#roman transport

[ltwilliammowett]

The remains of the Mainz Wreck 5 a Roman troop transportation ship (navis lusoria)

After the establishment of the military castrum (fort) of Mogontiacum (modern Mainz) in 13–12 BC, ships of the Classis Germanica (the Roman fleet in Germania Superior and Germania Inferior) became stationed at its harbor.

Mogontiacum soon became the capital of the Roman province of Germania Superior and an important naval base of the Roman fleet on the river Rhine. In November 1981, as workmen dug the foundation of an extension of the Hilton Hotel in Mainz, the remains of at least 10 military wooden ships dating from the last days of the Roman Empire were discovered still in situ on their gravel beds.

These survived more than 1,500 years only because they were buried under 7 metres of clay and sand, which kept them away from the destructive effects of oxidation. The ships, all made of German oak, were waterlogged but otherwise fairly well preserved. Wreck nr. 5 dates in the 4th century AD and was originally 18 m long, only the front 9 m long section from the bows to just aft the mast-frame was able to be recovered.

[starry-bi-sky]

catch me looking up nightingale symbolisms for tales of the passerine. if danny's using the name of a songbird for a hero name, regardless of familial connections, i will utilize the symbolism tied to the bird. Anyways general gist of the nightingale symbolism i've seen, other than what wikipedia told me, is that nightingales were frequently symbolisms of spring renewal, loss/death, love, etc. catch me about to incorporate music into Danny's character

[ancientorigins]

Roman soldiers wrote letters to their family and friends from the front lines of battle, and we can still read their words today.

[quotesfrommyreading]

It’s difficult to estimate with any precision the volume of trade flowing between Rome and Gaul. But the number of shipwrecks found off the Gaulish coast surges after 150 BC, peaking at about 100 BC. This suggests an exponential rise in the volume of trade over that half century.

For the most part, the vessels’ cargos were dominated by wine. The Madrague de Giens wreck was carrying around 7,000 amphorae when it sank off Hyères (south-eastern France) in about 50 BC. The quantity of amphorae discovered on the wreck suggests that the annual export of wine to the Gauls had reached about 100,000 hectolitres a year by the first century BC – a volume that would have generated about 40 million amphorae over the century. It is hardly surprising, then, that the Roman stereotype of a Gallic man was of a drunkard slurping wine through his long, drooping moustache.

The wine was transported along two major trade routes. One started at Narbo (modern-day Narbonne, founded in 118 BC), snaked along the river Aude and then overland to Tolosa (Toulouse) on the Garonne. The other travelled up the Rhône to Cabillonum (Chalon-sur-Saône) in the territory of the Aedui.

From these major transhipment centres, the wine was then taken into Gaulish territory to the principal settlements within easy reach of the frontier – places such as Bibracte, Jœuvres, Essalois and Montmerlhe. Roman traders may well have been resident in these native centres to oversee the exchanges. There were certainly Italian merchants in Cabillonum as late as 52 BC. These men were charged with ensuring a steady flow of slaves to markets in a bid to meet the Roman estates’ demand for a staggering 15,000 Gaulish slaves every year.

  —  The Celts: were they friends or foes of the Romans?

[lennajune]

Something that lives rent free in my head is at pitchfork music festival while decked out in full age of adz gear suf really said “I’ve been touring the world singing about death and loneliness so if you don’t mind I’m gonna try to do some up beat stuff” only to minutes later “keep it going with a slow jam” and launch into the grooviest version of all of me wants all of you and do a little shuffle around stage in neon yellow sunglasses he then proceeds to lead the audience in a coordinated dance

[stalkist]

open  to  f.  plot:  inspired  by  posts  in  the  source.  connection:  stranger. older muses and / or multiple muses welcome. i can also use more than one muse if you'd like to make it extra n.asty, just lmk which muse(s) of mine you'd like.  do not  like  this  starter.  please  use  beta  editor.

a long day at his white - collar job, suffocating tie now loosened around his neck, shirt sleeves rolled up to elbows to reveal tattooed forearms. public transport isn't the most comfortable way home but it is the fastest, and roman's looking forward to diving head first into a weekend of debauchery before another work week rolls around. doesn't usually take much notice of his surroundings, has done this journey a thousand times, but finds his attention being stolen by the passenger(s) now boarding. pushes glasses further up nose, adjusting position in seat to brazenly ink blues over them as they find themselves a spot to occupy.

[masquenoire]

💭 + travel

𝓗𝓮𝓪𝓭𝓬𝓪𝓷𝓸𝓷𝓼 — send 💭 + a topic to receive a headcanon about said topic.

He’s not a fan of it. Cars are fine and Roman both enjoys driving and being driven around but he’s very much a ‘homebody’ who is quite content staying in Gotham. Travelling further afield is something he dislikes for various reasons; leaving Gotham for any amount of time, even for a holiday might be seen as ‘abdicating’ his throne by other criminals and rivals, plus he has a number of unhappy childhood memories of getting dragged to various places against his will thanks to his parents. When they started leaving him behind, he was much happier but Roman will always opt for car rides over any other form of travel and to stay ‘home’ whenever possible.

[theknitpotato]

Newport Arch is the only Roman arch in Britain still in use for daily transportation.

The 1,300 year old gateway gave access from the city to the main Roman road to York!

[lionheartlr]

Discovering Bulgaria: A Comprehensive Travel Guide

Nestled in Southeast Europe, Bulgaria is a gem that offers a rich blend of history, culture, and natural beauty. From ancient ruins and stunning landscapes to vibrant cities and delicious cuisine, Bulgaria has something for every traveler. This guide will provide you with everything you need to know for an unforgettable trip to this enchanting country. A Brief History of Bulgaria Bulgaria’s…

[leenaur143]

i may stray so deep into kpop, pop, drill, etc but no matter what i'll never forget my roots of this beautiful album 🤧

[historywaitsfornoone]

If all roads led to Rome, how did Romulus and Remus found it? What was the speed limit on Roman roads? Did they have car pool, er, ahem, “wagon pool” lanes? In this video you'll discover how roads first developed; who invented the wheel, and the first wheeled transport; who first paved a road; how and why the Romans built roads; the average travel time by road or sea before the Industrial Revolution; and why transport by sea, river, or lake was always best.

[tenth-sentence]

The individual electron transport proteins are organized into four transmembrane multiprotein complexes (identified by roman numerals I through IV), all of which are localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[ancientorigins]

What have the Romans ever done for us? The extensive Roman road network has contributed to 2,000 years of economic prosperity for cities and towns that maintained them, according to a recent study.

[maaarine]

Mystery of why Roman buildings have survived so long has been unraveled, scientists say (Katie Hunt, CNN, Jan 06 2023)

“Roman concrete, in many cases, has proven to be longer-lasting than its modern equivalent, which can deteriorate within decades.

Now, scientists behind a new study say they have uncovered the mystery ingredient that allowed the Romans to make their construction material so durable and build elaborate structures in challenging places such as docks, sewers and earthquake zones.

The study team, including researchers from the United States, Italy and Switzerland, analyzed 2,000-year-old concrete samples that were taken from a city wall at the archaeological site of Privernum, in central Italy, and are similar in composition to other concrete found throughout the Roman Empire.

They found that white chunks in the concrete, referred to as lime clasts, gave the concrete the ability to heal cracks that formed over time.

The white chunks previously had been overlooked as evidence of sloppy mixing or poor-quality raw material.

"For me, it was really difficult to believe that ancient Roman (engineers) would not do a good job because they really made careful effort when choosing and processing materials," said study author Admir Masic, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (…)

Additional analysis of the concrete showed that the lime clasts formed at extreme temperatures expected from the use of quicklime, and "hot mixing" was key to the concrete's durable nature.

"The benefits of hot mixing are twofold," Masic said in a news release.

"First, when the overall concrete is heated to high temperatures, it allows chemistries that are not possible if you only used slaked lime, producing high-temperature-associated compounds that would not otherwise form.

Second, this increased temperature significantly reduces curing and setting times since all the reactions are accelerated, allowing for much faster construction."

To investigate whether the lime clasts were responsible for Roman concrete's apparent ability to repair itself, the team conducted an experiment.

They made two samples of concrete, one following Roman formulations and the other made to modern standards, and deliberately cracked them.

After two weeks, water could not flow through the concrete made with a Roman recipe, whereas it passed right through the chunk of concrete made without quicklime.

Their findings suggest that the lime clasts can dissolve into cracks and recrystallize after exposure to water, healing cracks created by weathering before they spread.

The researchers said this self-healing potential could pave the way to producing more long-lasting, and thus more sustainable, modern concrete.

Such a move would reduce concrete's carbon footprint, which accounts for up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the study.

For many years, researchers had thought that volcanic ash from the area of Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples, was what made Roman concrete so strong.

This kind of ash was transported across the vast Roman empire to be used in construction, and was described as a key ingredient for concrete in accounts by architects and historians at the time.

Masic said that both components are important, but lime was overlooked in the past.”

[fangirltothefullest]

More Nutcracker AU!

Cast and explanations under the cut

Patton is our human (Clara's role) who was sent to the land of the Toys by Logan for the sake of breaking the princes' curses while they are trapped there.

Logan (not pictured, Drosselmeyer's role) was a member of the princes' court and fled to find someone who could help them. He transports himself and Patton to the land of Toys and is himself also a toy, cursed with the rest of their people once he returns.

Janus (not pictured) is the King of the Faeries, and the one who cursed the twins in order to punish the twins' father for stealing their magic sugarplum and causing the collapse of their whole world, leaving only Janus and Virgil to make it out of the magical carnage. He is angry and bitter. He regrets his decision but is too far lost to the bitterness and isolation of losing everything to reverse the spell. Perhaps a kind human can change his mind.

Roman was cursed to become leader of the dolls, turning him into the Nutcracker Prince, and he (like Remus) is puppeteered by Janus's curse so that when the twins see each other, they can't help but fight one another. Roman wants to stop fighting- he is exhausted and he's afraid if he fights too much he could kill Remus. The more he fights Remus, the more he is turned into an inanimate doll. Logan has a lot of trouble bringing him back to consciousness after a battle and it's getting harder and harder to do so.

Remus was cursed to become the Rat King, and unlike Roman he is flesh and blood and LOVES being King of the rats. He would stay this way if it weren't for fear that their fighting will get himself killed. Unlike Roman he is more and more flesh and blood rat by the day, and finds his mind wanders to less important things like food and digging through trash. He suspects the day his mind slips to his animal thoughts while fighting will be the day Roman kills him, and the day Roman becomes a fully non-sentient doll.

Virgil is the Sugarplum Faerie General to King Janus's court, and also his son. He has been acting as a go between secretly for the princes, but he cannot disobey his king according to faerie court law. The only interference he can manage is telling both sides the others' movements. He wants to help Patton break the spell.

[hopeastrz]

𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐖𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐘𝐎𝐔𝐑 𝐅𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐒 𝐆𝐎𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐏 𝐀𝐁𝐎𝐔𝐓 𝐘𝐎𝐔🦢💅🏻

𝐁𝐄𝐂𝐀𝐔𝐒𝐄 𝐈𝐓 𝐆𝐄𝐓𝐒 𝐅𝐑𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐋𝐘 𝐀𝐒𝐊𝐄𝐃 𝐘𝐎𝐔 𝐂𝐀𝐍 𝐂𝐇𝐄𝐂𝐊 𝐌𝐘 𝐏𝐀𝐈𝐃 𝐒𝐄𝐑𝐕𝐈𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐇𝐄𝐑𝐄!.

If you want to know more about what your friends may gossip about you check your ascendant, (the 11th house rules over friends, and the 3rd house rules over gossip, counting 2 houses from the 11th house since we used it as our rising it will fall directly on the ascendant).

𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄: 𝐅𝐈𝐑𝐒𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐀𝐋𝐋 𝐎𝐇 𝐆𝐎𝐃 𝐓𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐊 𝐘𝐎𝐔 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝟐,𝟓𝐤 𝐅𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐎𝐖𝐄𝐑𝐒, 𝐒𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐲 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞!, 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐢 𝐰𝐚𝐬 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐧!, 𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐨 𝐈 𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐲 𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐚𝐰𝐚𝐲, 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢’𝐯𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐭 𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐲.

𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐄𝐒/𝐀𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟏,𝟏𝟑,𝟐𝟓) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They may believe that you are quite rebellious, bold, very confident, outgoing and active, you may also be sporty, energetic, masculine (even if you’re a woman) hotheaded and maybe you have a foul mouth!, sorry not sorry, but they feel like you cuss a-lot and give no care to anything other than yourself, they may feel that your a bit selfish, aggressive/impulsive or immature sometimes, but at the same time you are a go getter, and you may be the reason your friend group is always winning!.

𝐓𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐔𝐒/𝐓𝐀𝐔𝐑𝐔𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟐,𝟏𝟒,𝟐𝟔) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: You may be known to have a charming voice, they may say something about the way you sing or talk (positive or negative depends on the aspects), your food or your taste in general, your wealth and financial status, they say that you have strong values and morals, you are quite pretty and dependable, also very chill and relaxed maybe even lazy, patient, possessive and stubborn!.

𝐆𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐈/𝐆𝐄𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟑,𝟏𝟓,𝟐𝟕) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: You’re quite intelligent and playful, they may speak about the languages you learned or your school education, your car or transportation you take, even your neighborhood and the place you live in, the community you’re from, they may say that you are witty, playful, multi talented, very curious adaptable and strong minded, and comical, you have a very interesting sense of humor that not many understand also quite youthful and maybe maybe nosy💁🏻‍♀️.

𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐑/𝐂𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐑 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟒,𝟏𝟔,𝟐𝟖) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They may speak about your roots, home, your mother, your kids, your house, the goods you bake or food you make, they say that you are emotionally intelligent, you may be known for being quite feminine, sensitive and even being a crybaby who shows their emotions a-lot, you are quite cautious and sensitive to energies around you, your are known for being defensive and family oriented!.

𝐋𝐄𝐎/𝐋𝐄𝐎 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟓,𝟏𝟕,𝟐𝟗) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They may speak about your hair, your art and your confidence, they speak about your short term lovers, places you like to go to, and maybe even your fame!, you are gossiped about a-lot, but your are known for being loyal, very very creative, a bit dramatic and very prideful.

𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐆𝐎/𝐕𝐈𝐑𝐆𝐎 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟔,𝟏𝟖) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They gossip about your health, physique, mental health, your daily routine, the books you read, you’r writing, your pets!, you’re known for being a bit critical, (also their gossip is more about criticism) humble, overthinking, very perfectionist, analytical, logical and judgmental, also they may speak about your job.

𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐑𝐀/𝐋𝐈𝐁𝐑𝐀 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟕,𝟏𝟗) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They may say that you are very romantic, a lovesick person, very attractive too, they talk about your partners/spouse, your business, your fashion style, and your choice of clothes, they also may say that you’re a bit indecisive and can’t make a choice!.

𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐏𝐈𝐎/𝐒𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐏𝐈𝐎 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟖,𝟐𝟎) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They hardly find things to gossip about you, but be careful because most of those who gossip are your enemies in hiding because their gossip stems from jealousy and envy, so be carful and don’t share your secrets with just anyone you call a friend, they may use them against you and they can’t stay hidden for long, (having gemini on 8th house basically adds to this theory) your secrets may be used as a source of gossip, your sexual lifestyle, money, deaths in your family, but at the same time they may say that you are loyal, powerful, brave and have a very strong mindset, mysterious and seductive, very secretive, obsessive or controlling or manipulative!.

𝐒𝐀𝐆𝐈𝐓𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐒/𝐒𝐀𝐆𝐈𝐓𝐓𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟗,𝟐𝟏) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: They say you are lucky!, they may speak about your religion, higher education, the family of your future spouse, the adventurous you make, even places where you travel, you are known for being very humorous, also knowledgeable/wise/philosophical, successful, wealthy and honest, the negative side is that they may say that you are a bit unreliable, arrogant, and honest/blunt/straightforward.

𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐍/𝐂𝐀𝐏𝐑𝐈𝐂𝐎𝐑𝐍 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟏𝟎,𝟐𝟐) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: Man they speak about you so openly, and their gossip may easily affect your reputation, but they respect you a lot at the same time, they speak about your job, the hardships you went through, your responsibilities, your father and your career in general, you are mature, and you have a very strong work ethic, just like the scorpio AC people may actually fear talking about you, they talk about your social status, your success, they also say you’re a bit detached, cold, hardworking, you have a one track mind!, a bit anxious but at the same time self disciplined.

𝐀𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐒/𝐀𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐑𝐈𝐔𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟏𝟏,𝟐𝟑) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: now now now, this is a bit funny but your friends speak about the Friends you have!, they may speak about your wealth too, usually Aquarius AC tend to be care about their social media accounts very much so they may talk about you on social media, the type to screenshot your instagram stories for example and take them as gossip material (you may not relate to this if you have strong 4th,8th,12th house placements, or being a moon/pluto dominant since you'll be more private!.) they may say that you're very friendly, clever, weird, very independent and quite unique unpredictable, and rebellious.

𝐏𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐒/𝐏𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐒 (𝟏𝟐,𝟐𝟒) 𝐎𝐍 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐀𝐒𝐂𝐄𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐍𝐓: You may want to read the first 2 lines from the scorpio AC one, now they may talk about your past, your spiritual side, and yes they gossip about your secrets, but you are known for being sensitive, idealistic/delusional, creative and inspiring, hypnotic, very charming and sensitive like a siren!.

𝐃𝐈𝐒𝐂𝐋𝐀𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐑: 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐢𝐬𝐧’𝐭 𝐦𝐲 𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐚𝐠𝐞, 𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐚𝐫/𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 + 𝐈’𝐦 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐚 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐨 𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭.