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arabic-langblr · 4 years

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Patterns in Arabic : part 2

[patterns in Arabic : part1]

Lesson plan : in this lesson, we will be exploring the patterns of different nouns, and this time we will start by giving more examples on how to find the patterns for more complex cases : such as cases with omissions and the infamous four lettered roots. I’ve added audio files for all Arabic words between [brackets] to help you pronounce the words.

I. More complicated verbs

Let’s practice a bit with something more challenging this time.

Example for more complicated verbs (this verb means to isolate oneself)

Step 2 – compare it to our unit of reference

And bam! You got the pattern!

The pattern for the word [يعتزل] is [يفتعل ].

Let’s use a more complicated word, like the noun [الاستنتاجات ] (conclusions)

Keep in mind that the word and its pattern should rhyme, so read the word and its pattern out loud to double check.

And this is how you got the pattern.

The pattern for the word [الاستنتاجات ] is [الاستفعالات ] .

II. Omissions from the scale

We’ve discussed additions to the roots, then how do the omissions work?

You guessed it, it’s exactly the same principle but the other way around, instead of adding letters, we will just remove them.

Let’s take another example : the word [صِفَةُ ] (this word means adjective or description), and use the three steps we spoke of before.

When we compare them, notice how the letter in blue (i.e. the فـ of the word) has been omitted: when we passed from the root [وصف ] to the word [صفة ].

The pattern for the word [صِفَة ]is [عِلَة].

III. Quadriliteral (four lettered) roots

Although these words are less frequent in Arabic, but we should still mention them here.There are letters with roots that are over 4 letters but they’re very rare.

We need a new unit of reference for four lettered roots, and that is

Then we compare it to our unit of reference for four lettered roots

Finally, add the missing letters in the word [المهندسات] to the pattern [فعلل ]. Use the colors as a guide to help you see where the missing letters will go.

[here’s an audio to help you see how these two words rhyme].

The pattern for the word يتدحرج is يتفعلل, and the pattern for the word المهندسات is المفعللات.

Other four lettered roots:

[زَلْزَلَ ] (to shake violently)

[جَلْجَلَ ] (to make a loud noise)

[صَنْدَقَ ] (to put in a box)

[تَرْجَمَ ] (to translate)

[بَسْتَنَ ](to garden)

[فَلْفَلَ ](to add pepper to something)

Now that we’ve set the base, we can finally get to the applications in the third and final part of this lesson.

Next time -inshallah- we will learn:

How to use the pattern to derive nouns?

How to use these patterns to understand verb patterns?

What’s the link between Arabic poetry and patterns?

#arabic grammar #arabic language #arabic #اللغة العربية #grammar #I need to learn more about editing and making my posts more aesthetically pleasant ;-;#sorry I went on and on about how to get the patterns for different words but this is very importan #important #we need to understand the basics before moving to the applications

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senzacaponecoda · 5 years

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Something on Tantaftiyy stress

A typical Tantaftiyy word root, verbal or nominal, looked like either CVC or CVCVC

Due to vowel harmony processes when the vowel system collapsed to /a i u ə/ most roots ended up CəCəC. Nouns took case and verbs took conjugations, leading mostly to roots of the form CəCCan or naCəCCan~naCCəCan

While most tri- and quadriliteral roots were formed with consonantal extentions, as often were vowel extensions, -i typically having reductive or diminutive meanings, -u typically having augmentive meanings. Because of anticipatory assimilation, vowel harmony processes, the rise of the definite absolute state of nouns (which didn't mark case and left a root CəCC behind that needed to reform its second schwa), the extensions on nouns metathesized into them, with verbs following suit shortly thereafter due to analogy and the simplifying effects it had on conjugation, leading to marked extensions like CəCCú(wan) >CəCúCan

This marked infix would be stressed, as the distinguishing element from roots without the extensions. And with schwa deleting or merging with short a, this resulting in a vowel template system superficially similar to the Semitic languages.

On the other hand, the language wanted to be moraically balanced, following an original pattern akin to old Egyptian. So vowels in open syllables typically were lengthened. This meant that for original CəCəC-VC roots, you might expect CáCáCán etc. But with schwa deletion, this would result in situations like CəCCán > CaCCán or such. But this phonemicized length (and absorbed the old pitch accent system), before it collapsed into a centralization distinction. This meant that 'overlong' syllables became common. The language wanted to avoid these, so it shortened vowels in regular checked syllables such as case endings, and around preferentially stressed syllables, like the infixed roots. The next preference would be to keep the first open syllable long, which due to schwa deletion and the infixes usually meant the second syllable. So the language fell into an iambic pattern for stress, which would spread by analogy.

So a root CəCəC might have the associate accusative nouns (definite, indefinite, pl def, pl indef)

0: lan-CaCáC , CaCáCan, lan-uCCáC, uCCáCan

u: lan-CaCúC , CaCúCan, lan-uCCúC, uCCúCan

i: lan- CaCíC , CaCíCan, lan-uCCíC, uCCíCan.

and associate 2nd m singular verbs (imperfective, perfective)

0: śi-CCáC-akú, CíCC-ikú

u: śi-CCúC-akú, CiCúC-ikú

i: śi-CCíC-akú, CiCíC-ikú

The old way (which derived from a prescribed analogy from the naturally evolved way) to form the associated construct stem in between Góoreta and Tantaftiyy was to prefix a- and mutate all other vowels (by vowel harmony) to their open counterparts, and make all syllables open. So the CəCəC roots would become aCəCəCa > áCəCəCa > áCaCáCa, áCaCáCawá, áCaCáCayá. But this form was hard to analyze, becoming often áCaCúCa, áCaCíCa, etc. Not to mention, this put adjacent stressed syllables next to each other in biliteral roots and their analogues. Since the other forms of the noun generally had a CCVC shape as well, and schwa syncopation was a well established process, analogy turned the construct state into aCCVCa.

Other affixes, such as the participle m-, the causative s-, the inchoatives n- or -n, the feminine -t or t- or t-t, the nisba -iyy, and other morphemes, would interfere with this pattern however. At the same time, reduplicated roots, and inherited mono-, bi-, quadro-, and quintoliteral roots didn't necessarily want to play ball, not to mention the phonetic considerations of the 'weak' consonants, such as the semivowels (what exactly does úw mean, anyways? /u:/? /u:w/?)

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dvclever639 · 3 years

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glossopoesis · 5 years

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𐤒𐤏𐤓𐤕𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤏𐤕𐤉𐤌 - Qartədšatim Morphology

Qartadšatim morphology is fairly typical of Semitic languages and bears a strong resemblance to that of Biblical Hebrew. Words mostly fall into one of three classes, nominals (nouns, and adjectives), verbs, and particles. Particles contain prepositions, conjunctions, and some adverbs. Most particles don’t inflect but prepositions can optionally inflect for pronominal objects

Nominals inflect for state, number, gender, and possessor. Some nominals appear in just one gender, but most words to do with people, domesticated animals, and adjectives can occur in both genders

Verbs inflect for person, number, and gender of the subject and appear in two aspects, perfective and imperfective, as well as a separate imperative form. There are also active and passive participles, a verbal noun, and an infinitive which can all inflect as a nominal. Verbs can also be suffixed with clitic pronouns to mark the object

Nominals

Nominals can modify each other in one of two ways, either as a genitive construction using the construct state, or simple apposition

Genitive constructions have the meaning “A-of-B” and consist of a nominal in the construct state followed immediately by another nominal. The final nominal is in the absolute state. The entire genitive construction acts as a single nominal with particles appearing before or after it as normal and never between nominals. The exception to this is the definite article which, as discussed below only ever appears before the nominal in the absolute state. In the romanisation, genitive constructions are hyphenated

Apposition is used to provide extra information about the head. It is used where English might use an adjective (e.g. “a tall man”), a title (e.g. “king Alfred”), or a parenthetical phrase (e.g. “John, the doctor”). Nominals (and/or entire genitive phrases) appear in the absolute state one after the other with the first acting as a head. Subsequent nominals must agree with the first on number, gender (if possible), definiteness, and the presence of any modifying particles (i.e. any prepositions must be present on all nominals in apposition) but need not agree for any clitic pronouns

Definite Article

The definite article takes different forms depending on the start of the nominal it attaches to as shown above. Note that when attached to a vowel-initial nominal, the nominal loses its vowel

Proper nouns (whether the names of people or peoples, places, gods, etc) do not usually take the definite article but are still usually treated as definite for the purposes of agreement

Pronouns

Where two forms are listed, the former is the more common. In the case of nan vs anan, the latter is more common in literary writing. In the case of -o vs -im and -yu vs -ym, the second option is considered very informal and the former is more common

Independent pronouns are only used for emphasis or topicalisation, as in Latin. In general, conjugation or clitics are used instead. Clitic pronouns may attach to the absolute state of a nominal to express possession. Essentially, they are special forms of the pronouns used as the possessor (nomen rectum) in a genitive phrase

The primary clitics are the usual set and appear after consonants on independent nouns. The secondary set is used after vowels, and when attached to a genitive phrase

If the addition of a clitic pronoun would cause an illegal CCC cluster, an epenthetic -ə- (fronting to -e- before y) is inserted between the nominal and the clitic

Clitic pronouns may also be attached to finite verbs to indicate any object(s) of the verb. The first clitic pronoun attached represents the direct object, and a second represents the indirect object. These object pronouns are generally identical to the possessive clitic pronouns except in the 1st person where the singular and plural clitics are -ni and -nu (in both primary and secondary forms)

Verbs

Finite verbs inflect for aspect, person, number, and gender. There are also four non-finite forms, the verbal noun (also called the infinitive construct), the infinitive (also called the infinitive absolute), the active participle, and the passive participle. All the non-finite forms can be inflected as nominals except the infinitive which behaves as a particle. A given verb has five distinct stems, one in the finite forms, and one for each non-finite form

Where multiple forms are listed, the first is the most usual, with the options getting increasingly emphatic. The 3 f singular perfective ending is -a when not followed by a clitic pronoun, and -at when it is followed by a clitic pronoun. The -n(a) appearing in the imperfective and imperative forms is -n when this would not result in an illegal cluster, and -na when it would. The -t on the passive participle is usually present but not required

The perfective usually represents the present perfective. When clause initial in literary writing it can have a jussive meaning, and when non-initial it can represent a past perfective. In consecutive position it represents the same tense and aspect as the preceding verb

The imperfective usually represents the present, past, or future imperfective with the tense determined by context. It is used in both clauses of an “if-then” statement and so can represent both the subjunctive and conditional in such constructions. When clause-initial, in second place after the subject, or clause-initially following the particle l(ə)- “to”, it can have a jussive meaning.

The imperative is an imperative and is used for both positive and negative commands. The various jussive senses may also be used for weaker commands

The verbal noun usually represents an abstract action noun. It can also be used to express the subjunctive or jussive, in which case possessive clitics may optionally be used to express the subject, and a substantive subject may be placed in apposition. Following the particle b(ə)- “at” it has a temporal meaning, forming a “while” clause. The verbal noun is also used in many compound analytical forms

The infinitive may be used in a declarative sentence to represent the past perfective. When consecutive (including following the w- “and” conjunction), it has the same semantic tense and aspect as the preceding verb

The active participle may be used adverbially, adjectivally, and nominally, similar to active participles in many European languages. In a subordinate clause it may stand in for any other verb form, being unmarked for tense or aspect

The passive participle may be used adverbially, adjectivally, and nominally, similar to active participles in many European languages. In a subordinate clause it may stand in for the passive past perfect (i.e. “had been”)

Verbs and Roots

Verbs are derived through a process of roots and patterns. Most roots consist of three consonants, but there are also roots consisting of two or four consonants. When a root is cast in a particular pattern “bənyun” (”construction”, cf Hebrew binyan), it becomes a verb with a specific meaning based on the root’s basic sense and the voice implicit in the bənyun. As the sense of the derived stems is not entirely predictable, it is part of derivation and not inflection

The G, G-, N, D, D-, C, C-, and tD stems occur with triliteral roots; the G2, G2-, N2, C2, and C2- stems occur with biliteral roots; and the G4, G4-, N4, C4, C4- stems occur with quadriliteral roots. Some bənyunim can occur with different vocalisations in which case all are listed

These are the forms of the bənyunim for “strong” verbs which are made from roots not containing, y, w, h, or an original ʔ or ʕ. Roots which do contain any of those consonants are called weak if it occurs in first or final position in the root, and hollow if it occurs internally to the root. The various singly weak and hollow roots are shown below

1-y:

1-w:

1-H:

H represents h or an original ʔ or ʕ. If an original ʔ, H is not pronounced with any vowels going into hiatus (and i or u reducing to y or w), whilst if H is an original ʕ it is preserved as h except between vowels, and if H is an original h or ḥ it is always preserved as h. Contraction occurs even if the two vowels are identical. iHi > yay when H represents an original ʔ or ʕ though

2-y:

2-w:

2-H:

3-y:

3-w:

3-H:

4-y:

4-w:

4-H:

Obviously some roots have more than one weak consonant but the details of these are too numerous to list here.

#glossopoesis #qartydsatim #A Posteriori #morphologies

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targumannu-blog · 7 years

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dragoman

In Arabic the word is ترجمان (tarjumān), in Turkish tercüman. Deriving from the Semitic quadriliteral root t-r-g-m, it appears in Akkadian as "targumannu," in Ge'ez (Classical Ethiopic) as t-r-gw-m, and in Aramaic as targemana. Hebrew makes a distinction between מתרגם (metargem)—referring to a translator of written texts—and מתורגמן (meturgeman) referring to an interpreter of spoken conversation or speeches. The latter is obviously more closely related to the other languages mentioned, though both are derived from the same Semitic root. There has been speculation of a Hittite origin of the term (Salonen, p. 12; Rabin, pp. 134–136).

During the Middle Ages the word entered European languages: in Middle English as dragman, from Old Frenchdrugeman, from Medieval Latin as dragumannus, from Middle Greek δραγομάνος, dragoumanos. Later European variants include the German trutzelmann, the French trucheman or truchement (in modern French it is drogman), the Italian turcimanno, and the Spanish trujamán, trujimán and truchimán; these variants point to a Turkish or Arabic word "turjuman", with different vocalization. Webster's Dictionary of 1828 lists dragoman as well as the variants drogman and truchman in English.

Consequently, the plural, in English, is "dragomans" (not "dragomen").

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albusiambus · 13 years

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A is to B as C is to D. B and C are only related through A and D, which share k

#quadriliteral

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arabic-langblr · 4 years

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Patterns in Arabic : part 1

Requested by @hello-freen-machine, who asked for a lesson exaplaining the different baabs / patterbs in Arabic

الميزانُ الصَّرْفِيُّ is the name of today’s lesson, the word ميزان means “scale”, and الصرفي is from the word صرف which refers to the conjugaition.

I decided to divide this lesson into parts to give us the time needed to understand the very basics before moving to the applications, which may seem complicated but they’re simple if we understand the basic concepts.

Click on the Arabic words for the audio!

Level of the lesson:

This lesson is advanced, and it needs knowledge of the two main types of the roots and the different types of verbs فعل مُجَرَّد(base form of the verb) and فعل مزيد (base form + additional letters), and I will make lessons about this in the future inshallah.

Introduction:

As you might already know, every Arabic word has a root, this root is a three letter verb that has a meaning, and from that root we’re able to derive the different words in Arabic, the interesting thing is that the meaning of whatever new word we derive will always be linked to the root.

The two most common types of roots in Arabic are: triconsonotal (three lettered) roots جَذّرُ ثُلاثيُّ (which is the vast majority of roots) and the quadriliteral (four lettered) roots جَذْرٌ رُباعِيٌّ (less common).

Knowing the roots and being able to remove the “additional letters” أًحْرُفُ الزِّيادَةِ from your root will help you understand the verb patterns, and it will help you be able to use Arabic dictionaries since the words are organized according to the roots.

What is this “scale”? How does it work?

Just like an actual scale is used to weigh things, like gold: let’s say we have a golden bracelet, golden earrings, and a golden ring, we’ll need a unit of reference (the gram) to measure these different forms of gold so that selling it and buying it would be easier, right?

Similarly, we need a unit of reference to help us determine how different the word is to the root form, and whether or not there has been any added or omitted letters to this word.

The base unit of this scale is the three lettered root فَعَلَ , the word literally means “to do” : the past tense of the verb, and we will be using this word as the unit with which we will “measure” the words.

As we said, the “unit” فَعَلَ can be seen as the representative of all three lettered roots in Arabic (which is a verb in the past tense in its simplest form). The best way to understand it is to use examples: the verb كَتَبَ

I colored the letters in similar colors to show you which letter is the equivalent to which.

The base is فَعَلَ : it’s composed of فـ ـعـ ـل , to refer to the first letter of any given three lettered root, we call it the ف of the verb, and to refer to the second letter of any given three lettered root, we call it the ع of the verb, and finally, the third letter of any three lettered root is called the ل of the verb.

In this example :

This is a very important concept and can be used for any given three lettered verb, for example : أَكَلَ (to eat) >>> if we use the scale of فَعَلَ to measure it then we’ll get the following :

An important thing to keep in mind is that the أ (the flexible alif) needs to be returned to its original form, which is either و or ي, for more information you can refer to this post . And only after we return it to the original form, can we start applying the rule of the “scale” of فَعَلَ

The verb عاش(to live) is originally عيش, and if we use the pattern it will be :

The verb يَصِلُ (to arrive) : should be returned to the past tense وَصَلَ, and then we can compare it to فَعَلَ

What about the added letters?

In case there is an added letter, as long as you’ve reverted the word to its three lettered roots, all you need to do is just add the same letters that were added to the word into the root. But keep in mind that the pattern and the word that is being mesured to it need to have the same number of letters.

This can be better understood with an example, this time I’m using a noun وقاية:

Notice the letters that were colored in the word وقاية are only the letters of the base, which areو قــ ــي , so in order to get the pattern of وقاية, we’ll need to add the same added letters to our base unit, the unit of reference : فعل. This is what the pattern of وقاية would be :

Notice how the black letters in the word are added to the pattern, as they are. And now the word has 5 letters in it, and similarly, the pattern of this same word has 5 letters in it.

Let’s take an example we’ve seen before: what’s the pattern of the word يعيش ?

Step 1: find the root of the word (عَيَشَ)

Step 2 : compare it to our unit of reference (فَعَلَ)

Step 3 : include the additional letters, add them to the patter and you’ll get يَفْعَلُ.

Color coding helps a lot so I recommend using it. This technique can be applied to any word, it’s really simple, follow the three steps and you’ll get the pattern for any given word.

Next lesson

Next time, will be the application of the bases that we’ve seen in this lesson, the practical uses of these patterns.

Next lessons, inshllah, we will answer these questions:

What are the different verb patterns?

What about the pattern of quadriliteral (four lettered) roots?

What nouns can be derived from these patterns?

How to get the patterns for words with omitted letters?

How can we use these scales to determine the patterns of verbs?

I hope you found this helpful! Let me know if you have any questions or doubts.

[Grammar check list]

#long post #grammar lessons #grammar lesson #arabic language #advanced #اللغة العربية #I was planning on making a complete post #but I have a limit on the photos I can add to the post #plus I didn't want the information to be too overwhelming

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glossopoesis · 6 years

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קערתחדשאתי - Qartadšoti Morphology

Qartadšoti morphology is fairly typical of Semitic languages and bears a strong resemblance to that of Biblical Hebrew. Words mostly fall into one of three classes, nominals (nouns, and adjectives), verbs, and particles. Particles don’t inflect at all, and include prepositions, conjunctions, negation particles etc.

Nominals inflect for state, number, gender, and possessor. Some nominals appear in just one gender, but most words to do with people, domesticated animals, and properties of those things can occur in both genders

Verbs inflect for person, number, and gender of the subject and appear in two aspects, perfective and imperfective, as well as a separate imperative form. There is also an active and passive participle (which inflect as nominals), as well as a verbal noun (which inflects as a nominal), and an infinitive which acts as a particle and doesn’t inflect. Verbs can also be suffixed with clitic pronouns to mark the object

All inflection is shown in both romanisation and the Hebrew alphabet; this alphabet is not the actual orthography of Qartadšoti, but each Hebrew letter is to be understood as standing in for the corresponding Punic letter. The letter ח et is to be understood as implying whichever laryngeal (א alf, ה‬ e, or ח et) was originally present in the root

Nominals

This is a summary of the most common forms used. The absolute is used for any noun not in a genitive construction, for nouns without a possessor, the governed state is identical with the absolute. Possessors can only be applied to absolute or governed state nouns

Nominals can modify other nominals in one of two ways, either in a genitive construction, or in apposition. Genitive constructions have the meaning “[nominal 1] of [nominal 2]” or “[nominal 2]’s [nominal 1]”, this is accomplished by putting [nominal 1] in the construct state, and [nominal 2] in the governed state; this can be chained (e.g. “son of the man of the city”) in which case all but the last nominal are in the construct state. A nominal not in a genitive construction is in the absolute state. Particles are applied to the genitive construction as a whole, appearing either before the first construct nominal, or after the governed nominal, never between nominals; the exception to this is the definite article which may only appear immediately before the governed nominal where it has the sense of making the entire phrase definite

Apposition is used for situations where English might use an adjective (e.g. “a tall man”), a title (e.g. “king Alfred”), or a parenthetical phrase (e.g. “John, the doctor”), in it, nominals in the absolute state (and/or entire genitive phrases) simply follow each other, with the first acting as the head. Subsequent nominals must agree with the first on number, and gender, as well as the presence of any modifying particles (e.g. if the head is modified by a preposition, all appositional nominals must also be modified by the same preposition, likewise with the definite article, or the direct object particle)

This is the complete list of forms, showing how the governed state can differ from the absolute state. It also shows the dual forms which are mostly obsolete except occasionally as a collective noun for pairs where it takes singular agreement. The governed forms with possessors show residual evidence of the old genitive -i lost in other instances, as well as some other unexpected differences

There are a small number of nominals which take the endings of the opposite gender from the one they trigger in agreement, there are also some which take singular endings but agree as plural, or vice versa

Definite Article

The definite article can be attached to nominals in the absolute or governed state; as such it can only attach to the final nominal in a genitive phrase (which has the effect of making the whole phrase definite). If attached to any nominals (or genitive phrases) in an apposition chain, it must be attached to all of them. Personal names always count as definite and so any nominals in apposition with one must take the definite article

i.e. a nominal beginning with a consonant (other than j or w) is made definite by prefixing the vowel y and geminating the initial consonant; a nominal beginning with a j or i is made definite by replacing that j or i with an e; a nominal beginning with a w or u is made definite by replacing that w or u with an o; and a nominal beginning with any other vowel is made definite by prefixing the vowel a

Verbs

Verbs inflect for TAM (appearing in a perfective suffix conjugation, an imperfective prefix conjugation, and an imperative), as well as the person, number, and (in all persons except the first) the gender of the subject. There are also two participles (an active and a passive one), a verbal noun, and an infinitive

In certain forms, the stem might contain illegal consonant clusters (particularly as initial clusters are generally not allowed) and so be broken up with an epenthetic vowel y

Verbs are derived from triliteral roots cast into a particular stem, called a bynjun “construction” (cf. Hebrew binyan) which can be identified with a letter, or traditionally the form of the root פ-ע-ל, f-a-l “do” in that stem which is the verb traditionally used to illustrate verb inflection, for these purposes though we will use the strong root ק-ת-ל, q-t-l “kill" (although this root usually appears with an emphatic second consonant, as in the Hebrew form but not the Arabic one). The usual meaning (related to the basic fal G stem) is given in the final column although these are only generalisations and aren’t always followed

Bynjunim

The G stem conjugates as follows:

The G- stem conjugates as follows:

The N stem conjugates as follows:

The D stem conjugates as follows:

The D- stem conjugates as follows:

The C stem conjugates as follows:

The C- stem conjugates as follows:

The tG stem conjugates as follows:

The Dt stem conjugates as follows:

Weak Roots

Additionally, roots containing a י i, ו u. ע a, א e, ה e, ח e are “weak” because those consonants are lost in many forms, frequently with effects left behind on the vowels. Listing the entire conjugation of each stem is beyond the scope of this post, but the list of derived stems for each possible singly-weak root (i.e. a root containing a single weak consonant) are given below. Doubly or triply weak roots can be mostly worked out from this. For these tables below, we use the same root as above, but with the appropriate consonant replaced with the weak consonant. Again, the letter ח et is to be understood as implying whichever laryngeal (א alf, ה‬ e, or ח et) was originally present in the root

The derived stems of the 1-i roots are:

The derived stems of the 1-u roots are:

The derived stems of the 1-a roots are:

The derived stems of the 1-e roots are:

The derived stems of the 2-j roots are:

The derived stems of the 2-u roots are:

The derived stems of the 2-a roots are:

The derived stems of the 2-e roots are:

The derived stems of the 3-i roots are:

The derived stems of the 3-u roots are:

The derived stems of the 3-a roots are:

The derived stems of the 3-e roots are:

Other Roots

Some roots are not triliteral though, in particular, there are biliteral and quadriliteral roots (and some borrowings with more consonants), they only occur in a reduced set of derived stems which are shown below, the root used here is ק-ל, q-l, and ק-ת-ס-ל, q-t-s-l for biliteral and quadriliteral roots respectively:

Pronouns

Pronouns rarely appear explicitly and usually only appear as clitics on verbs instead, or being expressed in the conjugation of the verb. There are clitic forms which may be attached to a verb to mark its objects. If this is done, the direct object is placed on the verb before any indirect object. The clitic pronouns are essentially identical to the possessive suffixes of nominals and take distinct forms depending on whether the form they are attached to ends in a consonant or a vowel

There are also proximal and distal demonstratives which are placed after a definite nominal or genitive phrase. The distal demonstratives are identical to the third person pronouns

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