What *are* bullet trains, really? I know that the hype around them is how fast they are, but how do they work? Is there anything specific that makes them faster or is it just thanks to the more streamlined design?
I'm going to do my best to put this in layman's terms, so feel free to let me know if anything is confusing!
The term Shinkansen literally translates into "new main line" or "new trunk line." The project was originally discussed in the 1930s, but World War II more or less put it on hold for some time. In the earliest days of the project, the design of the trainsets did lead them to be referred to as "dangan ressha," which does actually translate to "bullet train." One of the major people spearheading the project was Hideo Shima, who was also responsible for the D51 and C62 steam locomotives, both beloved in Japan to this day. His greatest champion was Shinji Sogou, who knew the Shinkansen needed to be standard gauge to operate at higher speeds. Despite opposition, Sogou convinced politicians to back the plans for what would become the Tokaido Shinkansen. When it got too expensive, both Shima and Sogou resigned, but today they're regarded far more favorably, because the line was absurdly successful right out of the gate. Before the Shinkansen, it took over six hours to get between Tokyo and Osaka. The new train, launched in 1964 just in time for the Olympics, did the same trip in four hours, and was doing it in three hours and ten minutes one year later.
This post isn't really meant to talk about history, though, it's about how these things work, so let's get down to it.
The key to their success: the Shinkansen uses EMUs, electric multiple units.
If you live in an urban area, you've probably seen an EMU before if your city has mass transit. The NYC Subway, for one example, uses EMUs. There are no set locomotives on the Shinkansen, just cars with cabs; as you've probably seen, the ones where engineers drive from have those lovely streamlined snouts. This actually reduces the weight of the trainset, as they don't need to keep a power source on board - all their power is transmitted from the electrical wires above via pantographs. The pantograph is the little arm that reaches up from the train to touch the wires. Here's a Pennsylvania Railroad GG1 with a pantograph up for comparison:
(image source; this GG1 is Blackjack and she lives at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg, PA)
The modern pantographs on the Shinkansen trainsets are a lot sleeker and quieter. Here's how it looks on the E6:
(image source)
The Shinkansen cars also have a larger loading gauge than most rolling stock. This means trains can have 5-across seating instead of the 4-across seating most passenger trains do, which in turn means you can move the same amount of passengers with a shorter, and therefore lighter, trainset.
They also benefit from traction - all wheel axles are powered, because the Shinkansen are EMUs. More motored axles means higher acceleration, which means the Shinkansen can stop more frequently and immediately pick up the pace right away once it's time to get moving again. Because of this, Shinkansen lines have more stops in proportion to their lengths than other high-speed rail systems do, since they can accelerate back up to top speed faster.
The current fastest Shinkansen model is my favorite, the E5 and its sister, the H5.
(image source)
The E5 and the H5 can hit around 200 mph at their maximum when they're allowed to stretch their legs, and they have the most gorgeous streamlining, with sleek snouts and really cool paint jobs. I have a few models of the E5 in my room in my apartment.
They'll be surpassed in speed when the SCMaglev officially opens - but that's an entirely different form of technology from the Shinkansen. That thing is going to be incredible.
Importantly, the Shinkansen lines are kept completely separate from slower lines.
This way, they don't cross with narrow gauge trains, other passenger trains, or freight trains, which enables them to run at higher speeds without having to slow down or stop to let other trains through. This also allows them to maintain those speeds safely. If you're American, you're probably aware of how this limits Amtrak speeds - they have to share the rails with the freight companies, and even on the Northeast Corridor, where the Acela runs, there are only a few pockets where the trains can really whip because of this. This is actually a crucial element to making high-speed rail successful and safe.
I hope this is what you had in mind, anon!
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Round 1!
The TCAT, Tompkins County, NY, USA vs Seattle Center Monorail, Seattle, WA, USA
M1 (or Millennium Underground Railway, but also known as "the small underground" by locals), Budapest, Hungary vs Grande Recife, Recife, Brazil
London Underground, Greater London, England vs Rotterdam Metro, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Beamish Tramway, Beamish Museum, Beamish, England vs Catbus/Nekobus, Sayama Hills, Saitama Prefecture, Japan (My Neighbor Totoro)
The New York City Subway system, New York City, NY, USA vs Corviknight Flying Taxi, Galar (Pokémon Sword and Shield)
Buenos Aires Underground (Subte), Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina vs Monte Toboggan, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
The Stargate Network, throughout the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies (the Stargate franchise) vs the Deepsea Metro, Inkopolis Bay (Splatoon)
CAT, Perth, Western Australia vs SkyTrain, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Brolly Rail, Nevermoor (Nevermoor by Jessica Townsend) vs Métro Ligne 4, Paris, France
Tyne and Wear Metro, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom vs the REM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (upcoming)
Jeepney, the Philippines vs Sea Train, Water 7, connecting it with St. Poplar, San Faldo, and Pucci, as well as the Judicial Island Enies Lobby (One Piece)
The MTR, Hong Kong, PRC vs the Omnibus, New York, NY, USA (1832)
SeaBus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada vs Wuppertaler Schwebebahn, Wuppertal, Germany
Ice Highway, the Nether Roof (Minecraft) vs Battle Subway, Unova (Pokémon Black and White)
WY Metro, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom vs Tunnelbana, Stockholm, Sweden
MRT (Moda Raya Terpadu/Mass Rapid Transit), Jakarta, Indonesia vs An Luas, Dublin, Ireland
RIPTA (Rhode Island public transit authority) (it’s buses), Rhode Island, USA vs Bakerloo Line, London Underground, London, England
Mount Vesuvius Funicular Railway, Mount Vesuvius, Italy (opened in 1880, destroyed by volcanic eruption in 1944) vs AquaBus, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Yarra Trams, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia vs SEPTA (southeast pennsylvania transportation authority), Pennsylvania, United States
Cable Cars, San Francisco, California, United States vs MAX Light Rail system, Portland, Oregon, United States
Amtrak, United States vs Fenelon Place Elevator, Dubuque, Iowa, United States
Ninky Nonk, Night Garden (In The Night Garden) vs Prague Metro, Prague, Czech Republic
Polar Bear Express, between Cochrane and Moosonee, Ontario, Canada vs the Crosstown Express, Robot City (Robots (2005))
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (the T), Greater Boston, Massachusetts, United States vs Worcester Regional Transit Authority, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States
Kakola Funicular, Turku, Finland vs Angkutan Kota (Angkot), Indonesia
Galaxy Railways, the Milky Way (The Galaxy Railways (銀河鉄道物語, Ginga Tetsudō Monogatari)) vs The Ride, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
MST Trolley, Monterey, California, United States vs People Mover, Magic Kingdom, Walt Disney World, Florida, United States
Public Transit Victoria, Victoria, Australia vs Carmelit, Haifa, Israel
The L, Chicago, Illinois, United States vs Leadhills and Wanlockhead Railway, South Lanarkshire, Scotland
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), Morgantown, West Virginia vs Helsingin seudun liikenne/Helsingforsregionens trafik/Helsinki Regional Transport, Helsinki, Finland
Gondolas, Venice, Italy vs the Trolley from the Trolley Problem (Philippa Foot came up with it originally, but in media it was also presented in "the good place")
Zahnradbahn Stuttgart (die Zacke), Stuttgart (Marienplatz to Degerloch), Baden-Württemberg, Germany vs Detroit People Mover, Detroit, Michigan, United States
Warp Pipes (Super Mario Bros.) vs SCMaglev, Yamanashi, Japan
Transport Canberra Bus Network, Canberra, Australia vs Stagways, Hallownest (Hollow Knight)
Roosevelt Island Tram, Roosevelt Island, New York, NY, United States vs NJ Transit (Northeast Corridor), New Jersey, United States
Sunrail, Orlando, Florida, United States vs Bay Area Rapid Transit, Bay Area, California, United States
Purple Route (Charm City Circulator), Baltimore, Maryland, United States vs Alderney Ferry (Halifax Transit), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Millennium Line, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada vs MARTA, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Dual Mode Vehicle (DMV), Asa Coast Railway, Shikoku, Japan vs Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway, Lynmouth, England, UK
Hovercraft, Portsmouth - Ryde, UK vs Funiculars, the Questionable Area (Psychonauts 2)
WildNorWester, Sodor (The Railway Series) vs Shinkansen, Japan
Métro de Paris, Paris, France vs Metro do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Deutsche Bahn, Germany vs UC Davis Unitrans Bus System, Davis, California
Vaporetti, Venice, Italy vs Harbour Bus, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Differences between the Tokaido-San'yo (Tokyo-Osaka-Hakata) Shinkansen models
Similarly to how in this post there's no way to tell the difference between an E7 and a W7 in the video, I realised that in the photo I reblogged yesterday, I couldn't tell exactly which N700 model it was. So let's go over that briefly.
Now when I say I don't know exactly what those trains were, it kind of doesn't really matter: both trains are technically N700A (Advanced) variants, like this one seen in Okayama. The nitty-gritty part is whether or not the trains were N700As to begin with. The original N700s were all upgraded to A-spec with a few technical improvements (this is why it doesn't matter), but it is still possible to tell whether a particular train is one of the older batch. We have the windscreen markings again, X & K for the original batch, and F & G for the As (with the letters also telling us which JR owns that particular train), but the easiest is to spot the logos on the sides of the carriages. On the above N700A, we see a large A logo in the top-left corner of the picture. And below, we have the logo of the original N700 series, pictured on the prototype on display at the SCMaglev Railway Park in Nagoya.
These sets were upgraded to A-spec, and, rather than re-decorate this part of the carriage, they just added an "A" sticker to the existing logo.
But neither these logos nor the windshield number are visible in yesterday's photo. Original poster hekiqoo tagged Atami as the location of the photo, which means that the two trains can only be of one of the above types due to the shape (we'll get to the newer type soon), but I can't tell exactly which.
Moving on, because there's more...
This N700 variant can only be found west of Osaka. It runs the fast services to and on Kyushu. It can obviously be recognised by its specific livery, a very nice blue-grey base rather than white, and it's shorter. While Tokaido trains have 16 carriages, this version only has 8, leading to station signs at half the gates that say "this train does not stop at this neighborhood". I know these trains are long, but wow!
Of course, we have to mention the most recent addition to the lines: the N700S (Supreme, seen at Himeji). These have new logos on the side, a "heron beak" added to the stripes at the ends, but can also be physically distinguished from its N700A predecessors with different headlights and more boxy fenders. Some friends have said it looks like a hippo!
Finally, I should mention that some 700 series trains are still running between Osaka and Hakata (seen here at Fukuyama). These are not N700s, they're the previous series. The full 16-car sets in very similar white and blue livery to the N700s have been withdrawn, only these grey "RailStar" trains are left, so there's no risk of getting this mixed up with anything else beyond the 700 in the name.
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