wu, Tingwen Huang, Xue-Hua Yan

Pages: 6658 - 6670

7) Explain the World—Using Causality to Facilitate Better Rules for Fuzzy Systems

Author(s): Te Zhang, Christian Wagner, Jonathan M. Garibaldi

Pages: 6671 - 6683

8) HPPD-Type Fuzzy State-FDI Estimation and Resilient Control of Cyber-Physical DC Microgrids With Hybrid Attacks

Author(s): Fuyi Yang, Xiangpeng Xie, Yan-Wu Wang, Reinaldo Martínez Palhares

Pages: 6684 - 6694

9) Asynchronously Switched Control With Variable Convergence Rate for Switched Nonlinear Systems: A Persistent Dwell-Time Scheme

Author(s): Han Geng, Huasheng Zhang, Shun-Feng Su

Pages: 6695 - 6707

10) Federated Fuzzy Transfer Learning With Domain and Category Shifts

Author(s): Keqiuyin Li, Jie Lu, Hua Zuo, Guangquan Zhang

Pages: 6708 - 6719

11) Multicontext Fuzzy Clustering: Toward Interpretable Fuzzy Clustering

Author(s): Majed Alateeq, Witold Pedrycz

Pages: 6720 - 6730

12) Predefined-Time Event-Triggered Adaptive Fuzzy Formation Control for Nonholonomic Multirobot Systems

Author(s): Kewen Li, Shijie Dong

Pages: 6731 - 6743

13) Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Fuzzy Clustering

Author(s): Runxin Zhang, Yu Duan, Feiping Nie, Rong Wang, Xuelong Li

Pages: 6744 - 6753

14) Consensus Control of Nonlinear Fractional-Order Multiagent Systems With Input Saturation: A T–S Fuzzy Method

Author(s): Yilin Hao, Zhiming Fang, Jinde Cao, Heng Liu

Pages: 6754 - 6766

15) Efficient Monotonicity and Convexity Checks for Randomly Sampled Fuzzy Measures

Author(s): Gleb Beliakov, Simon James, Jian-Zhang Wu

Pages: 6767 - 6774

16) A Fuzzy Neural Network Approach to Adaptive Robust Nonsingular Sliding Mode Control for Predefined-Time Tracking of a Quadrotor

Author(s): Yongjun He, Lin Xiao, Zidong Wang, Qiuyue Zuo, Linju Li

Pages: 6775 - 6788

17) Distributed Prescribed-Time Formation Control of Heterogeneous T–S Fuzzy Multiagent Systems: A Hierarchical Design Approach

Author(s): Yongran Zhi, Lei Liu, Huijin Fan, Bo Wang

Pages: 6789 - 6800

18) A Granular Aggregation of Multifaceted Gaussian Process Models

Author(s): Lan Yang, Xiubin Zhu, Witold Pedrycz, Zhiwu Li, Xingchen Hu

Pages: 6801 - 6810

19) Adaptive Fuzzy Triggered Output Feedback Control of Nonlinear Systems via Compulsory-Event

Author(s): Xu Yuan, Bin Yang, Xudong Zhao

Pages: 6811 - 6821

20) GFS-Node: Graph Fuzzy Systems for Node Prediction

Author(s): Fuping Hu, Zhaohong Deng, Zhenping Xie, Te Zhang, Kup-Sze Choi, Fan Zhang, Shitong Wang

Pages: 6822 - 6834

21) Feature Weighting-Based Deep Fuzzy C-Means for Clustering Incomplete Time Series

Author(s): Yurui Li, Mingjing Du, Wenbin Zhang, Xiang Jiang, Yongquan Dong

Pages: 6835 - 6847

22) Observer-Based Fuzzy PID Control for Nonlinear Systems With Degraded Measurements: Dealing With Randomly Perturbed Sampling Periods

Author(s): Yezheng Wang, Zidong Wang, Lei Zou, Quanbo Ge, Hongli Dong

Pages: 6848 - 6862

23) Boundary Output Tracking of Nonlinear Parabolic Differential Systems via Fuzzy PID Control

Author(s): Jin-Feng Zhang, Jun-Wei Wang, Hak-Keung Lam, Han-Xiong Li

Pages: 6863 - 6877

24) Principal Component Analysis With Fuzzy Elastic Net for Feature Selection

Author(s): Yunlong Gao, Qinting Wu, Zhenghong Xu, Chao Cao, Jinyan Pan, Guifang Shao, Feiping Nie, Qingyuan Zhu

Pages: 6878 - 6890

25) Predefined-Time Composite Adaptive Fuzzy Nonsingular Attitude Control for Multi-UAVs

Author(s): Huanqing Wang, Muxuan Li, Huaguang Zhang, Siwen Liu

Pages: 6891 - 6903

26) Dynamic Event-Triggered Fuzzy Optimal Consensus Control for Stochastic Multiagent Systems Under Switching Topology

Author(s): Ying Xu, Kewen Li, Yongming Li

Pages: 6904 - 6916

27) Intermittent Fixed-Time Fuzzy Consensus of Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Unknown Control Directions and Event-Based Communication

Author(s): Jian Liu, Zheng Lian, Jinglong Shi, Lu Dong, Changyin Sun

Pages: 6917 - 6928

28) Nash Equilibrium Seeking in Nonzero-Sum Games: A Prescribed-Time Fuzzy Control Approach

Author(s): Yan Zhang, Mohammed Chadli, Zhengrong Xiang

Pages: 6929 - 6938

29) T–S Fuzzy-Based Load Frequency Control of Multiarea Power System With Hybrid Delays: Performance Analysis and Improvement

Author(s): Zhe-Li Yuan, Chuan-Ke Zhang, Xing-Chen Shangguan, Yu-Long Fan, Yong He

Pages: 6939 - 6950

30) Toward Embedding Ambiguity-Sensitive Graph Neural Network Explainability

Author(s): Xiaofeng Liu, Yinglong Ma, Degang Chen, Ling Liu

Pages: 6951 - 6964

31) Multiview Fuzzy Concept-Cognitive Learning With High-Order Information Fusion of Fuzzy Attributes

Author(s): Jinbo Wang, Weihua Xu, Weiping Ding, Yuhua Qian

Pages: 6965 - 6978

32) Bipartite Synchronization of Fractional-Order T–S Fuzzy Signed Networks via Event-Triggered Intermittent Control

Author(s): Yao Xu, Zhuozhen Jiang, Xiangpeng Xie, Wenxue Li, Yongbao Wu, Reinaldo Martínez Palhares

Pages: 6979 - 6989

33) A Predefined Time Fuzzy Neural Solution With Event-Triggered Mechanism to Kinematic Planning of Manipulator With Physical Constraints

Author(s): Ying Kong, Xuxiang Zeng, Yunliang Jiang, Danfeng Sun

Pages: 6990 - 7001

34) Weakly Supervised Causal Discovery Based on Fuzzy Knowledge and Complex Data Complementarity

Author(s): Wenrui Li, Wei Zhang, Qinghao Zhang, Xuegong Zhang, Xiaowo Wang

Pages: 7002 - 7014

35) Adversarial Attack Detection via Fuzzy Predictions

Author(s): Yi Li, Plamen Angelov, Neeraj Suri

Pages: 7015 - 7024

36) Averaging Functions on Triangular Fuzzy Numbers and an Application in Graphs

Author(s): Nicolás Zumelzu, Roberto Díaz, Aldryn Aparcana, José Canumán, Álvaro Mella, Edmundo Mansilla, Diego Soto, Benjamín Bedregal

Pages: 7025 - 7036

37) Design Trend Fuzzy Granulation-Based Three-Layer Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Long-Term Forecasting of Multivariate Time Series

Author(s): Fei Yang, Fusheng Yu, Chenxi Ouyang, Yuqing Tang

Pages: 7037 - 7049

38) Adaptive Fuzzy Safety Control of Hypersonic Flight Vehicles Pursuing Adaptable Prescribed Behaviors: A Sensing and Adjustment Mechanism

Author(s): Xiangwei Bu, Ruining Luo, Maolong Lv, Humin Lei

Pages: 7050 - 7062

39) Dynamic Guaranteed Cost Event-Triggered-Based Anti-Disturbance Control of T-S Fuzzy Wind-Turbine Systems Subject to External Disturbances

Author(s): Yang Gu, Mouquan Shen, Ju H. Park, Qing-Guo Wang, Zheng Hong Zhu

Pages: 7063 - 7072

40) Fuzzy Adaptive Bipartite Consensus of Stochastic Multiagent Systems: A Singularity-Free Prescribed Performance Control Approach

Author(s): Lei Chen, Hongjing Liang, Yuhua Cheng, Tingwen Huang

Pages: 7073 - 7085

41) A New Family of Metrics in Interval Space and Their Applications to Multicriteria Decision-Making Theory

Author(s): Y. Chalco-Cano, T. M. Costa, Benjamín Bedregal, Ademir G. Chalco Cano

Pages: 7086 - 7095

42) FGRBC: A Novel Fuzzy Granular Rule-Based Classifier Using the Justifiable Granularity Principle and a Fusion Strategy

Author(s): Xiao Zhang, Yijing Liu, Jinhai Li, Changlin Mei

Pages: 7096 - 7108

43) Observer-Based Sliding Mode Control for Stochastic Sampling Fuzzy Systems With Stochastic Communication Protocol

Author(s): Junhui Wu, Jun Cheng, Huaicheng Yan, Leszek Rutkowski, Jinde Cao

Pages: 7109 - 7117

44) Dynamic Event-Based Hierarchical Fuzzy Prescribed Performance Control for Underactuated Systems With Uncertain Dead Zone

Author(s): Yi Shui, Lu Dong, Ya Zhang, Changyin Sun

Pages: 7118 - 7128

45) Long-Term Interpretable Air Quality Trend Forecasting via Directed Interval Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

Author(s): Xiaoqian Liu, Yingjun Zhang, Hui Wang, Sipei Qin, Zhenhua Zhang, Yanyan Yang, Jingping Wang

Pages: 7129 - 7142

46) Higher Order Fuzzy Membership in Motif Modularity Optimization

Author(s): Jing Xiao, Ya-Wei Wei, Jing Cao, Xiao-Ke Xu

Pages: 7143 - 7156

47) Membership Function-Dependent H∞ Control for Set-Described T-S Fuzzy System via Improved Dynamic Memory Event-Triggered Mechanism

Author(s): Qinghua Hou, Jiuxiang Dong

Pages: 7157 - 7167

48) A Cross-Field Deep Learning-Based Fuzzy Spamming Detection Approach via Collaboration of Behavior Modeling and Sentiment Analysis

Author(s): Keping Yu, Xiaogang Zhu, Zhiwei Guo, Amr Tolba, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Victor C.M. Leung

Pages: 7168 - 7182

49) Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy Filter With Kernel Density Estimation for Impulse Noise Removal

Author(s): Vikas Singh, Alankrita, Vipin Chandra Pal, Avadh Pati

Pages: 7183 - 7189

50) Fuzzy Formation Control for Nonlinear Multiagent Systems With Two Time Scales: A Reinforcement Learning Scheme

Author(s): Qing Yang, Jing Wang, Hao Shen, Ju H. Park

Pages: 7190 - 7195

51) A Novel Unsupervised Capacity Identification Approach to Deal With Redundant Criteria in Multicriteria Decision Making Problems

Author(s): Guilherme Dean Pelegrina, Leonardo Tomazeli Duarte

Pages: 7196 - 7201

[ecaico]

Gas valve train operation guide

The article explains the operation of gas train valve units in industrial systems, focusing on automation, safety, and efficiency. It outlines pre-operation checks, control modes (manual, semi-automatic, and full-automatic), and maintenance and safety tips. The content includes technical insights like using PID controllers for precise temperature and flow control.

[medicalhealth10]

Menorrhagia: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding Explained

Menorrhagia, often referred to as heavy menstrual bleeding, is a condition where a woman experiences abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. This condition is not just a minor inconvenience—it can have significant effects on daily life and overall well-being, leading to discomfort, fatigue, and in some cases, anemia (a shortage of red blood cells caused by excessive blood loss). Menorrhagia: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding- Medical & Health

What Is Menorrhagia?

Menorrhagia is characterized by menstrual bleeding that lasts longer than seven days or requires the use of sanitary products (like pads or tampons) more frequently than every hour for an extended period. Some women may pass large blood clots or experience severe cramping during their periods. The condition can occur intermittently or be persistent, disrupting daily routines, work, and social life.

While the amount of bleeding varies from person to person, the key diagnostic factor is the volume of blood lost. If the bleeding is heavy enough to cause fatigue or anemia, it can indicate a medical condition that needs attention. Menorrhagia: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding- Medical & Health

Causes of Menorrhagia

Several factors can contribute to menorrhagia, and in many cases, the exact cause remains unidentified. Some common causes include:

Hormonal Imbalances: An imbalance in estrogen and progesterone can cause the lining of the uterus to grow thicker than normal, leading to heavier bleeding when it sheds.

Uterine Fibroids: Non-cancerous growths in the uterus can interfere with normal menstrual flow and cause excessive bleeding.

Endometriosis: A condition where tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, leading to painful periods and heavy bleeding.

Adenomyosis: A condition where the tissue lining the uterus grows into the muscle wall of the uterus, leading to heavy, painful periods.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An infection of the reproductive organs can cause abnormal bleeding and other symptoms.

Medications: Certain medications, such as blood thinners or intrauterine devices (IUDs), can increase bleeding.

Blood Disorders: Conditions that affect blood clotting, such as von Willebrand disease, can cause abnormal bleeding patterns.

Symptoms of Menorrhagia

Women with menorrhagia may experience a range of symptoms that can vary in severity, including:

Soaking through pads or tampons every hour or needing to change products frequently during the night.

Menstrual periods that last longer than a week.

Passing large blood clots (larger than a quarter).

Severe cramping or pelvic pain.

Fatigue, weakness, or anemia due to excessive blood loss.

Difficulty participating in normal activities because of heavy bleeding.

Diagnosis of Menorrhagia

If you experience symptoms of menorrhagia, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough medical history, physical exam, and sometimes additional tests, such as:

Blood Tests: To check for anemia or blood clotting disorders.

Ultrasound: To check for uterine fibroids or other structural problems in the uterus.

Endometrial Biopsy: To check for abnormal tissue growth in the lining of the uterus.

Hysteroscopy: A procedure where a doctor inserts a small camera into the uterus to check for abnormalities.

Treatment Options for Menorrhagia

Treatment for menorrhagia depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common options include:

Hormonal Therapy: Birth control pills, hormonal IUDs, or hormone replacement therapy can regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the amount of bleeding.

Medications: Antifibrinolytic drugs can help reduce bleeding, while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can help manage pain and inflammation.

D&C (Dilation and Curettage): A procedure in which the lining of the uterus is scraped to reduce bleeding.

Endometrial Ablation: A procedure that removes or destroys the lining of the uterus to reduce or stop bleeding.

Surgery: In severe cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be recommended if other treatments are ineffective.

When to Seek Medical Help

While occasional heavy periods can be normal, consistently heavy bleeding or prolonged periods can be a sign of an underlying issue. If you experience symptoms like excessive blood loss, severe pain, or fatigue that interferes with your quality of life, it’s crucial to see a doctor. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications like anemia and improve overall health.

By understanding menorrhagia and seeking timely treatment, you can manage the condition effectively. If you're experiencing heavy menstrual bleeding, don't hesitate to read my in-depth article on menorrhagia for more information and guidance on managing this condition.Menorrhagia: Heavy Menstrual Bleeding- Medical & HealthHeavy Menstrual Bleeding, menorrhagia, Heavy Menstrual Bleeding treatment, Heavy Menstrual Bleeding causes, menorrhagia treatment, menorrhagia causes,https://diseases8804.blogspot.com/2023/09/menorrhagia-heavy-menstrual-bleeding.html

[erikabsworld]

Mastering Control Systems: Essential Tips for Writing High-Quality Assignments

To write a high-quality assignment on control systems, you must first have a solid grasp of the fundamentals. Start by revisiting core concepts such as feedback loops, stability analysis, and transfer functions. Understanding how these principles interconnect will provide a strong foundation for tackling more complex topics. Make sure you comprehend both the theoretical aspects and their practical applications in real-world scenarios, as this dual approach will enhance the depth of your assignment.

Planning Your Assignment

Effective planning is key to producing a well-structured and coherent assignment. Begin by outlining the main sections of your paper. For example, you might include an introduction to control systems, a discussion on the types of control strategies (like PID, state-space, or adaptive control), and a section on their applications in various industries.

Organize your thoughts in a logical sequence, ensuring that each section flows naturally into the next. This structure will help guide your research and writing process, making it easier to cover all necessary points comprehensively.

Research Thoroughly

Control systems is a field rich in research and development, with continuous advancements. To ensure your assignment is up to date, gather information from credible sources like academic journals, textbooks, and online databases. Explore recent case studies or papers to provide fresh insights into the topic.

Incorporate a mix of theoretical explanations and practical examples to illustrate your points. For instance, if you're discussing PID controllers, you might describe their mathematical formulation and then show how they are applied in industrial automation systems. This combination of theory and practice will demonstrate your understanding and add depth to your assignment.

Focus on Precision and Clarity

When writing about control systems, precision is crucial. This subject often involves complex mathematical models and technical terminology, so it's important to be clear and concise in your explanations. Avoid unnecessary jargon and define key terms when they are first introduced.

Use diagrams or block diagrams to visually represent control systems, as they can simplify complex concepts and enhance the reader's understanding. Just ensure that any visual elements are well-labeled and directly relevant to the content.

Address Challenges and Problem-Solving Techniques

Control systems assignments often require you to solve specific problems or design systems that meet certain criteria. When addressing these challenges, clearly outline your approach to problem-solving. Break down the problem into manageable steps, explaining each step in detail.

Discuss alternative methods or strategies that could be employed and justify your chosen approach. This shows critical thinking and a deep understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, consider potential issues that could arise and suggest ways to mitigate them.

Review and Revise Your Work

Before submitting your assignment, take the time to review and revise your work thoroughly. Check for any gaps in your logic, unclear explanations, or technical errors. Pay attention to the flow of the document—each section should transition smoothly into the next, and your arguments should be cohesive.

Also, don’t forget to proofread for grammatical mistakes and formatting consistency. A well-polished assignment reflects professionalism and a strong grasp of the subject.

Seek Help When Necessary

While it’s important to strive for independence in your work, don’t hesitate to seek help if you’re struggling with a particular concept or section. Utilizing control systems assignment help services can provide you with valuable guidance and insights, ensuring that your work is accurate and comprehensive. These services can be especially useful when you're dealing with complex calculations or advanced topics that require expert knowledge.

Conclusion

Mastering control systems and writing high-quality assignments in this field requires a combination of strong foundational knowledge, meticulous planning, and thorough research. By focusing on precision, addressing challenges effectively, and being open to seeking help when needed, you can produce assignments that not only meet academic standards but also demonstrate a deep understanding of control systems. Keep refining your approach with each assignment, and you'll continue to improve your skills and knowledge in this essential area of engineering.

[laboratory-instruments]

Why Viscosity Matters: The Science Behind Everyday Products

Have you ever squeezed a toothpaste tube and wondered how it gets that perfect consistency? Or tried to pour honey and been amazed by its resistance to flow? These everyday experiences are all thanks to viscosity – a property that determines a liquid's thickness or resistance to flow.

Grease selection is always a very important topic to consider for industrial applications because ensuring use of the proper grease can increase equipment efficiency and lifetime and reduce wear. Not all greases are formulated the same and some are much better than others for certain specific applications. This article will explain the most important criteria for grease selection and will give insight into which major applications will require which type of grease or grease performance characteristics.

The resistance to flow of a Liquid refers to Viscosity and it depends on the shear stress and shear rate. Viscosity can be measured using a simple formula:

viscosity = shear stress / shear rate

The SI unit of viscosity is poiseiulle (PI). Its other units are newton-second per square metre (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.) Measuring and study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state refers to Rheology. It involves measuring the viscosity of a fluid under conditions of alternating shear stress. This method is often used to study the flow behavior of complex fluids such as polymers, emulsions, and suspensions.

Types of Viscosity

Viscosity is the measure of fluid's friction to its flow. There are two ways to measure the fluid's viscosity :

Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity)

Kinematic Viscosity

When fluid's resistance to flow is measured when external force is applied is Dynamic Viscosity, whereas measuring resistive flow of a fluid under the weight of gravity is Kinematic viscosity.

The K23900 complies with ASTM D445, D6074, D6158, and other methods. The K23900 features:

- Stainless Steel Bath Construction

- Dual Digital Displays show setpoint and actual bath temperature

- Selectable temperature scale - Fahrenheit or Celsius

- Multi-point temperature calibration

- Integrated redundant overtemperature and low liquid level cut-off circuitry

Kinematic Viscosity Bath (also called KV Bath) is an instrument used to determine the Kinematic Viscosity of a Fluid with help of a glass capillary Viscometer maintained at a constant temperature.

Constant temperature bath with advanced temperature control circuitry for convenient.

Microprocessor PID circuitry assures precise, reliable temperature control within ASTM specified stability and uniformity throughout the operating range of the bath.

Simple push-button controls and dual digital displays permit easy setting.

The bath accommodates seven glass capillary viscometers of various types.

Viewing the viscometers is made easy by LED illumination inside the bath and a baffle that provides a background for easy viewing.

Temperature control uniformity is assured by an integrated stirrer and baffling system for uniform bath temperature distribution.

Connection of the built-in cooling coil to tap water or a recirculating water chiller facilitates temperature control at ambient or below ambient temperatures. Kinematic viscosity is expressed in units of centistokes (cSt) or square meters per second (m²/s).

Why Measure Viscosity?

Quality control: Ensuring product consistency.

Product development: Creating products with desired textures.

Process optimization: Improving manufacturing efficiency.

Research and development: Understanding material behavior.

Industrial Applications of Koehler’s Kinematic Viscosity Bath

A kinematic viscosity bath is a super useful tool in many different industries. It helps measure how thick or thin a liquid is very precisely, which is important for lots of things.

Food and Drinks

Thickness matters in the food industry! It affects how quickly things move through pipes, how long it takes for things to dry or set up, and even how food feels in your mouth. Keeping the thickness consistent means the food quality is good and things run smoothly in the factory.

Glues and Sticky Stuff

How well glue works depends on how thick or thin it is. If it's too thin, it runs everywhere. If it's too thick, it's hard to use. Measuring the thickness helps glue makers create glues that work perfectly for different jobs.

Petroleum Industry

In the oil industry, thickness is important for oil that keeps machines running smoothly. It also helps design pipes and tanks to store oil.

Building and Construction

Thickness matters in the food industry! It affects how quickly things move through pipes, how long it takes for things to dry or set up, and even how food feels in your mouth. Keeping the thickness consistent means the food quality is good and things run smoothly in the factory.

Lotions and Makeup

How thick or thin lotions and makeup are affects how they feel and how easily they spread. Measuring the thickness helps make sure these products are pleasant to use. Koehler's kinematic viscosity bath creates a perfect environment to measure how thick or thin liquids are, which helps all these industries make better products and work more efficiently. Interested in knowing more about the Viscometers? Contact our experts here.

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PID Controller Explainer (2022)

https://ben.bolte.cc/pid-controller

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Fertility Problem Explained And How Can You Deal With It?

Fertility refers to the capacity of a couple or individual to have a baby through regular sexual activities. Fertility is usually viewed when there is a failure to reproduce naturally, commonly referred to as infertility. Human fertility is influenced by many factors, including diet, culture, endocrinology, timing, consanguinity, emotions, etc.

Signs of a Fertility Problem

It can be devastating for couples to find out that they are suffering from a fertility problem after trying to conceive but failed for at least a year. The causes of infertility are varied and do not have clear signs, however, listed below are some indicators that can indicate a problem with fertility and prompt a visit to a doctor:

You’re 35 years old or over, and you’ve been trying to become pregnant for the past six months.

You’re under 35 and had unprotected sexual encounters for a period of one year without becoming pregnant.

If you have experienced two or more losses of pregnancy.

You are suffering from any infertility risk factors.

Irregular menstrual cycles

Usually, bleeding is light or heavy and painful menstrual cramps

Frequent heavy periods or unusual menstrual bleeding

Pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse

Sexual dysfunction (including the erectile dysfunction as well as low libido)

Common Causes

Listed below are a few factors causing decreased fertility that aren’t under your control:

Age

Usually, female fertility increases during early 20s to mid-20s, and after the age of 35, it begins to decline rapidly. However, the male fertility declines with age, although not as drastically. Although some men remain fertile at the age of 50, women who have uteruses are infertile after menopausal change.

Chronic Diseases

Even if a condition isn’t directly connected to reproductive health however, it could still affect fertility. Certain chronic illnesses, along with treatments, may cause fertility issues in all sexes such as:

Diabetes

Hypothyroidism

Periodontal disease

Untreated celiac disease 

Ovulation problems:

Several reasons may cause a female body to not release eggs often and these may include insufficiencies in hormones, eating disorders, thyroid issues, extreme stress, etc.

Issues with fallopian tube:

The most prevalent reason for tubal factor infertility is pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) and the most frequent reasons for this includes Chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Uterus problems:

These include uterine polyps and fibroids, adhesions (scarring) in the uterus’s cavity. Fibroids and polyps can develop by themselves at any point, whereas Adhesions can develop after an operation such as dilation or curettage.

Fertility Testing

If you’re struggling with fertility problems, one of the most effective things you could do is discussing with a fertility specialist who can suggest certain tests you can take to comprehend your fertility.

If you’re experiencing difficulty in getting pregnant, it’s important to be aware that you must undergo some tests that your doctor will suggest to determine the issues. The reports are necessary to analyze the issue and develop a treatment strategy accordingly that could increase your chances of getting pregnant. Fertility tests generally examine the system which may not be working or any issue in the body functions, for example, it could be a hormonal imbalance that blocks normal Ovulation or a blockage in the fallopian tube, which prevents fertilization.

Once the cause is understood, treatments can be planned such as hormonal drugs to stimulate or regulate Ovulation, or surgery to correct the blockage of the tubal or IVF (IVF).

How can female infertility be treated?

Once the medical expert identifies the infertility reason, they’ll recommend the following possible treatments on the root cause:

Surgery:

If the structural issues like scarring or blockage are causing infertility, the doctor might opt for surgical methods to treat the situation.

Medications:

Fertility medication prescribed by the doctor can help with hormonal imbalances and problems with ovulation and some hormone medications may induce ovulation, helping with egg release.

Antibiotics:

Sometimes the doctors may recommend antibiotics that can remove the inflammation from the reproductive organs of your body.

Fertility Awareness:

Monitoring ovulation by assessing the cervical mucus level or measuring the body’s temperature at rest are two other ways that your doctor could determine your fertility. Couples who are trying to conceive make use of home ovulation predictor kits and mobile apps that monitor their menstrual cycle to determine the ideal time to start trying to conceive.

Fertility Treatment- IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

A method which allows egg fertilization by sperm outside the womb, IVF is one of the most effective methods to treat infertility, if you do not get successful results from the other strategies for reproduction. The process involves the hormonal control of the ovulatory cycle through the removal of eggs from female ovaries, permitting sperm to fertilize with liquid media. The experts then transfer the fertilized eggs into the uterus of the patient to create the embryo successfully.

The treatment can be used to treat female infertility due to issues with the fallopian tube that make the process of fertilization challenging. For IVF to be successful It could be easier to state that it requires fertile eggs and sperm capable of fertilization and a reproductive organ that can be used to keep the chance of having a baby. Because of the high cost of this procedure, IVF is typically only considered when less cost alternatives were unsuccessful.

Who Is Eligible For IVF?

Check out the following conditions to understand if you are the right candidate for IVF:

Obstructed or damaged fallopian tubes

Male fertility issues

Unable to become pregnant despite taking fertility medications

An unsuccessful IUI operation.

For women younger than 35, it is difficult to naturally become pregnant after trying continuously for one year

Women who are over 35 who cannot naturally conceive six months later or other reasons

Common Reasons for IVF

You may opt for IVF procedure under the following conditions:

Severe male infertility

Fallopian tubes blocked by surgery that are not able to be fixed.

Absent fallopian tubes

Failure to achieve success with IUI

Multiple miscarriages

Severe endometriosis

Polycystic ovary syndrome.

Age

Be concerned about the possibility of passing genetic diseases

What Are the Success Rates for IVF?

The success rates of IVF vary based on a variety of factors, such as the cause of infertility, where you’re getting the process performed and whether the eggs are fresh or frozen or donated or your own, as well as your age.

Prevention

Listed below are some measures that the females may prevent getting fertility issues:

Stop Smoking

Since tobacco is known to pose numerous negative impacts on fertility, it is also bad for your health and that of a baby who is not yet born. If you’re a smoker and would like to attempt to get pregnant, quit smoking today and you can consult your doctor for better assistance.

Avoid Drinking and Street Drugs

Avoid drinking alcohol or using recreational drugs as these substances may hinder your chances to get pregnant and enjoy an uninvolved pregnancy.

Limit caffeine intake

Women must reduce their intake of caffeine if they are trying to conceive and speak to their doctor for suggestions.

Exercise

Regular exercise is essential to a healthy lifestyle, however, exercising too much could make your periods occur less frequently or disappear completely, which may affect fertility.

Maintain An Ideal Weight

Being overweight or obese can affect hormone levels and lead to infertility.

Conclusion

The rate of fertility declines with the aging process in both males and females. If you’ve tried to have a child but the process hasn’t worked then you might be contemplating your fertility and other factors that could or might not affect chances of having children. Shanti Super Speciality Hospital offers several specialized methods of determining infertility issues in women and men, offering couples the greatest chance of having a successful pregnancy.

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How to Deal with Pelvic Pain Other than Menstrual Cramps

Pelvic pain can be a source of discomfort and concern for many women. While menstrual cramps are a common cause of pelvic pain, there are various other factors that can contribute to this discomfort. In this blog, we turn to the expertise of Gynecologist Dr. Kunaal Shinde to explore the various causes of pelvic pain and learn how to deal with it effectively. If you or your loved onces regulararly experience the pelvic pain then you must consult Dr. Kunnal Shinde for his expert advise.

The Complexity of Pelvic Pain:

Pelvic pain is a multifaceted issue, and understanding its various causes is essential. It’s not always about menstrual cramps, and Dr. Kunaal Shinde emphasizes the importance of a thorough assessment when dealing with pelvic pain.

Common Causes of Pelvic Pain:

There are various reasons for pelvic pains not associated with menses. The following are some common causes and it is always advisable to seek medical help, which will help in right diagnosis, early intervention and reduced complications.

Menstrual Cramps: While menstrual cramps are common, they can sometimes be severe and disruptive. Dr. Shinde provides advice on managing these cramps effectively.

Endometriosis: The doctor discusses endometriosis, a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, often causing pelvic pain. Early diagnosis and treatment are key.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): This is a bacterial infection of the female reproductive organs. Dr. Kunaal Shinde explains the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options for PID.

Fibroids: Uterine fibroids can cause pelvic pain and other symptoms. Dr. Shinde outlines treatment options, including medication and minimally invasive procedures.

Ovarian Cysts: Kunaal Shinde discusses the common occurrence of ovarian cysts and when they may require medical attention.

Miscarriage: Most miscarriages occur before 13 weeks of pregnancy and the usual accompanying symptoms of bleeding are severe pelvic cramps. If you are pregnant and notice bleeding with pelvic pain, it is advisable to immediately visit a doctor. Diagnosis may require an ultrasound to confirm the miscarriage. If medications are not sufficient to remove the remnants, then a dilation and curettage may be required.

5 ways to Manage Pelvic Pain:

Dr. Kunnal Shinde offers valuable insights on managing pelvic pain, irrespective of the underlying cause. He emphasizes the following strategies:

Consult a Gynecologist: The first and most crucial step is to consult a gynecologist who can accurately diagnose the cause of your pelvic pain.

Pain Management: Dr. Shinde discusses various pain management techniques, including over-the-counter pain relievers, prescription medications, and lifestyle changes.

Hormonal Treatments: For conditions like endometriosis, hormonal treatments can help alleviate symptoms and manage pain.

Minimally Invasive Procedures: Dr. Shinde explains how minimally invasive surgeries can be effective in treating conditions that cause pelvic pain.

Lifestyle Modifications: Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management, can contribute to pain relief.

Pelvic pain can be distressing, but with the guidance of an experienced gynecologist like Dr. Kunaal Shinde, you can navigate the challenges it poses. By understanding the potential causes and implementing the right treatment approach, you can regain control of your health and well-being. Don’t let pelvic pain disrupt your life – seek professional advice and explore the solutions available to you. Remember, a pain-free life is within reach, and Dr. Shinde is here to help you achieve it.