#pnpn

[swallowtail-ageha]

I make up to having almost exclusively straight ships with the fact that they're batshit toxic <3

[electronicsexpert]

DIAC Explained: Symbol, Work, Applications and Features

DIAC Introduction

A DIAC, or DIode for Alternating Current, is a semiconductor device that operates based on voltage changes to switch on and off. It functions as a bidirectional trigger device, conducting current only when the applied voltage exceeds a certain breakdown threshold. DIACs are commonly used in conjunction with TRIACs in phase control circuits, such as dimmers and motor speed controllers, to efficiently manage AC power. Many distributors offer a wide range of components of DIAC to cater to diverse application needs, like Heisener

DIAC Symbol

The DIAC symbol typically features a diode symbol with two arrows pointing outwards from the base, indicating its bidirectional conduction capability. This symbol represents DIAC's ability to conduct current in both directions once the breakdown voltage is exceeded.

DIAC Structure

A DIAC is a semiconductor device with a unique structure composed primarily of four alternating layers of P-type and N-type semiconductor materials. The internal structure of a DIAC includes two P-type regions and two N-type regions arranged in an alternating fashion to form a PNPN configuration. This configuration creates two PN junctions positioned at either end of the device.

The Work of DIAC

The operation of a DIAC is based on its PNPN structure. In the absence of sufficient voltage, the DIAC remains in a high-impedance state, meaning it does not conduct current. The trigger voltage of a DIAC, commonly referred to as the breakdown voltage, is the threshold at which the device abruptly switches from a high-impedance state to a low-impedance state, allowing current to flow.

In the circuit, the DIAC operates as follows: When the applied voltage is below the breakdown voltage, the DIAC remains in the off state and does not allow current to pass through. As the voltage increases, once it exceeds the breakdown voltage, the DIAC rapidly transitions to a conductive state, allowing current to flow freely between the two PN junctions. At this point, the DIAC's impedance significantly drops, and current flows through the device until it decreases to a level below the holding current, at which point the DIAC reverts to the off state.

DIAC Applications

DIACs are widely used in phase control applications due to their ability to switch on at a precise voltage level. Common applications include light dimmers, motor speed controllers, and overvoltage protection circuits.

In light dimmers, for example, DIACs are used in conjunction with TRIACs to control the brightness of the light by adjusting the phase of the AC voltage applied to the light bulb. In motor speed controllers, DIACs help regulate the speed of the motor by adjusting the amount of voltage supplied. Additionally, DIACs are employed in surge protectors and voltage clamping circuits to protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes.

DIAC Key Features

DIAC can conduct current in both positive and negative directions, with its characteristic curve being symmetric across both halves of the waveform.

DIAC has a specific breakover voltage, typically ranging from 30V to 200V.

Before reaching the breakover voltage, DIAC maintains a high impedance state, allowing very little current to pass through.

DIAC typically has a fast response time, generally in the nanosecond range.

Common packaging forms for DIACs include SOT-23, TO-92, and TO-220.

The power dissipation capability of DIACs usually ranges from a few hundred milliwatts to several watts.

DIACs generally operate within a temperature range of -40°C to 125°C.

DIAC Benefits and Limitations

Benefits of DIAC:

DIAC offers symmetrical switching characteristics, enabling it to conduct current evenly in both positive and negative directions. This symmetry helps reduce harmonics in the system. Its low on-state voltage drop minimizes energy loss, while the voltage drop increases progressively with applied voltage, allowing for precise voltage control. Additionally, DIAC can be easily switched by adjusting the applied voltage, providing smooth power control when triggering other thyristors and TRIACs, thus enhancing the overall performance and stability of the circuit.

Limitations of DIAC:

Despite its advantages, DIAC has certain limitations. It is a low-power device, which limits its use to low-power applications. It only conducts when the voltage exceeds approximately 30 volts, restricting its use in low-voltage applications. Furthermore, DIAC cannot handle high voltages, which constrains its application in high-voltage environments. These limitations make DIAC more suitable for medium to low-power control and regulation tasks.

[pagefontanillasy]

Paige Fontanilla-Sy

Age:38/1949

Nationality: Filipino

Occupation: Philippine National Police- Narcotics Division Captain Precinct 07.

Status: Dead

Relationship: Edward Heath (Boyfriend)

Christopher Sy (Deceased husband)

A mentioned sister

An estranged son

Affiliations: Captain DEA-PNPN joint force

Lieutenant for PNPN Precinct 07 and OIC

Sargeant for PNP violent crimes

Soldier 177th infantry division for Vietnam War 76

Background

Paige Fontanilla-Sy is a career soldier, educated in the UK. She was trained in the West Point like her father and was sent to fight the Vietnam War and Korean war. She retired after two tours and became a high ranking cop first as a Master Sargeant for violent crimes. Having a degree in chemistry, she has joined the newly formed Narcotics Division in 1983 to combat drug use problem and trafficking. She has been newly minted as a Lieutenant as early as 35 and led PNP narcotics from then on. When the DEA joined forces with the Ph government, she was tasked to be the Captain of her precinct among with other to join the DEA. She leads the command for three years until 1992 due to her untimely death.

Her time has led to total of 1267 arrests and has given a large blow to the Chinese/Hispanic cartels.

She died in a gun battle but the coroner states that she died from blood loss due to miscarriage of a third month old baby which was believed to be sired by DEA Operations Director, Edward Heath.

Paige had created an alliance with Edward to rang in corrupt politicians and policemen that has been hindering her missions. The professional relationship has turned personal to which at that time, Ed Heath is still married to his wife who he claims to having difficult time with the marriage and finally decided to divorce his then wife--Sara Heath to be with Paige.

Relationships

Paige's family life has been quite tragic. His father served as an economic advisor but was killed in a car crash with the president at the time in 1950s. Mother was European language teacher who died from cancer in the 70s.

She has a sister who is estranged.

Her husband, Christopher Sy, a teacher was killed when she was ambushed by a Chinese triad. She got widowed when she was just 27.

She hasn't been married or known to have other romantic or sexual relationships since then. She does but not known.

Paige met Edward Heath in 1984 when he just got posted from Mexico for ten years and is sent to the Philippines for new enemies. They met during Paige's aikido match with other policemen. Edward was told that Paige will be minted as a Lieutenant and will lead the Narcotics Division. However, Edward does not believe that a woman could do some gritty job. Paige's captain told him that she's not any ordinary police staff, as she has more arrests and turn out than anyone.

They met again during the ceremony of recognition for new lieutenants and Sargeant. Edward congratulated her but Paige refused to shake hands, stating sarcastically about Ed's mention of her gender being a hinder.

They have bumped into each other many of times but they still are brewing against each other. In 1987, a joint force between DEA and PNP Narcotics has been established making her the captain of the joint force to capture Cho Ren Shi for the fentanyl business. Although successful many times in the operations, Paige's main problem are corruption.

So Paige asked Edward for a very private meeting to ask Edward for intels about it and she'll figure out who to tumble next with his help.

They continue their private meetings mostly in discreet places, cars and hotels to exchange intels and plans.

After imprisoning de Vega, for his narcopolitics connections and eventually getting most of those in the politics and police, their secret partnership is about to end since the joint task force will soon be dissolved.

However, Ed and Paige had sex together. They finally developed a sexual relationship for two years for the remaining operation. Ed starts to fall for Paige but Paige remains noncommittal. She suddenly out of nowhere won't talk to him but she hints that she's pregnant with his child through a phone call before they got interrupted.

The joint task force has been dissolved and they didn't get a chance to talk.

She has also filed a leave of absence attributing to her pregnancy. On the way to the court to watch the indictment, shoot outs begin and when she drew her gun, she was shot four times at the back and neck. Though still alive in the hospital she died of blood loss from her miscarriage of 18 weeks old fetus.

The coroner, doctor, General Ybañez and Heath was in the morgue looking for next of kin. The doctor reported about the miscarriage to Heath and Ybañez as she was looking for a possible relationship partner to come up and claim her. Heath ordered secretly a DNA test between his and the the fetus. It turned out a 99% paternity match. While going through Paige's things, Javier kept the baby book and letter and gave it to Heath as Javier knows about the affair between them.

It is obvious that Paige wants to keep the child given her even taking a leave from the police life. And that she is having regular check ups since she discovered at 7 weeks. She named the fetus Avocado as it is the size of it.

The letter to be sent to her sister contains that she's leaving after the indictment and move her family's ancestral house to continue her pregnancy quietly. It reveals that she has a son from her previous marriage but had her sister adopt him since the state saw her unfit to become a mother due to her obsessiveness to work and revenge. So she gave it to her sister and that Paige only supports him financially.

The sister thus arrive, burying the fetus and Paige. Edward came forward to Paige's sister, Hannah, that she was the father and that they had a relationship. The tombstone fo the fetus is named as Avocado Fontanilla-Heath.

[carmelloice]

Star Studded Lineup ⭐️⭐️⭐️ . . 📷 @amandaleecoffey #OSOT #BTMPROD #MONTEBIGGZ #PNPN #AVIBEMUSIC #MOKILLA7 (at Clinton's Bar) https://www.instagram.com/p/Cd51p2wu8lw/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[poundent]

. #SlapperAlert . BET . COMING SOON . #PnPn #GG #Juice #StarGirl . #PoundEntertainmentCERTIFIED https://www.instagram.com/p/CZHqs11F_7T/?utm_medium=tumblr

[spanishrob]

#tbt to the panel with @andrettimario, @my.friend.james @nellnewman & @mclerizo the night before the big #PaulNewman Paul Newman auction at @phillipswatches and getting a #wristshot with #MarioAndretti and his #tagheuer #carrera which he jokingly offered to sell for $4 million 😂 I bet in hindsight, that'll be a bargain and maybe someone should have taken him up on it 🤔😁 #SpanishRobHC #PNPN #phillipswatches #paulnewmandaytona #thelovedpatek (at Phillips Art Auctions)

[les-agriculteurs-dafrique]

#LeRapTogolaisVaBien 2.0 Lyrics https://doingbuzz.com/le-rap-togolais-va-bien2-0/ Téléchargement Direct https://doingbuzz.com/telecharger/rap-togolais-va-bien2-0_doingbuzz-com/?wpdmdl=10830 #Pnpn #Team228

[radarx]

Kredit PNPM Nunggak, Agus Sakera Akan Laporkan Perangkat Desa Gumuk Mas Ke Polisi

Kredit PNPM Nunggak, Agus Sakera Akan Laporkan Perangkat Desa Gumuk Mas Ke Polisi

JEMBER, RADAR-X.net – Agus Sakera bersilaturrahmi ke kantor radar-x.net biro Jember yang beralamat di Jl Puger No 50 Balung Kulon kecamatan Balung Kabupaten Jember. Selasa (4/05/2021). Dalam silaturahmi tersebut, Agus Sakera anggota Watch Relation of Corruption (WRC) merupakan salah satu lembaga Divisi Nasional yang bergerak dibidang “Pengawas Aset Negara Republik Indonesia” menyampaikan pada…

[waywardathletewagonmug-blog]

```Tu aimes le hip hop ? Tu es un jeune artiste débutant ? Tu manages un artiste ? Ou tu veux simplement mieux t'outiler pour réussir ta carrière ?``` #PAR_Nous_Pour_Nous & #228_EVENTS et leurs partenaires t'invitent au #Rookie_Meeting_Up une rencontre - échange ce #samedi_25_août à partir de 9h30* à #Esplanade (Gbossime) pour discuter de _*l'importance d'une équipe efficace dans la réussite d'une carrière artistique*_. Inscris tes amis et toi ici 👇🏾 http://bit.ly/rookiemeetingupnpn 📞 *9098 1584* #PnPn #228Events #formation #RookieUp1erSeptembre (à Lomé, Togo) https://www.instagram.com/p/BmqK4GYHFts/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=1w9kwc9p2i21e

[stunning-destinations]

By @ryancantyloupe . . #travel #nature #travelphotography #photography #travelgram #travelblogger #photooftheday #instatravel #instagood #travelling #love #traveller #picoftheday #traveling #instagram #traveldiaries #beautiful #traveler #natgeotravel #naturephotography #travelindia #wanderlust #travelingram #india #travelrealindia #landscape #travelblog #summer #mytravelgram (at Mountain Love) https://www.instagram.com/p/Ch8dQi-PnPn/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

[solplparty]

[Mood Sampler] 로켓펀치 Rocket Punch 'FLASH' https://youtu.be/PnpN-H2YgCE If you like this Video, Plz click "LIKE" and "SUBSCRIBE". [Mood Sampler] 로켓펀치 Rocket Punch 'FLASH' 2022.08.29 6PM RELEASE #RocketPunch #로켓펀치 #2ND_SINGLE #FLASH #Mood_Sampler #FLASH_MoodSampler #Prom_Party #Prom #Party #20220829_6PM #COMEBACK #연희 #쥬리 #수윤 #윤경 #소희 #다현 #YEONHEE #JURI #SUYUN #YUNKYOUNG #SOHEE #DAHYUN [ Rocket Punch Official ] iTunes/Apple Music : https://apple.co/3hqgyPW Spotify : https://spoti.fi/3K35qVu Fancafe(팬카페) : http://cafe.daum.net/RocketPunch YouTube(유튜브) : https://www.youtube.com/c/RocketPunch V Live(네이버 V) : http://channels.vlive.tv/B039DF Twitter(트위터) : https://twitter.com/RocketPunch Instagram(인스타그램) : http://www.instagram.com/official_rcpc_ Weverse(위버스) : https://weverse.io/rocketpunch WOOLLIM Entertainment Official Website : http://www.woolliment.com Copyrightⓒ2022 WOOLLIM Entertainment all rights reserved. woolliment

[shaffiya19]

PENJELASAN LENGKAP MENGENAI SCR

Dioda Shockley dan Silicon Controlled Cures (SCR) Dioda Shockley adalah bias yang aneh, tetapi operasinya agak terbatas. Utilitas mereka dapat diperluas, masih, dengan melengkapi mereka dengan cara lain untuk mengunci. Dalam melakukannya, masing-masing menjadi bias penguatan yang sebenarnya (jika hanya dalam mode on/off), dan kami menghubungkannya sebagai penyembuhan yang dikontrol silikon atau SCR.

Perkembangan dari dioda Shockley ke SCR dicapai dengan satu tambahan kecil, sebenarnya tidak lebih dari koneksi jalur ketiga ke struktur PNPN (Gambar di bawah) .

Penyearah Terkendali Silikon (SCR)

Konduksi SCR Tetap saja, ia berperilaku persis seperti dioda Shockley, Jika gerbang SCR dibiarkan mengambang (terputus). Ini mungkin terkunci oleh tegangan breakover atau dengan melebihi tingkat kritis kenaikan tegangan antara anoda dan katoda, seperti halnya dioda Shockley. Pembangkit tenaga listrik dipenuhi dengan mengurangi arus sampai salah satu atau kedua transistor internal jatuh ke mode penangkapan, juga seperti dioda Shockley. Namun, karena terminal gerbang terhubung langsung ke basis transistor yang lebih rendah, ini dapat digunakan sebagai sarana sukarela untuk mengunci SCR. Dengan menerapkan tegangan kecil antara gerbang dan katoda, transistor bawah akan dipaksa oleh arus basis yang bekerja, yang akan membuat transistor atas untuk melakukan, yang juga memasok basis transistor bawah dengan arus sehingga tidak perlu lagi digerakkan. oleh tegangan gerbang. Arus gerbang yang diperlukan untuk memulai latch-up, tentu saja, akan jauh lebih rendah daripada arus yang melalui SCR dari katoda ke anoda, sehingga SCR mencapai ukuran modifikasi.

Mengemudi / Menembak Sistem mengamankan konduksi SCR ini disebut mengemudi atau menembak, dan sejauh ini merupakan cara paling umum untuk mengunci SCR dalam praktik faktual. Faktanya, SCR umumnya dipilih sehingga tegangan breakovernya jauh melampaui tegangan paling atas yang diantisipasi untuk ditanggung dari sumber daya sehingga dapat dihidupkan hanya dengan palpitasi tegangan yang disengaja yang diterapkan ke gerbang.

Mengemudi Belakang Perlu disebutkan bahwa SCR  MCC21-16IO8B IXYS kadang-kadang dapat dimatikan dengan secara langsung memendekkan gerbang dan stasiun luar katoda bersama-sama, atau dengan "memicu belakang" gerbang dengan tegangan negatif (mengacu pada katoda), sehingga transistor yang lebih rendah dipaksa masuk penangkapan. Saya katakan ini "kadang-kadang" mungkin karena melibatkan shunting semua arus kolektor transistor atas melewati basis transistor yang lebih rendah. Arus ini mungkin besar, membuat penghentian awal SCR halus dalam gaya. Variasi SCR, yang disebut thyristor Gate-Turn-Off, atau GTO, membuat tugas ini lebih mudah. Tapi memang dengan GTO, arus gerbang yang dibutuhkan untuk mematikannya mungkin sama pentingnya dengan 20 arus anoda ( kargo)! Simbol skema untuk GTO ditunjukkan pada ilustrasi berikut ( Gambar di bawah).

Gerbang Turn-Off thyristor (GTO)

SCR dan GTO mengambil skema asli yang sama (dua transistor terhubung dengan cara umpan balik positif), satu-satunya perbedaan adalah detail konstruksi yang dirancang untuk memberikan transistor NPN yang lebih rendah daripada PNP. Hal ini memungkinkan arus gerbang yang lebih rendah (maju atau mundur) untuk memberikan tingkat kontrol yang lebih rendah terhadap konduksi dari katoda ke anoda, dengan keadaan penguncian transistor PNP lebih bergantung pada NPN daripada sebaliknya. Thyristor Gate-Turn-Off juga dikenal dengan nama Gate-Controlled Switch, atau GCS.

Menguji Fungsionalitas SCR dengan Ohmmeter Tes dasar fungsi SCR, atau setidaknya identifikasi terminal, dapat dilakukan dengan ohmmeter. Karena sambungan internal antara gerbang dan katoda adalah sambungan PN tunggal, irama harus menunjukkan daya tahan antara stasiun luar ini dengan kabel uji merah di gerbang dan kabel uji hitam di katoda seperti ini ( Gambar di bawah) . Tes dasar SCR

Semua ukuran daya tahan lainnya yang dilakukan pada SCR akan menunjukkan “terbuka” (“OL” pada beberapa tampilan multimeter digital). Harus dipahami bahwa tes ini benar-benar kasar dan bukan merupakan penilaian komprehensif dari SCR. Mungkin saja SCR memberikan saran ohmmeter yang baik dan masih belum sempurna. Akhirnya, satu-satunya cara untuk menguji SCR adalah dengan menundukkannya ke arus kargo.

Namun, saran tegangan sambungan gerbang-ke-katoda yang Anda dapatkan mungkin atau mungkin tidak sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan dari sambungan PN silikon (kira-kira 0, Jika Anda menggunakan multimeter dengan fungsi "pemeriksaan dioda".7 volt). Dalam beberapa kasus, Anda akan membaca tegangan sambungan yang jauh lebih rendah hingga seperseratus volt. Ini karena resistor internal yang terhubung antara gerbang dan katoda yang tergabung dalam beberapa SCR. Resistor ini ditambahkan untuk membuat SCR kurang rentan terhadap pemicu palsu oleh harpun tegangan palsu, dari sirkuit "noise" atau dari pelepasan listrik statis. Dengan kata lain, memiliki resistor yang terhubung melintasi persimpangan gerbang-katoda mengharuskan  Sumber : https://teramitra.com/shop/mcc21-16io8b-ixys/

[poundent]

. Mawd Ting . #Tona #PnPn #KommonezStylez . https://www.instagram.com/p/CXYxSmol9lhqXUHHJTNWEu6_Vb13n6i72FS5BI0/?utm_medium=tumblr

[dihuang]

Lots of buttons! (at South Coast Chinese Cultural Center) https://www.instagram.com/p/CQrgMU-pnpn/?utm_medium=tumblr

[t22polanco]

No discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it produces a harvest of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained by it. Hebrews 12:11 NIV https://bible.com/verse-of-the-day/heb.12.11/52764 https://www.instagram.com/p/CQlSgH-pnPn/?utm_medium=tumblr

[nationin]

Quadracs are a special type of thyristor which combines a "diac" and a "triac" in a single package. The diac is the triggering device for the triac. Thyristors are four-layer (PNPN) semiconductor devices that act as switches, rectifiers or voltage regulators in a variety of applications. When triggered, thyristors turn on and become low-resistance current paths. They remain so even after the trigger is removed, and until the current is reduced to a certain level (or until they are triggered off). Quadracs are used in lighting control, speed control, and temperature modulation control applications.  . . . . #electronics #electronspark #electronicsolvers #electronicsolution #electronicsengineering #transistor #voltage #electrical #electricalengineering #electricalengineers #ohms #wires #mechatronics #arduinolove #arduinofun #circuitdesign #semiconductor #engineering #engineers #technology #robot #electronicsproject #sensor #electricals #electronique #nationin #nationinnovation https://www.instagram.com/p/B5-sckMnuHR/?igshid=dy7qo35omhv0